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    20-03-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.10 Bizarre Relics from History

    10 Bizarre Relics from History

    Footprints, Fairies and even a Foreskin...

    Footprints, Fairies and even a Foreskin: 10 Bizarre Relics from History

    From time immemorial, people had the need to venerate objects of great significance: religious relics, mythical symbols, or depictions of holy figures. And as if answering this need, the religious establishment has provided. Throughout time relics have been widely worshiped throughout the world. Some of them are relics in the true meaning of that term: holy items of ancient times that are a marvel to witness. Then again, some relics are simply strange and bizarre. Reading about them we can easily explore the limits of human belief and analyze the complex anatomies of faith.

    The Fairy Flag is one of the MacLeod Clan relics in Scotland, said to have been gifted to the MacLeod chiefs by fairy folk. (Public domain)

    The Fairy Flag is one of the MacLeod Clan relics in Scotland, said to have been gifted to the MacLeod chiefs by fairy folk.
    Public domain )

    1. The Fairy Flag: Strange Relic of the MacLeod Clan in Scotland

    A relic is not necessarily a religious item. Some of them can be important heirlooms and artifacts with a lengthy heritage and history. One such item is the so-called Fairy Flag, a venerated and very old heirloom of the Chiefs of the Scottish Clan MacLeod . Known in Scottish as Am Bratach Sìth, it is kept in the clan’s seat at Dunvegan Castle and is considered an indivisible part of their heritage.

    The Fairy Flag is made from silk that originated in the far east, denoting its luxury status on the remote Isle of Skye. Being very old, it is now quite torn and tattered, and covered with tiny red “elf spots.” Shrouded in mystery, this strange relic has attained legendary status and is said to have magical properties and plenty of healing powers . Its origins are somewhat enigmatic, and the legends state that the MacLeod chiefs were presented with the flag by fairy folk . However, scholars suggested that its origins might lie not with the fairies, but in the Crusades, or the Viking invasions, for whom it could have been a raven banner. Nevertheless, it remains as one of the most precious and strangest in Scotland.

    The footprints of the Prophet Mohammad is a selection of artifacts that can be visited across the Islamic world.

    The footprints of the Prophet Mohammad is a selection of artifacts that can be visited across the Islamic world.
    epic_images / Adobe Stock)

    2. The Footprints of Muhammad: Petrified Relics of the Prophet

    The founder of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad is the most venerated figure of this widespread religion. Accordingly, just like in Christianity, religious relics associated with him are aplenty. But one stands out as quite peculiar: the petrified footprint of Muhammad. Some Muslims believe that wherever the prophet stepped, his left foot made an impression that remained fixed in place.

    According to numerous written and oral sources, this prophet left numerous such footprints across the Arabic world. One such alleged footprint is located in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, where it is venerated by thousands of believers every year. Some other notable examples of his preserved footprints are located in the mausoleum of Qaitbey in Cairo, or in the Mosque of the Footprint in Qadam, just south of Damascus and directly on the pilgrimage route to Mecca.

    Numerous legends are associated with these peculiar relics. One legend says that a royal eunuch of the Nizam (Muslim Indian sovereign) once discovered an imprint after being guided to it by a dream vision of the prophet himself. Whatever one might believe, a petrified footprint is certainly a strange phenomenon, and also one that is quite difficult to skillfully replicate or fake.

    Detail from The Circumcision of Jesus by Friedrich Herlin, an event described in the Gospel of Luke.

    Detail from The Circumcision of Jesus by Friedrich Herlin, an event described in the Gospel of Luke.
    Public domain )

    3. The Holy Prepuce of Jesus Christ

    Possibly one of the strangest relics in the world, the Holy Prepuce - also known as the Holy Foreskin - is just another in a long line of relics associated with Jesus Christ . This relic allegedly originates from the circumcision of Christ, and became an important religious item in the early periods of Christianity. Numerous healing powers have been attributed to this foreskin, and it was soon claimed as a prized item by several churches in Europe.

    Alongside the umbilical cord of Christ, the foreskin had a long and turbulent journey in medieval Europe. In 800 AD, it was given as a present to Pope Leo III by King Charlemagne, who most likely received the relic as a present from the Byzantine Empress Irene. The Pope housed the relic in a lavish jeweled gold cross, which was kept under the altar of the Chapel of Saint Lawrence in Rome.

    Alas, with the Sack of Rome in 1527, the jeweled cross with Jesus’ foreskin was looted, and later retrieved in a village north of Rome, Calcata, where it was reportedly kept until 1983, when it was yet again stolen. However, its authenticity at that time was dubious at best, and the actual existence of the Holy Foreskin remains a big enigma. Nevertheless, as far as strange relics go, the veneration of a foreskin is definitely a strange practice.

    The discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism in a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera proves the existence of advanced technology as far back as 100 BC.

    The discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism in a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera proves the existence of advanced technology as far back as 100 BC.
    (Tilemahos Efthimiadis / CC BY 2.0 )

    5. The Antikythera Mechanism: The Ancient Analogue Computer

    Just like religious relics carry a lot of importance for believers, so do the relics of ancient civilizations bear importance for history enthusiasts all over the world. The Antikythera Mechanism remains one of the strangest and most enigmatic discoveries connected with the ancient Greeks, puzzling the scientists to this very day. It was discovered in 1901 off the coast of the Greek island called Antikythera, within a shipwreck at a depth of 45 meters.

    The complex gears and mechanism pieces that comprise it were soon recognized, and since then this item has been recognized as one of the world’s first analogue computers. What makes it so strange is the time in which it was built. Being made in roughly 100 BC, it is surprisingly advanced and seems almost futuristic in many ways.

    This device is a complex clockwork mechanism that contains more than 30 delicate bronze gears. Scientists proposed that it was used as an orrery, used by the Ancient Greeks to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. Such knowledge could be used for calendar and astrological purposes and provide them with this information decades in advance. As such it is certainly one of the most enigmatic relics of the ancient world.

    Golden Palace Events purchased the bizarre religious relic, a grilled cheese sandwich with a depiction of the face of the Virgin Mary, back in 2004 for a stunning $28,000!

    Golden Palace Events purchased the bizarre religious relic, a grilled cheese sandwich with a depiction of the face of the Virgin Mary, back in 2004 for a stunning $28,000!

    6. The Virgin Mary Grilled Cheese Sandwich

    Yup, you read that right. When it comes to religious relics, the options become limitless. Not all religious relics were discovered in ancient history. The old toast and sandwich manifestation of holy figures is the true relic of modern times, as strange as it may seem. A woman from Fort Lauderdale in Florida, USA, named Diana Duyser, sold her 10-year-old grilled cheese sandwich in 2004 - with one bite taken out of it - for $28,000 on an online auction! But it was no ordinary grilled cheese sandwich: it allegedly bore the image of the face of the Virgin Mary . Mrs. Duyser kept the sandwich sealed for 10 years before deciding to try and sell it - she never assumed it would fetch such a stellar price.

    For the faithful, it could be called a miracle. However, those with a bit more reason will realize that it is simply a curious coincidence: the dark crust formed a pattern that surprisingly accurately depicts a female face. This strange modern-day relic was bought by an online casino, the Golden Palace, whose representatives say that they quickly understood the novelty of such a “recognizable part of modern pop culture.” They did not hesitate to pay $28,000 (£20,113) to own it. This makes it the world’s most expensive grilled cheese sandwich!

    Wax effigy of St. Datian at the Church of the Most Holy Redeemer in New York.

    Wax effigy of St. Datian at the Church of the Most Holy Redeemer in New York.
    Village Preservation Blog )

    7. The Remains of St. Datian in New York

    The tradition of Catacomb Saints spread like wildfire through the Christian world, when holy relics and preserved skeletons of “saints” began emerging throughout the world. One such holy relic is considerably stranger than the others, and it found its way all the way to New York. This relic is the body of Saint Datian.

    This odd relic is housed in a glass sarcophagus in the Church of the Most Holy Redeemer in East Village, New York City. Not much is known about Saint Datian. In fact, this saint is virtually unknown in preserved written sources. It is possible that Datian was a cruel roman leader who persecuted Christians zealously, but later repented, became a monk, and was later martyred.

    The remains (bones) of this saint arrived at the church in 1892 and were housed in a lifelike wax effigy. The relics were donated to the church by a wealthy Italian lady, but the earlier origins of the bones remain a mystery. But some people quickly placed the authenticity of these remains into question. As early as 1897 it was suggested that the encased remains are actually those of a police officer shot and killed while defending the church from a burglary. This belief remained widespread until the late 1940’s. The truth about this strange relic remains unknown.

    The Lion-Man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel was discovered in a cave in 1939 in Germany and is considered the oldest zoomorphic figurine in the world. (

    The Lion-Man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel was discovered in a cave in 1939 in Germany and is considered the oldest zoomorphic figurine in the world.
    (Izquierda: Dagmar Hollmann / CC BY-SA 3.0 . Derecha: Thilo Parg / CC BY-SA 3.0 )

    8. The Lion-Man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel: Prehistoric Ivory Relic

    Religion - whether monotheistic or polytheistic - has deep and ancient origins. What beliefs did our earliest ancestors have? Have some of their ancient relics survived until today? The Lion-man, known also as Löwenmensch, is an elaborate prehistoric mammoth ivory figurine that quite possibly depicts an ancient mythical being worshipped by the prehistoric man. In 1939 it was discovered in a cave in Germany and is considered the oldest zoomorphic figurine in the world. Dated to the Upper Paleolithic, it is roughly 40,000 years old and was made from mammoth ivory .

    Researchers came to a conclusion that the lion-headed figure was an important part of the mythology of the Paleolithic humans inhabiting this region. It also might be one of the earliest connections with shamanism. It deepens the mystery of numerous Paleolithic depictions of “beast-men,” like the bird-headed man from the Lascaux Cave , the lion-woman from Chauvet Cave , or the stag-headed “Sorcerer” from the Trois Frères cave. Prehistory was undoubtedly strange, seen now from our modern point of view, and ancient relics are all that remains of their belief systems.

    The Chapel of the Milk Grotto of Our Lady in Bethlehem takes its name from the belief that the Virgin Mary found refuge in a cave with the infant Jesus and a drop of her milk fell on the cave floor, turning it white. (Renáta Sedmáková / Adobe Stock)

    The Chapel of the Milk Grotto of Our Lady in Bethlehem takes its name from the belief that the Virgin Mary found refuge in a cave with the infant Jesus and a drop of her milk fell on the cave floor, turning it white.
    Renáta Sedmáková / Adobe Stock)

    9. Breast Milk of the Virgin Mary in Bethlehem

    Another in a long line of strange Christian relics is the so-called breast milk of the Virgin Mary . “The Nursing Madonna,” or Maddona Lactans , has been often depicted in Christian religious art, nurturing the baby Jesus at her breast. But did you know that her breast milk is venerated as a relic? It is situated in the Chapel of the Milk Grotto of Our Lady in Bethlehem, some 10km south of Jerusalem. Ever since the Byzantine Era, this site has been frequented as one of the major Christian pilgrimage sites. It is believed that Virgin Mary found refuge in this grotto with infant Jesus, and while she breastfed him a drop of her milk fell on the cave floor and turned it white.

    Pilgrims visit this site, especially those couples seeking to conceive a child as the faithful believe that this shrine helps those suffering with infertility. The Catholic officials sought to capitalize on this belief, selling limestone powder made from the stone of the grotto, which ought to be diluted in water and drank. It supposedly helps cure infertility. You thought that veneration of a foreskin is strange? How about drinking powdered cave floor? This strange relic is as strange as can be.

    The Venus of Hohle Fels

    10. The Venus of Hohle Fels: 40,000-Year-Old Ivory Sculpture

    Venus figurines are the most iconic relics of the world’s earliest history. These fertility symbols were one of the major cultic items for early humans, and pose a great insight into their cryptic and mysterious beliefs. The Venus Of Hohle Fels is one of the strangest of all ancient relics, and can be interpreted in many ways. Unearthed in the Hohle Fels cave in Germany, this ivory sculpture is dated to the very beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period, some 40,000 years ago. It is the oldest, undisputed depiction of a human being and gives us a crucial glimpse into the earliest origins of Cro-Magnons in Europe.

    This relic might look strange to us, but for the early man it might have been a revered mythical concept. It depicts a buxom - perhaps even obese - woman with enormous breasts, a large (pregnant) belly, and a prominent vulva. These are clear connections with fertility. It can be easily understood that life was quite hard in the Upper Paleolithic and infant death rates could have been quite high. People were also probably malnourished and lean, so a depiction of a buxom, hale, and fat woman could have been an ideal of health, fertility, prosperity, and good life. Either way, we will never know the true meaning of the Venus figurines, and this one remains a truly strange ancient relic.

    By Aleksa Vučković

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    20-03-2023 om 01:40 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Top 15 Unbelievable Rock Sculptures (Video)

    Gopachal Jain monuments. Source: sumit / Adobe Stock

    Top 15 Unbelievable Rock Sculptures (Video)

    Marvels of human creativity and engineering prowess, these top 15 rock sculptures captivate the imagination and inspire awe. Among these awe-inspiring rock sculptures are the towering Colossal Statue of Shapur, the remarkable Gopachal Jain monuments , the poignant Lion of Lucerne , the imposing Apennine Colossus , and the serene Avukana Buddha. These extraordinary feats of artistry and craftsmanship have withstood the test of time, leaving an indelible mark on the landscape and serving as a testament to the heights of human achievement. As diverse as the cultures and epochs they represent, these magnificent rock sculptures continue to fascinate and enchant visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the boundless potential of human creativity and our enduring connection to the natural world.

    • Top image: Gopachal Jain monuments.
    • Sourcesumit / Adobe Stock

    By Joanna Gillan

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    20-03-2023 om 00:46 geschreven door peter  

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    15-03-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Archaeology Enigmas: Four Mystery Doors That Should Never be Opened (Video)

    Old locked gate closed to a large castle. Source: Ekaterina / Adobe Stock

    Archaeology Enigmas: Four Mystery Doors That Should Never be Opened (Video)

    Archaeology is a field that is constantly searching for new discoveries and secrets buried deep in the past. Some of the most intriguing archaeological mysteries involve doors that have remained sealed for decades or even centuries. These doors hold the potential to reveal hidden treasures and long-lost secrets, but they also pose a challenge to archaeologists who must figure out how to open them without damaging what lies inside.

    Take, for example, the Taj Mahal in India. This iconic building is not only a symbol of eternal love but also a place shrouded in mystery. Hidden behind numerous sealed doors are rooms that have remained untouched for centuries. Similarly, the Great Sphinx of Giza , the largest monolith statue in the world, has revealed two rectangular chambers hidden beneath its paws, discovered using a seismograph. These hidden chambers are a testament to the potential secrets that lie beneath the surface of even the most well-known archaeological sites.

    The quest to uncover the secrets of these sealed doors continues to fascinate archaeologists and the public alike. As technology improves and new methods of exploration are developed, there is hope that we may one day unlock the mysteries hidden behind these doors and gain a deeper understanding of our past. Until then, the sealed doors of the Taj Mahal, the Great Sphinx, Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple , and the tomb of Qin Shi Huang remain tantalizing enigmas for the world of archaeology to unravel.

    • Top image: Old locked gate closed to a large castle.
    • Source: Ekaterina / Adobe Stock

    By Joanna Gillan

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    15-03-2023 om 00:53 geschreven door peter  

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    14-03-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The Ancient ‘Computer’ That Simply Shouldn’t Exist (Video)

    Artistic rendering of the Antikythera mechanism, the oldest analogue computer. Source: AkuAku / Adobe Stock.

    The Ancient ‘Computer’ That Simply Shouldn’t Exist (Video)

    When we think of ancient technology, we often imagine simple tools and primitive machinery. But what if we told you that over 2,000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had built the world’s oldest computer? That's right, we're talking about the Antikythera mechanism , a complex device discovered in a shipwreck off the coast of Greece in 1901.

    This incredible machine contained a system of gears and cogs that was able to predict astronomical positions and eclipses with incredible accuracy. It's no wonder that some have called it the world's first computer, a marvel of engineering that was centuries ahead of its time. The Antikythera mechanism is a reminder that even in the ancient world, there were minds that were capable of incredible feats of technology and innovation.

    • Top image: Artistic rendering of the Antikythera mechanism, the oldest analogue computer.
    • Source: AkuAku / Adobe Stock.

    By Joanna Gillan

    RELATED VIDEOS

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    14-03-2023 om 22:48 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    12-03-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Archeologists Discover Another Secret Corridor Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza

    Archeologists Discover Another Secret Corridor Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza

    Archeologists Discover Another Secret Corridor Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza

    Paul Seaburn

    It is the only remaining member of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing, but that doesn’t mean the Great Pyramid of Giza still can’t surprise us. As archeologists acquire better tools for penetrating the ancient walls, more chambers and corridors appear that may one day be physically explored with drones or robots. The ScanPyramids project is privy to those latest technologies and announced this week details about a recently discovered corridor inside the North face of the pyramid in the mysterious “Chevron zone.”

    What other secrets of the Great Pyramid of Giza is the Sphinx guarding? 

    "This discovery, in my opinion, is the most important discovery of the 21st Century."

    That proclamation was made to reporters by Zahi Hawass, Egypt's former minister of antiquities and a leading archeologist, in announcing new revelations, published in the journal Nature Communications, about a corridor-shaped structure first detected in 2016 and 2017 by a ScanPyramids team. ScanPyramids’ mission since its founding in 2015 is to scan Old Kingdom Egyptian Pyramids - The Great Pyramid (Khufu), Khafre (the middle of the three Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza), the early Bent pyramid and the unusual Red pyramid – in hopes of detecting internal spaces and tunnels without any drilling or other forms of destruction. Techniques include Infrared thermography, 3D simulation and cosmic-ray muon radiography imaging. The last tool was the first to find the latest corridor, which the archeologists then confirmed with images taken through a 6mm-thick endoscope feed through a tiny joint in the pyramid's stones. Since then, the ScanPyramids team went on to take new measurements benefiting from the extreme sensitivity of nuclear emulsion films from Nagoya University and gaseous detectors from CEA Instruments.

    “In this paper, we report on the first precise analysis of the void found with cosmic-ray muon radiography behind the North Face Chevron and named the ScanPyramids North Face Corridor (NFC). Its shape and location are accurately evaluated by focusing on the 7 following parameters: its 3 dimensions (width W, height H, length L), its position (North-South position X, East-West position Y, altitude Z) and its slope α. While a potential, future exploration will primarily require a precise determination of Y and Z, most of these parameters are also important to understand the role of the Chevron.”

    The “Chevron” refers to the huge inverted V-shaped gabled limestone beams which cover the original entrance to the descending corridor (DC) on the North side of Khufu’s Pyramid. The North side has a number of chevrons, some hidden, which have long baffled researchers. The ‘gable’ is the flat triangular end piece under a conventional pitched roof that is made of wood or stone. Its purpose is to support the sloped roof and protect the interior from the elements. These enormous limestone chevron blocks make no sense on the Great Pyramid because there is no need to relieve the weight above them to protect something below them.

    “Khufu’s Pyramid is the first pyramid, in the history, that uses a Chevron technique to cover internal structures and prevent them from collapsing. We can find Chevron on the North Face, in the queen’s chamber ceiling and above the king’s chamber. The construction process of the oldest of the seven wonders of the ancient world is one of the most important archaeological mysteries. Any discovery of previously unknown internal structures could contribute to the knowledge on the construction of this Pyramid.”

    The newly discovered corridor may be the space that is doing the protecting, not the chevron, according to the study. It is approximately 9 meters (29 feet) in length, and has a transverse section of about 2 by 2 meters (6.5 by 6.5 feet). There are many large internal structures or rooms inside the Great Pyramid which are connected by narrow corridors laid out in a north-south direction at a distance of about 7 meters (23 feet) east from the center of the pyramid. You may be familiar with some of them – the queen’s chamber, the grand gallery and the king’s chamber. That last chamber contains a broken sarcophagus thought to have once contained the mummy of King Khufu – it is a room said to have been visited by Napoleon, who may have had the proper small stature to fit into the tiny spaces. (Photos and illustrations can be seen in the study.)

    figure 1

    a Subterranean chamber, b queen’s chamber, c grand gallery, d king’s chamber, e descending corridor, f ascending corridor, g al-Ma’mun corridor, h north face Chevron area, i ScanPyramids Big Void with horizontal hypothesis (red hatching) and inclined hypothesis (green hatching) as published in November 20176. All these images were obtained from a 3D modelization using dedicated laser surveys and photogrammetry data.

    figure 2

    a The Chevron, which consists of huge gabled limestone beams, covering the original entrance to the DC on the North side of Khufu’s Pyramid. b 3D model and positions of the detectors from Nagoya University, indicated by red dots and of the detectors from CEA, indicated by orange dots, in the DC and in the MC. c–h The detectors. c shows EM3, d shows EM2, e shows EM5, f shows Charpak, g shows Joliot and h shows Degennes.

    figure 3

    a The left figure shows the 3D model of Chevron and its origin. Center panels show the definition of the coordinate system and the origin of the rectangular cuboid which was defined as its North extremity along x, its center along y, and its bottom along z. Right panels show the set up of the main structure (MS) and sub-structures designated A (SSA), B (SSB). CH denotes the Chevron. b Two-dimensional angular distribution for EM1 to EM4. From left to right: observed muon flux (tracks/cm2/day/sr), 3D model, ratio of muon flux of the observed data to simulation, with MS, with MS and SSA, with MS and SSB, and path length with difference between the data and simulation. The resolution is tan = 0.025. c Histograms of path length with difference between the data and simulation in the range of 0.000 tan < 0.025 in the axial direction of tan corresponding to the North-South direction. d Region of existence of the NFC based on path length. e χ2 analysis for the evaluation of parameters presenting location and shape of the NFC. The horizontal axis shows the values of evaluated parameters. The vertical axis is the value of reduced χ2 obtained by the comparison of the data and simulation. f Histograms of muon flux in the range of −0.250 tan < −0.225 for EM1 and EM2, 0.200 tan < 0.225 for EM3 and EM4, respectively. The data with statistical error of 1 σ (standard deviation) are shown in red. The gray dashed line is the simulation without the inner structures, the black solid line is the simulation with the DC and MS, and the blue solid line is the simulation with the DC, MS, and SSA. g Results of the χ2 analysis for the case where the MS and sub-structures are added to known structures. A, B, and C denote the case where MS, MS and SSA, MS and SSB are added, respectively.

    figure 4

    a Two-dimensional angular distribution for EM5 to EM7. From left to right: observed muon flux (tracks/cm2/day/sr), 3D model, ratio of muon flux of the data to simulation, with main structure (MS), with MS and sub-structure A (SSA), with MS and sub-structure B (SSB), and path length with difference between the data and simulation. The resolution is tan = 0.050. CH denotes the Chevron. b The area used for normalization. c Left panels show two dimensional angular distribution with enlarged area including NFC of path length difference between the data and simulation with the resolution of tan = 0.025. The black dots are the direction to the center of the NFC, obtained by taking a cross section every tan = 0.025 and fitting it (Methods). Center panel shows an example of path length difference obtained by EM5, and the coordinate system is rotated to take the cross section for fitting, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (North-South direction) of the NFC. Right panel shows an example of the fitting to a cross section taken at tan = −0.1625 after rotation, which is indicated by the white line shown in center panel, where the horizontal axis is tan after rotation and the vertical axis is the difference in path length. d Location of the NFC. Left panel shows the intersection of a vertical plane passing through the central axis of the DC and a line extending towards the plane on the direction of the central value of the histogram fitted starting from the detector position. Right panel shows the result of averaging the projection points obtained by all detectors in the height direction with a width of 2 m in the x (North-South) direction. The error bars are the standard deviations of the averaged projection points in the x and y directions. The red dotted line is the approximate line obtained by linear approximation of the projection results in the range of −2 to −8 m.

    figure 5

    The location and shape of the NFC are shown in cross-sectional views of the analysis area including Chevron from the North (a) and East (b) sides. Locations of EM1 to EM4 detectors installed in the DC and obtained results are shown in red, and EM5 to EM7 installed in the MC are shown in black, respectively in b. The red dotted line is the projection of the location and shape of the NFC defined as a rectangular cuboid achieved by EM1 to EM4, on planes. Black dots are the projection points in the height obtained by detectors (EM5 to EM7) on planes and error bars, which is the standard deviations of the averaged projection points in the x and z directions as shown in Fig. 4d.

    "This corridor, it’s protecting or reducing the pressure on something beneath it, Might be chamber, might be something else. Very soon, we can figure out what is the main issue of this corridor."  

    Mostafa Waziri of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities says he thinks the unfinished corridor may have been placed there to relieve the pressure of the weight of the stones around the main entrance seven meters (23 feet) away from it, or it may be reducing the pressure over another as yet undiscovered corridor or chamber.  This has already been observed in other areas inside the Great Pyramid – there five rooms above the king's burial chamber which are believed to be redistributing the weight of the massive pyramid to protect the chamber. While many researchers believe the king’s mummy has been looted from this burial chamber, there is hope that the pharaoh had more than one burial chamber.

    “To our knowledge, this study is the first characterization of the position and dimensions of a void detected by cosmic-ray muons with a sensitivity of a few centimeters only. On the archaeological side, the discovery of a void located behind the Chevron and having a larger cross-section than the corridors connecting the inner structures of the pyramid may be decisive in approaching the role of this Chevron. Last but not least, the NFC does not seem to connect to the SP-BV, though a smaller corridor of <1.0 m="" between="" these="" two="" structures="" cannot="" be="" completely="" ruled="" out="" from="" measurements="" span="">

    A stairway into a tomb in the center of a pyramid at Giza.

    This discovery has both past and future implications for ScanPyramids research. While the team could not come to a conclusive agreement on the purpose of North Face Chevron, it went a long way in showing that the many corridors connecting the inner structures are more than just passageways – they are providing the service of relieving the pressure of the massive weight of the pyramid – an unbelievable achievement in construction that rivals the actual act of building the Great Pyramid itself. This will help archeologists studying Khufu’s pyramid and the others determine where similar pressure-reliving corridors might be located. It will also speed up the process of investigating these pyramids and hopefully locate hidden entrances and corridors which will facilitate better inspections using drones, robots and careful human archeologists.

    Is this “the most important discovery of the 21st Century" involving the Great Pyramid of Giza? That remains to be seen. It is definitely impressive and it highlights the achievements of these ancient Egyptians who designed and built these great wonders oof the world without Infrared thermography, 3D simulation and cosmic-ray muon radiography imaging.

    A hidden corridor inside the Great Pyramid of Giza that was discovered by researches from the the Scan Pyramids project by the Egyptian Tourism Ministry of Antiquities, in Giza

     A hidden corridor inside the Great Pyramid of Giza that was discovered by researches from the the Scan Pyramids project by the Egyptian Tourism Ministry of Antiquities is seen in Giza, Egypt March 2, 2023.

    The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities/Handout via REUTER S

    Egyptian Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Ahmed Issa attends a news conference, in Giza

    An image of a hidden corridor inside the Great Pyramid of Giza that was discovered by researches from the the Scan Pyramids project is displayed during a news conference of the Egyptian Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Ahmed Eissa in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Giza, Egypt, March 2, 2023.

    REUTERS/Sherif Fahmy

    Egyptian Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Ahmed Issa talks to the media, in Giza

    12-03-2023 om 22:11 geschreven door peter  

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    10-03-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Mier ter grootte van een kolibrie plaatst wetenschappers voor een raadsel

    Mier ter grootte van een kolibrie plaatst wetenschappers voor een raadsel

    De gefossiliseerde reuzenmier is gevonden in Canada. Al eerder is dezelfde soort in Duitsland opgegraven. Maar hoe heeft dit insect tussen verschillende continenten kunnen reizen?

    Dat er in vervlogen tijden gigantische dieren over de aarde struinden, weten we al langer. Ook de uitgestorven mier Titanomyrma kan in dat lijstje worden geschaard. Deze reuzenmier was werkelijk reusachtig; zo was hij net zo groot als een kolibrie! Onderzoekers hebben nu een nieuw gefossiliseerd exemplaar beschreven, gevonden in Canada. Dat de mier op deze plek is aangetroffen is alleen best gek. Het roept interessante vragen op over hoe dieren, en in het bijzonder dit insect, zich zo’n 50 miljoen jaar geleden over het noordelijk halfrond verplaatsten.

    Ontdekking
    Het nieuwe fossiel werd ontdekt door de toevallige voorbijganger Beverley Burlingame, een inwoner van de Canadese stad Princeton, gelegen in het zuiden van British Columbia. Vervolgens werd het via het museum van de stad beschikbaar gesteld aan wetenschappers.

    De gigantische fossiele mier Titanomyrma, onlangs ontdekt in de Allenby Formation nabij de Canadese stad Princeton in British Columbia.
    Afbeelding: Bruce Archibald

    De ontdekking van de reuzenmier in Canada is bijzonder, zo valt er te lezen in het vakblad The Canadian Entomologist. Het is namelijk de eerste Titanomyrma die op Canadese bodem is gevonden.

    Andere vondsten
    Het is overigens niet het eerste Titanomyrma-fossiel dat aan de andere kant van de Atlantische Oceaan is aangetroffen. Zo ontdekten wetenschappers ongeveer tien jaar geleden een exemplaar in de Verenigde Staten. De mier leefde zo’n vijftig miljoen jaar geleden in Wyoming.

    De uitgestorven reuzenmier Titanomyrma, die meer dan tien jaar geleden gevonden is in Wyoming. Het gefossiliseerde exemplaar wordt op deze foto vergeleken met een kolibrie, wat de enorme omvang van dit gigantische insect benadrukt.
    Afbeelding: Bruce Archibald

    “Deze mier en het nieuwe fossiel gevonden in Canada zijn van een vergelijkbare leeftijd als andere Titanomyrma-fossielen die al langer geleden in Duitsland en Engeland zijn gevonden,” vertelt onderzoeker Bruce Archibald. “Dit roept de vraag op hoe deze insecten tussen continenten reisden – en bijna tegelijkertijd aan beide zijden van de Atlantische Oceaan verschenen.”

    Tropisch klimaat
    Bekend is dat de enorme mieren in een tropisch klimaat leefden. En dus kwamen ze ook in Europa voor, waar de temperatuur tussen 53 en 34 miljoen jaar geleden een stuk hoger lag. De continenten lagen bovendien dichtbij elkaar en de zeespiegel was laag. Dat verklaart dan ook deels hoe de mieren zowel in Europa als in Amerika konden voorkomen: Europa en Noord-Amerika waren destijds door het Noordpoolgebied over land verbonden.

    Noordpool
    Om dus de continenten over te steken, moesten dieren de noordpool trotseren. Toch was dat niet zo gemakkelijk voor de reuzenmier. Hoewel de Noordpool destijds lang niet zo koud was als nu, was het waarschijnlijk toch te koud voor Titanomyrma, die was aangepast aan tropische temperaturen. En dus staan wetenschappers voor een raadsel. Want hoe kan Titanomyrma dan aan beide zijden van de Atlantische Oceaan zijn aangetroffen, terwijl het op de Noordpool lang niet warm genoeg was naar de zin van de reuzenmier?

    Korte, warmere periodes
    Al in 2011 stelden de onderzoekers een mogelijke verklaring voor. Zo is het bekend dat de Noordpool gedurende korte perioden opeens opwarmde, als gevolg van koolstofdioxide dat vrijkwam uit sedimenten. De mieren maakten mogelijk van die warme periodes gebruik om de lange wandeling te maken, zo opperden de onderzoekers. Dit zou alleen wel betekenen dat Titanomyrma niet in de oude, gematigde Canadese hooglanden voorkwam, omdat het daar waarschijnlijk tevens te koud was. Maar de huidige vondst bewijst nu het tegendeel.

    Mysterie
    Het verhaal van Titanomyrma is dus met de ontdekking van het nieuwe fossiel wederom een tikkie mysterieuzer geworden. Wat het ook niet makkelijker maakt, is dat het Canadese fossiel tijdens de fossilisatie door geologische druk vervormd is. Hierdoor is het onmogelijk geworden om de ware levensgrootte vast te stellen. Hoewel dus bekend is dat Titanomyrma een gigantische omvang moet hebben gehad, kan er niet met zekerheid worden gesteld hoe groot het Canadese exemplaar precies was. “Misschien was het een kleinere soort en door zijn geringere omvang aangepast aan koelere klimaten,” oppert Archibald. “Maar het kan ook zijn dat hij wel gigantisch was. In dit geval is misschien onze theorie over hun klimatologische tolerantie – en dus hoe ze het Noordpoolgebied overstaken – verkeerd.”

    Het raadsel van Titanomyrma is dus nog lang niet opgelost. Door verschillende fossielen met elkaar te vergelijken, hopen de onderzoekers meer te weten te komen. “We zullen meer fossielen moeten vinden,” zegt Archibald. De vraag is of onze ideeën over de ecologie van Titanomyrma, en dus over hun verspreiding, moeten worden herzien. Voorlopig blijft het een mysterie.”

    Bronmateriaal

    https://scientias.nl/ }

    10-03-2023 om 17:43 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Rare Smiling Sphinx Statue Found in Egypt and it May Depict Emperor Claudius

    The smiling sphinx unearthed in Egypt. Source: Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

    Rare Smiling Sphinx Statue Found in Egypt and it May Depict Emperor Claudius

    Archaeologists in southern Egypt have uncovered a remarkable miniature sphinx statue, sporting a rare feature of a smiling face with two dimples. The artifact was found near the Hathor Temple in a tomb with two levels and is believed to potentially represent the Roman Emperor Claudius , making it a significant find. The unusual smiling expression on the sphinx is not typically found in ancient Egyptian art, adding to the intrigue and mystery surrounding the discovery.

    In addition, researchers also found a Roman stele (stone slab) written in demotic and hieroglyphic scripts next to the sphinx. Once fully deciphered, the stele may reveal the identity of the sculpted ruler, according to a press release by Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. They also discovered a two-layer platform and a mud-brick basin from the Byzantine era. Emperor Claudius is a likely option as he extended Rome’s rule into North Africa between 41 and 54 AD, which coincides with the dating of these finds.

    The smiling sphinx in situ, near the Temple of Dendera in Egypt. Source: Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism

    The smiling sphinx in situ, near the Temple of Dendera in Egypt.

    Source: Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism

    The Roman stela found next to the sphinx. Source: Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism

    The Roman stela found next to the sphinx.

    Source: Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism

    The Hathor Temple and the Dendera Zodiac

    The Hathor Temple, which is within the Dendera Temple Complex in Qena province, located about 450 kilometers (280 miles) south of Cairo, is one of Egypt's best-preserved ancient sites. The smiling sphinx and artifacts were discovered within the walls of the complex.

    The Hathor temple was constructed during the Ptolemaic dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 305 BC to 30 BC. It was an important pilgrimage site in ancient Egypt, and many visitors would come to the temple to seek the goddess's blessings and perform rituals. Hathor was a complex deity, worshipped as the goddess of love, beauty, fertility, music, and dance. She was also associated with motherhood, childbirth, and the sky.

    The temple is home to the Dendera Zodiac , a celestial map that has been on display at the Louvre in Paris since 1922. The Dendera Zodiac is one of the earliest known representations of the constellations and is considered to be an important document in the history of astronomy. It shows the twelve zodiac signs, as well as other astronomical features such as the planets, the Milky Way, and the constellations of Orion and Sirius.

    Temple of Hathor, Dendera (Public Domain)

    Temple of Hathor, Dendera

    (Public Domain)

    Egypt’s Recent Discoveries to Boost Tourism

    Egypt has been unveiling major archaeological finds in recent months, primarily in the Saqqara necropolis south of Cairo, but also in Giza and Luxor. Just last week, the antiquities ministry announced the discovery of a hidden nine-meter passage inside the Great Pyramid of Giza, which could lead to the burial chamber of pharaoh Khufu.

    In January, archaeologists in Luxor uncovered an 1,800-year-old complete residential city from the Roman era. These discoveries have been seen by some experts as having more political and economic significance than scientific, reports the Associated Press .

    Egypt is relying on tourism to revive its vital tourism industry, which has suffered a severe economic crisis, severely dependent on foreign tourism. The government aims to draw in 30 million tourists per year by 2028, up from 13 million before the pandemic.

    The discovery of the sphinx statue near the Hathor Temple is another significant find for Egyptian archaeologists. With ongoing excavations in various parts of the country, Egypt's rich history continues to be uncovered. These archaeological finds not only have scientific importance but also economic significance for the country's vital tourism industry.

    By Sahir Pandey

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ } 

    10-03-2023 om 00:39 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    28-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.3-Million-Year-Old Oldowan Tools and Cut-Marked Bones Unearthed in Kenya

    3-Million-Year-Old Oldowan Tools and Cut-Marked Bones Unearthed in Kenya

    Oldowan tools, consisting of stones with one to a few flakes removed, are the oldest widespread and temporally persistent hominin tools. The oldest of these were previously known from around 2.6 million years ago in Ethiopia, and by 2 million years ago, they were found to be quite widespread. Now, paleoanthropologists have discovered a new, older fossil site from around 3 to 2.6 million years ago in Kenya, where Oldowan tools were not only present, but were also being used to process a variety of foods, including hippopotamus and bovids. Thus, it appears that these tools were widespread much earlier than previous estimates and were widely used for food processing. Which hominins were using these tools remains uncertain, but Paranthropus fossils occur at the site.
    Oldowan tools from the site of Nyayanga in Kenya: a dorsal flake, a ventral flake, and a core. Image credit: Plummer et al., doi: 10.1126/science.abo7452.

    Oldowan tools from the site of Nyayanga in Kenya: a dorsal flake, a ventral flake, and a core.

    Image credit: Plummer et al., doi: 10.1126/science.abo7452.

    The appearance of Oldowan tools around 2.6 million years ago was a technological breakthrough that used systematically produced, sharp-edged flakes for cutting and cobbles or cores for percussion.

    Although the Oldowan is often attributed to the genus Homo, multiple hominin species overlapped with these early tools, and it is possible that other genera, such as Paranthropus, made and/or used them.

    Some scientists have linked emergent Oldowan technology to the first access to or more efficient processing of nutrient-rich animal carcasses.

    The Nyayanga site as it was seen in 2014, prior to excavation.

    Scientists have unearthed more than 300 stone tools at the Nyayanga site in southwestern Kenya (pictured in 2014, prior to excavation).

    PHOTOGRAPH BY T.W. PLUMMER, HOMA PENINSULA PALEOANTHROPOLOGY PROJECT

    Others have argued that plant food processing was the primary goal of early Oldowan stone tool usage, with increased carnivory — and butchery with stone tools) being added to the behavioral repertoire after 2 million years ago.

    The evolutionary benefits connected with the emergence of Oldowan technology are unclear because of the paucity of Late Pliocene Oldowan sites, previously known only from the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.

    The new finds from the 3.03- to 2.6-million-year-old site at Nyayanga, Kenya, expand the geographic range of the earliest Oldowan tools by more than 1,300 km and the range of Paranthropus by approximately 230 km to southwestern Kenya.

    “This is one of the oldest if not the oldest example of Oldowan technology,” said Queens College researcher Thomas Plummer, lead author of the study.

    “This shows the toolkit was more widely distributed at an earlier date than people realized.”

    Paranthropus boisei. Image credit: © Roman Yevseyev.

    Paranthropus boisei.

    Image credit: © Roman Yevseyev.

    Not only were Oldowan tools present, but fossilized bones with associated stone-tool damage demonstrate the tools were used to butcher large animals: hippopotamids and bovids.

    Furthermore, use-wear patterns on the tools themselves suggest the processing of plant materials.

    “The site featured at least three individual hippos,” Dr. Plummer and colleagues said.

    “Two of these incomplete skeletons included bones that showed signs of butchery.”

    “We found a deep cut mark on one hippo’s rib fragment and a series of four short, parallel cuts on the shin bone of another.”

    “We also found antelope bones that showed evidence of hominins slicing away flesh with stone flakes or of having been crushed by hammerstones to extract marrow.”

    “The analysis of wear patterns on 30 of the stone tools found at the site showed that they had been used to cut, scrape and pound both animals and plants”

    “Because fire would not be harnessed by hominins for another 2 million years or so, these stone toolmakers would have eaten everything raw, perhaps pounding the meat into something like a hippo tartare to make it easier to chew.”

    The discovery of teeth from the muscular-jawed Paranthropus alongside these stone tools begs the question of whether it might have been that lineage rather than the Homo genus that was the architect of the earliest Oldowan stone tools, or perhaps even that multiple lineages were making these tools at roughly the same time.

    “The behaviors preserved at Nyayanga are at least 600,000 years older than prior evidence of megafaunal carcass and plant processing and substantially predate the increase in absolute brain size documented in the genus Homo after 2 million years ago,” the authors concluded.

    “The Late Pliocene expanded geography of the earliest Oldowan, and new evidence of its use in diverse tasks amplifies our understanding of the adaptive advantage of early stone technology in hominin diet and foraging ecology.”

    • paper on the findings was published February 9, 2023 in the journal Science.
    • Thomas W. Plummer et al. 2023. Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and ParanthropusScience 379 (6632): 561-566; doi: 10.1126/science.abo7452

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    28-02-2023 om 23:35 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The "Charlton Heston Phenomenon": Lost and Ruined, Ancient Civilizations

    The "Charlton Heston Phenomenon": Lost and Ruined, Ancient Civilizations

    The "Charlton Heston Phenomenon": Lost and Ruined, Ancient Civilizations

    It's no secret I'm a big believer in the theory there was once a Martian civilization; a civilization that is now long gone. All we have left is a body of strange, ancient items strewn across the floor of Mars - and that's it. Not at all unlike what we see in the final moments of the 1968 movie, Planet of the Apes, the Martian landscape appears, to me, to be littered with evidence of what was once at least one or several sprawling cities, but all now rendered pulverized and flattened. And a civilization collapsed. In the movie, such a city would turn out to be New York, as the presence of a ruined and pummeled Statue of Liberty makes abundantly and graphically clear. That’s when Charlton Heston’s astronaut character, "Taylor," learns to his sudden horror that he is not on a faraway world, after all, but on Earth, thousands of years after the human race has all but decimated our world and its people. There’s another parallel with that classic movie, too. It concerns one of the primary characters in Planet of the Apes, Dr. Zaius, the Minister of Science. He has spent much of his life terrified by the possible revealing of the true history of the ape planet. Namely, that we, the human race, came first and that, in terms of technology, we were once far ahead of the apes’ society. Zaius’s fear is that opening the equivalent of Pandora’s Box will cause chaos in the world of the apes. So, he takes the only option he thinks is viable: Zaius buries everything, just in case, even if he’s not fully sure of what went on before his civilization emerged. In other words, Zaius knew of an ancient, advanced human civilization. Such scenarios may have occurred in the real world. And on Mars, no less.

    (NASA)
    A "Mars-Henge"? It just might be

    Now, let us take a careful look at some of the other imagery that has been collected, studied and placed into the public domain as evidence that there was (and possibly still is) life on Mars. One particular case - that I personally think has a high degree of merit attached to it - concerns what has become known as the “Face-Hugger photograph.” Taken in July 2015 by NASA’s Curiosity Rover, it appears to show a strange creature that looks astonishingly like the monstrous face-invading creatures that appear in the phenomenally successful series of Alien movies. They starred Sigourney Weaver as Warrant Officer Ellen Ripley and reaped in an incredible amount of dollars. The story broke in early August 2015. The headlines were predictably sensational. The U.K.’s Metro newspaper ran with the story and titled their feature as follows: “Crab-like alien ‘facehugger’ is seen crawling out of a cave on Mars.” The article included the words of Seth Shostak, a skeptic when it comes to the matter of life on Mars, and the Senior Astronomer and Director of the Center for SETI Research; “SETI” standing for “search for extraterrestrial intelligence.” Shostak said of the strange looking thing and other allegedly anomalous photos that reach him from time to time: “Those that send them to me are generally quite excited, as they claim that these frequently resemble something you wouldn’t expect to find on the rusty, dusty surface of the Red Plane. It’s usually some sort of animal, but occasionally even weirder objects such as automobile parts. Maybe they think there are cars on Mars.”

    On the other side of the coin were the words of Scott Waring who, at UFO Sightings Daily, said that: “It does appear alive. It may be a crab-like animal, or it also may be a plant. This object has many arms and one of them goes to the left of the picture a very long ways. That arm is longer than all others. Plant or animal it really doesn't matter. The significance of this is that it shows signs that it is alive. That is everything, but not to NASA.” And, that’s pretty much how the online debate went on: for the world of science the face-hugger was nothing but an example of pareidolia. UFO seekers and conspiracy theorists said otherwise, suggesting that what looked like an eerie, creepy animal was exactly that – an eerie, creepy animal. That it appeared to be in the opening to a small cave and maneuvering up (or, granted, scuttling down) the cave wall with its multiple limbs only seems to add to the theory that NASA had captured on camera a genuine Martian animal – and a very hair-raising one, too! In my view, the spidery, crab-like animal is not a case of the eye seeing what it sorely wants to see. And, the story isn’t quite over: later on, we’ll take a close and careful look at the incredible story of a skilled remote-viewer who, in late 2019, was able to add further, and undeniably astonishing, data to this particular story of the closest things to real-life face-huggers. 

    Now, what about Mars’ very own dolphin? Say what? Yes. Or not. This is one of the examples that I find difficult-to-impossible to believe is anything but a mark on the landscape that just happens to appear dolphin-like. Which, admittedly, it does. That it is located not at all far from the Face on Mars has ensured that it still provokes debate and commentary. But, it really shouldn’t. A carved dolphin? Not a chance in Hell. Forget it. Moving on, there is what has been termed “The Crowned Face.” A photo taken in the Libya Montes area – a ring of mountains on Mars - by the Mars Global Surveyor appears to show a large face, with a pointed chin, a pair of eyes and a nose. Also, what appears to be crown-like headgear - hence the name that has been attached to it, – whatever “it” may be. On this one, I can go both ways: I’m not convinced that it shows evidence of huge, mega-sculpting of the landscape. On the other hand, I definitely think it is well worth tackling this enigma to a greater degree; if only to relegate it to the “maybe”-box. I should stress, though, that Mars expert Tom Van Flandern was quite enthusiastic about the discovery: “While not near the Cydonia area, this face portrayal is again striking for the richness of its detail, far better than the typical face arising in clouds or geological formations on Earth. The latter tend to be distorted and grotesque when they are more than simply impressionistic.”

    “Dinosaur skulls” on Mars don’t impress me in the slightest. I have yet to see one that really jumps out at me. There are a few of them, again captured by NASA’s cameras, but I am not persuaded here. That said, there is one skull-like item that I find very interesting. Obtained by NASA’s Spirit, the photo does appear to show a large skull on the rocky, desert floor of Mars. One can see a pair of eye-sockets. Moreover, those same sockets seem to be in perfect alignment with each other. A nose and nostrils, a robust jaw, and even the vague outline of a bony mouth are all in evidence. The skull is clearly somewhat different to a regular, human skull, in the sense that it seems to be much bulkier. If the anomaly is what it appears to be – the skull of a Martian - it’s hardly likely to look exactly the skull of a member of the Human Race! There is something else too: what look like a pair of protrusions – or what Mike Bara refers to as “jowl-like appendages” – situated around the chin area. They look as if they could inflict serious injury if one got too close. Now, we come to a story that practically circled the globe in 2008. It provoked sensational comments, controversial observations, and wild conclusions. The story suggested that nothing less than the ancient statue of a man wearing a robe, or a woman wearing a long dress – and with one arm poking out - could be seen on the Martian landscape. Also, the statue appeared to be in a sitting position, taking a break from whatever it is that the average Martian does on the average Martian day. It was a story that was picked up by not just the blogs of UFO researchers, but by the likes of CNN, the BBC, and Reuters. And the initial data seemed to be impressive. It would not stay like that.

    Ben Radford, of the Skeptical Inquirer, and someone who has yet to see an anomaly that he cannot explain, said: “According to astronomer Phil Plait of Bad Astronomy Web site, if the image really is a man on Mars, he’s awfully small: ‘Talk about a tempest in a teacup!’ Plait said: ‘The rock on Mars is actually just a few inches high and a few yards from the camera.’” Plait was correct: despite the extensive coverage that the story got, very few media outlets pointed out that the figure was indeed barely a few inches tall and that the Spirit – which secured the image – was actually extremely close to the “figure” when the photo was taken. Just about all of the reproductions of the photo made it appear as if the viewer was looking at a large object, or a human-sized figure, in the distance. 

    Mike Bara had an answer for this: he theorized that the admittedly-eerie-looking figure was an ancient, Martian artifact of small proportions. To bolster his argument, Bara showed examples of equally small, carved figures of the Egyptian pharaoh, Khufu. A very small Martian humanoid taking a break on a rock? A tiny piece of rock that seemed to resemble a living being? A carefully fashioned, small statue of the type that Mike Bara offered as a potential answer to the controversy? The questions are several. The answers, however, depend very much upon your own, personal perspective. And still on the matter of perspectives: if only the mainstream media had made it abundantly clear from the beginning that what we were seeing was nowhere near a life-sized figure - but something around the size of a kid’s toy soldier - we would not still be debating on this issue years down the line. And a significant portion of this article could have been seamlessly omitted.

    (NASA)
    Not the Face on Mars. This one is called the Crowned Face. That's two faces on Mars

    I sometimes ponder on the possibility that some of our scientists - not unlike Dr. Zaius in their mindsets - might be fearful of what the ramifications could be if history is changed by the opening of that aforementioned box. So, rather like the person who wakes up one morning and finds a lump under one of their armpits, and who refuses to go to the doctor for fear of what they might learn, the truth is ignored, with a hope that it will go away. But, it doesn’t go away. It just piles up more and more. Maybe, that’s how things are with NASA: a case of: "If we forget about the Face on Mars we won’t have to deal with it." But, it’s clearly not going away. Nor are the many other anomalies that are scattered across the Red Planet.

    Of course, I can't prove any of this; but, based on what we've seeen so far, I really do have a deep belief that Mars really was once a sprawling, beautiful world. And, at some point in its "life" Mars was all but destroyed. Whether the destruction came by something like a comet or a huge meteorite, I really don't know. Maybe, the Martians went to war with each other and, as a result, they destroyed themselves. If you look at all of the many and varied anomalies that can be seen on the surface of Mars, it's very hard to dismiss all the oddities on the planet: such as the "Marshenge." But, there is something else, too: these connections, in many respects, seem to link with our world in some ways - albeit thousands of years ago. Did Mars and our world once have a connection? If so, did it turn into a planetary war. Such a thing, in my view, is entirely possible. Let's hope nothing like that happens to us.

    NOTE:

    • NASA is an arm of the U.S. Government. Therefore, the two photos included in this article are in the public domain

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    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    28-02-2023 om 21:15 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old!

    The Bronze Age shoe, in situ where it was found on the river edge in Kent, England.    Source: Steve Tomlinson

    Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old!

    A man exploring along a riverbank in northern Kent recently discovered the oldest shoe ever found on United Kingdom soil. Carbon dating tests proved the decayed but still recognizable leather artifact was nearly 3,000 years old, having been manufactured sometime between the years 888 and 781 BC. This incredible age highlights what an absolute miracle this discovery was, as the ancient shoe, which likely belonged to a toddler, was lying out in the open fully visible to anyone who might walk by.

    One of the Best Mudlarking Adventures Ever

    The small, flattened shoe was spotted by archaeologist Steve Tomlinson, a resident of Ramsgate, Kent who works with the Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

    On September 17, 2022, Tomlinson and a colleague, archaeologist Emily Brown, were out walking along rivers in Kent, searching for valuable artifacts that might have washed up along the edges. This activity is known as mudlarking, and archaeologists who do it often find intriguing objects that may be anywhere from a few decades to a few centuries old. The best sites for mudlarking are rivers that feed into the ocean (like the River Thames , for example) and are affected by the rising and sinking of the tides. Mudlarkers will arrive during times of low tide, searching along shores that are normally covered by water.

    The unassuming ‘thing’ on the river beach didn’t slip past finder Steve’s trained eye (Steve Tomlinson)

    The unassuming ‘thing’ on the river beach didn’t slip past finder Steve’s trained eye

    Steve Tomlinson )

    Someone with an untrained eye might have passed by the shoe without noticing it, or even caring if they did notice. But Tomlinson was actively searching for anomalous objects, and the aged shoe caught his attention immediately.

    “The day started well, and between us we had a good selection of finds including plenty of pottery sherds from the Roman period, and various small objects like a small piece of Roman tesserae,” Tomlinson recalled in an article in the Isle of Thanet News :

    “We had been out for 3 hours scouring the shoreline, and the tide was turning when we hit the last leg of our day. As we made our way along the foreshore … I came across what looked like a very old shoe-like piece of leather washed up on the mud. It was around 15 centimeters [6 inches] in length.”

    Tomlinson and Brown examined the weathered leather of the flattened shoe carefully, trying to estimate its age. The archaeologists concluded that it was most likely an early medieval artifact, meaning it might have been dropped or washed into the river as long as 1,000 years ago.

    It might seem unusual that someone finding a shoe next to a river would conclude the object was centuries old. But this wasn’t Tomlinson first time. While mudlarking in 2018, he discovered an Anglo-Saxon shoe sticking out of the mud that was ultimately dated to the 10th century AD.

    Expecting a similar result this time, Tomlinson sent his interesting discovery on to the SUERC carbon dating facility in East Kilbride, Scotland. But when the lab revealed the results five weeks later, Tomlinson received one of the great shocks of his life, as he learned he’d underestimated the age of the little old shoe by nearly 2,000 years.

    "The date they had given me was just astonishing," Tomlinson said. “This could be not only the oldest shoe found in Kent, but in the British Isles itself, and a very high possibility that this is also the smallest Bronze Age shoe ever discovered in the world.”

    It has now been confirmed that this is the most ancient shoe ever recovered in the United Kingdom. This distinction previously belonged to a 2,000-year-old shoe found in 2005 in a quarry in Somerset.

    By modern standards the shoe would be listed as a child size 7, and would be appropriate for a toddler aged around 2-3 years old, explained Mr Tomlinson. The child presumably had lost the shoe while playing in or around the riverbank all those years ago, and it had been lying on the bottom of the riverbank waiting to be found ever since.

    The shoe has been conserved by Dana Goodburn Brown, an accredited Archaeological Conservator at DGB Conservation. (Steve Tomlinson)

    The shoe has been conserved by Dana Goodburn Brown, an accredited Archaeological Conservator at DGB Conservation 

    (Steve Tomlinson )

    Walking Back in Time in a Bronze Age Toddler’s Shoe

    Archaeologists are always surprised and delighted when they find ancient items of clothing that are in good enough shape to be studied.

    “Prehistoric textiles like this rarely survive and the only chance is by finding them in anaerobic conditions such as bogs and mud (away from the air),” Tomlinson explained. 

    But even when an organic artifact is preserved for hundreds or thousands of years, it still takes a lot of luck to actually locate it. And Steve Tomlinson was blessed with an inordinate amount of good fortune, as he fully appreciates.

    "Finding something like that is quite extraordinary,” Tomlinson confirmed in an interview with Kent Online . "It opens up history too; we just know nothing about these kinds of things."

    The ancient toddler’s shoe will be transferred to the British Museum for more analysis. Now that the shoe has been successfully dated to the Late Bronze Age , it will be tested further to see if scientists can learn what animal it came from. Attempts will be made to extract traces of human DNA from the artifact as well, and if this is successful it could reveal the true age, gender and ethnic identity of the child who wore the leather shoe in the first millennium BC.

    • Top image: The Bronze Age shoe, in situ where it was found on the river edge in Kent, England.   
    • Source: Steve Tomlinson

    By Nathan Falde

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    28-02-2023 om 17:13 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Discovery of Bronze Age child's shoe suggests perennial problem of toddlers dropping their things stretches back 3,000 years

    Discovery of Bronze Age child's shoe suggests perennial problem of toddlers dropping their things stretches back 3,000 years

    • A 3,000-year-old leather shoe belonging to a toddler was found in north Kent 
    • The 15cm shoe was found by archaeologist Steve Tomlinson, 51, in a riverbed 

    Most parents will know the feelin

    g of getting home, opening the door and realising your child has somehow lost a shoe.

    Scientists now think it could be a feeling that tens of billions of parents have felt for millennia.

    A 3,000-year-old toddler's shoe from the Bronze Age, dating from between 888 and 781BC, has been discovered in a north Kent riverbed.

    A comforting fact is since then at least 62 billion people have come and gone on Earth and many have likely also faced the same shoe problem that parents today often scratch their heads about.

    The rare Bronze Age 15cm leather shoe is thought to be the oldest found in the UK and was found by archaeologist Steve Tomlinson, 51, as he was mudlarking in September.

    A Bronze Age leather shoe (pictured) thought to be the oldest in the UK was unearthed in north Kent riverbed

    A Bronze Age leather shoe (pictured) thought to be the oldest in the UK was unearthed in north Kent riverbed

    Archaeologist Steve Tomlinson, 51, (pictured) discovered the 3,000-year-old shoe that belonged to a toddler

    Archaeologist Steve Tomlinson, 51, (pictured) discovered the 3,000-year-old shoe that belonged to a toddler

    A micro-CAT scan (pictured) of the shoe discovered that the sole was made from several layers

    A micro-CAT scan (pictured) of the shoe discovered that the sole was made from several layers

    Mr Tomlinson, from Ramsgate, Kent, didn't think much of the find at first but sent it for carbon-dating at a unit in East Kilbride, Scotland.

    Five weeks later he received the 'shocking' result that dated the show from the late Bronze Age.

    Mr Tomlinson said: 'I thought it was something good but I still thought it was medieval. 

    'I sent it off for carbon-dating and five weeks later I got a call from a gentleman at the lab who said to me, "I think you better sit down for this".

    'I'd had a good day's mudlarking that day - I'd found quite a few Roman pottery shards - but I was not expecting that. 

    'I could've quite easily missed it but I had an inkling it was something special.

    'It's absolutely fascinating.'

    The Bronze Age shoe, in situ where it was found on the river edge in Kent, England. Source: Steve Tomlinson

    The unassuming ‘thing’ on the river beach didn’t slip past finder Steve’s trained eye

    Steve Tomlinson )

    The shoe is 15cm long, meaning in today's terms the child would have been a size seven

    The shoe is 15cm long, meaning in today's terms the child would have been a size seven

    The child is thought to have been around two or three years old and scientists will do DNA tests to try to determine whether the show's owner was a boy or a girl

    The child is thought to have been around two or three years old and scientists will do DNA tests to try to determine whether the show's owner was a boy or a girl

    An X-ray carried out at Canterbury Christchurch University found the underside of the sole is imprinted with a textile pattern

    An X-ray carried out at Canterbury Christchurch University found the underside of the sole is imprinted with a textile pattern

    In today's sizes the shoe would be a size seven and archaeologists think its owner was around two or three years old.

    Mr Tomlinson said he is 'confident' it is the oldest of its kind in the UK and possibly the smallest in the world.

    He said: 'It's a tiny little thing really.'

    'We hope professionals might be able to reconstruct it eventually and that it might go into the British Museum down the line.

    'It's of incredible national interest.'

    The shoe is now in the care of heritage scientist and archaeological conservator Dana Goodburn-Brown, 63, who specialises in micro-excavation.

    Ms Goodburn-Brown said: 'Organic materials like leather, textiles or wood will not survive unless they're somewhere very arid or in mud without oxygen.

    'This shoe has been in a silt environment with sediment, without oxygen. 

    'It's what we call anaerobic conditions .

    'It gets to this equilibrium state where it doesn't biodegrade. That's why it's so rare.

    'It's amazing that it survived so long. 

    'The fact that it dislodged from elsewhere and Steve came across it before it started to degrade is incredible.

    'We don't know where it originated but it's most likely it was either washed out with cliff erosion, which happens quite regularly in Kent, or emerged during dredging.

    Dana, from Sittingbourne, Kent, took the shoe to experts at the University of Kent who examined it under a micro-CT scanner, where they discovered the sole was made up of several layers.

    More significantly, an X-ray carried out at Canterbury Christchurch University found the underside of the sole is imprinted with a textile pattern, suggesting it had either been wrapped in or pressed against a piece of material for some time.

    The next step is to send the leather for DNA testing to see what they can learn about the shoe's original owner. 

    Scientists might even be able to tell whether the toddler was a boy or a girl and what animal the leather came from.

    The shoe has been conserved by Dana Goodburn Brown, an accredited Archaeological Conservator at DGB Conservation. (Steve Tomlinson)

    The shoe has been conserved by Dana Goodburn Brown, an accredited Archaeological Conservator at DGB Conservation 

    (Steve Tomlinson )

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

    28-02-2023 om 16:57 geschreven door peter  

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    23-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen. Ancient grammatical puzzle that has baffled scientists for 2,500 years is SOLVED: Expert finally cracks the riddle by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini

    Ancient grammatical puzzle that has baffled scientists for 2,500 years is SOLVED: Expert finally cracks the riddle by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini

    • Pāṇini was a scholar in India who lived between the 6th and 4th century BC
    • Cambridge researcher has decoded a rule in Pāṇini's 'language machine'
    • The language machine teaches the pronunciation of the Sanskrit language 
    • It means Pāṇini’s grammar can be taught to computers for the first time

    A grammatical puzzle that has defeated scholars since the 5th century BC has finally been solved.

    Dr Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge, has decoded a rule that devised by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini. 

    The rule is a fundamental part of an ingenious grammatical system created by Pāṇini, called the 'language machine', intended to teach India's sacred Sanskrit language. 

    Dr Rajpopat's efforts, detailed in his PhD thesis published today, now mean Pāṇini’s language machine can be taught to computers for the first time. 

    P¿¿ini's ingenious grammatical system - 4,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the A¿¿¿dhy¿y¿, which is thought to have been written around 500BC ¿ is meant to work like a machine

    Pāṇini's ingenious grammatical system - 4,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is thought to have been written around 500BC – is meant to work like a machine 

    Who was Pāṇini?

    Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian, and scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC.

    It's thought he lived in a region of what is now north-west Pakistan and south-east Afghanistan. 

    He was the first linguist to organise the structure of the human language, and is considered the 'first descriptive linguist' and 'the father of linguistics'.

    He developed the 'language machine' which is widely considered to be one of the great intellectual achievements in history. 

    Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian and scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC. 

    His 'language machine' is widely considered to be one of the great intellectual achievements in history.

    It was detailed in his revered work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, thought to have been written around 500BC. 

    'It's one document and all it's got is 4,000 very short rules,' Dr Rajpopat told MailOnline.

    'Each rule is about three to four words on average. What these 4,000 rules do is they help us derive any word of Sanskrit. 

    'These 4,000 rules essentially function together as a machine.' 

    Dr Rajpopat refers to it as a conceptual machine rather than a physical machine. 

    The purpose of the language machine is 'derivation' – the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., 'hope' to 'hopeful' or 'combine' to 'combination'). 

    To give an example in English, a user would take the base word 'define' and the affix 'ation' and give the resulting word to use – 'definition'.

    The thing is, when combining a base word and an affix, there are sound differences that need to be accounted for, otherwise it would give a nonsensical word like 'define-ation' (pronounced def-ine-ey-shun).   

    Dr Rishi Rajpopat (pictured) made the breakthrough by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' P¿¿ini

    Dr Rishi Rajpopat (pictured) made the breakthrough by decoding a rule taught by 'the father of linguistics' Pāṇini

    What is Sanskrit? 

    Sanskrit is an ancient and classical Indo-European language from South Asia.

    It is the sacred language of Hinduism, but also the medium through which much of India’s greatest science, philosophy, poetry and other secular literature have been communicated for centuries. 

    While only spoken in India by an estimated 25,000 people today, Sanskrit has growing political significance in India, and has influenced many other languages and cultures around the world

    The 4,000 rules that make up Pāṇini's system effectively help users produce grammatically-correct forms of words. 

    Each rule has a serial number, based on its order in the document – for example, 7.3.103.  

    In case a user found that two of these rules were applicable – a situation known as 'rule conflict' – Pāṇini created one 'metarule' to help users decide which of the two rules should be applied. 

    Dr Rajpopat names Pāṇini’s metarule '1.4.2 vipratiṣedhe paraṁ kāryam'. 

    Until now, the meaning of this 'metarule' was widely misinterpreted for around 2,500 years, leading to grammatically incorrect results.

    'Unfortunately the first scholar to comment on Pāṇini's grammar, Katyayana, misunderstood this metarule,' Dr Rajpopat said. 

    'He was familiar with two possible interpretations of this rule and unfortunately he chose the wrong one.

    'Thereafter, all the scholars to write about Pāṇini's grammar over the last 2,500 years essentially went ahead with that incorrect interpretation.' 

    P¿¿ini was a philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC. P¿¿ini is thought to have lived in a region in what is now north-west Pakistan and south-east Afghanistan

    Pāṇini was a philologist, grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, who lived sometime between the 6th and 4th century BC. Pāṇini is thought to have lived in a region in what is now north-west Pakistan and south-east Afghanistan

    The traditional but incorrect interpretation of rule 1.4.2 is that when there is a conflict between two rules, the rule with a higher serial order should be chosen or 'wins' (for example, 7.3.103 rather than 7.1.9).

    'Now that of course gives us all kind of grammatically incorrect forms if we are to go by that interpretation,' Dr Rajpopat said.

    'I reinterpreted this rule as in the event of such interaction between two rules at the same step, the rule that is applicable to the right-hand part of the word wins. 

    'That has helped us figure out the algorithm that runs this machine, so now when you follow the correct interpretation of this rule you automatically get the correct answer.'  

    Unlike scholars before him, Dr Rajpopat correctly interpreted one of the 4,000-odd rules that make up the so-called 'language machine'. Pictured is his interpretation of the rule, which is referred to when there is 'rule conflict'

    Unlike scholars before him, Dr Rajpopat correctly interpreted one of the 4,000-odd rules that make up the so-called 'language machine'. Pictured is his interpretation of the rule, which is referred to when there is 'rule conflict' 

    For the last 2,500 years, scholars laboriously developed hundreds of other metarules to try and fix the system and make it work – even though the system wasn't broken. 

    'They had to come up with all kinds of extra instructions to help the grammar achieve the grammatically correct form,' Dr Rajpopat told MailOnline. 

    'Pāṇini had an extraordinary mind and he built a machine unrivalled in human history. He didn’t expect us to add new ideas to his rules. 

    'The more we fiddle with Pāṇini's grammar, the more it eludes us.'

    Dr Rajpopat’s work means we have a 'very elegant, simple, teachable' algorithm that runs Pāṇini's grammar, which could potentially be taught to computers. 

    Professor Vincenzo Vergiani, Dr Rajpopat’s supervisor at Cambridge, said: 'This discovery will revolutionise the study of Sanskrit at a time when interest in the language is on the rise.' 

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    Pāṇini's 'language machine: A revered system for using the ancient Sanskrit language

    Pāṇini’s language machine is a reference document for how to use the Sanskrit, a classical Indian language, consisting of a checklist of about 4,000 rules.  

    The system – 4,000 rules detailed in his greatest work, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, which is thought to have been written around 500BC – is meant to work like a machine. 

    Feed in the base and suffix of a word and it should turn them into grammatically correct words and sentences through a step-by-step process.

    Until now, however, there has been a big problem. Often, two or more of Pāṇini’s rules are simultaneously applicable at the same step leaving scholars to agonise over which one to choose.

    Solving so-called 'rule conflicts', which affect millions of Sanskrit words including certain forms of ‘mantra’ and ‘guru’, requires an algorithm. 

    Pāṇini taught a metarule ('1.4.2 vipratiṣedhe paraṁ kāryam’) to help us decide which rule should be applied in the event of 'rule conflict'. 

    But for the last 2,500 years, scholars have misinterpreted this metarule meaning that they often ended up with a grammatically incorrect result.

    In an attempt to fix this issue, many scholars laboriously developed hundreds of other metarules but Dr Rishi Rajpopat, an Indian PhD student at the University of Cambridge, found these are not just incapable of solving the problem at hand.

    Dr Rajpopat found that Pāṇini’s 'language machine' is 'self-sufficient'. 

    Rajpopat said: 'Pāṇini had an extraordinary mind and he built a machine unrivalled in human history. 

    'He didn’t expect us to add new ideas to his rules. The more we fiddle with Pāṇini's grammar, the more it eludes us.”

    Traditionally, scholars have interpreted Pāṇini’s metarule as meaning: in the event of a conflict between two rules of equal strength, the rule that comes later in the grammar’s serial order wins - but Dr Rajpopat rejects this

    Instead, he claims the rule has the following meaning: between rules applicable to the left and right sides of a word respectively, Pāṇini wanted us to choose the rule applicable to the right side. 

    Employing this interpretation, Rajpopat found Pāṇini’s language machine produced grammatically correct words with almost no exceptions.

    Source: University of Cambridge  

    Read more:

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    23-02-2023 om 00:19 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    22-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Ancient Environmental DNA Reveals Thriving 2-Million-Year-Old Life on Greenland

    Reconstruction of Kap København formation two-million years ago in a time where the temperature was significantly warmer than northernmost Greenland today.          Source: Beth Zaiken / Nature

    Ancient Environmental DNA Reveals Thriving 2-Million-Year-Old Life on Greenland

    A “breakthrough” has been made in understanding the history of our planet. Studying ancient environmental DNA a team of researchers has now tracked and mapped the evolution of biological communities that existed some two million-years-ago (Mya).

    Until now, the scientific understanding of Earth’s ancient biological lifeforms was greatly built on the oldest environmental DNA available, which was taken from a woolly mammoth that roamed in the Siberian tundra around 1 Mya. But a team of researchers has now sampled and interpreted DNA from sedimentary clay and quartz deposits taken from the permafrost of Greenland that dates back to around 2 million Mya.

    Based on this new study of ancient environmental DNA, the team of researchers has presented a detailed picture of life in a 2-million-year-old (Myo) environment, describing it as “far removed from the icy shores of the Arctic Circle.” But more importantly, they think their new techniques and methodology might soon shine light on the ancient origins of humans .

    A two-million- year-old trunk from a larch tree still stuck in the permafrost within the coastal deposits. The tree was carried to the sea by the rivers that eroded the former forested landscape. (Professor Svend Funder/Nature)

    A two-million- year-old trunk from a larch tree still stuck in the permafrost within the coastal deposits. The tree was carried to the sea by the rivers that eroded the former forested landscape.

    (Professor Svend Funder/ Nature)

    Peering Through A Wormhole In Time

    new paper published in the journal Nature explores an ancient ecosystem through the results of an analysis of “the oldest ancient environmental DNA recovered to date,” anywhere. The samples were all taken in the north of Greenland, and the study reveals the animal and plant species that roamed these northern territories approximately two Mya.

    Author of the new paper, Geneticist Eske Willerslev of the University of Cambridge in the UK and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, says the new research opens “a new chapter spanning 1 million extra years of history.” And as a result of this new study scientists can now “look directly at the DNA of a past ecosystem that far back in time" added Eske.

    Prof. Eske Willerslev and a colleague sample sediments for environmental DNA in Greenland. (Courtesy of NOVA, HHMI Tangled Bank Studios & Handful of Films/Nature)

    Prof. Eske Willerslev and a colleague sample sediments for environmental DNA in Greenland.

    (Courtesy of NOVA, HHMI Tangled Bank Studios & Handful of Films/ Nature)

    Revolutionary Steps in Environmental DNA Analysis

    The ancient environmental DNA was identified in samples taken at the Kap København Formation, located in Peary Land, North Greenland. Often described as a ‘polar desert’ this region is renowned for its rare fossils dating back to the Neogene period beginning 23.03 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 Mya.

    Notwithstanding, because ‘vertebrate’ fossils are rare in the Arctic researchers have always struggled to obtain samples that reveal new data about ancient biological communities. Eske explains that all previous research suggested that around 2–3 Mya the Kap København Formation region had experienced a much warmer climate with “temperatures 11–19 °C warmer than today.” But the new research was constructed around extracted and sequenced DNA “from 41 organic-rich sediment samples taken from 5 different sites within the Kap København Formation.”

    Newly thawed moss from the permafrost coastal deposits. The moss originates from erosion of the river that cut through the landscape at Kap København some two million years ago. (Professor Nicolaj K. Larsen/Nature)

    Newly thawed moss from the permafrost coastal deposits. The moss originates from erosion of the river that cut through the landscape at Kap København some two million years ago.

    (Professor Nicolaj K. Larsen/ Nature)

    Mapping A Two MYO Ecosystem

    Geologist Kurt Kjær of the University of Copenhagen explains that most of the samples were taken many years ago during other research projects. It wasn't until “a new generation of DNA extraction and sequencing equipment was developed” that extremely small and damaged fragments of DNA in the sediment samples could be analysed enabling the new “map a 2-million-year-old ecosystem."

    The new model of the Greenland polar region some 2 Mya shows an ancient ecosystem thriving with fern and fauna. An open boreal forest was filled with “a mixed vegetation of poplar, birch and thuja trees, as well as a variety of Arctic and boreal shrubs and herbs.” Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA allowed the researchers to build a picture of the wildlife from the ground up.

    On a microscopic scale, DNA was identified from microorganisms and fungi and the ancient world was populated by ants and fleas. On the other end of the spectrum giant mastodons roamed among reindeer, rodents and geese, and until this study it was thought that mastodons did not range as far north as Greenland. Then, in areas that were once ancient seas, the scientists recovered DNA from the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).

    Questing Ancient Origins

    In conclusion, the authors suggest their data points towards “Earth's future in the face of a changing climate.” What they mean here is that they now have insights into the ability of different species to adapt to the changing environments resulting from temperature increases. Geogeneticist Mikkel Pederson of the University of Copenhagen said the new found information suggests that given time, “more species can evolve and adapt to wildly varying temperatures than previously thought.”

    In the opening sentence this new research was described as a “breakthrough.” Why so? Now that ancient environmental DNA has been extracted from clay and quartz samples, and successfully analysed, the new technique might now be turned towards deposits from other locations around the world. Willerslev said “the possibilities are endless" and that if the new method was applied in Africa scientists might soon be gathering “ground-breaking information about the origin of the first humans and their ancestors."

    Ancient Origins DNA

    • Top image: Reconstruction of Kap København formation two-million years ago in a time where the temperature was significantly warmer than northernmost Greenland today.        
    • Source: Beth Zaiken Nature

    By Ashley Cowie

    RELATED VIDEOS

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    22-02-2023 om 00:29 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    20-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Five Legendary Lost Cities that have Never Been Found

    Five Legendary Lost Cities that have Never Been Found

    Five Legendary Lost Cities that have Never Been Found

    The story of Atlantis is one of the most renowned and enduring tales of a lost city, said to have been swallowed up by the sea and lost forever. Yet, the story of Atlantis is not unique, as other cultures have similar legends of landmasses and cities that have disappeared under the waves, been lost beneath desert sands, or buried beneath centuries of vegetation. From the ancient homeland of the Aztecs, to jungle cities of gold and riches, we examine five legendary lost cities that have never been found.

    1. Percy Fawcett and the Lost City of Z

    Percy Fawcett and the Lost City of Z

    Since Europeans first arrived in the New World, there have been stories of a legendary jungle city of gold, sometimes referred to as El Dorado.  Spanish Conquistador, Francisco de Orellana was the first to venture along the Rio Negro in search of this fabled city.  In 1925, at the age of 58, explorer Percy Fawcett headed into the jungles of Brazil to find a mysterious lost city he called “Z”.  He and his team would vanish without a trace and the story would turn out be one of the biggest news stories of his day.  Despite countless rescue missions, Fawcett was never found. 

    In 1906, the Royal Geographical Society, a British organization that sponsors scientific expeditions, invited Fawcett to survey part of the frontier between Brazil and Bolivia.  He spent 18 months in the Mato Grosso area and it was during his various expeditions that Fawcett became obsessed with the idea of lost civilizations in this area. In 1920, Fawcett came across a document in the National Library of Rio De Janeiro called Manuscript 512.  It was written by a Portuguese explorer in 1753, who claimed to have found a walled city deep in the Mato Grosso region of the Amazon rainforest, reminiscent of ancient Greece.  The manuscript described a lost, silver laden city with multi-storied buildings, soaring stone arches, wide streets leading down towards a lake on which the explorer had seen two white Indians in a canoe.  Fawcett called this the Lost City of Z.

    In 1921, Fawcett set out on his first of many expeditions to find the Lost City of Z, but his team were frequently hindered by the hardships of the jungle, dangerous animals, and rampant diseases.  Percy’s final search for Z culminated in his complete disappearance.  In April 1925, he attempted one last time to find Z, this time better equipped and better financed by newspapers and societies including the Royal Geographic Society and the Rockefellers.  In his final letter home, sent back via a team member, Fawcett sent a message to his wife Nina and proclaimed “We hope to get through this region in a few days.... You need have no fear of any failure.”  It was to be the last anyone would ever hear from them again.

    While Fawcett’s lost city of Z has never been found, numerous ancient cities and remains of religious sites have been uncovered in recent years in the jungles of Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia and Honduras. With the advent of new scanning technology, it is possible that an ancient city that spurred the legends of Z, may one day be found.

    2. The Lost City of Aztlan – Legendary Homeland of the Aztecs

    The Lost City of Aztlan – Legendary Homeland of the Aztecs

    The Aztec people of Mexico created one of the most powerful empires of the ancient Americas. While much is known about their empire located where today’s Mexico City can be found, less is known about the very start of the Aztec culture. Many consider the missing island of Aztlan to be the ancient homeland where the Aztec people began to form as a civilization prior to their migration to the Valley of Mexico. Some believe it is a mythical land, similar to Atlantis or Camelot, which will live on through legend but will never be found in physical existence. Others believe it to be a true, physical location that will someday be identified. Searches for the land of Aztlan have spanned from Western Mexico, all the way to the deserts of Utah, in hopes of finding the legendary island. However, these searches have been fruitless, as the location – and existence – of Aztlan remain a mystery.

    The formation of civilization at Aztlan comes from legend. According to Nahuatl legend, there were seven tribes that once lived at Chicomoztoc – “the place of the seven caves.” These tribes represented the seven Nahua groups: Acolhua, Chalca, Mexica, Tepaneca, Tlahuica, Tlaxcalan, and Xochimilca (different sources provide variations on the names of the seven groups). The seven groups, being of similar linguistic groups, left their respective caves and settled as one group near Aztlan.

    The word Aztlan means “the land to the north; the land from whence we, the Aztecs, came.” It is said that eventually, the people who inhabited Aztlan became known as the Aztecs, who then migrated from Aztlan to the Valley of Mexico. The Aztec migration from Aztlan to Tenochtitlán is a very important piece of Aztec history. It began on May 24, 1064, which was the first Aztec solar year.

    To this day, the actual existence of an island known as Aztlan has not been confirmed. Many have searched for the land, in hopes of having a better understanding of where the Aztecs came from, and perhaps a better understanding of ancient Mexican history. However, like other lost cities, it is not clear whether Aztlan will ever be found.

    3. The Lost Land of Lyonesse – Legendary City on the Bottom of the Sea

    The Lost Land of Lyonesse – Legendary City on the Bottom of the Sea

    In Arthurian legend, Lyonesse is the home country of Tristan, from the legendary story of Tristan and Iseult.  The mythical land of Lyonesse is now referred to as the “Lost Land of Lyonesse,” as it is ultimately said to have sunk into the sea. However, the legendary tale of Tristan and Iseult shows that Lyonesse is known for more than sinking into the ocean, and that it had a legendary presence while it remained above ground. While Lyonesse is mostly referred to in stories of legend and myth, there is some belief that it represents a very real city that sunk into the sea many years ago. With such a legendary location, it can be difficult to ascertain where the legend ends and reality begins.

    There are some variations in the legends that surround the sinking of the land. Prior to its sinking, Lyonesse would have been quite large, containing one hundred and forty villages and churches. Lyonesse is said to have disappeared on November 11, 1099 (although some tales use the year 1089, and some date back to the 6th century). Very suddenly the land was flooded by the sea. Entire villages were swallowed, and the people and animals of the area drowned. Once it was covered in water, the land never reemerged. While the Arthurian tales are legendary, there is some belief that Lyonesse was once a very real place attached to the Scilly Isles in Cornwall, England. Evidence shows that sea levels were considerably lower in the past, so it is very possible that an area that once contained a human settlement above-ground is now beneath the sea level. Indeed, fisherman near the Scilly Isles tell tales of retrieving pieces of buildings and other structures from their fishing nets. These stories have never been substantiated, and are viewed by some as tall tales.

    From the legendary tales of Tristan and Iseult, to Arthur’s final battle with Mordred, to the stories of a city being swallowed by the sea, the tales of Lyonesse invoke a vast array of thoughts and emotions by those who wish to know more about this legendary city, and who like to believe that it’s legendary tales are founded upon a very real lost city.

    4. The Search for El Dorado – Lost City of Gold

    The Search for El Dorado – Lost City of Gold

    For hundreds of years, treasure hunters and historians alike have searched for El Dorado, the lost city of gold. The idea of a city filled with gold and other riches has a natural appeal, drawing the attention of individuals from all over the world in hopes of discovering the ultimate treasure, and an ancient wonder. In spite of numerous expeditions around all of Latin America, the city of gold remains a legend, with no physical evidence to substantiate its existence.

    The origins of El Dorado come from legendary tales of the Muisca tribe. Following two migrations – one in 1270 BC and one between 800 and 500 BC, the Muisca tribe occupied the Cundinamarca and Boyacá areas of Colombia. According to legend, as written in Juan Rodriguez Freyle’s “El Carnero,” the Muisca practiced a ritual for every newly appointed king that involved gold dust and other precious treasures.

    When a new leader was appointed, many rituals would take place before he took his role as king. During one of these rituals, the new king would be brought to Lake Guatavita, where he would be stripped naked, and covered in gold dust. He would be placed upon a highly decorated raft, along with his attendants, and piles of gold and precious stones. The raft would be sent out to the center of the lake, where the king would wash the gold dust from his body, as his attendants would throw the pieces of gold and precious stones into the lake. This ritual was intended as a sacrifice to the Muisca's god. To the Muisca, “El Dorado” was not a city, but the king at the center of this ritual, also called “the Gilded One.” While El Dorado is meant to refer to the Gilded One, the name has now become synonymous with the lost city of gold, and any other place where one can quickly obtain wealth.

    In 1545, Conquistadores Lázaro Fonte and Hernán Perez de Quesada attempted to drain Lake Guatavita. As they did so, they found gold along its shores, fueling their suspicion that the lake contained a treasure of riches. They worked for three months, with workers forming a bucket chain, but they were unable to drain the lake sufficiently to reach any treasures deep within the lake. In 1580, another attempt to drain the lake was made by business entrepreneur Antonio de Sepúlveda. Once again, various pieces of gold were found along the shores, but the treasure at the depths of the lake remained concealed. Other searches were conducted on Lake Guatavita, with estimates that the lake could contain up to $300 million in gold, with no luck in finding the treasures. All searches came to a halt when the Colombian government declared the lake a protected area in 1965. Nonetheless, the search for El Dorado continues, even without the ability to search Lake Guatavita. The legends of the Muisca tribe, the Gilded One and their ritualistic sacrifice of treasures have transformed over time into today’s tale of El Dorado, lost city of gold.

    5. The Lost Desert Cities of Dubai: The Hidden History

    The Lost Desert Cities of Dubai: The Hidden History

    Dubai cultivates an ultra-modern image of dazzling architecture and effortless wealth. Yet its deserts conceal forgotten cities and a hidden history which reveal how its early inhabitants adapted and overcame dramatic past climate change.

    One of the most famous lost cities of Arabia – tantalizingly so because historians have known it existed from written records but simply could not find it – is the medieval city of Julfar. Home to the legendary Arabian seafarer Ahmed ibn Majid, as well as allegedly to the fictional Sindbad the Sailor, Julfar thrived for a thousand years before falling into ruin and disappearing from human memory for almost two centuries. Unlike other desert cities, Julfar was a thriving port, in fact the hub of southern Gulf Arabic trade in the Middle Ages.

    Julfar was known to be somewhere on the Persian Gulf coast north of Dubai, but the actual site was only found by archaeologists in the 1960s. The earliest signs of settlement found on the site date from the 6th century, by which time its inhabitants were already trading as far afield as India and the Far East on a routine basis.

    The 10th to 14th centuries were a golden age for Julfar and for long-distance Arab trading and seafaring, with Arab navigators routinely traveling halfway around the world. Arabs had sailed into European waters long before Europeans succeeded in navigating through the Indian Ocean and into the Persian Gulf, for instance. As the main base for these voyages and trade, Julfar was the largest and most important city in the southern Gulf for over a thousand years. Arab merchants routinely made the mammoth eighteen-month sea voyage as far as China, and traded almost everything imaginable.

    Such a valuable commercial centre attracted constant attention from rival powers though. The Portuguese took control in the 16th century, by which time Julfar was a substantial city of around 70,000 people. A century later the Persians seized it, only to lose it in 1750 to the Qawasim tribe from Sharjah who established themselves next-door at Ras al-Khaimah, which they continue to rule to this day, leaving the old Julfar to gradually decay until its ruins became forgotten amongst the coastal sand dunes. Today most of Julfar in all likelihood remains still hidden beneath the sprawling dunes north of Ras al-Khaimah.” – courtesy David Millar

    By: Joanna Gillan

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    20-02-2023 om 01:14 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    12-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Archaeologists Discover 3 Million-Year-Old Tools From an Unexpected Human Relative

    Archaeologists Discover 3 Million-Year-Old Tools From an Unexpected Human Relative

    Archaeologists Discover 3 Million-Year-Old Tools From an Unexpected Human Relative

    Paul Seaburn

    When asked what one thing sets humans apart from even the smartest and most advanced animals, most people (leaving a religious argument aside) would say that our use of tools best shows our advantage over animals. While there are a few examples of chimps and birds using rudimentary tools for simple tasks, our ability is so advanced, we even fashion clothing to wear our tools wherever we go – flouting our intelligence and manual dexterity to passing creatures. Unfortunately, our tool-based dominion over all other creatures has been called into question … and it looks like we were not the only species to learn how to use tools. In fact, we probably weren’t the first either.

    Archaeologists in Kenya have uncovered stone tools dating back around 2.9 million years … and the users of those tools were not ancestors of Homo sapiens. Even more ego-deflating – the tools were found in a primitive tool-making factory where these hominids used tools to make better tools for others. Does this change everything? Are the animals gloating?

    “Oldowan tools, consisting of stones with one to a few flakes removed, are the oldest widespread and temporally persistent hominin tools. The oldest of these were previously known from around 2.6 million years ago in Ethiopia, and by 2 million years ago, they were found to be quite widespread.”

    In a new paper published in the journal Science, Tom Plummer, a paleoanthropologist at Queens College and lead author, explains how Oldowan tools – named for the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where in the 1930s archaeologist Louis Leakey found the first of these tools – have been thought to date back 2.6 million years and were linked to early hominins of the Homo genus that are related to or are direct ancestors of modern homo sapiens. The earliest known stone tools date to 3.3 million years old and were found at site Lomekwi 3 in Kenya, but those were primitive compared to Oldowan tools. However, they were also attribute to human ancestors. While how tools developed is a mystery, the idea that ancient humans of the homo genus invented them has remained a constant.

    Carved Oldowan tool

    That is, until paleoanthropologist Emma Finestone, from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, helped excavate an ancient hippo skeleton at a dig site in Nyayanga, Kenya. The skeleton and other bones at the site showed signs of butchering - cutmarks from tools – and the diggers soon found stone blades used to cut meat and plants. Since the site was dated to about 2.8 million years ago, the archeologists expected to find remains of the butchers – and they did. However, these were not the butchers they were looking for.

    “When we found the Paranthropus molar, it got really, really exciting.”

    What Firestone and the team uncovered was the tooth of a member of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus, which is believed to contain two species: P. robustus and P. boisei. (Photos of the tooth and the tools can be seen here.)

    Fossil hippo skeleton and stone tools are shown in July 2016 at the Nyayanga site in Kenya.

    Fossil hippo skeleton and stone tools are shown in July 2016 at the Nyayanga site in Kenya.

    T.W. Plummer/Homa Peninsula Paleoanthropology Project

    This is the Nyayanga site in July 2014 before excavation. The tan and reddish brown sediments are where Oldowan tools and fossils were unearthed.

    Flakes of stone like this could cut through animal skin.

    The remains of two hominin teeth were found alongside the stone tools and hippo remains.

    S.E. Bailey/Homa Peninsula Paleoanthropology Project

    The remains of two hominin teeth were found alongside the stone tools and hippo remains.

    Members of the excavation team plot and record the position of fossils and artifacts at the Nyayanga site in July 2017.

    Paranthropus skulls found before were large, with gorilla-like features in the jaw area suggesting they had strong chewing muscles, and wide teeth which were used for grinding. Also, other characteristics indicated Paranthropus like soft foods, so paleontologists assumed they didn’t need tools for killing, butchering or eating animals. That was supported by the assumption that Paranthropus was more apelike than human and did not possess the mental ability to make and use stone tools. That molar under the hippo skeleton upended all of those previous assumptions.

    “They are not newbies—they have bashed rocks together before. This hints at an earlier stem to the Oldowan.”

    Peter Ditchfield, a geologist at the University of Oxford who helped date the fossils, says in the press release that there is more to find … this site shows that the owner of the molar was already skilled at knapping – using one stone to chip off flakes from another to make it sharp for cutting and stabbing. The earliest known human ancestor with this ability to make Oldowan tools is Homo habilis. Make that “was.”

    “Typically, it’s thought that the smaller-toothed Homo would have benefited from making stone tools that assisted in processing food outside of the mouth, whereas Paranthropus was typified by processing its food entirely with its teeth, using its large chewing muscles. When our team determined the age of the Nyayanga evidence, the perpetrator of the tools became a ‘whodunnit’ in my mind. There are several possibilities, and except for fossilized hand bones wrapped around a stone tool, the originator of the early Oldowan may be an unknown for a long time.”

    Study coauthor Rick Potts, a paleoanthropologist at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, tells CNN that the first ancient hominin to invent tools is a mystery once more. He also marvels and the sophisticated ability of the Paranthropus based on the remains and artifacts found at Nyayanga. He compared the sharp stone flakes to lion’s teeth, and the large hammerstones to the grinding molars of elephants. This indicates these Paranthropus members could obtain a variety of plants and animals to eat, and the tools showed that they were skilled in preparing them.

    “(The tool kit was) the first simple food-processor.”

    While the stone tools showed that Paranthropus were experienced chefs, the tools would have been ineffective for hunting. Since none of the bones showed signs of hunting, the paleontologists conclude that these ancient human relatives butchered hippos that were already dead. That still would have made them alpha hominins of their time – those large amounts of protein and fat gave them stronger bodies and fed the development of bigger brains.

    If Paranthropus were so smart, why didn’t they become the dominant species instead of Homo? The evolution of Paranthropus is still not scientifically agreed upon. Some researchers think P. aethiopicus appeared 3.3 million years ago on the Kenyan floodplains of the time. Other debate whether Paranthropus and Homo split as they evolved from Australopithecus. If that happened, it is possible that climate change - a drying period 2.8–2.5 million years ago in the Great Rift Valley – caused Homo to move to the open savanna areas while Paranthropus went to the forests, which were dying off from the drought. Even with their tools for providing a variety of foods, the drought made them unavailable and Paranthropus went extinct. While that makes sense, it is not accepted by all scientists.

    A depiction of Australopithecus

    Archaeologist Sonia Harmand of Stony Brook University, who was not part of the study, proposes one more controversial theory:

    “We’re starting to see … lots of different species around that could have been able to make stone tools. I like the idea that they might have learned directly from each other.”

    Could Paranthropus have learned how to make and use tools from the species of Homo and  Australopithecus which lived in Kenya at the same time? If ancients human could learn to share and play well together, why can’t we?

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    12-02-2023 om 17:28 geschreven door peter  

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    09-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The Mystery of the White Horse of Uffington

    The Mystery of the White Horse of Uffington

    The Mystery of the White Horse of Uffington

    The prehistoric White Horse of Uffington is one of the oldest hill figures in Britain, and is believed to have inspired the creation of all the other white horse hill figures in the region.  Mystery abounds the creation of the White Horse – who made it, when and why?  Some historians believe the figure represents a horse goddess connected with the local Belgae tribe, others believe it is Celtic goddess Epona, protector of horses, while an alternative theory suggests it is not a horse at all but the mythical dragon slain by Saint George.

    Oxfordshire, the region in which the figure is found, and its neighbouring county of Wiltshire, are home to many white horse hill figures. There are or were at least twenty-four of these hill figures in Britain, with no less than thirteen being in Wiltshire. However, the White Horse of Uffington is the only one with known prehistoric origin.  Initially believed to date back to the Iron Age due to similar images found depicted on coins from that period, more recent dating by the Oxford Archaeological Unit placed the hill figure in the Bronze Age, some 3000 years ago.

    The Uffington White Horse is high on an escarpment of the Berkshire Downs below Whitehorse Hill, a mile and a half south of the village of Uffington. Measuring some 374 feet in length, the stylised image was created by digging trenches into the earth some ten feet wide, exposing the white chalk bedrock below.

    The shape of the horse has changed over the centuries. The present outline may be only a part of the original: aerial photography shows that a larger, more conventional shape of a horse lies beneath. The loss of shape has been caused by slippage of the top soil and by repeated recutting.

    The horse is only part of the unique complex of ancient remains that are found at White Horse Hill and beyond, spreading out across the high chalk downland. To the east of the Manger lies Dragon Hill, a low flat-topped mound. It is said to be the site where St. George, England's patron saint, slew the dragon, its blood spilling on the hilltop and leaving forever a bare white patch where no grass can grow.  Across the region, numerous burial mounds can be spotted. These date from the Neolithic period and have been reused up to the Saxon age. The largest contained 47 skeletons.

    Dragon Hill

    Dragon Hill.

    Photo source: Wikipedia

    Whether the hill figure is indeed intended to represent a horse, or some other creature instead, has been debated, but it has certainly been called a horse since at least the 11 th century.

    The original purpose of the figure is unknown.  The horse, which can only be viewed from above or from an adjacent plateau in the distance, is unique in its features and this leads some to believe it represents the mythical dragon that St. George slain on the adjacent Dragon hill or even his horse. However others believe it represents a Celtic horse goddess Epona, known to represent fertility, healing and death.  Epona had a counterpart in Britain, Rhiannon, so the Uffington white horse may have been cut by adherents of a cult of the horse-goddess to be worshipped in religious ceremonies. 

    Others believe it may have been the emblem of a local tribe, and have been cut as a totem or badge marking their land.  Alternatively, the horse could have been cut by worshippers of the sun god Belinos or Belenus, who was associated with horses. He was sometimes depicted on horseback, and Bronze and Iron Age sun chariots were shown as being drawn by horses. Conceivably, if this suggestion is correct, the horse could have been cut on the shallower slope at the top of the hill in order to be seen from above by the god himself.

    Once every seven years from at least 1677 until the late 18th century a midsummer ‘scouring festival’ was held, during which the local people cleaned the chalk outline of the horse and enjoyed a three-day celebratory feast within the hillfort. The festival, which may have had ancient origins, lapsed about a hundred years ago and the horse is now cleaned by members of English Heritage, who are responsible for the site.

    While the stylised image of the White Horse of Uffington remains elegantly etched within the picturesque Berkshire Downs, its true meaning and purpose appears to have been lost to the pages of history.

    • Featured image: The White Horse of Uffington.
    • Photo source: Wikimedia

    By April Holloway

    References

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

    09-02-2023 om 23:56 geschreven door peter  

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    07-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.REUSACHTIGE NESTELDRANG: 256 ONTDEKTE TITANOSAURUSEIEREN LEREN ONS VEEL MEER OVER DIT ENORME BEEST

    Bronmateriaal:

    07-02-2023 om 01:14 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis?

    Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis?

    Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis?

    Jutting from the deep briny mists of the mid-Atlantic, some 800 miles (1287 km) due west of Portugal, the Azores strike one as bejeweled, fern and flower-encrusted baubles in a vast expanse of blue oblivion. Largely a dormant volcanic archipelago today, to most, the region is a popular exotic getaway, but to some, these verdant islands represent the best case for a present-day fragment of the famed sunken landmass of Atlantis.                          

    “In the last three years, the president of the Portuguese Association of Archaeological Research, Nuno Ribeiro, has been claiming that archeological remains of structures discovered on several Azorean islands are of pre-Portuguese origin. Together with the Portuguese archaeologist Anabela Joaquinito, he has identified dozens of similar pyramidal structures in the Madalena area of Pico Island. Artifacts were also found on site which may predate the Portuguese settlement on the island. They believe the structures may have been built according to an oriented plan, aligned with the summer solstices , which suggests they were built with an intended purpose. They also believe that the Madalena pyramidal structures are analogous to similar prehistoric structures found in Sicily, North Africa and the Canary Islands which are known to have served ritual purposes.”

    This is quite interesting in and of itself, but consider that if one takes Plato's account as detailed in Critias and Timaeus at face value, then geographically, the primary Atlantean landmass from which sprang its sprawling seaborne empire would have been situated almost directly where the modern Azores island chain currently peeks out of the deep Atlantic. That is, directly “in front of the Pillars of Hercules,” i.e., Straits of Gibraltar. Ignatius Donnelly, the U.S. Congressman and dear friend of Abraham Lincoln who wrote the iconic 1882 book Atlantis: The Antediluvian World , was among the first to note this, as were the crew of the survey ship H.M.S. Challenger, whose 1877 article in Scientific American , entitled “Glimpses of Atlantis,” stated;

    “While the new America was thus forming, the ancient Atlantis was no doubt sinking as well as washing away. When its final disappearance occurred remains to be determined; quite recently however, two or three lines of research seem to converge in support of the truth of the ancient story, long considered mythical, in regard to the geologically recent occurrence of that wonderful catastrophe. Archaeo-geology has sufficiently demonstrated that the memory of man runs back vastly farther than history has been willing to admit; so that there remains no inherent improbability in the story the Egyptian priests told to Solon .”

    Sao Jorge island in the Azores. Could it be that the Azores are actually the location of the legendary Atlantis?

    dudlajzov / Adobe Stock)

    Quite a conclusion from some of the most respected oceanographic pioneers, and one whose honest and open tone struck me as fundamentally different from the snide and condescending assessments of many mainstream discussions today, who in the ever-evolving debate surrounding Atlantis that we have thus explored, largely preclude a serious discussion of its historical or geographic reality before the conversation even begins. Yet until quite recently, historically speaking, this was not necessarily the case.

    In a lighthearted Washington Post article from 1988 entitled “São Miguel, the Azores: Misty Fragments of Atlantis,” for example, travel correspondent David Yeadon flew to the Azores to meet with a local tour guide in São Miguel to catalog some choice sightseeing spots, only to find himself debating Atlantis over drinks with his host, something I can certainly relate to as this book was taking shape over the years. In the article he writes;

    Most Azoreans have no doubts on the matter at all.

    ‘Of course, this is Atlantis!’ Antonio Pinero insisted.

    We sat sipping coffee and aguardiente (Azorean firewater made from the remnants of grape pressings) in an outdoor café overlooking the broad harbor at Ponta Delgada, capital of São Miguel Island and largest town in the nine-island archipelago of the Azores.

    Antonio had been a modest, soft-spoken companion during my first hours in this little outpost of Portugal, 800 miles due west of Lisbon in the North Atlantic Ocean. But about this particular subject he tolerated no ambiguity whatsoever. From inside his worn wool jacket, he pulled a much-thumbed book titled Plato's History of Atlantis.

    ‘Was Plato a wise man?’ he challenged, obviously preparing for an extended semantic foray.

    ‘Yes, he certainly was,’ he responded. ‘Now please listen to what he wrote.’

    He turned the grubby pages with solemnity.

    ‘For in those days,’ he began, ‘the Atlantis (sic) was navigable from an island situated to the west of the straits, which you call the Pillars of Hercules.’

    He paused. ‘That's Gibraltar - the way out from the Mediterranean.’

     I nodded; he nodded.

    ‘… and from it could be reached other islands and from the islands you might pass through to the opposite continent.’

    He paused again. ‘That’s America.’

    ‘Plato knew about America?’ I laughed (a little).

    Tony was not amused.

    ‘Plato knew everything. ’”

    Back in Athens, 2,345 years before this little exchange at the São Miguel cafe was unfolding, Plato wrote in his Timaeus, describing a portion of the Atlantean capital city;

    In the next place, they used fountains both of cold and hot springs; these were very abundant, and both kinds wonderfully adapted to use by reason of the sweetness and excellence of their waters. They constructed buildings about them, and planted suitable trees; also, cisterns, some open to the heaven, other which they roofed over, to be used in winter as warm baths, there were the king’s baths, and the baths of private persons, which were kept apart; also, separate baths for women, and others again for horses and cattle, and to them they gave as much adornment as was suitable for them.”

    While this may seem like a trivial aspect of our investigation, consider that today, one of the Azores’ main tourist attractions is its numerous healing springs. As a travel guide recently explained, “São Miguel Island is home to an exceptional array of mineral hot springs sure to elevate you to unmatched levels of relaxation. The Azores’ unique volcanic origins make these islands a thermal paradise, featuring steamy, iron-rich pools tucked amid lush green vegetation and tropical trees, and even a natural ocean pool heated by a volcanic vent and cooled by the ebbing tides of the Atlantic.”  Sounds pretty nice.

    The Azores were also briefly in the spotlight in 2013 when a chance discovery revealed a strange object at the bottom of the ocean. Diocleciano Silva, a Portuguese fisherman, noticed an unusual image on his yacht’s depth-finder while trolling between the islands of São Miguel and Terceira. According to his instruments, the pyramidal structure's base measured a whopping 86,111 square feet (8,000 sqm.), and its apex was submerged only 40 feet (12.2 m) beneath the surface, while the structure itself stood nearly 200 feet tall (61 m) from its base. It was also determined to be directly oriented to the four geophysical cardinal directions.

    Reporting the findings to the Portuguese government in short order, they began their own investigation which naturally led to the official pronouncement that Silva had simply been using cheap and inaccurate equipment which gave an artificially sharp contour to what they claimed was a long-known natural volcanic formation in the area despite the iconic image of what is clearly a pyramid, which Portuguese television showed in a live broadcast at the time.

    2021 oceanographic chart of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (Dorokhova, E. V. et. al. / CC BY 4.0)

    2021 oceanographic chart of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

    (Dorokhova, E. V. et. al. / CC BY 4.0 )

    Geographically, regarding the working hypothesis – and description by Plato –  that the region we call the Azorean Archipelago is the true geographical location of a former Atlantean home-island, in final reduced size after the continent´s previous two destructions as detailed by Edgar Cayce and others like Rudolf Steiner and William Scott-Elliott, what is truly astounding to me is that when one views a modern chart of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, one can clearly see the almost identical outline of the remaining Atlantean landmass hand-drawn by a teenage Frederick Oliver around 1886 during his clairaudient dictations of the past life of his muse Phylos in Atlantis in 11,160 BC on the island of Poseid.

    This was contained in a loose collection of notes that later became the book A Dweller on Two Planets , privately published by his mother in 1904, years after Oliver’s early death in 1899, and not reaching wider audiences until a second publishing in 1920. Oliver’s channeled sketch is uncannily accurate given that he did not have access to detailed maps of the ocean floor at the time his manuscript was written in 1884-86, as none existed.

    To my knowledge the only map he could have seen, had he visited a research library, would have been a basic contour map made by Sir Wyville Thomson in 1877 and released shortly after the H.M.S. Challenger survey, which contains no explicit details of the full boundaries and shape of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Compared to a modern oceanographic or bathythermic chart, there is no comparison regarding the level of detail, making Oliver’s sketch a bizarre and statistically improbable coincidence.

    Frederick Oliver’s sketch of Poseid, 1886 (oriented). (Author provided)

    Frederick Oliver’s sketch of Poseid, 1886 (oriented).

    (Author provided)

    Yet if one traces the shape of Oliver’s channeled drawing, the curvature and geographical indentations of the landmass of Poseid are uncannily similar to the actual modern image of the Azorean seabed. In fact, it fits over the modern chart like a puzzle piece if exploded to equal size and oriented. “Pitach Rokh,” the highest point in Poseid according to Frederick Oliver’s book, was an enormous snow-capped active volcano in 11,160 BC.

    Now note its location in his hand-drawn map's extreme southeast quadrant. This is very close to where the Azores jut out of the mid-Atlantic, straight “in front of the Pillars of Hercules ” as Plato stated. And from Plato’s description of the famed circular capital of Atlantis, whose central feature was a monumental statue of Poseidon surrounded by the Nereids, it would make sense that Oliver and Cayce both refer to the island as Poseid, and the culture as Atlantis.

    Don’t forget that today, Mount Pico - a dormant stratovolcano and the highest point in the Azores which officially towers over the countryside at almost 7,700 feet (2,347 m) - when measured from its base deep in the ocean where once likely stood dry land some 13,000 years ago, is even taller; in fact, it would be one of the tallest mountains on earth. And so we are left with another interesting clue in our survey of these fragments of Atlantis, another piece of the puzzle as it were. Are Pitach Rokh from A Dweller on Two Planets and Mt. Pico one and the same? Time will tell, I suppose.

    Athanasius Kircher's map of Atlantis, turned upside down, which located Atlantis in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. (Public domain)

    Athanasius Kircher's map of Atlantis, turned upside down, which located Atlantis in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

    Public domain )

    Even the map the Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher claims to have found in the Vatican Library during the Renaissance (above), copied from an alleged original brought to Rome from Egypt during the time of Octavian in the 1st century B.C., when flipped upside down so that Spain is oriented to the right, does, if you pay attention, show a more-similar-than-not, fin-shaped top portion of Atlantis  divided by two rivers where the true-north compass symbol was placed.

    And Edgar Cayce, one of the most studied clairvoyants in modern history, whose over 500 hypnogogic trance readings on Atlantis we have already explored at length, claimed that after many destructions and disturbances, but before the final separation into the separate islands of Poseid, Aryan and Og, the Atlantean landmass was crisscrossed by said rivers, even giving a date of 28,000 BC for this second of three destructions due to an unintended over-tuning of the massive Tuaoi crystal powering the civilization, which fractured the substrata. Perhaps this is the phase portrayed in Kircher’s map, whose upper portion too encompasses the Azores, and where our oceanographic chart displays that curious triangular seamount beneath the ocean.

    At the end of the day, it’s all quite a coincidence if skeptics and debunkers claim unequivocally that  Plato’s account of Atlantis was a pure fiction designed to glorify Athens, or at best, simply a fantastical reprise of more mundane Mediterranean disasters like the volcanic eruptions on the island of Thera in historical times, both of which I categorically reject based on the evidence thus presented throughout this book, as well as on Plato’s own frank and specific account from his dialogues which, like it or not, seems to point to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as the nucleus of the vast and powerful final iteration of the empire of Atlantis, whose imperial ambitions against the peoples of the Mediterranean were checked by its infamous and catastrophic destruction around 9,600 BC according to his seminal account.

    But don’t take my word for it; it was Critias himself who explained in Plato’s Timaeus, “Let me tell you this story then, Socrates. It’s a very strange one but even so, every word of it is true. It’s a story that Solon, the wisest of the seven sages once vouched for.”

    This article is an extract taken from the book Visions of Atlantis: Reclaiming our Lost Ancient Legacy by Michael Le Flem. View it on Amazon.

    • Top image: The verdant Azores islands represent the best case for a present-day fragment of the famed sunken landmass of Atlantis. Image depicts Mount Pico in the Azores.
    • Sourcervdschoot / Adobe Stock

    By Michael Le Flem

    { https://www.ancient-origins.net/ } 

    07-02-2023 om 00:41 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    06-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The surprising chemicals used to embalm Egyptian mummies

    The surprising chemicals used to embalm Egyptian mummies

    06-02-2023 om 23:36 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    03-02-2023
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Now THAT's a feast! Neanderthals hunted enormous elephants that were bigger than woolly mammoths and fed 100 people for a MONTH

    Now THAT's a feast! Neanderthals hunted enormous elephants that were bigger than woolly mammoths and fed 100 people for a MONTH

    How were the animals from the Stone Age hunted? - Quora

    • The enormous elephants weighed up to 12 tonnes and could grow up to 15ft tall
    • Study carried out by researchers at Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany 

    Neanderthals hunted enormous elephants that weighted up to 12 tonnes and could feed 100 people for a month, new research has shown.

    The study, carried out by Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany, analysed the 125,000-year-old skeletal remains of a prehistoric species known as Palaeoloxodon antiquus.

    These giant elephants were twice the size of the modern-day animal, standing up to 15ft tall with tusks that reached up to 10ft in length.

    Of the 70 elephants studied by scientists, few were found with complete skeletons.

    But marks found on the bones suggest the mammals - bigger than woolly mammoths - had been thoroughly butchered to ensure all meat and fat was stripped from the bone.

    Neanderthals hunted enormous elephants that weighted up to 12 tonnes and could feed 100 people for a month, a study carried out by Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany has revealed. Pictured: Dr Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser examines the femur of a large adult male elephant for the presence of cut marks

    Neanderthals hunted enormous elephants that weighted up to 12 tonnes and could feed 100 people for a month, a study carried out by Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany has revealed. Pictured: Dr Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser examines the femur of a large adult male elephant for the presence of cut marks

    The researchers calculated that all the flesh from one of the elephants would have fed about 100 adults for a month, with them being 'really big calorie bombs'.

    The findings, published in Science Advances, led scientists to believe that Neanderthals, who hunted in large groups, used tools to slaughter the elephants.

    Lead author Dr Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser said: 'With male elephants weighing as much as 12 tonnes, butchering an animal of this size must have involved multiple tools and butchers.

    'It would have taken days to complete, and yielded copious amounts of meat that could have lasted for up to three months for as many as 25 people.'

    Even the elephants' brains and pads on the bottoms of their feet had been scrapped off.

    Further to this there were few gnaw marks from other scavengers found on the bones, showing very little meat was left.

    Neanderthals hunted in groups to boost their chance of survival, where they would have to defend themselves against hyenas and lions, who would have been attracted to the deceased elephant.

    Wil Roebroeks, a co-author of the study said: 'Hunting these giant animals and completely butchering them was part of Neanderthal subsistence activities at this location.

    'This constitutes the first clearcut evidence of elephant-hunting in human evolution.'

    This photo reveals the longest cut mark found on the bone of the of the elephants discovered, which is about 4cm long

    This photo reveals the longest cut mark found on the bone of the of the elephants discovered, which is about 4cm long

    This photo reveals cut marks on a foot bone of one of the elephants, showing that Neanderthals tried to grab as much meat and fat off the animal as possible

    This photo reveals cut marks on a foot bone of one of the elephants, showing that Neanderthals tried to grab as much meat and fat off the animal as possible

    Neanderthals and humans coexisted for up to 2,900 years in France and Spain 

    Humans and Neanderthals may have coexisted in Europe for up to 2,900 years, giving them time to learn from and breed with each other. 

    The study, carried out at Leiden University in the Netherlands, carried out the research looking at tools and bounds found on two archaeological sites in France and Spain.

    Archaeologists then determined that humans were present around 42,500 years go.

    The subspecies of archaic humans appeared 40,000 years before disappearing 1,000 years later.

    This means the two species lived alongside each other in the region for 1,400 to 2,900 years, marking the first evidence showing how long and where the pair mingled before subspecies of archaic humans went extinct.

    You can read more about this here 

    The bones showed that the animals had been punctured with spears - the oldest example of hunting marks in the history of hominins, or early humans.

    Neanderthals used sophisticated close-range techniques to capture their prey - indicating they were much smarter than we once gave them credit for, the researchers said.

    They added that the stereotypical image of the ancient human species being knuckle dragging brutes was incorrect. 

    Instead, they were complex and empathetic - creating symbolic art, producing geometric structures and controlling fire to use on tools and food.

    Roebrokes added: 'Neanderthals were not simple slaves of nature, original hippies living off the land.

    'They were actually shaping their environment, by fire … and also by having a big impact on the biggest animals that were around in the world at that time.'

    The research gives significant insights into Neanderthals communities and ways of life.

    As these elephants were the largest terrestrial mammals of their, it shows that the hunting communities were bigger and less mobile than previously thought.

    Dr Gaudzinski-Windheuser added: 'They must have lived more stationary lifestyles in larger units than commonly supposed.'

    Male elephants would have been the best option for the Neanderthals to capture as they were generally solitary beings, unlike female elephants who move in groups to protect their young.

    They also would contain more calories than their female counterparts, as Roebroke said 'these elephants are really big calorie bombs'.

    The bones were first discovered alongside other animal remains and old tools at a quarry near Halle, Germany in 1988 but only now have they been studied in more depth.

    Dr Gaudzinski-Windheuser said: 'Cutmarks suggest they were routinely hunted and butchered by Neanderthals.

    'By evaluating bone surfaces under a microscope and reviewing what was already known about the remains, we inferred Neanderthals methodically cut, hacked, and extracted parts of the animal, leaving distinct markings on the bone surface.'

    The study gives further insight into the lives of Neanderthals, challenging the perception that they lived in small groups.

    Professor Britt Starkovich, an anthropologist at Tubingen University who was not involved in the study, said: 'It is increasingly clear that Neanderthals were not a monolith and, unsurprisingly, had a full arsenal of adaptive behaviors that allowed them to succeed in the diverse ecosystems of Eurasia for over 200,000 years.'

    TIMELINE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

    The timeline of human evolution can be traced back millions of years. Experts estimate that the family tree goes as such:

    55 million years ago - First primitive primates evolve

    15 million years ago - Hominidae (great apes) evolve from the ancestors of the gibbon

    7 million years ago - First gorillas evolve. Later, chimp and human lineages diverge

    5.5 million years ago - Ardipithecus, early 'proto-human' shares traits with chimps and gorillas

    4 million years ago - Ape like early humans, the Australopithecines appeared. They had brains no larger than a chimpanzee's but other more human like features 

    3.9-2.9 million years ago - Australoipithecus afarensis lived in Africa.  

    2.7 million years ago - Paranthropus, lived in woods and had massive jaws for chewing  

    2.6 million years ago - Hand axes become the first major technological innovation 

    2.3 million years ago - Homo habilis first thought to have appeared in Africa

    1.85 million years ago - First 'modern' hand emerges 

    1.8 million years ago - Homo ergaster begins to appear in fossil record 

    800,000 years ago - Early humans control fire and create hearths. Brain size increases rapidly

    400,000 years ago - Neanderthals first begin to appear and spread across Europe and Asia

    300,000 to 200,000 years ago - Homo sapiens - modern humans - appear in Africa

    54,000 to 40,000 years ago - Modern humans reach Europe 

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

    03-02-2023 om 00:20 geschreven door peter  

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  • TJ Morris ACO Associations, Clubs, Organizations - TJ Morris ACO Social Service Club for...
  • C.E.R.P.I. BELGIQUE
  • Attaqued'un Autre Monde - Christian Macé
  • UFOSPOTTINGNEDERLAND
  • homepage UFOSPOTTINGNEDERLAND
  • PARANORMAL JOURNEY GUIDE

    WELCOME TO THIS BLOG! I HOPE THAT YOU ENJOY THE LECTURE OF ALL ISSUES. If you did see a UFO, you can always mail it to us. Best wishes.

    Beste bezoeker,
    Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere op
     www.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief  maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming!
    DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK.
    BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...


    Laatste commentaren
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        op UFO'S FORM CROP CIRCLE IN LESS THAN 5 SECONDS - SCOTLAND 1996
  • crop cirkels (herman)
        op UFO'S FORM CROP CIRCLE IN LESS THAN 5 SECONDS - SCOTLAND 1996
  • Een zonnige vrijdag middag en avond (Patricia)
        op MUFON UFO Symposium with Greg Meholic: Advanced Propulsion For Interstellar Travel
  • Dropbox

    Druk op onderstaande knop om je bestand , jouw artikel naar mij te verzenden. INDIEN HET DE MOEITE WAARD IS, PLAATS IK HET OP DE BLOG ONDER DIVERSEN MET JOUW NAAM...


    Gastenboek
  • Nog een fijne avond
  • Hallo Lieverd
  • kiekeboe
  • Een goeie middag bezoekje
  • Zomaar een blogbezoekje

    Druk op onderstaande knop om een berichtje achter te laten in mijn gastenboek Alvast bedankt voor al jouw bezoekjes en jouw reacties. Nog een prettige dag verder!!!


    Over mijzelf
    Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
    Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
    Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
    Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
    Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën... Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
    Zoeken in blog


    LINKS NAAR BEKENDE UFO-VERENIGINGEN - DEEL 1
  • http://www.ufonieuws.nl/
  • http://www.grenswetenschap.nl/
  • http://www.beamsinvestigations.org.uk/
  • http://www.mufon.com/
  • http://www.ufomeldpunt.be/
  • http://www.ufowijzer.nl/
  • http://www.ufoplaza.nl/
  • http://www.ufowereld.nl/
  • http://www.stantonfriedman.com/
  • http://ufo.start.be/

    LINKS NAAR BEKENDE UFO-VERENIGINGEN - DEEL 2
  • www.ufo.be
  • www.caelestia.be
  • ufo.startpagina.nl.
  • www.wszechocean.blogspot.com.
  • AsocCivil Unifa
  • UFO DISCLOSURE PROJECT

  • Startpagina !


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