UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN

Reanalyzing old data with our modern understanding seems to be in vogue lately. However, the implications of that reanalysis for some topics are more impactful than others. One of the most hotly debated topics of late in the astrobiological community has been whether or not life can exist on Venus - specifically in its cloud layers, some of which have some of the most Earth-like conditions anywhere in the solar system, at least in terms of pressure and temperature. A new paper from a team of American researchers have just added fuel to that debate by reanalyzing data from the Pioneer mission to Venus NASA launched in the 70s - and finding that the Venus’ clouds are primarily made out of water.

That doesn’t mean that it’s water in the traditional sense of how we think water vapor makes up clouds here on Earth. The dihydrogen monoxide in Venus’ clouds seems to be tied up in hydrated materials rather than stand alone as pure water droplets. But that is still a drastic change from our current understanding that Venus’ clouds are made up primarily of sulfuric acid. There is still some of that floating around - 22% of the cloud material according to the paper - but how could the scientists of the 70s be so far off the mark in terms of the readings of their instruments?

To answer that required some scientific sleuthing from a series of researchers at various institutions, including Cal Poly Pomona, the University of Wisconsin, Arizona State, and even NASA itself, to uncover the old Pioneer data. It had been stored on microfilm in NASA’s Space Science Data Coordinated Archive office - so the first step in reanalyzing the data was to fish it from the archives and digitize it.

Fraser discusses why Venus is so interesting to study.

Inspiration for the idea came from a conversation between Rakesh Mogul of Cal Tech Pomona and Sanjay Limaye a Venus expert of the University of Wisconsin, who were talking about the composition of Venus’ clouds and then agreed they should reanalyze the mass spectrometry data Pioneer originally collected, as they thought there might be some new insights to glean there.

Turns out there were. The data came from two instruments on board Pioneer Venus Large Probe - part of the Pioneer mission that descended through Venus’ clouds - the Neutral Mass Spectrometer (LNMS) and the Gas Chromatograph (LGC). Drs. Mogul and Limaye realized that, as the probe descended through the thicker parts of the atmosphere, the inlets for these instruments, which were designed to measure atmospheric gases, became clogged with aerosolized particles from the clouds. For evidence of this clog, they point to a massive, but temporary, drop in the CO2 levels in the atmosphere as the probe descended through the cloud layers.

Instead chalking this up as an instrument failure, they looked at the data as a way of analyzing the types of aerosols that were trapped in the inlet - and they did so by looking at their burn-off temperatures. As the probe continued to descend through the atmosphere, it melted the various aerosols at different temperatures (and allowed the inlet to flow freely again, which caused the CO2 reading to spike back up). Analyzing what gases were released at the temperatures those aerosols melted would help them understand what the aerosols, and hence the clouds themselves, were made up of.

Life on Venus might not even require water, as Fraser discusses in this video.

The first thing they noticed were massive spikes in water at 185𝇈C and 414𝇈C, which were indicative of hydrates such as hydrated ferric sulfate and hydrated magnesium sulfate. They also noticed that water made up the bulk of the aerosols at 62%, though almost all of it was bound up in these hydrates.

As expected, sulfuric acid was also present in the aerosols. It showed up in a major release as SO2 around 215𝇈C, which is the temperature sulfuric acid decomposes. Interestingly there was also another release of SO2 around 397𝇈C, which indicated there was another, more thermally stable sulfate compound in the aerosols as well.

A hint at what that compound might be came from a spike in another, though unexpected, chemical signature - iron. At the same temperature as the second SO2 spike, the LNMS detected a spike in iron ions. Combined with the release of SO2 at that temperature, there’s a strong indication that one of the aerosols is ferric sulfate, which decomposes to iron oxide and sulfur oxides around those temperatures. Estimates put the ferric sulfate content of the aerosols as high as 16%, almost matching the 22% estimated for the sulfuric acid that was thought to dominate the clouds banks until this paper.

Fraser discusses the future of Venus exploration.

So where did the iron come from? The authors believe it comes from cosmic dust that is pulled into Venus’ atmosphere and then reacts with the acid cloud bank. But ultimately the biggest finding from this new analysis is the significant presence of water. It also solves a mystery as to why there was a discrepancy between probes that collected data from the actual clouds compared to those that simply remotely scanned Venus’ cloud layer with spectroscopy equipment in terms of the water content of the clouds. The remote sensing devices wouldn’t be able to detect the water bound up in hydrates - only the amount of atmospheric vapor, making the descent probes much more accurate in their calculation of total water content.

All this new understanding obviously has big implications for the search for life in Venus’ clouds, as one of the main arguments against that possibility was the scarcity of water in that environment. It turns out that water is much more abundant than previously thought - though admittedly it’s rather acidic for the taste of most Earth-bound microbes.

This new understanding shows how useful even old data can be, and how it can effectively contribute to even modern discussions of unanswered scientific questions. The problem might just be finding it buried somewhere in NASA’s archives - which can be a scientific feat in itself.

Learn More:

Cal Poly Pomona - Venus' Cloud Aerosols Contain Reservoirs of Water and Iron
R. Mogul et al. - Re-Analysis of Pioneer Venus Data: Water, Iron Sulfate, and Sulfuric Acid are Major Components in Venus' Aerosols
UT - Do the Clouds of Venus Really Host Life?
UT - Venus has Clouds of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid, but Life Could Still Survive

The celestial show of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS is preparing to take a break. The space traveler, who came to us from the depths of the Milky Way, will soon temporarily disappear from the view of observers on Earth. The reason lies in orbital motion: our planet and the comet will soon be on opposite sides of the Sun. The bright light of the star will completely obscure the faint glow of the comet, making it impossible to observe.

*Illustration of comet 3I/ATLAS approaching its perihelion. Author: Copilot AI*

The comet is now only a few degrees from the Sun in the sky, setting about an hour after dusk. This creates a narrow window of opportunity for its detection. However, only those with powerful telescopes will be able to see it.

3I/ATLAS now looks like a faint spot located approximately at the distance of Mars’ orbit. Soon, the angular distance between it and the Sun will begin to decrease rapidly, and by the end of October, they will converge at their minimum distance.

Non-standard trajectory

Position of comet 3I/ATLAS as of the end of September 2025

Despite this proximity, Comet 3I/ATLAS will not approach the Sun in the same way as ordinary comets do. The point of its perihelion, its closest approach to the star, will be reached on October 29. At that moment, it will be a full 202 million km away from the Sun. This distance means that Earth will miss the most interesting phase of the comet’s activation, when solar heat would intensively evaporate ice from its core, forming a bright tail.

Unique space visitor

This comet differs sharply from the two previous interstellar visitors – 1I/Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov. It moves almost twice as fast and is much larger. Its origin is also different: most likely, the interstellar visitor arrived from the “thick disk” of our galaxy, rather than from the region where the Solar System is located.

The 3I/ATLAS study is key to understanding the nature of interstellar objects and the structure of other planetary systems. Even its recent change to green has sparked keen interest among scientists.

Back to the skies

Fortunately, this is not the last appearance of the mysterious guest. Scientists predict that the comet will once again be visible from late November, just before its closest approach to Earth. The minimum distance to our planet will be 268 million km. Although it is not a close encounter, astronomers are already preparing their instruments to obtain valuable new data about this unique interstellar traveler.