Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
02-10-2013
Nouvelles des Rencontres Ufologiques
Très rapidement, je suis sur Paris et le temps me manque, je vous adresse
la dernière lettre des Rencontres Ufologiques.
Bonne réception,
Bien cordialement
Gérard
LEBAT lebat1@aol.com lebat1@yahoo.fr
39, rue de Fretay
91140 VILLEJUST France (lorsque je suis en France) 01 69 31 04 90 BP 42 -
Poste de Tasseltante - km 8 - Rte Ourika - Marrakech 40065 Tassoultante - Maroc
00 212 524 375 986 ( du Maroc 05 24 37 59 86
For well over half a century I have been interested in exploring phenomena while maintaining firm balance in the real world. Therefore my web site contains two bios; one for the straight world (www.johnbalexander.com...) and another that be of more interest to ATS readers (www.johnbalexander.com...). For 32 years I served in the Army entering as a private, rising to sergeant first class (E7), attending Officers Candidate School, was commissioned as a second lieutenant and became a colonel before I retired in 1988. My varied assignments were mostly in special operations, intelligence, and research and development. I am a Special Forces combat commander, Ranger, Pathfinder, underwater operations qualified, and later served under contract as a mentor to the senior MOD leadership in Afghanistan.
My second career was at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Recognizing the world was rapidly changing I developed the concept of Non-Lethal Defense which has evolved into a major military endeavor, but remains poorly understood. Despite persistent rumors it has nothing to do with mind control but will be integral to the future application of force in all sectors.
After retiring from the University of California (LANL is actually a campus of the UC system) I was the person first to join the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS) here in Las Vegas. Among my many experiences there, I was the first of NIDS staff to spend the night on Skinwalker Ranch. Very likely, most of what you think you know about NIDS is wrong. It was wholly owned by Robert Bigelow and had no connection to the U.S. government (other than accepting FAA referrals on UFOs.)
Scholastically I graduated from the University of Nebraska Omaha, obtained an MA from Pepperdine University and Ph.D. from Walden University. Later I attended advanced programs at the Sloan School of Management at MIT, Anderson School of Management at UCLA, and the Senior Executive Program in National and International Security at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.
We have traveled the world, including all seven continents, and lectured on most. Most recently we have returned from exploring shamans and the reindeer people in Northern Mongolia and experiencing voodoo ceremonies in Togo and Benin, West Africa. We saw things that cant happen but did. For information about the countries we have visited check my web site www.johnbalexander.com That may answer questions or generate new ones. New Guinea was amazing, as were experiences with shamans and healers from all over the world. John of God in Brazil is a favorite.
I have had four books published and written many scientific articles on a broad range of topics from non-lethal weapons and geopolitics, to remote viewing, near death experiences and UFOs. As a senior fellow at defense universities I have published monographs on the changing nature of war, intelligence shortfalls in Central and South America, emerging conflicts in Africa, and the convergence of functions between special operations forces and civilian law enforcement agencies. My next monograph, which addresses maritime piracy, is due out within a few weeks. I have also contributed to a National Defense University book on the future of biological warfare. All of those DOD publications are available for free on my web site.
My book, UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities, is based on an ad hoc group I formed decades ago to study the topic. Participants came from all services, several intelligence agencies, and aerospace industries. All members had very high security clearances. Contrary to popular mythology we found no ultra-secret organization lurking in the background. Excluding the names of individuals involved that already have not self-identified, I have no prohibitions in answering any questions you might have about the topic.
While in the military we explored a lot of controversial issues. With help of Jack Houck I taught metal bending (PKMB) to hundreds of officials and researched monitoring of emotions at a distance through oral leucocytes with information from Cleve Backster. Later I was a founding member of the board of directors for the International Remote Viewers Association (IRVA). Based on my dissertation topic I joined the board of directors of the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS), then at the University of Connecticut. As one of the presidents I heard many extraordinary cases. On the straight side of thanatology studies I helped form Childrens Hospice International (CHI) and was on the founding board of directors along with my mentor, Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. Now, decades later there are free-standing hospices for pediatric care and support for their families that did not exist before 1980.
To support serious research into phenomenology I joined the Society for Scientific Exploration (SSE) which has some of the most forward thinking and open-minded scientists on the planet. For nine years I served as a council member until eliminated due to term limits.
Philosophically I concur with Einstein; there are no limits to human stupidity. Although often associated with them through ridiculous rumors, I have little tolerance for conspiracy theories that abound. I find that most people have no concept of how large organizations work, and willingly make huge leaps in logic about capabilities the government may, or may not have. That said, I will not knowingly make any misleading statements in my response to questions; but expect blunt answers to such questions.
Ask me anything
************************************************************************************************************************************** admin note: This is the "real" Colonel John Alexander, he is our invited guest and we expect the utmost civility and respect from our members who interact with him. Please show your appreciation for Colonel Alexander giving his time to us here at ATS by asking one question per post and please be patient about getting an answer.
Best selling
US author Tom Clancy (with Grant Blackwood) has a 2010 novel out titled "Dead or
Alive" (published by Michael Joseph. New York. ISBN 978-0-718-15741-8.) It's the
usual action packed spy and military novel we have come to expect from
Clancy.
However, a section of page 756 came as a surprise to me, when I
read it the other day. Clancy and Blackwood describe a truck driver, working for
the US Government who undergoes a special training program. "Mostly they drilled
him on emergency procedures: what to do of someone tried to high jack the load;
what to do if he got into an accident; what to do if a UFO came down and beamed
him out of the cab..."
Well, I know it's only a very small line in a
fictional story, but it led me to wonder what Clancy's views were on the UFO
phenomenon? Clancy has previously spoken of the very knowledgeable military
personnel who he knows through his research for his novels.
I then
recalled that Clancy had written a "commentary" for John B Alexander's 2011
book "UFOs:myths, conspiracies and realities," (published by Thomas Dunne
books. New York. ISBN 978-0-312-64834-3.)
In the commentary (p.
xix)Clancy opens with "Like most Americans, I've been reading about UFOs since I
saw my first flying saucer movie back in 1954 or so."
Referring to
Alexander's book "This book is, I think, maybe the first-ever look into a
question that millions of people have, and more to the point, it's a look that
asks questions and looks for hard answers...What he says you can take to the
bank."
After speaking of the growth of our own technology "We can assume
that UFOs, if they exist, have computer power such as we have not yet dreamed
about, and what else can they do? Dimensional corridors that by-pass space-time?
If so, then they can hop from place to place faster than the speed of light. Or
even time travel? What we consider reality would be immensely limiting to the
pilots of such craft. We cannot know, and even if we did know, could we
understand? Probably, yes."
Comparing out state of knowledge of UFOs,
Clancy concludes "And so it is with the UFO. We do not know how they, if they
are real, operate. All we can do is to gather information, draw conclusions from
it, then advance a step at a time in the hope of catching up."
This
month on Mac's UFO News: Rihanna Has Personal UFO Watcher on Her Payroll, Ufo
tri formation over Panama City, Saucer shaped UFO over Penna Bridge close to MG
at Avenida Beira Rio, UFOs at night over Wittenberge, Germany, Disc shaped UFO
over Sydney Australia, The Lincoln, Nebraska tower cam ufo, 120 dead Elk found
in close proximity to Crop Circle north of Las Vegas, New crop circle at
Beckhampton, Wiltshire U.K., Alien organisms found in upper atmosphere & New
additions for September. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4R81SNjXu58&feature=share&list=UUxe9IMoI_NROOzarwfsnzxw
ANCIENT GIANTS :
------------------------------------------------------- Intresting posts
gathered f...
02-10-2013 om 21:15
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Fireballs Rain Down as Another Asteroid Near Miss Takes Place. What's Going On?
Fireballs Rain Down as Another Asteroid Near Miss Takes Place. What's Going On?
Tuesday, October 1, 2013
We are currently living under very volatile skies. Less than one year after a 10,000 ton meteorite exploded above the Russian city of Chelyabinsk in the Urals injuring 950 people, Russian scientists reveal that a nearby area of the country narrowly missed an impact from a 15 meter asteroid which skimmed past Earth last weekend. The asteroid, which was moving at 16km per second, passed within 11,300km of the Earth's surface, an altitude which is below the orbit of geostationary satellites. It was discovered during its near miss by the Master Tunka station near Lake Baikal. The asteroid was not previously known.
Russian scientists are also considering the possibility that the object was a piece of space debris, or even part of an unmanned Mars explorer, though there has not been any further evidence to corroborate this theory. Vladimir Lipunov of the Moscow State University and the Sternberg Astronomical Institute have notified the International Astronomical Union of their discovery, but it has yet to be confirmed.
Unknowncountry reported recently that meteor activity appeared to be on the increase, but that it was perhaps due to the fact that the American Meteor Society had installed a reporting system on their website which makes it easier for them to be reported by members of the public. Certainly the American Meteor Society received over 1700 reports after several fireballs shook the Mid-West over the past two weeks.
A large meteor was captured by a NASA all-sky camera at the agencys Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, seen over Middle Tennessee and Alabama earlier this month at 8:18 PM Central Time on Sept. 9, 2013 - this was followed by another fireball over Atlanta on September 22nd. It doesn't stop there: a major event was reported by over 730 people in the skies over Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri and Wisconsin on September 26th; it was rumored that this object was seen as far away as Alberta, Canada. Observers spoke of a bright blue or turquoise object with an orange vapour trail streaking across the sky for several seconds; some eye-witnesses smelled burning, heard a sonic boom and felt their houses shake from the blast. The AMS received over 800 reports regarding yet another fireball which was seen over Ohio on September 27th at around 11:30 PM local time, with further sightings on the same evening from Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
In total, the AMS site has received details of over 2150 events so far this year, already exceeding last year's total, and over 500 up on 2011. Of course this could be due to the fact that greater public awareness of the phenomena is encouraging more witnesses to record their sightings, but one cannot deny that there has been major activity in the heavens of late.
The sightings have not just been restricted to the US and Russia: Italian news sites have just published details of a huge bolide over Italy, lasting for several seconds, and visible in many regions of the country including Rome, Pescara, Bari, Taranto, Lecce, Rimini, Bologna and Florence.
So what is causing this hail of meteors to rain down upon us? Well, there has been some speculation that Comet ISON is arriving with a posse of other objects which could be veering off into our atmosphere ; to date, however, no convincing evidence has been produced to substantiate this, and with the comet still fairly remote, it will be a while before more definitive proof of this can be determined. ISON poses no threat to Earth and there is no indication that it will impact with either us or any other planet on its travels. Keep your eyes on the skies in 2014, however, as things could get become even more interesting: it is predicted Comet Siding Spring has a 1 in 600 chance of smashing into the Red Planet, Mars, and the impact, which would rival the one thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs on our own planet, should produce quite a show in the heavens which could be seen with the naked eye from Earth.
So, the future looks bright ahead, it seems, to be lit by yet more major comets, meteors and fireballs. Let us not forget that the annual Orionid meteor shower begins on the night of Wednesday, October 2; this will peak on October 21 and end on November 7th, and will be most visible before the moon is at its brightest.
If you're not watching the skies, then watch this space - you can always rely on Unknowncountry to keep you informed about the news you need to know. To find out how to keep the news coming, click here.
SUSPICIOUS
BILLIONAIRE ROBERT BIGELOW (and his lackey, Col. John Alexander...and the
National Institute of Discovery Sciences (NIDS): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpkTTNKh26Q
This is a original Locktite1000 aka TheMusicmemorylane
Production, this channel is re-instated to up...
02-10-2013 om 11:10
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Une météorite tombe sur le Yucatan ou un débris spatial, ou encore un OVNI - Nouvel objet filmé par la NASA
Une météorite tombe sur le Yucatan ou un débris spatial, ou encore un OVNI - Nouvel objet filmé par la NASA
L'actualité spatiale est assez mouvementée en ce moment, entre l'arrivée demain de la comète Ison au plus proche de Mars, et devenant visible aux jumelles, cet étrange objet qui a traversé le 29 septembre le ciel de l'île de la Réunion et de l'île Maurice, éventuellement le deuxième étage d'une fusée en voix (?) de destruction, ainsi que cet autre phénomène inconnu photographié le même soir à l'ouest de la Pologne, sans compter la récupération du cargo spatial Cygnus (qui a comme par hasard attendu une semaine imprévue de tests supplémentaires en orbite pour le faire aussi le 29 septembre !) par le bras de l'ISS. Et bien ce n'était pas fini : le 29 septembre a été encore plus mouvementé apparemment d'après les nouvelles qui sont arrivées tardivement de Russie (le 28-09-2013 d'après l'une des vidéos), au sujet de la détection tardive d'un astéroïde géo-croiseur proche indétecté jusqu'à présent, puis de la chute d'une météorite sur le Yucatan, au Mexique !
" Une énorme boule de feu a illuminé le ciel dans la nuit, dans la région sud du Yucatan, au Mexique, dimanche 29 septembre 2013. Une clarté massive a été vue dans l' obscurité peu de temps après, quand elle s'est écrasée sur une colline située à environ 300 mètres du village de Ichmul. Le phénomène étrange s'est produit vers 20 heures, dimanche dernier, alors que la plupart des habitants de Ichmul, la municipalité mexicaine de Chikindzonot, se préparait à assister à une présentation du cirque. À l'heure dite, tout à coup, une boule de feu dans le ciel a provoqué un bruit assourdissant. Selon des témoins, la météorite s'est écrasée sur le sol rapidement, provoquant un impact qui a raisonné sur la région comme celui du tonnerre. Bien que l'objet soit tombé à seulement quelques centaines de mètres du village, personne n'osait s'approcher du lieu de l'accident en raison de la peur.
Selon certains témoignages, l'objet émettait une lumière bleuâtre, qui montait et descendait, créant un bruit qui ressemblait au bruit d'un générateur à haute tension défectueux. Le lendemain, lorsque la luminosité et le bruit se sont apaisés, la police et des civils se sont approchés du lieu du crash de la météorite pour prélever des échantillons de l'objet, qui seront soumis à une expertise spécialisée. Comme l'analyse n'est pas encore effectuée, il y a beaucoup de rapports, par exemple, des morceaux de roche qui ont la forme d'humanoïdes. Cependant, certains experts en la matière disent que tout cela sont des débris spatiaux qui aurait été attirés par la gravité terrestre.
Pour en finir provisoirement avec l'actualité spatiale (et encore, je n'ai pas parlé de l'espoir que Curiosity puisse photographier la Comète Ison, proche, et transmettre des images à la Terre), voici l'image originale d'un objet (peut-être un gros débris spatial encore) en satellisation autour de la Terre, prise le 1er octobre 2013 au-dessus de la Bolivie par la NASA. Soyez patient pour l'affichage de cette image en HD, il s'agit d'une image officielle (et lourde en taille) sur le serveur source (public) :
I've
now recorded 30 cow mutilations and one raccoon mutilation in the State of
Missouri, which occurred over the past 40 years. It seems there was a cluster of
mutilations in the 1970's, and now history is repeating itself. Some of the
strangest facts are: 1. All mutilated animals were found with their head facing
east. 2. No blood was found, even though large wounds were inflicted on the
animals. 3. The same or similar organs were removed from each one. 4. No coyotes
or buzzards will eat on an animal that has been mutilated. 5. When there is a
mutilation in Missouri, there is also one in Colorado at about the same time.
Why? We are looking for answers. Some ranchers report strange unidentified orbs,
and fireballs on their property at the same time an animal is mutilated. Please
report animal mutilations of any type at www.animuteinv.blogspot.com.
Scientists create never-before-seen form of matter
Harvard and MIT scientists are challenging the conventional wisdom about
light, and they didn't need to go to a galaxy far, far away to do it.
Working with colleagues at the Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, a
group led by Harvard Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and MIT Professor of
Physics Vladan Vuletic have managed to coax photons into binding together to form molecules a state of matter that,
until recently, had been purely theoretical. The work is described in a
September 25 paper in Nature.
The discovery, Lukin said, runs contrary to decades of accepted wisdom about
the nature of light. Photons have long been described as massless particles
which don't interact with each other shine two laser beams at each other, he said, and they simply pass through one
another.
"Photonic molecules," however, behave less like traditional lasers and more
like something you might find in science fiction the
light saber.
"Most of the properties of light we know about originate from the fact that
photons are massless, and that they do not interact with each other," Lukin
said. "What we have done is create a special type of medium in which photons
interact with each other so strongly that they begin to act as though they have
mass, and they bind together to form molecules. This type of photonic bound
state has been discussed theoretically for quite a while, but until now it
hadn't been observed.
"It's not an in-apt analogy to compare this to light sabers," Lukin added.
"When these photons interact with each other, they're pushing against and
deflect each other. The physics of what's happening in these molecules is
similar to what we see in the movies."
To get the normally-massless photons to bind to each other, Lukin and
colleagues, including Harvard post-doctoral fellow Ofer Fisterberg, former
Harvard doctoral student Alexey Gorshkov and MIT graduate students Thibault
Peyronel and Qiu Liang couldn't rely on something like the Force they instead
turned to a set of more extreme conditions.
Researchers began by pumped rubidium atoms into a vacuum chamber, then used
lasers to cool the cloud of atoms to just a few degrees above absolute zero.
Using extremely weak laser pulses, they then fired
single photons into the cloud of atoms.
As the photons enter the cloud of cold atoms, Lukin said, its energy excites
atoms along its path, causing the photon to slow dramatically. As the photon
moves through the cloud, that energy is handed off from atom to atom, and
eventually exits the cloud with the photon.
"When the photon exits the medium, its identity is preserved," Lukin said.
"It's the same effect we see with refraction of light in a water glass. The
light enters the water, it hands off part of its energy to the medium, and
inside it exists as light and matter coupled together, but when it exits, it's
still light. The process that takes place is the same it's just a bit more
extreme the light is slowed considerably, and a lot more energy is given away
than during refraction."
When Lukin and colleagues fired two photons into the cloud, they were
surprised to see them exit together, as a single molecule.
The reason they form the never-before-seen molecules?
An effect called a Rydberg blockade, Lukin said, which states that when an
atom is excited, nearby atoms cannot be excited to the same degree. In practice,
the effect means that as two photons enter the atomic cloud, the first excites
an atom, but must move forward before the second photon can excite nearby
atoms.
The result, he said, is that the two photons push and pull each other through
the cloud as their energy is handed off from one atom to the next.
"It's a photonic interaction that's mediated by the atomic interaction,"
Lukin said. "That makes these two photons behave like a molecule, and when they
exit the medium they're much more likely to do so together than as single
photons."
While the effect is unusual, it does have some practical applications as
well.
"We do this for fun, and because we're pushing the frontiers of science,"
Lukin said. "But it feeds into the bigger picture of what we're doing because
photons remain the best possible means to carry quantum information. The
handicap, though, has been that photons don't interact with each other."
To build a quantum computer, he explained, researchers need to build a system
that can preserve quantum information, and process it using quantum logic
operations. The challenge, however, is that quantum logic requires interactions
between individual quanta so that quantum systems can be switched to perform
information processing.
"What we demonstrate with this process allows us to do that," Lukin said.
"Before we make a useful, practical quantum switch or photonic logic gate we
have to improve the performance, so it's still at the proof-of-concept level,
but this is an important step. The physical principles we've established here
are important."
The system could even be useful in classical computing, Lukin said,
considering the power-dissipation challenges chip-makers now face. A number of
companies including IBM have worked to develop systems that rely on optical
routers that convert light signals into electrical signals, but those systems
face their own hurdles.
Lukin also suggested that the system might one day even be used to create
complex three-dimensional structures such as crystals wholly out of light.
"What it will be useful for we don't know yet, but it's a new state of
matter, so we are hopeful that new applications may emerge as we continue to
investigate these photonic molecules' properties," he said. Explore further:MIT researchers build an all-optical transistor
Things To Come: "Aliens" On Ice? Why Not? Unbelievable?
Revealed: Army scientists secretly sprayed St
Louis with 'radioactive' particles for YEARS to test chemical warfare technology
| Mail Online (with video)
Le petit poisson qui chamboule tout dans l'évolution
Le petit poisson qui chamboule tout dans l'évolution
La découverte dun fossile de poisson vieux de plus de 400 millions dannées et doté dune mâchoire moderne chamboule toutes les théories sur lévolution des vertébrés.
Illustration d'Entelognathus primordialis, le poisson qui bouleverse les théories sur l'évolution des vertébrés. Brian Choo
"PLACODERMES". Entelognathus primordialis est un petit fossile dune vingtaine de centimètres découvert en Chine dans un parfait état de conservation malgré ses 419 millions dannées. Il appartient à un groupe de poissons aujourdhui éteint, les placodermes. Ces poissons possédaient un squelette externe composé de plaques osseuses constituant une sorte de blindage, ils font aussi partie des premiers animaux à être dotés dune mâchoire.
Remise en cause de la séquence évolutionnaire
« Jusqu'à la découverte d'Entelognathus, on considérait que le squelette des placodermes n'avait rien à voir avec celui des poissons osseux, et que les deux étaient apparus séparément » explique Gilles Cuny, de luniversité de Copenhague au Danemark et auteur dun livre sur lévolution des requins (1). Les scientifiques estimaient plutôt que les ancêtres des vertébrés dotés dun squelette osseux (les Ostéichtyiens, dont lhomme dérive directement) étaient des poissons cartilagineux similaires aux raies et aux requins.
B. Choo
SQUELETTE. Mais avec ses petits os crâniens et ses maxillaires, le fossile dEntelognathusprimordialis suggère que les vertébrés étaient sans doute dotés dès le départ de leur squelette osseux. « Avec la découverte d'Entelognathus, tout change, car les os dermiques externes qu'ils possèdent sont homologues avec ceux des ostéichtyens, indiquant qu'ils ont la même origine » précise Gilles Cuny. Ce qui fait des placodermes les ancêtres direct des poissons osseux modernes.
Un "spécimen époustouflant"
Du même coup, le groupe incluant les requins et les raies perd sa position de grand ancêtre des vertébrés. « Les requins se retrouvent dans la position la plus dérivée dans ce nouvel arbre phylogénétique, cela indique que leur squelette cartilagineux est plus évolué que le squelette osseux des ostéichtyens. La perte du squelette osseux est en fait une condition évoluée, alors qu'elle était considérée comme primitive jusqu'à présent » souligne Gilles Cuny.
LUCY. « De temps à autre, vous êtes confronté à des spécimens époustouflants, comme l'australopithèque Lucy ou les premiers dinosaures à plumes découverts en Chine, qui déclenchent un flot d'informations nouvelles sur notre lointain passé et nous obligent souvent à repenser ce que nous croyions savoir de l'évolution des espèces », a expliqué à lAFP Brian Choo, de l'Institut de Paléontologie des Vertébrés de Pékin. « Un petit poisson nommé Entelognathus vient de rejoindre le club de ces fossiles exceptionnels », conclut-il.
(1) Requins, De la préhistoire à nos jours. Belin.
À partir des données fournies par Curiosity, une équipe de chercheurs est parvenu à résoudre une énigme vieille de presque 40 ans.
À partir des données fournies par Curiosity, une équipe de chercheurs est parvenu à résoudre une énigme vieille de presque 40 ans.
.La planète Mars HOPD/AP/SIPA
C'est une énigme vieille de plus de 40 ans que vient de réussir à percer une équipe internationale de pas moins de 62 chercheurs. Dans une série d'articles publiés ce vendredi 27 septembre sur le site de la prestigieuse revue américaine Science, ces chercheurs expliquent enfin sous quelle forme se trouve l'eau à la surface de Mars.
La présence d'eau sur la planète rouge est connue depuis les années 1970. Les sondes spatiales Mariner 9, lancée en 1971 puis Viking quatre ans plus tard, avaient mis en évidence des structures géologiques ressemblant à des cours d'eau asséchés. En 2002, la sonde Mars Odyssey avait même repéré la présence d'eau au beau milieu du désert martien. Et en 2004, la sonde européenne Mars Express avait confirmé la présence de glace deau dans la calotte polaire sud, puis d'un permafrost autour du pôle nord sétendant sur des centaines de kilomètres carrés.
"Les mesures de Mars Odyssey avaient permis d'estimer que l'eau représentait entre 2 et 10%, en masse, de la composition du sol de Mars, chiffre Pierre-Yves Meslin, chercheur à l'Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), et co-auteur de l'étude. Mais l'énigme était de savoir sous quelle forme se trouvait cette eau".
La quête de l'eau
En effet, on pouvait imaginer la trouver sous forme de glace, ou emprisonnée dans des minéraux hydratés tells que des argiles ou des structures cristallines telles que du gypse. En effet, sur Terre, ces minéraux renferme beaucoup d'eau (comme en témoigne la formule chimique du gypse : CaSO4-2H2O).
Et répondre à cette énigme est primordial car la manière dont est stockée l'eau nous renseigne sur le passé géologique de la planète. "Par exemple, si cette eau avait été stockée sous la forme d'argiles, cela voudrait dire qu'il y a eu beaucoup d'eau liquide sur Mars et ce, durant un laps de temps très long", explique Pierre-Yves Meslin.
"De l'eau incorporée dans une phase amorphe"
Mais d'après la publication des chercheurs, ce n'est nullement le cas. "L'eau que renferme le sol de mars résulte probablement de l'hydrolyse des fines particules du sol, explique Pierre-Yves Meslin. Elle réagit chimiquement avec le minéral et prend alors la forme de groupes hydroxyles (c'est à dire une association entre un atome d'hydrogène (H) et un d'oxygène (O)), peut-être associés à des oxydes de fer. La structure formée est amorphe, c'est à dire désordonnée" précise le chercheur.
En d'autres mots, l'eau (H20) une fois fixée à la surface des grains prends une autre forme chimique. Toutefois, en les chauffant à très haute température (835°C), il est possible de libérer de nouveau cette eau sous forme de vapeur.
"On peut extraire 2 litres d'eau à partir de 100 kilos de sable fin" estime Pierre-Yves Meslin. Ce qui constitue une bonne nouvelle pour les colons d'une hypothétique conquête de Mars dans le futur.
Peu d'échanges diurnes avec l'atmosphère
Grâce à ces données, les chercheurs apportent également de nouveaux éléments sur le cycle de l'eau martien. En effet, une partie de la fine couche d'atmosphère qui entoure mars se compose de vapeur d'eau. Sur Terre, les échanges entre l'eau atmosphérique et celle contenue dans les sols sont très importants. Il est en effet fréquent que de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique se condense sur les surfaces froides.
Ce même phénomène se produit-il sur Mars ? "Il y a des dépôts de givre ailleurs sur Mars, mais pas dans le cratère de Gale, répond Pierre-Yves Meslin. Nous avons tenté l'expérience de tirer à plusieurs reprises sur un même sol durant la nuit et pendant la journée, afin de voir si ce dernier contenait plus d'eau pendant la nuit. Et nous n'avons pas constaté de différence".
Mars s'assèche
Enfin, ultime enseignement : l'analyse des isotopes de l'hydrogène montre que l'eau contenue dans ce sable fin est similaire à la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique, et que celle-ci s'échappe progressivement dans l'espace. Ce qui signifie que la planète rouge s'assèche peu à peu.
Arrivé dans le cratère Gale sur l'équateur martien le 6 août 2012, Curiosity, le robot explorateur à six roues le plus sophistiqué jamais envoyé sur une autre planète, a déjà établi que la planète Rouge avait été propice à la vie microbienne dans son lointain passé, ce qui était le principal objectif de sa mission de deux ans.
Une étude publiée la semaine dernière avait toutefois douché les espoirs de trouver des traces de vie actuelle sur Mars, en indiquant que Curiosity n' y avait trouvé aucune trace de méthane dans l'atmosphère.
Ces dernières semaines, le robot a repris sa route vers le mont Sharp, distant de huit kilomètres et principale cible d'exploration de la mission. Son périple durera plusieurs mois, d'autant que Curiosity s'arrêtera en chemin pour analyser des formations géologiques jugées intéressantes.
Le pied du mont Sharp suscite un grand intérêt en raison de différentes couches sédimentaires qui pourraient permettre de dater les périodes durant lesquelles Mars était propice à la vie.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
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