Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
12-04-2022
LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
Same UFO That Was REC In Hong Kong Was Also Witnessed In Nottingham UK.
A luminous UFO sighted in Hong Kong and quite possibly the same or at the very least maybe the same type of UFO or object that was recorded in Nottingham UK a month prior.
In its position 2.8 billion miles away from the Sun, it's no surprise that Neptune is one of the coldest planets in the Solar System, with average temperatures of -373°F (-207°C).
Now, a new study has revealed that the ice giant may be even colder than we originally thought.
Researchers from NASA analysed thermal infrared images of Neptune from multiple observatories over almost 20 years.
Their analysis revealed that average temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere unexpectedly dropped by roughly 14°F (8°C) between 2003 and 2018.
Dr Michael Roman, Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Leicester and lead author on the study, said: 'This change was unexpected. Since we have been observing Neptune during its early southern summer, we would expect temperatures to be slowly growing warmer, not colder.'
Researchers from NASA analysed thermal infrared images of Neptune from multiple observatories over almost 20 years. Their analysis revealed that average temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere unexpectedly dropped by roughly 14°F (8°C) between 2003 and 2018
Neptune: The most distant planet in our solar system
Dark, cold, and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune is the eighth and most distant planet in our solar system.
More than 30 times as far from the Sun as Earth, Neptune is the only planet in our solar system not visible to the naked eye and the first predicted by mathematics before its discovery. In 2011 Neptune completed its first 165-year orbit since its discovery in 1846.
NASA's Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Neptune up close. It flew past in 1989 on its way out of the solar system.
In the study, the researchers studied thermal infrared images from a range of observatories, including the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and Gemini South telescope in Chile, the Subaru Telescope, Keck Telescope, and the Gemini North telescope, all in Hawaii, and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
The images revealed that between 2003 and 2018, temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere as you move upward – dropped by 14°F (8°C).
Like Earth, Neptune experiences seasons.
However, while Earth takes 365 days to complete an orbit around the sun, Neptune takes over 165 years.
This means that seasons on the icy giant change much more slowly, lasting over 40 Earth-years each.
Dr Glenn Orton, Senior Research Scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and co-author of the study, said: 'Our data cover less than half of a Neptune season, so no one was expecting to see large and rapid changes.'
While the thermal data revealed that temperatures across the stratosphere had dropped from 2003 to 2018, surprisingly, the opposite was true for Neptune's south pole from 2018 to 2020.
In the study, the researchers studied thermal infrared images from a range of observatories, including the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope and Gemini South telescope in Chile, the Subaru Telescope, Keck Telescope, and the Gemini North telescope, all in Hawaii, and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope
The images revealed that between 2003 and 2018, temperatures in Neptune's stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere as you upward – dropped by 14°F (8°C)
There, the stratosphere actually warmed by roughly 20°F (11°C) – something that has never been observed before.
The researchers are currently unsure what is causing these temperature changes.
'Temperature variations may be related to seasonal changes in Neptune's atmospheric chemistry, which can alter how effectively the atmosphere cools,' Dr Roman explained.
'But random variability in weather patterns or even a response to the 11-year solar activity cycle may also have an effect.'
Like Earth, Neptune experiences seasons. However, while Earth takes 365 days to complete an orbit around the sun, Neptune takes over 165 years. This means that seasons on the icy giant change much more slowly, lasting over 40 Earth-years each
The Sun follows an 11-year cycle, during which its activity and sunspots vary. Previous research has suggest that Neptune's visible brightness fluctuates based on this cycle, and the new study reveals a possible link between the planet's temperatures too
The Sun follows an 11-year cycle, during which its activity and sunspots vary.
Previous research has suggested that Neptune's visible brightness fluctuates based on this cycle, and the new study reveals a possible link with the planet's temperatures too.
The team now hopes to use the James Webb Space Telescope to further observe the temperature and cloud patterns on Neptune.
Professor Leigh Fletcher, co-author of the study, added: 'The exquisite sensitivity of the space telescope's mid-infrared instrument, MIRI, will provide unprecedented new maps of the chemistry and temperatures in Neptune's atmosphere, helping to better identify the nature of these recent changes.'
Bijna-doodervaringen zijn geen hallucinaties, blijkt uit de eerste studie ooit van zijn soort
Een fel wit licht, doffe stemmen en omgevingsgeluiden, je eigen lichaam zien liggen terwijl je er naast staat,... In films en series wordt een ‘bijna-doodervaring’ heel vaak op dezelfde manier voorgesteld. Bijna iedereen die het zelf heeft meegemaakt, beschrijft het ook op deze manier. Maar wetenschappelijk is zo’n ervaring nog niet officieel gedefinieerd. Daarom hebben wetenschappers uit verschillende disciplines er nu voor het eerst een onderzoek naar gevoerd.
De nieuwe consensusverklaring over het bestuderen van de dood, die werd gepubliceerd in het academisch tijdschrift ‘Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences’, is ontworpen om “inzicht te verschaffen in potentiële mechanismen, ethische implicaties en methodologische overwegingen voor systematisch onderzoek” en “kwesties en controverses te identificeren” in het onderzoeksgebied.
Hoewel wetenschappelijke studies tot nu toe niet in staat zijn geweest om de realiteit van bijna-doodervaringen te bewijzen, kunnen ze ze evenmin weerleggen. Opvallend is dat deze ervaringen, waarvan er honderden miljoenen zijn opgetekend in culturen over de hele wereld, consequent dezelfde thema’s en verhaallijnen volgen. In het algemeen houdt de gemiddelde bijna-doodervaring in dat je je eerst afgescheiden voelt van je lichaam en een verhoogd bewustzijn hebt en de dood herkent. Vervolgens heb je een gevoel van reizen naar een bepaalde bestemming, gevolgd door een zinvolle en doelgerichte analyse van je daden, bedoelingen en gedachten naar anderen toe gedurende je leven. Daarna voel je je alsof je op een plaats bent die aanvoelt als thuis, voordat je uiteindelijk terugkeert naar de echte wereld.
De onderzoekers beweren dat uit dit onderzoek blijkt dat bijna-doodervaringen niets of weinig gemeen hebben met hallucinaties, illusies, of psychedelische drugservaringen, hoewel die vaak wel resulteren in dezelfde soort positieve psychologische transformatie op lange termijn.
Dood is een omkeerbaar proces
Anders Sandberg, een researcher aan de Universiteit van Oxford, schreef al in 2016 dat de dood “technologie-afhankelijk” is geworden. “Lange tijd werden een gebrek aan ademhaling en polsslag beschouwd als kenmerken van de dood, totdat reanimatiemethoden verbeterden. Vandaag de dag kunnen verdrinkingsslachtoffers die lijden aan extreme onderkoeling, zuurstofgebrek en een gebrek aan polsslag en ademhaling gedurende meerdere uren weer tot leven worden gewekt.” Ook zegt hij dat de moderne geneeskunde fundamenteel veranderd heeft hoe we over de dood denken. “Plotseling leren we hoe weinig we weten over dit meest universele deel van het leven.”
“Een hartstilstand is geen hartaanval”, stelt Sam Parnia, directeur van Critical Care and Resuscitation Research aan de NYU Grossman School of Medicine, en hoofdauteur van de nieuwe studie, in een verklaring. “In plaats daarvan vertegenwoordigt het het laatste stadium van een ziekte of gebeurtenis die een persoon doet sterven”, vervolgde hij. “De komst van reanimatie heeft ons laten zien dat de dood geen absolute toestand is, maar eerder een proces is dat mogelijk kan worden omgekeerd, zelfs nadat het is begonnen.”
Verhoogd bewustzijn
Volgens Parnia weten we door de wetenschappelijke studie van de dood dat hersencellen niet onomkeerbaar beschadigd raken binnen enkele minuten na zuurstoftekort wanneer het hart stopt. “In plaats daarvan ‘sterven’ hersenen over een periode van uren. Dit stelt wetenschappers in staat om objectief de fysiologische en mentale gebeurtenissen te bestuderen die plaatsvinden in relatie tot de dood.”
De moderne wetenschap heeft al inzicht gegeven in een deel van de bijna-doodervaring. Zo hebben elektro-encefalografiestudies bijvoorbeeld het ontstaan van gamma-activiteit en elektrische pieken aangetoond in relatie tot de dood. Dat is een fenomeen dat gewoonlijk wordt geassocieerd met een verhoogd bewustzijn, een van de beschreven thema’s bij een bijna-doodervaring. Met toekomstig onderzoek hopen Parnia en zijn collega’s deze twee met zekerheid aan elkaar te kunnen linken. “Er zijn maar weinig studies die op een objectieve en wetenschappelijke manier hebben onderzocht wat er gebeurt als we sterven”, zei Parnia. “Dit onderzoek biedt intrigerende inzichten in hoe bewustzijn bestaat bij mensen en kan de weg vrijmaken voor verder onderzoek.”
Earth's interior is not a uniform stack of layers. Deep in its thick middle layer lie two colossal blobs of thermo-chemical material.
To this day, scientists still don't know where both of these colossal structures came from or why they have such different heights, but a new set of geodynamic models has landed on a possible answer to the latter mystery.
These hidden reservoirs are located on opposite sides of the world, and judging from the deep propagation of seismic waves, the blob under the African continent is more than twice as high as the one under the Pacific ocean.
After running hundreds of simulations, the authors of the new study think the blob under the African continent is less dense and less stable than its Pacific counterpart, and that's why it's so much taller.
"Our calculations found that the initial volume of the blobs does not affect their height," explains geologist Qian Yuan from Arizona State University.
"The height of the blobs is mostly controlled by how dense they are and the viscosity of the surrounding mantle."
3D view of the blob in Earth's mantle beneath Africa.
(Mingming Li/ASU)
One of the principal layers inside Earth is the hot and slightly goopy mess known as the mantle, a layer of silicate rock that sits between our planet's core and its crust. While the mantle is mostly solid, it behaves sort of like tar on longer timescales.
Over time, columns of hot magma rock gradually rise through the mantle and are thought to contribute to volcanic activity on the planet's surface.
Understanding what's going on in the mantle is thus an important endeavor in geology.
The Pacific and African blobs were first discovered in the 1980s. In scientific terms, these 'superplumes' are known as large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs).
Compared to the Pacific LLSVP, the current study found the African LLSVP stretches about 1,000 kilometers higher (621 miles), which supports previous estimates.
This vast height difference suggests both of these blobs have different compositions. How this impacts the surrounding mantle, however, is unclear.
Perhaps the less stable nature of the African pile, for instance, can explain why there is such intense volcanism in some regions of the continent. It could also impact the movement of tectonic plates, which float on the mantle.
Other seismic models have found the African LLSVP stretches up to 1,500 kilometers above the outer core, whereas the Pacific LLSVP reaches 800 kilometers high at max.
In lab experiments that seek to replicate Earth's interior, both the African and Pacific piles appear to oscillate up and down through the mantle.
The authors of the current study say this supports their interpretation that the African LLSVP is probably unstable, and the same could go for the Pacific LLSVP, although their models didn't show this.
The different compositions of the Pacific and African LLSVPs could also be explained by their origins. Scientists still don't know where these blobs came from, but there are two main theories.
One is that the piles are made from subducted tectonic plates, which slip into the mantle, are super-heated and gradually fall downwards, contributing to the blob.
Another theory is that the blobs are remnants of the ancient collision between Earth and the protoplanet Thea, which gave us our Moon.
The theories are not mutually exclusive, either. For instance, perhaps Thea contributed more to one blob; this could be part of the reason why they look so different today.
"Our combination of the analysis of seismic results and the geodynamic modeling provides new insights on the nature of the Earth's largest structures in the deep interior and their interaction with the surrounding mantle," says Yuan.
"This work has far-reaching implications for scientists trying to understand the present-day status and the evolution of the deep mantle structure, and the nature of mantle convection."
Long before the Incas rose to power in Peru and began to celebrate their sun god, a little known civilization was building the earliest known astronomical observatory in the Americas.
While not quite as old as sites like Stonehenge, these ancient ruins, known as Chankillo, are considered a "masterpiece of human creative genius", holding unique features not seen anywhere else in the world.
Based in the coastal desert of Peru, the archaeological site famously contains a row of 13 stone towers, which together trace the horizon of a hill, north to south, like a toothy bottom grin.
The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo.
(David Edgar/Wikipedia/CC BY-SA 3.0)
Apart from this remarkable structure, known as the Thirteen Towers, the ruins of the observatory also include a triple-walled hilltop complex called the Fortified Temple and two building complexes called the Observatory and the Administrative Center.
Completed over 2,300 years ago and abandoned in the first century of the common era, the site has remained a mystery to travelers for centuries.
Against a barren desert landscape and in broad daylight, the hilltop stone structures, which span roughly 300 meters (980 feet), don't look like much. But it's another story at dawn and dusk.
As the Sun rises in the east, an orb of light emerges somewhere along the ridge of towers. As the year proceeds, so too does the position of the sunrise, almost as though the light is flossing the toothy horizon.
On the summer solstice, for example, the sunrise emerges to the right of the rightmost tower. Whereas on the winter solstice, the sunrise emerges to the left of the leftmost tower.
The Towers of Chankillo were so carefully placed, that when an onlooker stands at a specific observation point below the ridge, they can predict the time of year within two or three days based just on sunrise or sunset. The observation point looking west towards the ridge – this is the Observatory structure – uses the sunset. At what's thought to be the east observation point, all that's left is the incomplete stone outline of a room, but it's in a symmetrical location and would have used the sunrise.
The September equinox, for example, is defined when the Sun sets between the sixth and the seventh tower, as captured in the image below.
The ancient civilization that designed the solar observatory is barely known, but it would have been one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. In fact, this culture predates the Inca culture, which also excelled at astronomy, by more than 1,000 years.
Because the Chankillo ruins attributed to this civilization are based in the coastal desert between Peru's Casma River and the Sechin river, the original builders are now known as the Casma-Sechin culture.
According to archaeological excavations, the observatory was probably built sometime between 500 and 200 BCE. Then, for some reason, the site was abandoned, and the towers fell into disrepair. In their heyday, archaeologists say the structures would have been plastered yellow, ochre or white and painted with graffiti or fingerprints.
Even when stripped of decoration and falling apart, however, the remains of these stone towers still faithfully record the days of the year. Conservation efforts are now under way to uphold the accuracy of the ancient calendar.
In 2021, the Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex officially joined the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding craftsmanship and its insight into the worldview of ancient societies.
"Unlike architectural alignments upon a single astronomical target found at many ancient sites around the world, the line of towers spans the entire annual solar rising and setting arcs as viewed, respectively, from two distinct observation points, one of which is still clearly visible above ground," reads the UNESCO description.
"The solar observatory at Chankillo is thus a testimony of the culmination of a long historical evolution of astronomical practices in the Casma Valley."
De verre kant van de maan heeft beduidend meer kraters, wetenschappers beweren te weten waarom
We kunnen altijd maar één kant van de maan zien, waar ter wereld we ons ook bevinden. De andere kant is altijd van onze planeet afgekeerd en deze kant heeft veel meer kraters dan de kant die we kunnen zien. Wetenschappers beweren nu in een nieuw onderzoek, gepubliceerd in Science Advances, dat dat iets te maken heeft met de lavastromen.
De kant van de maan die we kunnen zien, is bedekt met maan maria, dat zijn uitgestrekte vlaktes van vulkanisch basalt die als donkere vlekken verschijnen als we naar een satelliet kijken. De reden voor deze tweeslachtige verschijning is al sinds het eerste ruimtevaartuig in de jaren zestig in een baan om de maan vloog een mysterie geweest. Maar wetenschappers beweren dat een nieuwe simulatie nu misschien de puzzel uit het Apollo-tijdperk heeft opgelost.
Computermodellen hebben de verschillende kenmerken in elkaar gepuzzeld en ondersteunen het idee dat een enorme maaninslag ooit de voorkant van de maan in lavastromen aan de oppervlakte heeft gebracht. De verschillen zijn niet alleen huiddiep, ze komen ook tot uiting in de verschillende geologische samenstellingen aan beide kanten van de maan.
De SPA-botsing
Astronomen vermoeden al lang dat de voorkant van de maan ooit bedekt was met een zee van magma die afgekoeld het rotsachtige landschap gladstrijkt, waardoor de donkere vlekken ontstaan die we nu zien. Maar de oorzaak van deze vulkanische activiteit is omstreden. Een enorme krater op de zuidpool van de maan, bekend als het Zuidpool-Aitkenbekken (SPA), zou de verschillen kunnen verklaren, stellen wetenschappers nu.
Dit bekken is een overblijfsel van één van de grootste en oudste botsingen op de maan. Uit simulaties blijkt dat de SPA-botsing, die ongeveer 4,3 miljard jaar geleden plaatsvond, precies op het juiste moment op de juiste plaats plaatsvond om veranderingen in gang te zetten aan slechts één kant van de maanmantel. De immense hitte die door de inslag werd geproduceerd, zou de bovenmantel aan de dichtstbijzijnde kant zo hebben opgewarmd dat wetenschappers denken dat dit zou hebben geleid tot een concentratie van kalium, zeldzame aardelementen, fosfor en warmte-producerende elementen zoals thorium.
Tot nu toe is dat precies de samenstelling die wetenschappers hebben aangetroffen in maangesteentemonsters van de zijde die we kunnen zien, met name in het Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT), een groot gebied dat bekend staat om deze anomalie in de samenstelling. “Wat we laten zien is dat onder alle aannemelijke omstandigheden ten tijde van de vorming van SPA, het uiteindelijk deze warmte-producerende elementen concentreert aan de dichtstbijzijnde kant”, legt planetair wetenschapper Matt Jones van de Brown University uit. “We verwachten dat dit heeft bijgedragen aan het smelten van de mantel, waardoor de lavastromen zijn ontstaan die we aan het oppervlak zien.”
Honderden miljoenen jaren
De fall-out van de SPA-gebeurtenis zou waarschijnlijk honderden miljoenen jaren hebben geduurd. In simulaties is de oudste vulkanische vlakte aan de rand 200 miljoen jaar na de inslag tot uitbarsting gekomen. Sterker nog, intense episodes van vulkanische activiteit bleven aan de andere kant van de maan tot 700 miljoen jaar na de inslag voortduren.
Volgens wetenschappers is de reden dat deze kant van de maan meer op de inslag reageerde zowel te verklaren door de plaats waar de inslag het transport van warmte-producerende materialen centreerde, door aan lichte veranderingen in de zwaartekracht.
In elk scenario dat onderzoekers onderzochten, warmde de bovenmantel op het zuidelijk halfrond op en begonnen de elementen in de richting van het noordelijk halfrond te stromen, via de dichtstbijzijnde kant. Ondertussen bleef de bovenmantel aan de andere kant te koel om hetzelfde materiaal op een vergelijkbare manier te verspreiden. Dit verschil zou heel goed de asymmetrie kunnen hebben veroorzaakt die in de twee gezichten van de maan is waargenomen. “Hoe de PKT is ontstaan, is waarschijnlijk de belangrijkste open vraag in de maanwetenschap”, zegt Jones. “En de Zuidpool-Aitken-inslag is een van de belangrijkste gebeurtenissen in de geschiedenis van de maan. Dit werk brengt die twee dingen samen, en ik denk dat onze resultaten heel opwindend zijn.”
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Steve Quayle: The Alien Deception
Steve Quayle: The Alien Deception
Steve Quayle is a researcher and author of over a dozen books dealing with advanced ancient technology and civilizations. His documentary film production company Gensix Productions films the “True Legends The Series” all over the world in search of the Lost Cities and the giants of history who were the builders of the great megalithic structures of the ancient world.
Steve is a former talk radio show host who has been warning against genetic armageddon and the end of the human race for decades. He claims transhumanism and the hybrid age is the most dangerous advancement in the technological war against humanity in history.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Space Force is Releasing Decades of Tracking Data on a Thousand Bright Meteor Fireballs
Space Force is Releasing Decades of Tracking Data on a Thousand Bright Meteor Fireballs
When a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere at a very high speed it heats up. This heating up produces a streak of light and is termed a meteor. When a meteor is bright enough, about the brightness of Venus or brighter, it becomes a fireball. Sometimes these fireballs explode in the atmosphere, becoming bolides. These bolides are bright enough to be seen even during the day.
Studying bolides as they pass through the atmosphere can help model larger asteroids, something of interest to the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) which is run by NASA. These asteroids can be deadly if they are large enough, and learning how to predict their behavior is essential to protecting our planet from a devastating impact with long-term implications for the survival of many species on Earth.
Information on these bolides is collected by U.S. government sensors run by the U.S Space Force and is shared with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS). NASA has been tasked with detecting and categorizing near-Earth Objects (NEOs) that may be detrimental to our planet in an effort to find ways to divert or otherwise remove the threat they pose. The information they have for nearly one thousand bolide events goes back to 1988.
This recent release of data gave CNEOS more detailed information, namely details on the light-curve of bolides as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. The light-curve describes the varying brightness of a bolide as it passes through the atmosphere.
Using this new information will help researchers in their efforts to determine an object’s strength and composition as well as the approximate total radiated energy and the direction from which it came. All of this information can be used to better understand deadly impactors, helping us predict where they will end up if they are on a course that intersects Earth.
When an asteroid struck the Yucatan region about 66 million years ago, it triggered the extinction of the dinosaurs. Credit: NASA/Don Davis
A big enough asteroid impact could be an extinction-level event which occurs when a large amount of biological organisms are wiped out in a short time. This includes animals, plants, fungi, and single-cell organisms. There have been 5 major mass extinctions on our planet in the past 440 million years, the last of which was caused by an asteroid impact that made dust and debris hang in the atmosphere long enough to bring about major climate change which affected Earth’s ecosystem.
The chance of a life-ending asteroid hitting Earth is well below 1% every year. Some scientists say we are overdue for an impact, but this may not take into account the fact that our solar system continues to quiet down from its early stages of development. Stars move farther away from each other as space expands making interstellar objects that may hit us less likely as time moves on.
Should that stop us from trying to find NEOs though? Consider the asteroid 2019 OK that was spotted only one day before passing between the Earth and the moon. That asteroid came within 65,000 km of our planet. It was the size of a football field and would have laid waste to an area about 50 miles across. The continued efforts of CNEOS to locate and categorize NEOs will help reduce the threat of these potential hazards, should we find any.
As of now, NASA has found about 40% of NEOs that are larger than 140 meters (459 feet) in size. They have been directed to find 90% so there are still many left to find. Even when they find all of these there will be the potential for another one to sneak up on us. With all of the information that is being gathered hopefully we will have come up with a plan by then to divert or remove the threat in some way.
Orb Over Buildings In Hong Kong, China 4-7-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Orb Over Buildings In Hong Kong, China 4-7-2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 7, 2022 Location of sighting:Hong Kong, China
Hey look at this raw footage that an eyewitenss took over the city of Hong Kong, China this week. Morris Chan of Youtube uploaded a video of a glowing orb that was seen high in the sky over the city. The UFO soon decended and moved across the tops of the buildings, dissapearing behind it. This is fantastic raw video of an actual UFO glowing powerfully over the city. The UFO is very similar to the UFO that was seen in Jerusalem about ten years ago in front of tens of thousands of tourists over the holy temple...Dome of Rock. This UFO is about one meter across and has no wings, no propellers, no sound...nothing that could possibly identify it as man made. This is 100% alien made technology.
Life After Death? Study Reveals Near-Death Experiences Are Not Hallucinations!
Life After Death? Study Reveals Near-Death Experiences Are Not Hallucinations!
Anew study exploring what people experience when they’re close to death has come to one important conclusion — “near-death experiences” are a real thing, even if we can’t explain them. Kinda like Madona's latest Instagram duckface selfie.
Countless people have claimed that their life “flashed before their eyes” or that they actually left their body and traveled somewhere else while close to death.
Critics have called these experiences hallucinations or illusions, but researchers from NYU Grossman School of Medicine say something else is actually happening.
A team of researchers from several medical disciplines — including neurosciences, critical care, psychiatry, psychology, social sciences, and humanities — have come up with a number of conclusions after reviewing unexplained –lucid – episodes which involve a heightened state of consciousness.
So really trying to find out what exactly a near-death experience is...
The main finding is that these events don’t have much in common with the experiences someone has if they’re hallucinating or using a psychedelic drug. Instead, people who have a near-death experience typically report five different events taking place:
A Separation from their body with a heightened, vast sense of consciousness and recognition that they’re dying
Or They “travel” to a different location
Some have said They have a meaningful and purposeful review of their life, involving a critical analysis of all their past actions — basically, their life flashes before their eyes
Some say they feel they are Going to a place that feels like “home”
And the feeling of Returning back to life
Researchers note that the near-death experience usually triggers a positive and long-term psychological transformation in the person. The team notes that people who had negative and distressing experiences while near-death did not experience these kinds of events.
The team found – It turns out that scientists can actually see physical changes taking place in the brain when someone is close to death.
Researchers found the presence of gamma activity and electrical spikes when people are technically dying. This is typically a sign of a heightened state of consciousness when scientists measure it using an electroencephalography (EEG).
The findings further back up the claims from people who say they “left their body” while dying.
Study authors note that advances in medicine over the last century have brought back countless people from death's door.
Lead author Sam Parnia said – QUOTE – “The advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) showed us that death is not an absolute state, rather, it’s a process that could potentially be reversed in some people even after it has started.”
Parina continued... “What has enabled the scientific study of death is that brain cells do not become irreversibly damaged within minutes of oxygen deprivation when the heart stops. Instead, they ‘die’ over hours of time. This is allowing scientists to objectively study the physiological and mental events that occur in relation to death.”
Study authors conclude that neither physiological nor cognitive processes completely end at the moment of death. While prior reports haven’t been able to prove what people are saying about their near-death experiences, the new report finds it’s also impossible to disprove what they’re saying.
UFO Bombshell: Pentagon forced to release secret study into UAP
UFO Bombshell: Pentagon forced to release secret study into UAP
Breaking UFO news from the Pentagon.. where officials have been forced to release an explosive report about UFOs under freedom of information laws. The new documents lift the lid on a secretive intelligence program, which was run by the United States Defence Force and employed more than 50 agents. The ‘UFO hunters’ researched health impacts on humans who reported paranormal experiences… and the findings are spooky.
Two ‘Tic Tac UFOs’ Caught on Video Near SpaceX Launch Site in Florida, Claims Blogger
Two ‘Tic Tac UFOs’ Caught on Video Near SpaceX Launch Site in Florida, Claims Blogger
“”A new spacefaring species… that’s the time they can meet and greet us without any need for permission from governments or presidents,…””
by Andrei Dargalin via Sputniknews Image by Peter Lomas – Pixabay
The blogger argued that this supposed UFO sighting was the result of aliens’ interest in data “about the newest rocket technology”.
Scott C. Waring, a prolific blogger with a penchant for seeking out information related to suspected signs of extraterrestrial activity, has announced the discovery of yet another UFO sighting that was apparently filmed in Florida in the vicinity of Playalinda Beach.
The video in question shows what Waring describes as “two tic-tac UFOs shooting behind the SpaceX Falcon rocket” prior to the launch on 9 March.
As the blogger explained, the original video was tweeted by his friend, while Waring himself produced a “close up video of it” and “slowed it down 8X” so that viewers could see the flying “object” which is “long, cylinder shaped, and metallic”.
“There is also another object above it that matches its speed,” he wrote in his blog. “Very strange, especially so close to a rocket launch site.”
The blogger also went on to speculate that this supposed UFO sighting was the result of aliens’ interest in data “about the newest rocket technology”, as such information can “help aliens predict the exact year that humans will begin migrating off Earth onto other planets and moons to live”.
“A new spacefaring species… that’s the time they can meet and greet us without any need for permission from governments or presidents,” he added.
No, no, this is NOT a broadcast from Moonbat Central! False fossils are objects that look like fossils but aren’t
As we sift more and more of the surface of Mars, we’d love to find fossils. But then we may run into a problem that dogs paleontologists on Earth. From the University of Edinburgh:
Rocks on Mars may contain numerous types of non-biological deposits that look similar to the kinds of fossils likely to be found if the planet ever supported life, a study says.
Telling these false fossils apart from what could be evidence of ancient life on the surface of Mars — which was temporarily habitable four billion years ago — is key to the success of current and future missions, researchers say.
A group of astrobiologists from the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford have identified dozens of processes that “can produce structures that mimic those of microscopic, simple lifeforms that may once have existed on Mars.”
Dr Sean McMahon, Chancellor’s Fellow in Astrobiology at the University of Edinburgh’s School of Physic and Astronomy, said: “At some stage a Mars rover will almost certainly find something that looks a lot like a fossil, so being able to confidently distinguish these from structures and substances made by chemical reactions is vital. For every type of fossil out there, there is at least one non-biological process that creates very similar things, so there is a real need to improve our understanding of how these form.”
The paper goes into considerable detail; for example, for Mars:
The difficulty of correctly determining the biogenicity of life-like geological substances and structures has continued to plague palaeontology, and the new field of astrobiology, often despite laudable efforts to practice the ‘care, patience, and critical attitude’ recommended by Cloud. For example, McKay et al. (1996) reported multiple lines of evidence in the martian meteorite ALH84001 that were suggestive of past life on Mars, making news bulletins around the world. These included carbonate globules and magnetite crystals resembling bacteriogenic precipitates, polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and worm-like microstructures interpreted as morphological fossils. The origins of these features are still unclear today, but abiotic explanations have been offered for all of them, and the overall case for life in ALH84001 no longer seems compelling (Martel et al. 2012). This example warns us that it is not enough to have ‘multiple lines of evidence’ for biogenicity (an oft-repeated mantra) if each line of evidence is ambiguous.
FALSE BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS: ANTICIPATING AMBIGUITY, SEAN MCMAHON AND JULIE COSMIDIS, JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 17 NOVEMBER 2021, HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1144/JGS2021-050
and for Earth:
Other ongoing debates concern the oldest fossil and geochemical evidence of life on Earth. Schopf (1993) presented fossil ‘cyanobacteria’ from the 3.5-Gyr-old Apex Chert of Western Australia, which were later reinterpreted as abiotic carbon organized around spherulitic quartz growth and/or worm-like delaminated clay booklets (Brasier et al. 2002, 2005; Wacey et al. 2016a). Recent work highlights the possibility that organic matter in such cherts might be biogenic even if it has been abiotically redistributed (Duda et al. 2018), while Schopf et al. (2018) have claimed that morphology-specific carbon isotope values confirm the biogenicity of the Apex microstructures and reveal them to include methane-cycling archaea; this controversy continues (e.g. Alleon and Summons 2019). Nutman et al. (2016) described triangular features exposed on 3.7-Gyr-old metasedimentary rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt in Greenland and interpreted them as fossil stromatolites; these have been reinterpreted by some researchers as abiotic deformation features on the basis of 3D imaging and geochemical analysis (Allwood et al. 2018; Zawaski et al. 2020), although Nutman and co-workers stand by their original view (Nutman et al. 2021). Dodd et al. (2017) described hematite tubules in a c. 4-Gyr-old hydrothermal chert from the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada as the mineralized sheaths of ancient Fe-oxidizing bacteria; these have been queried as possible chemical gardens (McMahon 2019), but furtheranalyses are needed.
FALSE BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS: ANTICIPATING AMBIGUITY, SEAN MCMAHON AND JULIE COSMIDIS, JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 17 NOVEMBER 2021, HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1144/JGS2021-050
The trouble is, simple life forms leave only evidence, not messages so it can sometimes be hard to be sure.
On Earth, we can also be fooled about human tools or footprints. For example, from New Scientist we learn that sometimes, stones smashed by horses or monkeys can be mistaken for fragments of ancient tools.
Or it can go the other way: Just recently, it was discovered that footprints thought to be made by a bear were more probably made by humans 3.7 million years ago:
As bears walk, they take very wide steps, wobbling back and forth,” says senior author Jeremy DeSilva, an associate professor of anthropology at Dartmouth. “They are unable to walk with a gait similar to that of the Site A footprints, as their hip musculature and knee shape does not permit that kind of motion and balance.” Bear heels taper and their toes and feet are fan-like, while early human feet are squared off and have a prominent big toe, according to the researchers. Curiously, though, the Site A footprints record a hominin crossing one leg over the other as it walked — a gait called “cross-stepping.”
“Although humans don’t typically cross-step, this motion can occur when one is trying to reestablish their balance,” says McNutt. “The Site A footprints may have been the result of a hominin walking across an area that was an unlevel surface.”
Other researchers urge caution about the footprints — which reinforces the difficulty of certainty.
It won’t be surprising if we hear heated controversies about whether new finds on Mars are really fossils. But it’s a step in the right direction if astrobiologists have something concrete to argue about.
Mars may be dotted with "signs of life," but we've been fooled before.
Researchers urge caution in a new paper detailing the history of false "biosignatures."
Those include archaeological deposits that only look like bacterial cells and carbon-based molecules.
If we find fossils on Mars, there's a good chance that they're actually fakes, scientists warn in a new paper, published last week in the Journal of the Geological Society. And while it's easy to see how such a thing happens in the foreign atmosphere of space, the researchers say there are centuries of false fossil finds here on Earth, as well. It turns out it's easy to see something and draw the wrong conclusions—so will we get fooled again?
The paper, a review of existing research, looks at evidence of all known processes that could have created life on Mars. "It is often acknowledged that the search for life on Mars might produce false positive results, particularly via the detection of objects, patterns or substances that resemble the products of life in some way but are not biogenic," the authors note. "The success of major current and forthcoming rover missions now calls for significant efforts to mitigate this risk."
To reduce the risk of false positives, called "false biosignatures," we must look closely at the different processes that can give rise to deposits that appear to be fossils. These types of samples date back as long as people have been discovering geological artifacts on Earth. "In the nineteenth century, intricate layered and tubular structures found in rocks from the Canadian shield were interpreted as ancient forams, designated the 'dawn animal of Canada,'" the researchers explain. Experts later showed that these samples were inorganic, or non-living. This is a common theme. During the 20th century, paleontologists in other places around the world also mistook drag marks for "worm trails," for example, and natural pyrite crystallizations for organisms they named "medusae."
To reduce the risk of false positives, called "false biosignatures," we must look closely at the different processes that can give rise to deposits that appear to be fossils. These types of samples date back as long as people have been discovering geological artifacts on Earth. "In the nineteenth century, intricate layered and tubular structures found in rocks from the Canadian shield were interpreted as ancient forams, designated the 'dawn animal of Canada,'" the researchers explain. Experts later showed that these samples were inorganic, or non-living. This is a common theme. During the 20th century, paleontologists in other places around the world also mistook drag marks for "worm trails," for example, and natural pyrite crystallizations for organisms they named "medusae."
All these examples suggest that we should use caution with samples from Mars. "[T]he return of samples from Mars will not necessarily solve once and for all the problem of the existence of (ancient) life on that planet," the researchers explain. "Although we must hope for definitive results, candidate biosignatures are likely to be at least somewhat ambiguous." In fact, Mars itself has already hosted examples that are rather inconclusive, and Occam's razor—a philosophical principle that states that the simplest explanation is usually the best one—says these should still be taken as ambiguous rather than suggestive.
It's uncomfortable to live with ambiguity, especially when one possible explanation is so cool, like life on Mars. But the scientists urge caution and encourage other researchers to stay in the zone of ambiguity if that's what the evidence suggests. "To give an extreme example from Earth, the biogenicity of the filamentous mineral networks found in 'moss agates' has been unclear for more than 200 years," they explain.
So what are the potential red flags on Mars? Space programs already plan to do a more thorough exploration of Mars than we've seen from even very successful space probes and surface rovers, so there will almost definitely be new examples from those programs in the future. But to date, there are a couple of well-known examples: "These included carbonate globules and magnetite crystals resembling bacteriogenic precipitates, polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds, and worm-like microstructures interpreted as morphological fossils."
All, the researchers say, are still ambiguous, with life as just one of many possible explanations. "Environments conducive to the origin and maintenance of life may also, by their very nature, be conducive to the formation of false biosignatures," the researchers say. Indeed, it makes sense that using caution in the beginning could lead to more believable and conclusive outcomes down the line.
Camera: Navcam, Right B, taken March 23, 2016, Received March 24, 2016.
Taken: 15:26:01 UTC
Last year NASA announced that there were oceans on Mars and that it did look a lot like Earth in many ways. I guess this petrified fish is proof of that. Look closely and you will see the tail fin and the fin ridge that starts at the lower back fin and moves all the way to the fishes stomach. I colored the fish to make it easier on the eyes. The fish is also about half a meter long. About the size of a bass or small salmon. This also explains the three different boats we have found last year. This is 100% proof of ancient oceans on Mars.
I do feel NASA went overboard with their 2 billion dollar fishing equipment to catch this one, but its defiantly worth mounting on the wall. I hope they brought the tartar sauce. Lets see how NASA gets off the hook with this one, shall we?
“FUSION IS A SOURCE OF NEAR-LIMITLESS, CLEAN POWER,” NICK HAWKER TELLS INVERSE.
It sounds fantastic — an answer to the dire need to quickly transition to clean and sustainable energy. But is nuclear fusion our way out of the energy crisis?
Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of nuclear fission. That process, most commonly known as “nuclear power,” involves splitting atoms to release energy. Fusion instead involves smashing atoms into each other to create larger atoms — theoretically releasing vast amounts of energy. But unlike nuclear fission, this process comes without the same safety concerns over meltdowns or radioactive waste.
Hawker, CEO of First Light Fusion, a company currently developing a fusion energy system, sees the potential — and the money.
“More and more investment is flowing into the industry month-by-month, and this is helping us to help bring this potentially revolutionary technology closer to fruition,” he says.
He’s not wrong: The U.K. Atomic Energy Authority reported in 2021 that 18 companies worldwide had received a total of $1.9 billion in funding — $85 million of which came from official sources. Of all the companies dealing in nuclear fusion surveyed, 15 were founded in the last decade and 12 over the previous five years.
Yet the bounding enthusiasm is tempered by a history of false starts. No public or private organization has yet demonstrated a fusion reaction that generates more energy than went in to the reaction.
FUSION ENERGY: FOREVER 20 YEARS AWAY
Smashing atoms together sounds easy, but their forces repel the other. Fusion energy experiments typically involve smashing two hydrogen isotopes called deuterium and tritium. Mashing them together can release a lot of energy. But these two hydrogen atoms are both positively-charged, which means they repel each other.
Heat gets atoms moving. As the International Atomic Energy Agency explains, the goal is to heat them so much that they can move past their magnetic repulsion. They can collide and let a nuclear force overcome that repulsion.
Peter Norreys, professor of inertial fusion science at the University of Oxford, tells Inverse that recent breakthroughs show great promise. However, that does not mean that fusion energy is just around the corner.
“There are still big challenges remaining,” Norreys says. “I think there is an exciting future ahead for fusion energy, but the energy source will only be realized from mid-21st century onwards.”
In a February 1955 speech, Indian physicist Homi J. Bhabha says that controlled fusion energy would arrive within the next two decades: “When that happens, the energy problems of the world will truly have been solved forever.”
Even British prime minister Boris Johnson alluded to these delays during an October 2019 speech, when he promised £200 million ($262 million) in funding for the technology.
“They are on the verge of creating commercially viable miniature fusion reactors for sale around the world,” Johnson says — although it is unclear what he meant by “miniature” — before adding: “now I know they have been on the verge for some time…it is a pretty spacious kind of verge.”
It sounds like a dream for a world aiming to limit global average temperature rises to well below two degrees Celcius, as outlined in the Paris Agreement. In the last year, this permanently coming-soon form of zero-carbon electricity generation has made strides toward becoming a reality that can’t be written off. Here’s a quick timeline of some significant fusion breakthroughs:
In August 2021, the National Ignition Facility announced it was able to generate more than 70 percent of the energy inputted to reach 1.3 megajoules.
In January 2022, China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting tokamak set a world record by reaching a temperature of over 70 million degrees Celsius for around 17 minutes — crucial for sustaining a fusion reaction.
In February, the Joint European Torus facility in the U.K. announced that it had produced an impressive 59 megajoules of energy over five seconds.
In March, British private company Tokamak Energy announced that its spherical ST-40 reactor reached a temperature threshold of 100 million degrees Celsius, which could enable commercially viable fusion.
Progress is good, but it is not the same as a proven technology that already works well. Wind and solar are proven technologies that exist today. Why invest in fusion?
The fusion energy process is similar to how the Sun burns material and unleashes energy. Elon Musk, whose company Tesla sells solar panels, describes the Sun in a 2020 Twitter post as a “free fusion reactor in the sky.” It may not be enough to solve our energy crisis, however.
Hawker’s company commissioned research into power usage over the coming decades and found that wind and solar could produce 19,900 Terawatt-hours per year. That’s an eight-fold increase from current rates but less than half of what’s needed to meet the 2050 net-zero target set by many countries.
The world will need to find power from clean sources of energy.Shutterstock
Other analyses have sketched out more ambitious rollouts of renewables, ones that don’t rely on fusion. The International Energy Agency’s “Net Zero by 2050” report, released in 2021, detailed a bold roadmap to meet climate targets. It describes how renewable energy could account for 90 percent of global electricity production by that date, with nuclear power accounting for less than 10 percent. Fusion does not receive a mention in the report — but advocates like Hawker say this is short-sighted.
One benefit of fusion is that it offers electricity generated on-demand, rather than only when the Sun is shining or the wind is blowing — a potential “complement” to renewable energy sources.
“To mitigate the impact of climate change, a large global market for baseload clean power will open up to complement renewables, and that is where fusion energy will play a key role,” he says.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, a 35-country consortium that is currently developing the world’s largest fusion energy experiment, cites these major benefits of fusion:
6. Energy: The same amount of fuel as a traditional nuclear reactor generates four times as much energy in a fusion plant
5. Sustainability: Lithium in the ocean — an element necessary for fusion energy — could offer enough fuel for millions of years
4. Emissions: Zero carbon dioxide emissions
3. Waste: Fusion produces zero long-term radioactive waste
2. Risk: Fusion can’t be a precursor to nuclear weapons, and there is no meltdown risk
1. Cost: Fusion costs similar per kilowatt to a traditional nuclear reactor
We shouldn’t depend on fusion to save us — but it is another potential tool in our kit as we adapt to our climate reality.
Ultimately, the U.K.’s Atomic Energy Authority finds most fusion companies operating today in the world believe fusion will not power any grid anywhere in the world until the 2030s at the earliest. For a skeptical public that’s heard “two decades from now” for the past seven decades, it’s now down to the developers to prove that this time it’s different.
HOW WE GET THERE
Fusion energy involves colliding two, light, extremely hot atoms together to create a heavier atom. The colliding atoms heat beyond 100 million degrees Celsius to become plasma. The energy released when the atoms eventually fuse together is then transferred as heat through a water loop system to produce steam. The steam spins a turbine, and the turbine generates electricity.
There are two main methods that keep the fusion reaction going:
Magnetic confinement: Imagine a giant, hollow doughnut surrounded by magnets — that’s what’s being used to control all that hot plasma. This is the most popular method.
Inertial confinement: Facilities like the National Ignition Facility use a method to contain the plasma through its own inertia — in other words, a target gets hit and falls into itself, so the reaction is controlled by that motion instead of magnets.
The biggest hurdle to fusion energy actually working is that it is yet to generate more energy than goes into the reaction. Heating atoms up to temperatures similar to the Sun takes a lot of energy.
As we still haven’t gotten there yet, researchers continue to explore multiple avenues to see if we can make a breakthrough anywhere.
Inertial fusion is the less developed of the two. But a recent National Ignition Facility breakthrough — the first demonstration of burning inertial confinement fusion in a laboratory setting — shows it still has promise, Norreys says.
“[The results] are a really big deal, in my opinion,” Norreys says. “They show that the pursuit of an inertial fusion reactor is a realistic possibility for the future, one that is not built upon difficult and insurmountable physics.”
On the magnetic confinement side, the success of the Joint European Torus project bodes well for the upcoming ITER project. ITER, which will use the same fuel mix and wall materials as JET, aims to power the machine for the first time by December 2025.
"For the ITER Project, the JET results are a strong confidence builder that we are on the right track as we move forward toward demonstrating full fusion power," Bernard Bigot, director-general of ITER, said in a statement on the JET announcement.
“They [JET] are at the forefront of culture and are an outstanding example to the next generation on how to selflessly dedicate their energy and talent to the betterment of humankind,” Norreys says.
Exploding stars — or 'supernovae' — a mere 65 light years from Earth may have triggered the devastating mass extinction event around 359 million years ago.
The Late Devonian extinction saw vanish 50 per cent of all genera — groups of species — and 19 per cent of all families, the next largest grouping on the tree of life.
Among the groups to be worst impacted were the jaw-less fish, reef-building 'rugose' corals and the trilobites — iconic marine arthropods that look like woodlice.
This episode mass dying has previously been blamed on asteroid impacts, climate change, sea level changes and large-scale volcanic activity.
Researchers from the US, however, examined the boundary in the rock record between the Devonian and the next period, the Carboniferous.
Here lie hundreds of thousands of generations of plant spores that were sunburnt by ultraviolet light — suggesting a long-term weakening of the ozone layer.
This may have been caused by the impact of one or more nearby supernovae explosions on the solar system — and would have been catastrophic for life.
Exploding stars — or 'supernovae' — a mere 65 light years from Earth may have triggered the devastating mass extinction event around 359 million years ago. Pictured, an artists impression of a local supernova as seen from Earth orbit
'We propose that one or more supernova explosions, about 65 light-years away from Earth, could have been responsible for the protracted loss of ozone, said paper author and astronomer Brian Fields of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
'Earth-based catastrophes such as large-scale volcanism and global warming can destroy the ozone layer too, but evidence for those is inconclusive for the time interval in question.'
Professor Fields and his colleagues also ruled out other space-based events that could have potentially caused ozone depletion — such as deadly gamma-ray bursts, meteorite impacts and solar eruptions.
'These events end quickly and are unlikely to cause the long-lasting ozone depletion that happened at the end of the Devonian period, said paper author and astronomer Jesse Miller, also of the University of Illinois.
In contrast, the researchers explained, a supernova has the potential to have a more lasting impact — especially given how they can deliver a 'one-two punch'.
Should a nearby star have gone nova, the Earth would shortly have been bathed in damaging ultra violet, X-ray and gamma ray radiation.
This would have be followed up by the debris blast from the explosion slamming into the solar system and subjecting our planet to irradiation from the cosmic rays accelerated by the supernova.
Together, the damage to the Earth's ozone layer would have likely lasted up to some 100,000 years, the researchers said.
Although this is not as long as the 300,000-year-spanning decline in biodiversity that led up to the end of the Devonian period, the supernova could have occurred in tandem with other catastrophes — or even multiple nova explosions.
'This is entirely possible. Massive stars usually occur in clusters with other massive stars, and other supernovae are likely to occur soon after the first explosion,' explained Mr Miller.
Should a nearby star have gone nova, the Earth would shortly have been bathed in damaging ultra violet, X-ray and gamma ray radiation. This would have be followed up by the debris blast from the explosion slamming into the solar system. Pictured, a simulation of a nearby supernova explosion battering and compressing the solar wind — with the Earth's orbit shown in blue and the Sun itself as the central red dot
Proof for the supernovae hypothesis, however, would need to come from finding evidence of the radioactive isotopes plutonium-244 and samarium-146 within the rocks and fossils deposited during the time of the mass extinction.
'Neither of these isotopes occurs naturally on Earth today and the only way they can get here is via cosmic explosions,' said paper author and astronomer Zhenghai Liu.
Or, as Professor Fields explains it, they are like green bananas.
'When you see green bananas [here] in Illinois, you know they are fresh, and you know they did not grow here.'
'Like bananas, Pu-244 and Sm-146 decay over time. So if we find these radioisotopes on Earth today, we know they are fresh and not from here — the green bananas of the isotope world — and thus the smoking guns of a nearby supernova.'
The search for these metaphorical bananas, however, will be a task for the future, the researchers explained.
The Late Devonian extinction saw vanish 50 per cent of all genera — groups of species — and 19 per cent of all families, the next largest grouping on the tree of life. Among the groups to be worst impacted were the jaw-less fish (pictured in this artist's impression) reef-building 'rugose' corals and the trilobites — iconic marine arthropods that look like woodlice
'The overarching message of our study is that life on Earth does not exist in isolation,' Professor Fields concluded.
'We are citizens of a larger cosmos, and the cosmos intervenes in our lives — often imperceptibly, but sometimes ferociously.'
Traditionally, scientists have referred to the 'Big Five' mass extinctions, including perhaps the most famous mass extinction triggered by a meteorite impact that brought about the end of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
But the other major mass extinctions were caused by phenomena originating entirely on Earth, and while they are less well known, we may learn something from exploring them that could shed light on our current environmental crises.
The Late Ordovician: This ancient crisis around 445m years ago saw two major waves of extinction, both caused by climate change associated with the advance and retreat of ice sheets in the southern hemisphere. This makes it the only major extinction to be linked to global cooling.
The Late Devonian: This period is now regarded as a number of 'pulses' of extinction spread over 20m years, beginning 380m years ago. This extinction has been linked to major climate change, possibly caused by an eruption of the volcanic Viluy Traps area in modern-day Siberia. A major eruption might have caused rapid fluctations in sea levels and reduced oxygen levels in the oceans.
The Middle Permian: Scientists have recently discovered another event 262m years ago that rivals the 'Big Five' in size. This event coincided with the Emeishan eruption in what's now China, and is known to have caused simultaneous extinctions in the tropics and higher latitudes.
The Late Permian: The Late Permian mass extinction around 252m years ago dwarfs all the other events, with about 96% of species becoming extinct. The extinction was triggered by a vast eruption of the Siberian Traps, a gigantic and prolonged volcanic event that covered much of modern day Siberia, which led to a cascade of environmental effects.
The Late Triassic: The Late Triassic event, 201m years ago, shares a number of similarities with the Late Permian event. It was caused by another large-scale eruption, this time of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which heralded the splitting of the supercontinent Pangaea and the initial opening of what would later become the Atlantic Ocean.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope spots a planet nine times the...
Cosmic twins! Planet almost IDENTICAL to Jupiter is spotted...
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Woolly rhinos were wiped out by climate change and NOT...
Global cooling 13,000 years ago that triggered the...
Asteroid that slammed into Earth 66 million years ago DID...
Burning coal in Siberia ignited by volcanic eruptions led to...
