2020’s sea ice minimum in the Arctic Ocean came on September 15. Arctic sea ice on that date covered an area of 1.44 million square miles (3.74 million square km). It was the 2nd-lowest Arctic sea ice extend since modern record keeping began. How do we know? Scientists at NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) determined 2020’s sea ice minimum via an analysis of satellite data. 

See an animation of this image, from NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio.

• Originally published by NASA Earth Observatory on January 6, 2021

Throughout 2020, the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas endured several notable weather and climate events. In spring, a persistent heatwave over Siberia provoked the rapid melting of sea ice in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas. By the end of summer, Arctic Ocean ice cover melted back to the second-lowest minimum extent on record. In autumn, the annual freeze-up of sea ice got off to a late and sluggish start.

But any single month, season, or even year, is just a snapshot in time. The long view is more telling, and it is troubling.

Image via NASA Earth Observatory.

Forty years of satellite data show that 2020 was just the latest in a decades-long decline of Arctic sea ice. In a review of scientific literature, polar scientists Julienne Stroeve and Dirk Notz outlined some of these changes: In addition to shrinking ice cover, melting seasons are getting longer and sea ice is losing its longevity.

The longer melting seasons are the result of increasingly earlier starts to spring melting and ever-later starts to freeze-up in autumn. The map above shows trends in the onset of freeze-up from 1979 through 2019. Averaged across the entire Arctic Ocean, freeze-up is happening about a week later per decade. That equates to nearly one month later since the start of the satellite record in 1979.

The change is part of a cycle called the ice-albedo feedback. Open ocean water absorbs 90% of the sun’s energy that falls on it; bright sea ice reflects 80% of it. With greater areas of the Arctic Ocean exposed to solar energy early in the season, more heat can be absorbed, a pattern that reinforces melting. Until that heat escapes to the atmosphere, sea ice cannot not regrow.

Image via NASA Earth Observatory.

The chart above demonstrates another way the Arctic is changing: the average age of sea ice is becoming younger. At the start of the satellite record, much of the ice covering the Arctic Ocean was greater than four years old. Today, most of the ice covering the Arctic Ocean is “first-year ice,” ice that forms in winter and does not survive a single summer melt season. (After sea ice reaches its minimum extent each September, the remaining ice graduates to second-year status.)

Dominated by thin first-year ice, along with some older ice thinned by warm ocean water, the Arctic sea ice pack is becoming more fragile. In summer 2020, ships easily navigated the Northern Sea Route in ice-free waters, and even made it to the North Pole without much resistance.

Fortunately, summers are still not entirely ice-free. Stroeve, a researcher at University of Manitoba, said:

We’ve been hovering for some time around 4 million square kilometers [1.5 million square miles] of Arctic sea ice each summer.

She added that she intends to examine which conditions and processes could push sea ice to the next “precipitous drop,” when the extent of summer ice cover drops to a new benchmark of 3 million square kilometers (1 million square miles).

Ice floes in the Laptev Sea, which lies north of the Siberian coast. This part of the Arctic Ocean is usually a factory for new sea ice. But sea ice in the Laptev Sea reached a record low in 2020.

Image via Olenyok/ Shutterstock.

• Bottom line: Satellite data show that 2020 was just the latest in a 40-year-long decline of Arctic sea ice.
• Source: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons
• Via Earth Observatory

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{ https://earthsky.org/ }

18-01-2021 om 16:43 geschreven door peter  

La fin de l'énigme de l'origine des trous noirs supermassifs avec la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu ? - Part I

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? Ils ne se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes qui se seraient ensuite effondrées en trous noirs géants, germes des trous noirs supermassifs. C'est ce que suggère maintenant la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu à ce jour qui accrédite une autre hypothèse.

Il y a presque 50 ans, les astrophysiciens ont commencé à soupçonner qu'au cœur des grandes galaxies on trouverait des trous noirs supermassifs. La montée en puissance des moyens d'observation à toutes les longueurs d'onde depuis plus d'une décennie a confirmé cette intuition. Nous pensons aussi que derrière les prodigieux quasars, ces noyaux actifs de galaxies si brillants qu'on peut les voir à des milliards d'années-lumière de distance, se trouvent également ces mêmes astres compacts accrétant voracement de la matière dont on pense savoir maintenant qu'elle provient de courants de matière baryonique froids, canalisés par des filaments de matière noire.

Mais une énigme en a découlé. Ces trous noirs contiennent de plusieurs millions à plusieurs milliards de masses solaires, de sorte qu'ils ne peuvent résulter de l'effondrement d'étoiles ordinaires dont toutes les observations montrent qu'elles ne dépassent que rarement les 100 masses solaires.

Plusieurs mécanismes ont été proposés depuis environ un demi-siècle pour produire des germes de trous noirs supermassifs, germes dont les tailles vont croître avec les apports des courants froids et les collisions galactiques conduisant à la fusion des trous noirs géants que les grandes galaxies contiennent.

Trous noirs primordiaux, amas stellaires relativistes ou...

Ainsi, la naissance de l'Univers observable devait s'accompagner d'un plasma dense et turbulent de matière dont la densité fluctuait chaotiquement localement. Parfois, cette densité devait être suffisamment élevée pour s'opposer, par son champ de gravitation et tout aussi localement, à l'expansion du cosmos et à la pression du plasma de particules élémentaires. Des trous noirs primordiaux, de tailles très différentes, pouvaient donc prendre naissance en s'effondrant gravitationnellement. Malheureusement, ce scénario, bien que toujours autorisé par les observations, est devenu sévèrement contraint, et il n'est pas certain que ce soit vraiment ne serait-ce qu'une partie de la solution de l'énigme des trous noirs supermassifs.

Une autre hypothèse, moins connue, fait intervenir la naissance d'amas globulaires si denses que la théorie de la relativité générale est nécessaire pour rendre compte de leur comportement. Ces amas relativistes d'étoiles sont instables et peuvent s'effondrer gravitationnellement en trou noir. On se pose des questions sur eux depuis les années 1960, comme le montre l'exemple du prix Nobel de Physique Kip Thorne. À l'époque, certains pensaient même qu'ils pouvaient expliquer les quasars. En générant un important décalage vers le rouge du fait de leur champ de gravitation, on pouvait croire par erreur en appliquant la loi de Hubble-Lemaître qu'ils étaient très distants et donc très lumineux, ce qui pouvait expliquer la vraie nature des quasars. On sait aujourd'hui que ce n'est pas le cas et ces amas stellaires relativistes attendent encore un vrai contact avec les observations.

Troisième hypothèse, celle de l'existence tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos d'étoiles supermassives, elles aussi instables en raison d'effets relativistes. Comme Futura l'expliquait dans le précédent article ci-dessous, des simulations numériques crédibles font effectivement naître ce genre d'étoiles qui va rapidement donner naissance à des trous noirs intermédiaires entre les trous noirs stellaires classiques et les trous noirs supermassifs, contenant de l'ordre de 10.000 à 100.000 masses solaires.

Un trou noir 1.000 fois plus brillant que la Voie lactée

Aujourd'hui, une publication dans Astrophysical Journal Letters et que l'on peut trouver en accès libre sur arXiv semble en mesure de départager les scénarios avancés. Elle provient d'une équipe internationale d'astronomes qui annonce en tout premier lieu avoir établi un nouveau record de distance avec la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu à ce jour. Il a été débusqué dans les observations du réseau de radiotélescopes de l'Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (Alma) au Chili.

Dans un catalogue, le quasar porte le nom de J0313-1806 et il est observé alors que le cosmos n'avait encore que 670 millions d'années environ. Or, la masse du trou noir derrière ce quasar, environ 1.000 fois plus brillant à lui seul que notre Voie lactée, est estimée à environ 1,6 milliard de fois celle du Soleil. Les observations d'Alma permettent d'estimer également que la galaxie hôte du quasar forme de nouvelles étoiles à une vitesse 200 fois supérieure à celle de notre Galaxie, et que la luminosité du quasar indique que le trou noir accrète et avale une quantité de matière équivalente à 25 Soleils chaque année.

Selon les chercheurs, un trou noir aussi massif, et né aussi tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos observable, serait donc apparu bien trop vite pour avoir démarré son existence suite à l'effondrement d'une étoile supermassive ou d'un amas stellaire relativiste.

Il ne resterait qu'une hypothèse en liste et ce n'est pas celle des trous noirs primordiaux bien qu'elle soit une cousine. Non, le trou noir derrière J0313-1806 se serait formé directement par l'effondrement d'un immense nuage d'hydrogène et d'hélium après le Big Bang.

Une coupe de l'intérieur d'une étoile supermassive d'environ 55.000 masses solaires débutant son explosion. Il s'agit d'une simulation montrant les courants de matière qui s'élèvent tels des panaches dans un volume dont le rayon est celui de l'orbite de la Terre.

© Ken Chen, UCSC 

Les trous noirs supermassifs sont-ils nés d'étoiles supermassives ?

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 08/06/2020

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? De nouvelles simulations numériques sur le superordinateur japonais ATERUI II confortent le scénario où ils se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes de quelque 10.000 masses solaires. Ces astres se seraient ensuite effondrés en trous noirs géants, germes des trous noirs supermassifs.

Le premier succès de la collaboration Event Horizon Telescope avec la première image d'un trou noir, en l'occurrence M87*, en sera sans nul doute suivi de bien d'autres, à commencer par une image d'un autre trou noir supermassif, celui au cœur de notre Voie lactée, Sgr A*. Mais cette réussite éclatante ne doit pas nous faire oublier que nous ne savons toujours pas vraiment comment sont nés les trous noirs, contenant de quelques millions à quelques milliards de masses solaires, que l'on observe depuis des décennies au centre des galaxies, qu'elles soient spirales ou elliptiques.

Il semble de plus en plus clair qu'ils sont nés à partir de trous noirs déjà bien plus massifs que les trous noirs stellaires, qui ne peuvent naître qu'à partir d'étoiles contenant une centaines de masses solaires tout au plus, et que la croissance de ces germes des trous noirs supermassifs se serait ensuite largement poursuivie, tout comme pour les galaxies, en raison de l'existence de courants froids de matière ordinaire canalisés par des filaments de matière noire. Mais quid de l'origine de ces germes eux-mêmes ?

Des nuages de matière géants qui s'effondrent directement en trou noir ?

Plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées, par exemple, celle faisant intervenir des trous noirs cosmologiques primordiaux, vestiges de la phase à haute densité du Big Bang où de grandes quantités de matière pouvaient s'effondrer gravitationnellement en donnant directement ces trous noirs. Mais, il est aussi possible de faire intervenir des étoiles exotiques très massives faisant partie des toutes premières étoiles du cosmos observable, celles dites de Population III. Ces étoiles seraient nées dans les conditions particulières de l'Univers au moment des âges sombres, alors que la matière baryonique à l'origine de toutes les étoiles était constituée d'un mélange presque pur d'hydrogène, d'hélium et leurs isotopes, sans aucune trace d'éléments lourds comme le carbone, le silicium et le fer.

Cette différence est d'importance, depuis des milliards d'années, l'existence de poussières silicatées et carbonées est nécessaire pour permettre l'effondrement des nuages moléculaires et poussiéreux où naissent des pouponnières d'étoiles. En effet, en s'effondrant sous leur propre gravité, ces nuages s'échauffent et il apparait une pression qui stoppe l'effondrement, sauf si un agent dissipe une partie de la chaleur dans ces nuages, les conduisant à se refroidir. Au sortir du Big Bang, sans ces poussières, la formation des étoiles ne pouvait pas être la même, et de fait, on a également des problèmes pour faire naître des étoiles supermassives qui, après avoir explosé en supernovae, pourraient laisser des trous noirs géants contenant bien plus que quelques centaines de masses solaires, les germes des trous noirs supermassifs.

Il se trouve qu'une équipe d'astrophysiciens japonais de l'Université de Tohoku (Japon) vient d'apporter une nouvelle lumière sur la genèse possible de ces étoiles supermassives comme elle l'explique dans un article publié dans Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society mais que l'on peut aussi trouver en accès libre sur arXiv.

{ https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/ }

18-01-2021 om 14:52 geschreven door peter  

Des étoiles de 10.000 masses solaires

Sunmyon Chon et son collègue Kazuyuki Omukai ont ainsi utilisé le superordinateur ATERUI II pour effectuer des simulations 3D haute résolution qui étaient impossibles à faire auparavant et qui concernaient certaines variantes des scénarios envisagées pour la formation des étoiles supermassives. Rappelons que la théorie de ces objets nécessairement décrits au moyen de la théorie de la relativité générale d'Einstein a une longue histoire qui remonte au début des années 1960 avec les travaux de Hoyle, Chandrasekhar, Feynman et Zel’dovich pour ne citer qu'eux. Certains espéraient rendre compte avec elles des quasars nouvellement découverts. Par nature très lumineuses, elles devaient aussi subir un fort effet de décalage spectral vers le rouge à cause d'un fort champ de gravitation les faisant donc passer pour très lointaines en raison de la loi de Hubble-Lemaitre.

Il se trouve que les précédentes simulations de formations d'étoiles massives en faisaient naître trop peu à partir du gaz primordial du Big Bang. Ensuite, le début de l'enrichissement très rapide de ce gaz en éléments lourds inhibait leur formation. Les calculs montraient en effet que ces éléments lourds conduisaient des nuages atomiques d'hydrogène à se fragmenter en donnant des étoiles nettement moins massives.

Un extrait de la simulation des chercheurs japonais. Trois étoiles supermassives en noir sont bien visibles, les autres, en blanc et jaune, sont des étoiles ordinaires. L'échelle est donnée en unité astronomique (1 au valant 150 millions de km environ ).

© NAOJ 

Mais, avec les moyens de calculs modernes, les algorithmes des modèles qu'ont implémentés Chon et Omukai sur ATERUI II se sont mis à raconter un tout autre scénario. Les nuages atomiques enrichis en éléments lourds par les premières explosions de supernovae se fractionnaient en étoiles non-supermassives. Mais l'existence d'un fort flux de gaz en direction des régions les plus denses de ces nuages conduisent les jeunes étoiles vers ces régions où elles fusionnent en donnant des étoiles 10.000 fois plus massives que le Soleil !

Au final, il semble bien que ce scénario soit en mesure de rendre compte de la population de trous noirs supermassifs observée car le taux de leur formation est fortement augmenté. Mais il reste du travail à faire pour vraiment le confirmer. Ce qui est sûr, c'est qu'une nouvelle voie de recherche a été ouverte.

Trous noirs supermassifs : des étoiles supergéantes en seraient à l'origine - PART II

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 13/03/2017

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? De nouvelles et récentes simulations numériques consolident une des hypothèses avancées : ils se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes de quelque 100.000 masses solaires. L'étude des ondes gravitationnelles pourrait confirmer, ou pas, ce scénario.

Dès le début des années 1960, l'existence d'étoiles supermassives a été postulée pour expliquer les observations étonnantes concernant les quasars qui venaient tout juste de faire leur apparition en astrophysique (voir article ci-dessous). La luminosité intrinsèque de ces objets semblait difficile à admettre étant donné leur décalage spectral vers le rouge qui indiquait qu'ils étaient très lointains. Des quantités prodigieuses d'énergie devaient être libérées chaque seconde et il n'était pas possible d'en rendre compte à partir de réactions de fusion thermonucléaire. Il était alors plus confortable intellectuellement de supposer l'existence d'étoiles géantes proches de la Voie lactée, voire dans notre Galaxie, mais avec un champ de gravitation si élevé qu'il produisait l'important décalage observé. Cette hypothèse aida à la création de l'astrophysique relativiste car de telles étoiles devaient nécessairement être soumises à des effets non négligeables de la physique d'Einstein concernant le champ de gravitation.

Les quasars sont expliqués aujourd'hui en postulant l'existence de trous noirs supermassifs possédant entre plusieurs millions et plusieurs milliards de masses solaires. Mais cette hypothèse, qui éclaire de nombreuses observations, a conduit à une nouvelle énigme : comment ces objets se sont-ils formés ?

Des étoiles de 100.000 masses solaires comme graines de trous noirs

Les astrophysiciens et les cosmologistes explorent plusieurs pistes, dont un renouveau de l'hypothèse de l'existence des étoiles supermassives relativistes au début de l'histoire du cosmos observable. Nous n'en avons pour le moment observé aucune mais cela n'empêche pas les astrophysiciens numériciens de simuler leur formation et leur comportement sur ordinateur, à travers divers scénarios. L'un des derniers en date à ce sujet provient notamment de chercheurs du fameux Los Alamos National Laboratory, là où a été conçu et fabriqué la première bombe atomique.

Selon Joseph Smidt et ses collègues, comme ils l'expliquent dans un article déposé sur arXiv, les premiers trous noirs géants pourraient être nés de l'effondrement direct d'importants nuages d'hydrogène moléculaire et d'hélium ayant conduit à la formation, tout d'abord d'étoiles supermassives de... 100.000 masses solaires ! En s'effondrant gravitationnellement, elles vont ensuite donner naissance à des trous noirs qui vont accréter rapidement du gaz et devenir supermassifs, de l'ordre du milliard de masses solaires. Ils étaient déjà nombreux, un milliard d'années après le Big Bang.

D'autres scénarios sont possibles et il est probable qu'ils opèrent simultanément, rendant compte du spectre de masses des trous noirs supermassifs observés. Il est possible ainsi d'invoquer des fusions précoces de trous noirs massifs.

En ce qui concerne l'existence des étoiles supermassives, la mise en orbite en 2018 du télescope spatial James Webb pourrait contribuer à nous les révéler. À plus longue échéance, si l'on en croit des travaux réalisés l'année dernière par des membres de l'Institute for Computational Cosmology (ICC) de l'université Durham au sein du projet EAGLE et qui ont réalisé des simulations, ces différents scénarios conduisent à des émissions d'ondes gravitationnelles distinctes que l'on devrait pouvoir observer et mesurer avec eLISA, ce qui permettrait de les départager (voir la vidéo ci-dessus).

L'origine énigmatique des trous noirs supermassif - PART III

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 11/11/2013

Une des énigmes de l'astrophysique et de la cosmologie concerne l'origine des trous noirs supermassifs occupant le cœur des galaxies. En faisant revivre une vieille hypothèse à l'aide de simulations numériques, un groupe d'astrophysiciens vient de proposer qu'ils se soient formés au sein d'étoiles supermassives dépassant 10.000 masses solaires. En s'effondrant, elles produiraient même deux trous noirs, ce qui est inédit, qui finiraient par fusionner.

Les trous noirs supermassifs contiennent de quelques millions à quelques milliards de masses solaires. On ne comprend pas vraiment comment ils se sont formés. On admet cependant qu'il y a généralement une relation entre la masse de ces trous noirs et la taille des galaxies qui les abritent. Cela suggère donc que ces astres compacts croissent de pair avec les galaxies. Problème : on ne sait pas très bien non plus comment ces dernières grandissent. On pensait que c'était essentiellement lors de fusions entre galaxies plus petites, mais il semble que des courants d'hydrogène froids soient aussi un mécanisme efficace et peut-être tout aussi important pour la formation des grandes galaxies. Lorsque deux galaxies fusionnent, il doit aussi en être de même pour leurs trous noirs supermassifs et ceux-ci doivent continuer à grandir en accrétant des nuages de gaz ou des courants de matière.

On pourrait croire que pendant le premier milliard d'années de l'univers observable, les trous noirs supermassifs n'étaient pas encore les monstres que l'on connaît et qu'ils ont grandi rapidement à partir de trous noirs beaucoup plus petits. Malheureusement, cette hypothèse résiste mal aux observations et aux calculs. Il faut qu'il ait existé assez tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos des graines de trous noirs supermassifs, de masses déjà très importantes. Des simulations conduites par des astrophysiciens du célèbre California Institute of Technology (Caltech) viennent de donner un nouvel éclairage sur ce problème, en faisant intervenir des astres relativistes théorisés pendant les années 1960 : les étoiles supermassives.

Une alternative à la théorie des quasars

En 1963, alors que l'on venait de découvrir les premiers quasars, Fred Hoyle et Williams Fowler refusaient de les considérer comme des objets aussi lointains que leurs décalages spectraux vers le rouge le laissaient entendre. Ils ont préféré postuler l'existence de ces étoiles plutôt que de commencer à admettre que la théorie du Big Bang de Gamow et Lemaître devait être juste.

Dans le cadre du modèle cosmologique standard de l'époque, dont Hoyle était l'un des créateurs, découvrir que dans le passé (en l'occurrence avec des objets très distants), l'univers était différent d'aujourd'hui, revenait à réfuter l'idée d'un univers éternel sans commencement, ni fin, ni évolution bien qu'en expansion. Avec des étoiles contenant plusieurs millions et même plusieurs milliards de fois la masse du Soleil, le champ de gravitation est si puissant qu'il produit un décalage spectral vers le rouge important. Les quasars n'avaient pas à être situés à des milliards d'années-lumière. Ils pouvaient même être dans la Voie lactée.

Feynman puis Chandrasekhar ne tardèrent pas à découvrir que les effets de la relativité générale rendaient des étoiles aussi massives très instables et qu'elles devaient s'effondrer en trou noir. Les années passant, avec la découverte du rayonnement fossile confirmant la théorie du Big Bang et le développement de la théorie des quasars, les étoiles supermassives ont été reléguées au placard.

Deux trous noirs dans une étoile supermassive

Des chercheurs viennent de les en sortir, comme le démontre l'article qu'ils ont déposé sur arxiv. Ils postulent la formation, par effondrement de nuage de gaz dans un halo de matière noire, d'étoiles ayant des masses comprises entre 10⁴ et 10⁶ masses solaires. En quelques millions d'années, en se refroidissant, ces astres amorcent leur effondrement gravitationnel et tournent de plus en plus vite, et ainsi s'aplatissent et deviennent plus compacts. Il se forme à l'intérieur deux concentrations de matière orbitant l'une autour de l'autre. Devenant plus denses, ces concentrations voient leurs températures grimper. Comme l'avaient déjà prédit en 1965 Igor Novikov et Yakov Zel’dovich, elles finissent par atteindre le seuil d'énergie correspondant à la création de paires d'électron et de positron. Cela rend ces concentrations très instables et elles s'effondrent rapidement pour donner deux trous noirs très massifs.

Ces deux objets vont rapidement se rapprocher l'un de l'autre, car ils perdent de l'énergie cinétique en rayonnant des ondes gravitationnelles. Ils vont finir par fusionner pour donner un trou noir qui a les bonnes propriétés pour grandir suffisamment vite dans le jeune cosmos, et rendre compte de l'existence des trous noirs supermassifs. Si les chercheurs ont raison, il doit exister dans le fond d'ondes gravitationnelles cosmologiques des traces de nombreuses fusions de trous noirs binaires issus de l'effondrement d'étoiles supermassives. Il se peut que l'on puisse les détecter un jour avec des instruments dans l'espace comme Lisa.

{ https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/ }

18-01-2021 om 14:50 geschreven door peter  

A Famous Harvard Professor Says an Extraterrestrial Visited in 2017, and We Can Expect More

When the first sight of intelligent alien life visits Earth from space, it won’t be a massive saucer hovering over New York. The chair of Harvard’s Department of Astronomy favors the possibility that it will be an extraterrestrial civilization’s trash. Avi Loeb believes he’s already found some of that trash.

The professor’s upcoming book, which will be out on January 26, lays out a compelling theory for why the object that recently wandered into our solar system was a piece of alien technology and not just another rock.  Dubbed as ‘Oumuamua,’ the space object measures only about a hundred yards long, but it was a major thing in the scientific community. It was first spotted in Hawaii through the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS).

Oumuamua traveled toward our solar system from star Vega, 25 light-years away from Earth, and intercepted our solar system’s orbital plane on September 6, 2017. It was the first-ever interstellar object detected inside our solar system. No crisp images were taken, but astronomers observed the thing for 11 days using their telescopes.

Scientists believed it was an ordinary comet, but Loeb suggested to have an open mind to another possibility. He explained that a cave dweller who has seen rocks all his life might have thought of a cellphone as just a shiny rock. Multiple strange properties about the space object helped Loeb conclude that it wasn’t a comet but discarded tech from an extraterrestrial civilization.

Firstly, Loeb points out Oumuamua’s dimensions. Scientists said the object was at least 5 to 10 times longer than it was wide, which resembled a cigar’s shape. No naturally occurring space body we’ve ever observed has looked like it or even close. The author also noticed the unusual brightness of the Oumuamua, which was at least ten times more reflective than known solar system comets or asteroids. He likens the object’s surface to that of shiny metal.

But the anomaly that really believed Loeb towards his alien hypothesis was the way the object moved. He says that it pushed away from the sun when it should have sped up toward the sun due to the sun’s gravitational force. Loeb writes that as the object moved away from the sun, it even accelerated slightly to a highly statistically significant extent. In other words, Oumuamua was being pushed by force besides the sun’s gravity.

The explanation seemed simple at first. The comets’ surface is warmed as they approach the sun, releasing once-frozen gases that act like a rocket engine. Those released materials form a comet’s distinctive tail, but scientists did not find any sign of gases or dust that might propel Oumuamua.

According to Loeb, skeptics are quick to assign natural origins of the object, and their explanations don’t stand up to the scrutiny of Oumuamua’s weird properties. Loeb believes that technology will soon find more space travelers, and the mystery of Oumuamua will only be settled if the same object is spotted and more thoroughly investigated with a probe.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

18-01-2021 om 13:38 geschreven door peter  

UFOs: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Collection

Below you will find a collection of CIA related UFO records. The Black Vault’s connection to the CIA in getting some of these UFO documents released goes back to 1996.

Originally, the CIA would only release about 1,000 pages that had been previously disclosed after a FOIA court case in the 1980s. They never addressed the records that were dated in the years after the case.

Photo of the CD-ROM, as received from the CIA by The Black Vault.

The Black Vault spent years fighting for them, and many were released in the late 1990s. However, over time, the CIA made a CD-ROM collection of UFO documents, which encompassed the original records, along with the ones that took years to fight for.

In an effort to make sure The Black Vault stayed up to date, in mid 2020, this CD-ROM was purchased to have one particular data dump available for all users of The Black Vault. You will find this below for download in its original state, along with a converted/searchable .pdf format. (Although the CIA claims this is their “entire” collection, there may be no way to entirely verify that. Research by The Black Vault will continue to see if there are additional documents still uncovered within the CIA’s holdings.)

• (Please note: Some media channels are reporting I filed 10,000 FOIA requests to get these documents. That is untrue. Over the years there were quite a few, but the reference is The Black Vault has filed 10,000 FOIA requests TOTAL to amass the 2.2 MILLION pages in this entire archive. Not just for the below documents. I’ve submitted corrections to Vice et al for that, but have heard no response yet.)

Entire CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM (2,780 Pages)

The links below offer two downloads. The contents of the original CD-ROM, as received, which is the multi-page .tif files (not searchable) with corresponding text files which are largely useless.

The second link is the converted records, wherein The Black Vault converted each .tif file to .pdf, and made it searchable. This is, by far, the more popular way of downloading and searching, but both are available for download.

 Original CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM Contents [149MB] – This is the entire collection, zipped up, with zero processing. This is in its original form.

 CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM Contents – Searchable .pdf Conversions – [342MB] – This .zip file contains all of the above files, however, they have been converted to searchable .pdf documents. Keep in mind, searchable .pdfs are NOT perfect. Many of these documents are poorly photocopied, so the computer can only “see” so much to convert for searching. However, through various tests, the search capability is MUCH better than the above CD contents with only .txt outputs.

Individual File Downloads (Searchable .pdfs)

Descriptions below are a work in progress. All documents are available, but all descriptions are not yet filled in.

	C05515622.pdf	477K	Two page memo from the CIA’s Domestic Collection Division regarding “UFO Research” – April 26, 1976
	C05515624.pdf	396K	One page document regarding “UFO Research/ORD Request for Additional Information.” The record talks about the work of an unknown individual, along with a system that may assist in the UFO research. The system is redacted. – June 25, 1976
	C05515625.pdf	385K	A one page, “Confidential” message to the HQ of the CIA’s Domestic Collection Division. It is regarding a UFO case, and UFO research, citing material that “should remain classified” but the person wanted the advice of “CIA UFO Experts.”
	C05515646.pdf	551K	A September 1976 record, heavily redacted, which talked about a UFO sighted in Morocco.
	C05515647.pdf	390K	A one page message regarding an unknown case number, seeking progress made. The message refers to the people at Wright Field (present day Wright Patterson Air Force Base) “holding their breaths awaiting advise.” – May 1957
	C05515648.pdf	425K	A one page message, wherein it references Dr. Leon Davidson, and his request seeking an updated on a “tape” being analyzed by Wright Field, likely Project Blue Book. Date unknown.
	C05515649.pdf	382K	A one page message updating on the Leon Davidson situation, and the fact Davidson was sent a letter response. – 1957.
	C05515650.pdf	420K	A 1957 document referencing Dr. Leon Davidson, and his request for an identification of a “Space Message.” The message appears they are frustrated that Davidson will not take the answer that the message was morse code.
	C05515651.pdf	417K	A 1957 document, also referring to Dr. Leon Davidson’s “space message.” Davidson continued to show frustration about the lack of answers he was receiving.
	C05515652.pdf	416K	A 1958 message concerning Leon Davidson, and the articles he was publishing about “flying saucers” and the CIA.
	C05515653.pdf	394K	A 1967 message regarding the film “UFO Fact or Fancy” – likely because the CIA was contacted for the production.
	C05515654.pdf	413K	A 1957 message regarding Dr. Leon Davidson, and his push for answers.
	C05515655.pdf	397K	1957 message concerning Dr. Leon Davidson, and the fact he would get a reply to his inquiries.
	C05515656.pdf	404K	December 1957 letter outline Dr. Leon Davidson’s persistence, and the recommendation he is now ignored.
	C05515657.pdf	406K	A 1958 document that displays the frustration about Dr. Leon Davidson, and the fact that the agency wants to no longer be involved with the matter.
	C05515658.pdf	414K	A 13 August 1957 intelligence report about Unidentified Flying Objects over Iran.
	C05515659.pdf	452K	A 22 October 1959 intelligence report about “Possible Unidentified Flying Object” in the Ukraine.
	C05515660.pdf	402K	A 9 March 1960 intelligence information report about “Rumored Unidentified Flying Objects in the Sary Ozek Region.”
	C05515661.pdf	427K	A 25 May 1962 document, which chronicles Unidentified Flying Objects in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This is utilizing information, as published by the local newspapers at the time of the event.
	C05515662.pdf	423K	A July 1965 document, outlining “Antarctic Flying Saucers” over Deception Island. This intelligence was gathered from the media.
	C05515663.pdf	468K	A 23 September 1977 document, which outlines “Unusual Natural Phenomenon observed in Karella.” For 10-12 minutes, an object described as a star, went over the city and shined down bright light and “very fine rays” which created an image of pouring rain.

Original Releases – Archived

The following are the original releases going back to about 1997. The above CD-ROM should include the records below as well, but they are archived here for reference.

 PDF File #1 (32 Megs) |  PDF File #2 (35 megs)

 Central Intelligence Agency releases multiple documents after a request was filed to the DIA in 2009 [65 Pages, 1.37MB] Released September of 2009 – These records prove the CIA is still collecting intelligence in regards to UFOs, and that material from just the past few years is considered a threat to our national security.

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18-01-2021 om 12:38 geschreven door peter  

UFO Caught Passing Light House On Island, Entering Ocean! South Carolina, Jan 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 2021

Location of sighting: Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA

 

The eyewitness Wes Snyder, a photographer by trade, caught something in his photos that appears to be a rectangle shaped alien craft as it was depending and probably entering the ocean. Since the earth is covered in 75% water, it makes sense that an aline base would be easiest to hide below the ocean floor, yes not on, but 5-6km below the floor. The light house is located on an island called Hatteras Island off North Carolina shore and this UFO was absolutely heading into the ocean. 

 

The object is large, like a 747 jet, but so incredibly fast that its seen only for a few seconds and only appears transparent. The transparentness may be due to a shield being raised to make it hidden, but often, camera filters can cut through such shields. Especially if the IR filter was previously removed from the camera to see true colors. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 11:32 geschreven door peter  

6 space missions to look forward to in 2021

From Martian rover landings to the launch of Hubble's "successor," here are some of the most exciting space missions pegged for next year.

{ https://www.techrepublic.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 01:56 geschreven door peter  

Here are some of the space missions to keep an eye out for in 2021.

The James Webb space telescope’s gold-coated mirror undergoing cryogenic testing. After many delays, the new space telescope – Hubble’s successor – is currently scheduled to launch on October 31.

Image via Ball Aerospace/ Flickr/ The Conversation.

By Ian Whittaker, Nottingham Trent University and Gareth Dorrian, University of Birmingham

Space exploration achieved several notable firsts in 2020 despite the Covid-19 pandemic, including commercial human spaceflight and returning samples of an asteroid to Earth.

This year is shaping up to be just as interesting. Here are some of the missions to keep an eye out for.

Artemis 1

Artemis 1 is to be the first flight of the NASA-led, international Artemis program, whose goal was (originally) to return astronauts to the moon by 2024. Artemis-1, which is still scheduled for launch late this year, will consist of an uncrewed Orion spacecraft which will be sent on a three-week flight around the moon. It will reach a maximum distance from Earth of 280,000 miles (450,000 km), the farthest into space that any spacecraft that can transport humans will have ever flown.

• EarthSky’s lunar calendar shows the moon phase for every day in 2021. Order yours before they’re gone!

Artemis 1 is designed to be launched into Earth orbit on the first NASA Space Launch System, which will be the most powerful rocket in operation. From Earth orbit, the Orion will be propelled onto a different path toward the moon by the rocket’s interim cryogenic propulsion stage. The Orion capsule will then travel to the moon under the power provided by a service module supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA).

The mission will provide engineers back on Earth with a chance to evaluate how the spacecraft performs in deep space and serve as a prelude to later crewed lunar missions. The launch of Artemis 1 is currently scheduled for late in 2021.

• Read more: Joe Biden will likely keep NASA’s Artemis program, but on a different timeline.

Mars missions

In February, Mars will receive a flotilla of terrestrial robotic guests from several countries. The United Arab Emirates’ Al Amal (Hope) spacecraft is the Arab world’s first interplanetary mission. It is scheduled to arrive in Mars orbit on February 9, where it will spend two years monitoring the Martian weather and disappearing atmosphere.

Arriving within a couple of weeks after Al Amal will be the China National Space Administration’s Tianwen-1, consisting of an orbiter and a surface rover. The spacecraft will enter Martian orbit for several months before deploying the rover to the surface. If it succeeds, China will become the third country to land anything on Mars. The mission has several objectives including mapping the mineral composition of the surface and searching for subsurface water deposits.

NASA’s Perseverance rover will land at Jezero Crater on February 18 and search for any signs of ancient life which may have been preserved in the clay deposits there. Critically, it will also store a cache of Martian surface samples on board as the first part in a highly ambitious international program to return samples of Mars to Earth.

Chandrayaan-3

In March 2021, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is planning to launch its third lunar mission: Chandrayaan-3. Chandrayaan-1 launched in 2008 and was one of the first major missions in the Indian space program. Comprising an orbiter and a surface penetrator probe, the mission was one of the first to confirm evidence of lunar water.

Unfortunately, contact with the satellite was lost less than a year later. Sadly, there was a similar mishap with its successor, Chandrayaan-2, which consisted of an orbiter, a lander (Vikram) and a lunar rover (Pragyan).

Artist’s concept of the the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission from India.

Image via Raymond Cassel/ Shutterstock.

Chandrayaan-3 was announced a few months later. It will consist of only a lander and rover, as the previous mission’s orbiter is still functioning and providing data.

If all goes well the Chandrayaan-3 rover will touch down in the lunar south pole’s Aitken basin. It’s of particular interest as it is thought to host numerous deposits of subsurface water ice – a vital component for any future sustainable lunar habitation.

James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, but has had a rocky path to being launched. Initially planned for a 2007 launch, the Webb telescope is almost 14 years late and has cost roughly U.S. $10 billion (£7.4 billion) after apparent underestimates and overruns similar to those experienced by Hubble.

Whereas Hubble has provided some amazing views of the universe in visible and ultraviolet region of light, Webb is planning to focus observations in the infrared wavelength band. The reason for this is that when observing really distant objects there will probably be gas clouds in the way.

The galaxy NGC 2275 seen by Hubble.

Image via ESA/ Hubble/ NASA/ J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team.

These gas clouds block really small wavelengths of light, such as X-rays and ultraviolet light, while longer wavelengths like infrared, microwave and radio can get through more easily. So by observing in these longer wavelengths we should see more of the universe.

Webb also has a much bigger mirror of 21-foot (6.5-meter) diameter compared to Hubble’s 8-foot (2.4-meter) diameter mirror, essential for improving image resolution and seeing finer detail.

The primary mission of Webb is look at light from galaxies at the edge of the universe which can tell us about how the first stars, galaxies and planetary systems formed. Potentially this could include some information about the origin of life as well, as Webb is planning on imaging exoplanet atmospheres in high detail, searching for the building blocks of life. Do they exist on other planets, and if so, how did they get there?

We are also likely to be treated to some stunning images similar to those produced by Hubble. Webb is currently scheduled to launch on an Ariane 5 rocket on October 31.

• Ian Whittaker, Senior Lecturer in Physics, Nottingham Trent University and Gareth Dorrian, Post Doctoral Research Fellow in Space Science, University of Birmingham
• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
• Bottom line: 6 space missions set for 2021.

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

18-01-2021 om 01:37 geschreven door peter  

18-01-2021 om 01:20 geschreven door peter  

Declassified FBI Document Mentions Nikola Tesla’s Contact With “Space People”

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Many decades ago Wernher Von Brauns mentor Hermann Oberth, the founding father of rocketry and astronautics, also known as the ‘father of Spaceflight’ stated his belief that “flying saucers are real” and that “they are space ships from another solar system. I think that they possibly are manned by intelligent observers who are members of a race that may have been investigating our Earth for centuries.” He wrote these words in “Flying Saucers Come From A Distant World”, The American  Weekly, Oct 24, 1954. At the time, academics like Oberth were well aware of the UFO phenomenon, and today the topic has gained even more ‘credibility’ given that multiple governments have now confirmed the existence of these objects. There is no shortage of radar tracking data, video evidence, photo evidence and high ranking witness testimony that’s now available within the public domain. This seems to be confusing many people, as “mainstream UFO disclosure” is taking off after a decades long campaign of “ridicule and secrecy.”(Ex-CIA Director Roscoe Hillenkoetter).

Nikola Tesla, who was born prior to Oberth, also had a strong interest when it came to the idea of life on other planets. There are many examples documenting this fact. For example, in an interview he gave to Time at the age of 75, Tesla stated the following:

I think that nothing can be more important than interplanetary communication. It will certainly come someday, and the certitude that there are other human beings in the universe, working, suffering, struggling, like ourselves, will produce a magic effect on mankind and will form the foundation of a universal brotherhood that will last as long as humanity itself.

No doubt that contact, communication and relationships with beings from other worlds would have huge implications and change human consciousness forever. It would truly leave, as I’ve said many times before, no aspect of humanity untouched.

There are many more examples and interesting statements from Tesla which we will get to later, but first I wanted to draw your attention to some declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation Documents (FBI) that were kept by the agency pertaining to Tesla. The document is a record of an “Interplanetary Sessions Newsletter” from 1957. The newsletter seems to be a printed promotion of a lecture to be given by George Van Tassel. The newsletter appears to be written by writer Margaret Storm, along with what appears to be her husband, John. What’s interesting to ask is, why was the FBI so interested to the point where they documented these meetings, discussions and gatherings? Why did they keep records of this specific newsletter? Is it because they had a heavy interest in the UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon? Remember, this is from the 1950’s, today we now know that governments and intelligence agencies, like the FBI, have had a long and documented interest in the phenomenon.

Part of the document reads as follows,

Margaret Storm has been assigned to certain work with the Space People, she is writing a book – Return of the Dove – a story of the life of Nikola Tesla, scientist, and the part his inventions will play in the New Age. Much of the data for this book has been supplied to Mrs. Storm through transcripts received on the Tesla set, a radio-type machine invented by Tesla in 1938 for Interplanetary Communication. Tesla died in 1943 and his engineers did not build the Tesla set until after his death. It was placed in operation in 1950 and since that time the Tesla engineers have been in close touch with space ships. The Space People have visited the Tesla engineers many times, and have told us that Tesla was a Venusian, brought to this planet as a baby, in 1856, and left with Mr. and Mrs. Tesla in a remote mountain province in what is now Yogoslavia. Tesla’s connection with the Space People…was not revealed until 1950.

Whether or not you believe this is up to you, as there is no real way to verify the claims. The document brings up more related UFO phenomenon.

As far as George Van Tassel goes, he  had a long career in aviation, starting off with Douglas Aircraft and then moving on to Hughes and finishing with Lockheed. In the early 50’s he went public claiming he had contact experiences with people from space. According to him, these beings issued warnings of destruction given humanity’s ways along with messages of universal peace. After this they apparently began instructing Tassel on how to construct a building that could reverse the aging process. It was called “The Integratron and the project consumed all of his time He claimed the instructions for the device came from extraterrestrials from the planet Venus. He apparently died of a heart attack shortly before the first demonstration was set to take place. (source1)(source2)

Having studied the lore of the UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon for more than 15 years now, one thing I find particularly interesting are the stories and encounters that involve messages of concern about the direction humanity is needed and the urgent need to change our course to avoid poverty, war, hunger, environmental destruction and disaster. There are countless examples of this, one of many would be the encounter more than 60 school children had in Zimbabwe in 1994. I emphasize again that there are thousands of examples, and the corroboration and similarities of these messages of supposed contact experiences is truly interesting to say the least.

If you’d like to dive into the benevolent (“good”) or malevolent (“bad”) discussion, you can do so in an article I recently published here.

Just because the claims in the document cannot be verified, does not mean that Tesla’s interest in extraterrestrial communication is not verified. As mentioned earlier in the article, it is. For example, according to the Library of Congress, Tesla claimed to have received radio communications from Mars. They cite an article from the Richmond Times purported to offer an extensive description and commentary of his supposed discovery. “As he sat beside his instrument on the hillside in Colorado, in the deep silence of that austere, inspiring region, where you plant your feet in gold and your head brushes the constellations — as he sat there one evening, alone, his attention, exquisitely alive at that juncture, was arrested by a faint sound from the receiver — three fairy taps, one after the other, at a fixed interval. What man who has ever lived on this earth would not envy Tesla that moment!” 

A direct quote from Tesla below, taken from his piece, “Talking With Planets.”

I can never forget the first sensations I experienced when it dawned upon me that I had observed something possibly of incalculable consequences to mankind. I felt as though I were present at the birth of a new knowledge or the revelation of a great truth. Even now, at times, I can vividly recall the incident, and see my apparatus as though it were actually before me. My first observations positively terrified me, as there was present in the them something mysterious, not to say supernatural, and I was alone in my laboratory at night; but that time the idea of these disturbances being intelligently controlled signals did not yet present itself to me.

The changes I noted were taking place periodically, and with such a clear suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to any cause then known to me. I was familiar, of course, with such electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora Borealis and earth currents, and I was sure as I could be of any fact that these variations were due to none of these causes. The nature of my experiments precluded the possibility of the changes being produced by atmospheric disturbances, as has been rashly asserted by some. It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another…I was not merely beholding a vision, but had caught sight of a great and profound truth.

Another example of Tesla’s thoughts, in his own words:

Others may scoff at this suggestion…(of) communicating with one of our heavenly neighbors, as Mars…or treat it as a practical joke, but I have been in deep earnest about it ever since I made my first observations in Colorado Springs…At the time, there existed no wireless plant other than mine that could produce a disturbance perceptible in a radius of more than a few miles. Furthermore, the conditions under which I operated were ideal, and I was well trained for the work. The character of the disturbances recorded precluded the possibility of their being of terrestrial origin, and I also eliminated the influence of the sun, moon and Venus. As I then announced, the signals consisted in a regular repetition of numbers, and subsequent study convinced me that they must have emanated from Mars, the planet having just then been close to the earth. (source)

Final Thoughts: 

It’s quite clear that Tesla had a strong interest in extraterrestrial life and attempted communication. It’s amazing how he was the first person to develop equipment that could pick up on signals coming from space as well as other planets. Today, signals of unknown origin are commonplace in the scientific community, massive radio bursts and other anomalies are commonly detected.

We’ve written about this (UFO/extraterrestrial) topic since our inception in 2009, and if you’re interested in browsing through our articles on the subject you can do so here.

As Tesla alludes to early on in this article, contact has huge implications. It will and is currently forcing humanity to look at a broader view of reality and entertain concepts that perhaps once did not fit within the framework of accepted knowledge. Through all stages of human history, plausible concepts and even ones that are backed by evidence and examples have always faced harsh opposition and resistance.

We are still a very young race and no doubt there are truths waiting ‘out there’ for us to discover. One thing is for certain, we definitely do not have our affairs here on planet Earth in order. As we grow it seems we question our lives more and more, what we are doing here and why we do it. We have the potential to create a much better human experience for all life on the planet  We seem to continually put our ability to change the world for the better into the hands of those who may not have our best interests at heart. Somehow, someway, it’s time for us to take responsibility and begin creating a human experience that resonates with all and is in harmony with mother Earth. How do we do this? I don’t know, but I do know that staying silent, not exploring and not expanding our consciousness is not the answer. We need to be able to talk about controversial topics openly, and those who oppose mainstream narratives should not be ridiculed nor censored.

For ages this idea has been proclaimed in the consummately wise teachings of religion, probably not alone as a means of insuring peace and harmony among men, but as a deeply found truth. The Buddhist expresses it in one way, the Christian in another, but both say the same: We are all one. 

Nikola Tesla (source)

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18-01-2021 om 00:21 geschreven door peter  

17-01-2021 om 23:43 geschreven door peter  

Photos sent back by Curiosity show what looks like an armored alien soldier keeping an eye on the curious Rover. Is NASA under surveillance?

While searching through NASA images captured by the SUV-sized explorer, the owner of YouTube channel Paranormal Crucible made a strange discovery that could constitute yet another piece of evidence towards proving Martian life exists. Or once existed.

Sitting amid the dust and boulders on the Martian surface was a figure eerily reminiscent of a buff warrior wearing combat armor and holding what looks like a gun. An alien soldier perhaps?

The weird appearance doesn’t appear to be a living creature but rather a stone sculpture that has somehow managed to stand the red planet’s harsh test of time.

If this is a statue indeed, it was definitely meant to represent something. The menacing look and defiant stance attest to its possible warlike character. That would be quite fitting.

In Roman mythology, Mars was the god of war and the Solar System’s fourth planet was named after him. Seeing Mars in the sky was considered an omen and its apparition often foretold conflict.

Did the ancients know something about Mars, something that was lost over time? Or was the naming just a coincidence?

“This intriguing object looks artificial in nature and in my opinion is an ancient statuette,” the video description reads.

“The odd thing about this one is that it does resemble an alien grey or possibly an insect type species of alien.”

This discovery has given rise to much dissension between alien enthusiasts and skeptics, with one side claiming proof of ancient aliens on Mars has been found and the other invoking the pareidolia pretext.

Pareidolia refers to a psychological phenomenon where the human mind is somewhat tricked by the sensory input it receives and ends up seeing familiar shapes where there aren’t any.

Whenever you look at clouds, for example and you see faces, animals or object, pareidolia is hard at work.

When it comes to rocks, the pareidolia phenomenon becomes even more explicit and there’s even a name for it: mimetoliths.

Rocks that have become weathered through erosion and the passing of time often come to resemble faces. The more complex the rock, the greater the chance of seeing a face hidden amid its features. These types of rocks are referred to as mimetoliths, or rocks that mimic.

Could this phenomenon account for the numerous sightings of controversial figures and forms on Mars? Or is this just what they would want us to believe? Are the particularities of the human mind being used against those searching for evidence that we are not alone?

UFO enthusiasts are convinced this is the case and there really are things we can’t explain on Mars, the Moon and possibly the rest of outer space.

As always, UFO expert Scott Waring expressed his views on the matter.

“It’s a bipedal species that has a uniform on,” he wrote on his alien-centered blog. “The alien soldier is wearing a suit and carrying some weapon of sorts. The important question is, is it a statue, or was this person petrified (turned to stone) by a gruesome, yet powerful weapon?”

Wow, now that compounds the mystery. It’s one (major)or  thing to find evidence of ancient inhabitants in a planet’s distant past in the form of art or artistic depictions such as statues.

But discovering the petrified remains of an ancient warrior forever locked in combat position would be something different altogether.

His stance would seem to suggest he was ready for something when a cataclysmic event, a Martian Pompeii of sorts froze him in the posture we now see.

Going further along this scenario opens up a majestic can of worms filled with largely unanswerable questions.

Was this the result of a cataclysmic but natural event? If so, did it completely wipe out the martians?

Another possibility would be the activation of a horrific weapon capable of petrifying all those it was aimed at. Does this bring to mind yet another ancient myth? Remember the ancient Greeks’ Medusa? Was she of Martian descent? Was she a metaphor for a weapon?

A civilization capable of building such a weapon would certainly be much more advanced than we are today. Its members would probably enjoy amenities far superior to those savored by even the most elitist of earthlings.

Space travel wouldn’t pose a problem so we could expect that civilization to have visited Earth when they were still around. But the question is: were there humans on earth at that time?

If the answer to this question is yes, it would certainly suggest the ancient gods were flesh-and-bon creatures, the only difference between them and their worshippers being the technological level their culture had reached.

The ancient astronaut concept is definitely not alien to alien enthusiasts so this hypothesis keeps its traction with conspiracy and UFO advocacy groups.

In the end, there is no way we can find the truth behind the strange things photographed on Mars save for traveling there and inspecting them ourselves. NASA does not support the alien hypothesis, claiming they are all just rocks. Maybe SpaceX will be more transparent in their disclosures but we still need to wait a few decades until they get there.

In the meantime, we can speculate, so speculate we will.

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17-01-2021 om 23:21 geschreven door peter  

The Air France Flight AF3532 Near Miss UFO Encounter

Did Jean-Charles Duboc witness a UFO while flying?

On January 28, 1994, at the beginning of the afternoon, the crew of Air-France flight AF-3532 (Nice to London) observed an unusual phenomenon. UFOCOM asked some questions to the pilot and commander of the flight, Jean-Charles Duboc.

INTERVIEW OF COMMANDANT DUBOC:

You were a flight commanding officer at AIR France and on January 28, 1994, you have encountered an unusual phenomenon as you were doing the Nice to London flight 3532. Could you tell what you witnessed?

I was indeed commander of flight AF-3532 of January 28, 1994, with copilot Valerie Chauffour, and 24 passengers on board.

I have kept a copy of the "OCTAVE", which is the data-processing follow-up of the flight and I can specify that above the Paris area at the altitude of 11700 meters (FL 390), the outside temperature was of minus 59 Celsius degrees, and with a wind from the North-West had a speed of1 80 km/h (311°/101 kts).

The visibility was of more than 300 km (150 Nm) and the cloud cover consisted of altocumulus. The flight encountered no air shakes. The navigation was under excellent weather conditions, in spite of the facing wind of almost 130 km/h (70 kts). That gave us a ground speed of 650 km/h (350 kts).

The takeoff hour in Nice was 00h56PM UT and the arrival hour in London 02:13PM UT.

It was a particularly calm flight, without particular problem. We arrived above Coulommiers when a steward who was in the cockpit noticed an object which he thought could be a weather balloon. This object was then seen by the copilot and myself a few moments afterwards.

According to their description it seemed to have a variable form and to come very quickly across our road. I first identified it like an aircraft facing us, at approximately 45 km (25 Nm), at an altitude of approximately 10500 meters (25 Nm) and at an angle close to 45°.

I found this slope absolutely abnormal because aircraft are not inclined at this altitude beyond 30 degrees without risking to fall down. This object seemed to us then absolutely abnormal by its size which seemed immense, its dark red color and of the fuzzy edges. I had the impression to observe a gigantic lens in evolution.

It did not resemble anything we had seen in our flying careers.

This object, this phenomenon, remained motionless while we left it on our left side, still at an approximate distance of 45 km. We observed it during a good minute, conscious that we were seeing something utterly anomalous. We continued to observe it when it gradually merged with the environment. We saw it becoming translucent, transparent, diluted in space. That was absolutely amazing.

After some interrogations we contacted the control center of Rheims to announce this unidentified object to them, as we are required by air transportation regulation.

Jean-Charles Duboc

Was this "object" tracked by your instruments? What about he black box of flight 3532? Were the communications between your aircraft and the control center in Rheims recorded?

Our ON BOARD instruments are not intended to locate other aircraft.

The airborne radar is only intended to locate storms in order to be able to avoid the air movements ascending and descending, associated with them, characteristic of these clouds, the cumulonimbus. During this event the radar was not in operation, as it is only necessary in instrument flying (IFR).

In the same way, the black box cannot in any case detect aircraft or phenomena far away from the plane. On the Airbus 320 there is a first recorder which is the Quick Access Recorder (QAR). It records only flight parameters, speed, altitude, mechanics, engines, electric, etc. It is analyzed by the maintenance service.

The second recorder, the DFDR, has the same recordings but must support the constraints of an accident. This recorder is analyzed only if a crash occurs or on request of the crew. As no parameter of our flight has een modified, the tapes were not analyzed because it would have been pointless.

The UFO was at nearly 45 km of our aircraft, and there has been no electric or magnetic disturbances.

On the other hand this UFO was approximately 10 km above Paris, and the Parisian people, under layer of clouds, were much closer to the UFO than we were. If there had been electromagnetic disturbances, a few million people would have noticed it.

The communications were always preserved, and it is the same for the main TV and radio shows!

Which were the continuations of this affair, at a professional and personal level? Have you been interviewed by the civilian or military authorities?

In the immediate, the continuations were non-existent, because I did not submit a written report to avoid being ridiculed. It was three years later, as I read an article from Paris Match, which described how a UFO has been detected above Paris, that I made the connection between this UFO and that what I had seen.

I then submitted a report to the Gendarmerie Nationale (French police, having an SOP for collection of UFO reports).

Was your testimony transmitted to the SEPRA? Which were the continuations brought by this branch of the CNES?

My report was transmitted by the Gendarmerie to the SEPRA, and the UFO Committee, was created within the framework of the Association of the Former Auditors of the Institute for the High Studies of National Defense (IHEDN). I was heard during nearly one hour and half by the group chaired by General Denis Letty.

After discussing about the observation, we concluded that the object was approximately 300 meters in diameter.

I took note of the radar recordings by the CODED (Operational Center of Air Defense). There is a very curious characteristic for the trajectory of the UFO, as it shows that it would have almost collided with us. The minimal distance on the recording is less than 1 Nm, that is to say 10 seconds of flight.

This kind of observation is traditional in electronic war. The modern military aircraft are furtive, and at the same time able to synthesize a virtual image of themselves by delaying the radar echo.

If a missile had been drawn on this UFO, which was above Paris, it would be our A320 which would probably have been hit by the missile.

I think that it is not desirable to shoot fire at this kind of phenomenon.

Did you speak again of your observation with your colleagues of flight 3532? Which is, now, their feeling about this affair?

I never found the steward who was in the cockpit. My various requests to find the list of the crew for this flight were left unanswered by the of the commercial flight crew personal management (PNC).

I had indeed four crew in two days, and I did not keep the lists of the members with me, because they are on the on board documentation.

On the other hand I have reexamined the case several times with the copilot who has a very precise memory of the event, and who wrote a report for the gendarmerie (police) of the Charles De Gaulle Airport.

I can only suggest you asking them about their feeling now.

During your pilot career, have you heard from colleagues or other air personal, of similar phenomena?

I barely speak about this encounter, and I had the surprise to note that about one out of ten pilot had observed a unidentified flying phenomenon.

Your testimony appears in the COMETA Report, page 11, which has been published in a special edition of the VSD magazine, this summer 1999. Were you interviewed by this association? What do you think of this report, from a general point of view?

As I said, I was actually auditioned by the above mentioned UFO Committee, which took shape in an association named COMETA. I have recently met Mr. Denis Letty along with a friend who is flight commander on the Concorde, responsible for the training of pilots at the General Management of Civil Aviation (DGAC), in order to study a regulatory possibility to have a reports form for UFO observations on the board of all French airliners.

Their report seemed to me extremely well conceived, written by high level personalities, and constitutes a reference for UFO question. It still has some restricted diffusion because this subject is still one of the three great taboos of aeronautics.

The first taboo is the cosmic radiation on aircraft. From May 2000 on, the flying personal will have to carry a dosimeter and the amount of radiation received each year will be measured and calculated according to the recommendations of the project SIEVERT which is developed by the General Management of Civil Aviation, the Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), the Office of Protection against radiation Ionizing (OPRI), and the Observatory of Paris-Meudon.

Flight crew of aeronautics, as well as astronauts will be soon classified among the people who receive amounts of radiations on their workplace. The amount of cosmic radiation received by passengers or members of flight crew during a Europe to US trip and return trip is similar to a lung radioscopy, and this fact is carefully hidden to the crews and the passengers since nearly 35 years.

Indeed, a recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), back in 1964, requested that the airlines take measurements of on board radiations on airliners.

A modification of the European regulation in May 2000, European directive 96/29 of May 13, 1996, divided by five the maximum amount of radiation applicable to the public, which will be able to take only 1 millisievert per year, instead of five. The airline pilots, hostesses, steward receive between two and five MVS per year, which is more than the majority of the workers in nuclear power plants.

This taboo will disappear when the information circulates in the general public.

The second taboo is the suicide of the airline pilots as they fly, and it will be shattered by the accident of the EGYPTAIR 990 flight, if the assumption of the suicide of the copilot is to be confirmed.

The third taboo is the UFO phenomenon UFO, and in particular the 220 visual observations confirmed by radar, among them is mine. We can thank the COMETA team which, by the quality of its members, its knowledge, its overview, its hypothesis, makes it possible to start to discuss seriously about the sightings from all points of the planet.

On December 7, 1999, TV viewers have an occasion to see you in the "Why? How?" show, animated by Sylvain Augier and Julie Bhaud, for the France3 channel. As I took part myself in the recording of this show, I had the pleasant impression that the questions were not "oriented." The "And CO" team (producing the show) seemed opened, although skeptic, and very sympathetic.

If the editing does not suppress it, do you think that this kind of show can have some utility for general public? What do you think about the attitude of the medias, in general, as for their editing of UFO related information?

As I wrote above, there are several taboos in aeronautics, and the reporters who dare to face these interdict risk to be ridiculed, but also to have trouble finding a job. This type of show require curiosity and courage, and the journalists know that they risk negative reactions, or aggressive reactions, and derision.

This type of emission is very important for it makes it possible to give previously confidential information to the public. Information must pass gradually, whereas we must know that there will be all sorts of reactions.

The bottom line of this problem is the maturity of the public.

Is the public ready to receive the information?

The social psychologists can consider the consequences which an official meeting with an extraterrestrial civilization would have, if they have several million years of technological advance. Which upheavals would be induced? Will there be panic in the population? Which disappointed hopes? Will we find the best, the worst, or both? Which information should be given to the public?

Today, do you think that the origin of the UFO phenomenon is not our planet?

The immensity of the universe, its beauty, its unknown features, the current technological progress, the space travels, the orbiting stations, and what I saw, can only convince me that we are not alone in the universe and that we will take part, if we do not destroy ourselves, in the community of the species which travel across the galaxy.

The true current problem of our planet is not the existence, or not, of extraterrestrial civilizations but all the problems caused by pollution, the accumulation of the weapons of destruction, fanaticism, totalitarianism, the overcrowding of our planet.

Source & References:

• UFOCOM CG), November 22, 1999
• http://www.ufologie.net/htm/duboc01.htm

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17-01-2021 om 22:51 geschreven door peter  

SLS: Nasa's 'megarocket' engine test ends early

By Paul Rincon
Science editor, BBC News website

17-01-2021 om 22:18 geschreven door peter  

Beetle fossilised in amber reveals earliest evidence of prehistoric pollination as scientists discover the insect had flower traces on its feet when it died 99million years ago

• The beetle was found in amber from a mine in north Myanmar's Hukawng Valley

• Researchers have named the new insect species Angimordella burmitina

• 62 grains of pollen were found on the beetle's legs under a special microscope

• The shape of each grain revealed they had evolved to be spread by such insects 

By IAN RANDALL FOR MAILONLINE

The earliest-known example of a pollinating insect has been found preserved in amber dating back to around 99 million years ago, researchers report.

The fossilised tumbling flower beetle was found with pollen still stuck to its legs preserved in amber from deep inside a mine in northern Myanmar's Hukawng Valley.

The find pushes back the earliest-documented instance of insect pollination to around 50 million years earlier than previously thought.

The preserved insect is a newly discovered species of beetle which researchers have named Angimordella burmitina.

Scroll down for video

The earliest-known example of a pollinating insect, pictured, has been found preserved in amber dating back to around 99 million years ago, researchers report

The find pushes back the earliest-documented instance of insect pollination to around 50 million years earlier than previously thought. Pictured, an artist's impression of the beetle

'It's exceedingly rare to find a specimen where both the insect and the pollen are preserved in a single fossil,' said paper author and biologist David Dilcher, of Indiana University.

'Aside from the significance as earliest known direct evidence of insect pollination of flowering plants, this specimen perfectly illustrates the cooperative evolution of plants and animals during this time period.'

This, he added, was when 'a true exposition of flowering plants occurred.'

Professor Dilcher and colleagues analysed the 62 pollen grains found with the beetle preserved in the amber — finding that they had evolved specifically to be spread through contact with such insects.

'These [tell-tale] features include the pollen's size, ornamentation and clumping ability,' he explained.

'The grains also likely originated from a flower species in the group eudicots, one of the most common types of flowering plant species.'

'The pollen was not easy to find,' said paper co-author and amber fossil expert Bo Wang, of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

'The powdery substance was revealed hidden in the insect's body hairs under confocal laser microscopy.'

'The analysis took advantage of the fact that pollen grains glow under fluorescence light, contrasting strongly with the darkness of the insect's shell.'

Professor Dilcher and colleagues analysed the 62 pollen grains found with the beetle preserved in the amber — finding that they had evolved specifically to be spread through contact with such insects

'Aside from the significance as earliest known direct evidence of insect pollination of flowering plants, this specimen perfectly illustrates the cooperative evolution of plants and animals during this time period,' said Professor Dilcher. Pictured, an artists impression of the beetle

The preserved insect — seen here in its amber prison — is a newly discovered species of beetle which researchers have named Angimordella burmitina

The insect trapped in the amber is a newly discovered species of beetle, which the study's authors have named 'Angimordella burmitina'.

The team determined that it was a pollinator based on its body shape and having pollen-feeding mouth-parts, which they studied using a microscopic imaging method called X-ray micro-computed tomography.

Prior to this study, the earliest physical evidence for insects pollinating flowering plants came from 50 million years ago, in the so-called Middle Eocene period.

The age of the new fossil was determined by correlation with the ages of other known fossils in the same location from which the fossilised beetle was discovered.

The full findings of the study were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The fossilised tumbling flower beetle was found with pollen still stuck to its legs preserved in amber from deep inside a mine in northern Myanmar's Hukawng Valley

Read more:

• www.pnas.org/cgi...

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17-01-2021 om 21:56 geschreven door peter  

UFO Disclosure - Breaking News!

UFO Disclosure - Breaking News!

This huge public release of what the CIA claims is its “entire” archive of documentation on Unidentified Flying Objects – now termed “Unidentified Aerial Phenomena” (UAPs) – comprises hundreds of formerly top-secret records going back more than a half-century. The unprecedented and fascinating data dump is thanks to a long-sustained effort by intelligence website The Black Vault, which has been sourcing and sharing declassified government documentation on UFOs (among many other things) since the mid–1990s.

ANOTHER DIAMOND SHAPED UFO CAUGHT ON VIDEO HOVERING OVER COLOMBIA 1-10-2021 

GUSTAVO N. NOGUEIRA CAPTURED THIS UFO ON HIS CELL PHONE HOVERING OVER MONTENEGRO, COLOMBIA ON 1-10-2021. GUSTAVO SAID THE CRAFT HOVERED IN THE AREA FOR AT LEAST AN HOUR BEFORE BEFORE BLASTING AWAY Mack 50 thousand! HOUR BEFORE BEFORE BLASTING AWAY     

GIGANTIC UFO PASSES OVER PERU

HUGE UFO SEEN HOVERING OVER SWEDEN 1-2-2021 

UFO reported hovering over nuclear power plant | Mysterious UFO Sightings

Israeli space security chief says extraterrestrials exist and Trump knows it 

Mysterious Monolith England UK Gloucestershire 🇬🇧  

Today in the UK a new monolith was spotted in the town of Gloucestershire. Residents in that area are very shocked about this new monolith. Local police are investigating who left the metal behind. 

Mysterious monolith spotted in UK after similar pillars seen in US & Romania

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

17-01-2021 om 18:44 geschreven door peter  

Anunnaki & Nephilim Evidence, Sky People, Thousands of Years Ago Visited America, 11,500 B.C. Astronauts & Robots Painted in Stone

Anunnaki & Nephilim Evidence, Sky People, Thousands of Years Ago Visited America

11,500 B.C. Astronauts & Robots Painted in Stone, Ancient Star Travelers

These Petroglyphs are thousands of Years Old and it appears this is a Galactic Federation of Sorts, Look at the Mantis Man, Ant Man, Ancient Astronaut, Possible Spaceship and Even Details of the 7 Circles on a Being that appears to have some type of Spacesuit or , you can go with the Electric Universe Theory, of its being Plasma and Atmospheric Conditions of Extreme Events, why not both is my question?

{  https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

17-01-2021 om 18:20 geschreven door peter  

Two Yin Yang Symbols On Saturn Moon Iapetus, Video, UFO Sightings Daily.

Date of discovery: 2012, but again 2021.

Location of discovery: Iapetus, a moon of Saturn 

NASA photo 1 of Iapetus: 

• https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA17142.html 

NASA photo 2 of Iapetus: 

• https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA02291.html 

Yin Yang crater on Iapetus:

• http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/2012/03/alien-structures-on-saturns-moon.html 

You wont believe what I found today. Proof of an ancient alien symbol that goes back thousands of years here on Earth, but may go back billions on Saturns moon Iapetus. Back in 2012 I found a crater, but then realised it was a Yin-yang symbol. I had found it in two different photos, but this week I found that the entire moon itself is a Yin-yang symbol! Thats right. Aliens on Saturn believe so much in its meaning that they made the entire moon a symbol of their belief. The fact that this symbol was found not once, but twice in two different ways is 100% proof that aliens exist on Iapetus and Saturn. Also note, Iapetus may not be a real moon, but an artificially made station to appear as a moon, in order to not frighten lower level species. So the symbol Yin-yang is 3,000 years here on Earth, but goes back millions or billions of years on Iapetus and Saturn. This...changes world history forever! Mind blowing stuff. 

 

Scott C. Waring-Taiwan

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VIDEO 2018

VIDEO 2016

VIDEOS 2012

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17-01-2021 om 17:54 geschreven door peter  

Moon Size Cube UFO Seen Near Sun On Jan 12, 2021, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 12, 2021 06:18

Location of sighting: Earths Sun

Source: Helioviewer, Lasco C3

 

I was looking at some sun photos taken by SOHO/NASA site Helioviewer.org when I found a cube. The cube...which is a ship...has some unusual features. There is a bit of depth to its sides. Its also reflecting the suns light in its lower left corner. Its also very dark black in the upper right corner...which means its cold in that location. This cube ship has been seen half buried under the suns surface before and even whips of the suns explosions passing over its surface. The cube which I believe to be one of many, is seen near the sun every week.

 

One day, AI will discover this and confirm my findings and discoveries both near the sun and discoveries on surfaces of planets and moons. But the real question is...will mere humans trust the conclusions of AI, or will the conclusion be...too terrifying to even consider possible?

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ } 

17-01-2021 om 17:37 geschreven door peter  

MUFON: Glowing Ring Over Fargo, North Dakota, USA 1-9-2021, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Jan 9, 2021
Location of sighting: Fargo, North Dakota, USA
Source: MUFON #113223

Source URL: 

• https://mufoncms.com/cgi-bin/report_handler.pl?req=latest_reports

This UFO report just came into MUFON today. A guy was driving home from work when he saw some strange pulsating lights up ahead. The lights didn't' fly away, but were hovering in place in the fog. From what I see when I slow down the video, there is a black thick disk at the center of these lights. So it is a UFO and it is hovering in place. Its possible what this person was witnessing was a close encounter with a UFO that had just landed and had aliens disembark to study the inhabitants of this small town before they woke up. Wow, just an amazing encounter...I only wish he had stopped the car and gotten out to record more, but I'm sure fear played a part in him driving off. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

17-01-2021 om 17:12 geschreven door peter