Cryptozoology is the study of creatures that are rumored to exist, but whose existence has not been substantiated using the scientific method. These include new species and legendary beasts such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster, as well as other lesser-known animals and entities around the world. A few of these creatures may have a basis in reality, while others seemingly do not.

Either way, the aim of cryptozoologists is to prove that these entities really exist in the wild, and some people dedicate years of their lives to these quests. In doing so, they find biologists and other established scientific types scoffing at them. While some cryptozoologists may apply critical thinking principles to their investigations, the field itself often draws skepticism from a vast majority of those in mainstream science.

2. 13 Famous Cryptids of Folklore

Mystery animals have captured the imagination and curiosity of people worldwide for centuries. The potential existence of such creatures in the modern world continues to inspire passionate debates as well as new tales and legends.

1. Marozi

With a maned lion's face fronting a jaguar-like body, the Marozi (also known as the spotted lion) was reported several times in the 1930s in Kenya's mountains but hasn't been mentioned much since.

The Natural History Museum in Great Britain is said to be in possession of the spotted skin of a marozi, but many experts think the specimen represents a jaguar that bred with common, spotless plains lions.

2. Kamchatka Giant Bear

Swedish zoologist Sten Bergman, working in Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula in the 1920s, discovered a paw print that measured a full square foot, suggesting a bear of remarkable size.

Similar sightings tell of an ursine almost twice the size of a typical North American grizzly bear, measuring 6 feet at the shoulder. Some Russian biologists believe there is a small group of Kamchatka Giant Bears that survived the most recent ice age.

3. Bigfoot

Bigfoot, also known as Sasquatch, is a big, hairy, two-legged beast that arose in North America, and first received the "Bigfoot" nickname in California in the late 1950s. What started with a flurry of local stories turned into a full-fledged media sensation and ultimately a legend that's now known around the world.

Many people claim to have caught glimpses of Bigfoot, and the Patterson-Gimlin film, which supposedly shows one creature fleeing through the forest, is probably the most iconic bit of evidence in the entire library of 20th-century cryptozoology.

4. Yeti, aka Abominable Snowman

The Himalayan Mountains are reportedly home to the Yeti (or in Western culture, the Abominable Snowman), a bear-like or ape-like creature that's been part of Eastern lore for centuries. Covered with long hair and built for rugged, cold environments, the Yeti is as evasive and mysterious as Bigfoot.

5. Skunk Ape

Bigfoot's smelly Southern cousin has been reported a number of times in Florida's swamps, most convincingly in 2000 by a couple who took an excellent snapshot of what looked to be a 6-foot-6-inch (2-meter) orangutan. The picture didn't capture its scent, of course, but the couple attested to its atrocity.

6. Lizard Man

This scaly green hominid, the resident mysterious beast of Escape Ore Swamp in South Carolina, has long been at the center of local lore. While many consider the creature a hoax, others swear they've encountered it face to face.

Lizard Man has had several brushes with fame: A local radio station once offered $1 million for a live capture, and in 1988, a South Carolina Republican leader labeled Lizard Man a staunch Democrat.

7. Jersey Devil

According to most reports, New Jersey's cryptozoological curiosity has wings, a horse's face, a pig's hooves, and a kangaroo's body. The legend of the Jersey Devil was born in the 1700s — based on a tale of a cursed baby-turned-demon that flew off into the night — and boomed in the early 1900s, with people seeing it all over the state.

To this day, people report Jersey Devil sightings, mostly in the spooky Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey. While some locals think the creature is truly a supernatural beast, others say it's probably a misidentified sandhill crane.

8. El Chupacabra

Latin America's legendary "goat sucker" is a fanged and clawed beast that performs vampirism on livestock.

The first accounts of its victims — often goats, chickens, horses, cows and even domestic pets — were reported in the 1950s by farmers who found animals drained of blood, with several large puncture marks.

Some who have allegedly sighted the chupacabra describe it as a short, kangaroo-like monster with oversize teeth and an oval head, but others liken it to a large reptile or bat.

9. Kraken

The Kraken is a legendary monstrous creature in the deep ocean waters near Scandinavian regions. It's described as an enormous, octopus-like animal that's big enough to attack ships and frighten sailors.

This one might have basis in reality, thanks to the existence of giant squids (a former cryptid) that can grow up to 50 feet (15 meters) long.

10. Loch Ness Monster

Also known as Nessie, the Loch Ness monster is another world-famous creature that's appeared in countless headlines and movies. It's an ancient legend, too, appearing in historical records dating to 1,500 years ago. It's supposedly a large marine animal with a slender neck that lives in Loch Ness, a 23-mile (37-kilometer)- long lake in Scotland.

Nearly 800 feet (244 meters) deep in some places, the lake (the largest body of fresh water in the United Kingdom) would make a sufficient hiding place for a shy creature, but aside from a few famous (and blurry) photographs and unreliable eyewitness accounts, there's no proof that Nessie exists. A 2019 Washington Post article says scientists now think Nessie might have been a giant eel.

11. Tahoe Tessie

Deep in Lake Tahoe on the California-Nevada border lurks a storied sea creature that's the Sierra Nevada cousin of the Loch Ness Monster. It's alleged that after a submarine expedition, undersea explorer Jacques Cousteau said, "The world isn't ready for what's down there." (He could, of course, have been referring to anything odd.)

Popular descriptions portray Tessie as either a freshwater relative of a whale or a 20-foot (6-meter) sea serpent with a humped back.

12. Mogollon Monster

In eastern Arizona there's a long, rocky ridge, called the Mogollon Rim, that runs deep through a thick forest. That's the reported home of the Mogollon Monster, which is described as a tall, two-legged monster with thick hair and a rancid stench.

Although amateur hunters have produced various bits of so-called evidence over the past century, there's no reason to think this famous cryptid really exists.

13. Champy

Like Tessie, Champy is named for the body of water in which it purportedly lurks — in this case, Lake Champlain, a body of water on the New York-Vermont border.

Several hundred recorded sightings typically describe the beast as a serpentlike black sea monster with scales, measuring about 50 feet (15 meters) in length. One investigative group believes the oft-sighted Champy is actually a surviving plesiosaur, a dinosaur that died off over 60 million years ago.

{ https://science.howstuffworks.com/ }

13-03-2026 om 17:40 geschreven door peter  

A famous UAP video shows an unexplained object as it soars high along the clouds, traveling against the wind. 

Department of Defense via AP

While the US government is investigating unidentified anomalous phenomena, academic researchers studying them face stigma

President Donald Trump directed the Pentagon and other federal agencies to begin releasing government files related to UFOs and unidentified anomalous phenomena – called UAP – in February 2026, following years of pressure from Congress, military whistleblowers and the public.

Congress formally mandated UAP investigations through the National Defense Authorization Act in December 2022. The Pentagon’s official UAP investigative body, the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, AARO, now carries a caseload exceeding 2,000 reports dating back to 1945. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth confirmed this figure earlier this year.

The cases were submitted by military personnel, pilots and government employees describing aerial objects that could not be explained as known aircraft, drones or weather phenomena. Governments in Japan, France, Brazil and Canada also have their own formal UAP investigation programs.

Yet modern research universities remain almost entirely absent from this conversation. No major university has established a dedicated UAP research center. No federal science agency offers competitive grants for UAP inquiry. No doctoral programs train researchers in UAP methodology. The gap between what governments openly acknowledge and what universities are willing to study is, at this point, difficult to explain on purely intellectual grounds.

I have navigated this gap while conducting my own UAP research. My work developing the temporal aerospace correlation tool, a standardized framework for correlating civilian UAP sighting reports with documented rocket launch activity from Cape Canaveral, is currently under peer review at Limina: The Journal of UAP Studies.

Designing that framework meant making methodological decisions without community standards, without institutional funding and without the professional infrastructure many researchers in established fields take for granted. What is missing is not interest or data – it is the shared scaffolding that turns isolated curiosity into cumulative science.

Stigma is measurable

The most rigorous evidence for the gap between faculty interest in UAP and faculty willingness to study it UAP comes from peer-reviewed studies by Marissa Yingling, Charlton Yingling and Bethany Bell, published in the scholarly journal Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.

Across 14 disciplines at 144 major U.S. research universities, 1,460 faculty responded to their 2023 national survey. Most surveyed believed UAP research was important. Curiosity outweighed skepticism in every discipline that was part of the study. Nearly one-fifth had personally observed something aerial they could not identify. Yet fewer than 1% had ever conducted UAP-related research.

The gap was not explained by intellectual dismissal, but it was in part explained by fear. Researchers were not primarily deterred by intellectual skepticism because they doubted the topic’s merits. Instead, they feared they might lose funding, face ridicule from colleagues or find their careers quietly derailed. Faculty reported being told to “be careful.”

A 2024 follow-up study found that roughly 28% said they might vote against a colleague’s tenure case for conducting UAP research, even when they personally believed the topic warranted study.

Historian and philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn argued that scientific communities suppress anomalous questions not because those questions are unanswerable, but because they fall outside the boundaries the community has collectively decided are worth investigating.

Sociologist Thomas Gieryn called this suppression “boundary work,” referring to the active process by which scientists police what counts as legitimate science.

For UAP researchers, the data and tools to study the phenomenon exist. What may not exist is social permission to use them without professional consequence.

Creating an academic discipline

Academic disciplines do not emerge spontaneously. They require dedicated journals, agreed-upon methods, graduate programs and professional societies.

The history of cognitive neuroscience demonstrates how disciplines emerge. Before the 1980s, researchers at the intersection of neuroscience and cognitive psychology faced resistance from both parent disciplines.

These fields achieved mainstream acceptance only after targeted funding from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, new brain-imaging tools and the gradual formation of academic programs that created career pathways for researchers. Researchers at the nexus of these fields did not wait for central questions to be resolved. They built infrastructure, and the infrastructure made progress possible.

UAP studies as a discipline is developing some of these elements, but largely outside universities. The Society for UAP Studies, a nonprofit of scholars and researchers, operates Limina as a double-blind, peer-reviewed journal and has convened international symposia drawing researchers from physics, philosophy of science and the social sciences. But a nonprofit scholarly society without tenured faculty does not constitute a discipline.

To turn UAP studies into a recognized academic field would require three things.

First, funding. The Yingling studies found that competitive research grants would do more to unlock faculty participation than any other single factor. Without grants, researchers cannot hire students to assist them, maintain instruments or sustain the multiyear projects that produce meaningful results.

Second, shared methodological standards – these would entail agreed-upon procedures for collecting, recording and evaluating UAP reports – would mean findings from one research group can be compared and built upon by others.

Third, institutions could publicly affirm that they will evaluate appropriately rigorous UAP scholarship on its scientific merits during tenure reviews. Several universities have already done this for gun violence research and psychedelic-assisted therapy studies.

These are not isolated examples. Research into near-death experiences and adverse childhood experiences followed similar trajectories, moving from being a professional liability to mainstream legitimacy after the removal of institutional barriers.

The international comparison

This gap in UAP scholarship is unique to the United States. France’s GEIPAN, a dedicated investigation unit within its national space agency, has operated since 1977. It has publicly archived approximately 5,300 French UAP cases, of which about 2% to 3% remain unexplained after rigorous analysis.

In 2020, Japan formalized UAP reporting protocols for its Self-Defense Forces, the branch of the Japanese military responsible for national defense. By June 2024, more than 80 lawmakers had formed a parliamentary UAP investigation group that by May 2025 had formally proposed a dedicated UAP research office to the defense minister. Canada launched its own multiagency UAP investigation survey in 2023.

None of these actions has produced a corresponding response from American research universities. Universities provide independent, peer-reviewed analyses that government programs structurally cannot.

The University of Würzburg in Germany became the first Western university to officially recognize UAP as a legitimate object of academic research in 2022, when it formally added UAP investigation to its research canon. Researchers at Stockholm University and the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics in Sweden have been actively publishing peer-reviewed UAP research since 2017, most recently in Scientific Reports in October 2025.

Congress has passed legislation, the Pentagon is reporting on its investigations, and the president has directed federal agencies to begin releasing records. So the question no longer is whether governments take UAP seriously – it is whether universities will follow, and which ones will get there first.

{ https://theconversation.com/europe }

13-03-2026 om 16:28 geschreven door peter  

The new findings suggest that “space weather” surrounding distant stars could change or distort radio signals before they ever leave their home star systems. SETI researchers suggest that even if an advanced civilization were to send a perfectly narrow radio signal, turbulent conditions related to emissions from nearby stars could distort it in ways that make it difficult for Earth-based telescopes to detect.

The key factor is plasma, as stellar winds constantly carry plasma outward, and powerful stellar eruptions can inject more turbulence into the environment. When radio waves pass through these fluctuating plasma regions, their frequencies can spread slightly. Instead of being concentrated at a single narrow frequency, the signal becomes broadened, distributing its energy across a wider range of frequencies. As a result, the signal’s peak strength becomes weaker.

Traditional search algorithms used in many SETI experiments are designed to detect very sharp signals. If a signal is broadened even slightly, it may fall below the detection thresholds of these systems. Another way of looking at it is that a genuine ET transmission could still be detected, although it may appear too faint or too dispersed to be recognized by astronomers as an artificial signal.

“SETI searches are often optimized for extremely narrow signals. If a signal gets broadened by its own star’s environment, it can slip below our detection thresholds, even if it’s there, potentially helping explain some of the radio silence we’ve seen in technosignature searches,” said Dr. Vishal Gajjar, an astronomer at the SETI Institute and lead author of the recent paper.

To estimate the degree of signal distortion, the researchers analyzed radio transmissions from spacecraft within our solar system. Because these signals travel through the stormy plasma around our Sun, scientists can measure how the plasma affects radio waves. The team does this by calibrating their models using these measurements. 

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }

13-03-2026 om 16:07 geschreven door peter  

The Trump Administration has given the green light to reveal the secret UFO facilities to one of the leading voices in Congress calling for full disclosure of alien life.

US Congressman Eric Burlison of Missouri revealed that he has requested and been granted access to secure locations, such as Area 51, which have decades-old ties to UFOs and secret government projects. 

Speaking on the ALN Podcast, Burlison added that the request to President Trump and his staff included visiting US military bases and facilities where evidence suggests unidentified craft, materials, bodies, or archives allegedly exist.

Burlison is a member of the congressional oversight committee involved in the ongoing investigation into Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs), commonly known as UFOs.

Although the US government and the Pentagon have officially denied that there has been any physical evidence of UFOs or alien life ever recovered, Congress has heard from multiple whistleblowers claiming secret programs have covered up the truth.

In fact, Burlison has previously claimed President Trump has been 'fully briefed' on the existence of aliens, UFOs recovered by the military since the 1940s, and alien-human hybrids allegedly living on Earth today. 

Now, as Trump insiders have allegedly leaked that the White House is planning to reveal what America knows about extraterrestrials by July, the UAP committee may soon have the physical proof of non-human intelligence in their hands.

The congressman revealed: 'The White House has told the DoD to make it happen. The extent to which they've been involved is literally just saying to the Department of Defense that "we're backing his request. Do what you can to make it happen."'

Area 51 (Pictured) has been tied to UFO encounters and advanced military aircraft since the 1950s

US Congressman Eric Burlison (Pictured) has claimed that he has received approval from the White House to visit classified US facilities allegedly tied to evidence of alien life

Over the years, multiple US military sites have been linked to non-human craft, including facilities, anonymous sources have said, that were housing crashed spaceships and experimental aircraft constructed using reverse-engineered alien technology.

These include Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, the Atlantic Undersea Testing and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas, and the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), home to Area 51.

'There is reportedly an object that is not in this country that is so large it cannot be moved, that they've built an entire building around it,' Burlison said during the January 30 podcast.

The congressman noted that this facility outside the US was classified so he was unable to reveal its exact location, but it was on his list of places he had requested to visit as part of the committee's investigation. 

'It's going to involve a lot to make that happen, but that may be the final destination.'

Burlison said during the interview that he started as a UFO skeptic but was convinced these phenomena were real after listening to whistleblower David Grusch's public interview shortly after entering Congress in early 2023.

The Missouri Republican reached out to Grusch, connected him to the House Oversight Committee, and helped facilitate the string of public hearings that have revealed shocking evidence of alien encounters from respected military officials.

Most of the current evidence has taken the form of images and videos of alleged non-human craft captured by both civilians and military personnel. Many have been leaked to the public after being classified by the Pentagon for years.

President Trump (Pictured) expressed skepticism that reports of UFOs were real during a June 2024 interview but has allegedly granted access to secret bases tied to such claims

The November 2025 documentary 'The Age of Disclosure' alleged that there's been an 80-year cover-up on UFOs and alien technology

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

13-03-2026 om 15:52 geschreven door peter  

A strange trio of objects flying over New York City appeared to have all the signs of a real UFO encounter. 

Charlie Correa, from New York's borough of Queens, spotted a single bright light in the sky on March 8 around 8.30pm ET.

Thinking it was a shooting star, they went outside to film it when two more small objects appeared and began chasing the first UFO.

'I have a drone and it either emits a green or red blinking light or no lights when recording. Government drones? UFOs,' Correa posted online.

The 18-second video clearly captured three white lights moving erratically through the sky, with one of the objects seeming to pull ahead of the other two before diving out of sight.

The unidentified objects appeared to stop and hover in mid-air before swerving in various directions as the two trailing craft tried to keep up with the lead UFO.

Many commenting on social media claimed they saw the same phenomenon earlier that night or on previous nights in other parts of the US.

Some suggested the object or objects may have been drones and not extraterrestrial craft, as New York's LaGuardia Airport is less than two miles from the witness's neighborhood. 

A resident of Queens, New York captured video of three strange lights in the sky on March 8 which moved like UFOs

'Could these be drones?' the Queens resident asked. 'I think they moved very weirdly and moved very fast when I first saw them. Also, do drones shine a light on themselves?'

The Daily Mail has reached out to the Federal Aviation Administration for comment regarding the video. 

According to public databases that track these sightings, such as the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC) and Enigma Labs, the March 8 incident has not been officially reported by any witnesses yet.

Some viewers of the video theorized that the New Yorker had captured footage of one large, triangle-shaped craft rotating through the air. 

'I saw this exact UFO over my apartments last Thursday!!!!' A person in Texas replied in the post on Reddit.

'Walking my dog, and I look up to this MASSIVE triangle with 3 lights like this just slowly moving across the sky. Four other tenants were outside talking, and they couldn’t believe it either! This is crazy,' they added. 

'I'm in Ohio and noticed it was an oddly clear night, so I looked up and watched the sky for a while. I SWEAR I saw the same thing,' another person commented.

If the three lights were coming from separate UFOs or drones, some commented on how the objects followed a mysterious pattern that has been seen in multiple UFO incidents.

The objects were seen stopping and then accelerating again in mid-air, with some viewers claiming the objects were drone and other saying it was one large triangular craft

Read More

• Trump green lights UFO disclosure of secret bases hiding crashed ships and non-human bodies 

Both UFO researchers and witnesses have previously documented how swarms of three or four small objects were able to stay in formation and keep perfect distance from each other.

'If [you] watch carefully [you] can see how the distance between the objects is kind of consistent... very creepy,' one person wrote.

Jeremy Corbell, investigative journalist, documentary filmmaker, and co-host of the WEAPONIZED Podcast, recently revealed footage of a similar trio of bright orbs that flew in formation over the Persian Gulf in 2012.

Just like the lights seen over Queens on Sunday, those orbs in the Middle East were described as flying in an almost 'playful' manner. 

The orbs appeared to be intelligently coordinated, maintaining equal distances without any visible wings, tails, fins, or engine exhaust of any kind.

Meanwhile, the new objects displayed another trait of past UFO sightings that scientists could not explain - unusual flight movements that defy basic physics.

In this case, the lights seen chasing the lead object repeatedly appeared to stop in mid-air before instantly accelerating without any visible thrust, something human aircraft haven't publicly shown an ability to do.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

13-03-2026 om 15:38 geschreven door peter  

Hagelbollen van meer dan 10 centimeter vielen deze week uit de hemel in de Verenigde Staten. 

© @SavannaBritoWX op social media platform X

 Martijn Peters - Wetenschaps- en gezondheidsexpert

{ https://www.hln.be/weer-en-wetenschap/  }

13-03-2026 om 15:24 geschreven door peter  

Asteroid once struck 80 miles off coast of Yorkshire causing 330ft tsunami

 Josh Milton

A nearly 540-foot-wide asteroid crashed into the North Sea, only 80 miles off the coast of East Yorkshire… 43 million years ago.

The immense space rock (or possibly a cosmic-sized snowball called a comet) caused a mammoth, 330-foot-high tsunami.

This impact created a two-mile-wide crater known as the Silverpit crater, named after a nearby seafloor channel.

The crater was discovered by British oil geologists in 2002, hidden beneath 700 metres of oceanic ooze and debris.

Its origin has long puzzled scientists, with experts suggesting it was caused by underground salt shifting, causing the seabed to collapse.

But scientists have found the ‘needle in the haystack’ proof that it was the result of an asteroid.

Dr Uisdean Nicholson, a sedimentologist at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, used seismic images to dive deep into the crater.

He found that around the crater, which stretches over 12 miles in a series of concentric rings, were ‘shocked’ quartz and feldspar crystals.

These minerals are formed only under the immense pressure of asteroid strikes, the findings published in Nature Communications indicate.

‘These prove the impact crater hypothesis beyond doubt, because they have a fabric that can only be created by extreme shock pressures,’ Dr Nicholson said.

Asteroid strike off Yorkshire sent mega-tsunami racing toward Britain, study confirm

‘Within minutes, it created a 1.5km high curtain of rock and water that then collapsed into the sea, creating a tsunami over 100 metres high.’

‘It is very rewarding to have finally found the silver bullet’

Professor Gareth Collins, of Imperial College London, who provided numerical models for the study, said a gigantic rock from outer space smashing into the Earth was the ‘simplest explanation’ for Silverpit.

‘It is very rewarding to have finally found the silver bullet,’ he said.

‘We can now get on with the exciting job of using the amazing new data to learn more about how impacts shape planets below the surface, which is really hard to do on other planets.’

Silverpit crater is one of 200 confirmed impact sites, most of which haven’t been fully dated.

While this sounds like a lot, the Earth has been struck by a fair few intruders over the millions of years the planet has been around.

Almost all evidence of these impacts, however, has been swept under the rug by earthquakes and erosion that constantly renew the seabed.

‘We can use these findings to understand how asteroid impacts shaped our planet throughout history, as well as predict what could happen should we have an asteroid collision in future,’ added Dr Nicholson.

Others include Chicxulub, a 110-mile-wide crater buried under the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, thought to have been caused by an asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs some 66 million years ago.

Its explosive force, akin to a hundred million hydrogen bombs, would have ignited firestorms and choked the Earth with dust. Causing the global extinction of not only dinosaurs but plants, fish and plankton.

Or, rather, it was one of a swarm of asteroids that set this extinction in motion.

Other craters, such as Boltysh in Ukraine, have been dated to around the same time as Chicxulub, may also have caused fiery cataclysms and bad news for any living thing nearby.

Together, this may have been a one-two punch that made the dinosaurs’ luck finally run out.

Humanity has yet to face such an event, but came close-ish in 2024 when a ‘city-killer’ asteroid was seemingly hurtling towards us.

The rock, called 2024 YR4, had a 3.1% chance of colliding with the Earth on December 22, 2032, Nasa briefly suspected last year.

Early estimates of the asteroid’s path show it would have slammed into or exploded over highly-populated areas like Mumbai, India or Bogotá, Lagos.

These days, though, space officials say it’s just 0.00081%, or roughly one in 123,000 chance. 

{ https://metro.co.uk/news/ }

13-03-2026 om 14:45 geschreven door peter  

Duizenden mensen in Nederland, België, Duitsland en Frankrijk zagen gisteren aan de schemerende hemel een geelachtige vuurbal die door de lucht schoot. Dat leverde leuke beelden op. Maar voor een aantal mensen in het westen van Duitsland was het meer dan dat. Daar beschadigden stukjes meteoriet huizen. Hoe groot is de kans dat zoiets gebeurt?

Het rotsblok vloog gisterenavond met een geschatte snelheid van zo’n 100.000 kilometer per uur de aardatmosfeer in. Dat gebeurde op een hoogte van 70 kilometer. Door de enorme wrijving met de lucht verhitte het object en begon het te gloeien; dat is het spectaculaire lichtverschijnsel dat we een meteoor noemen.

Bij de Werkgroep Meteoren kwamen meteen talloze waarnemingen binnen. Uit de analyse van al die meldingen bleek dat het object van boven Frankrijk richting Duitsland vloog.

In de westelijke deelstaat Rijnland-Palts kwamen zelfs fragmenten neer. De Duitse politie ontving schademeldingen uit de regio Hunsrück, het Eifelgebergte en bij Koblenz. Er is sprake van beschadigde daken en kapotte dakpannen. Vanuit Nederland en België zijn er geen meldingen van schade.

Hoe groot is de kans dat zo’n meteoriet je raakt?

Vooral die schadegevallen zijn nieuwswaardig. De kans dat jij of je huis ooit geraakt wordt door zo’n stuk meteoriet is namelijk verwaarloosbaar klein. Onderzoekers schatten in de jaren ‘80 dat wereldwijd zo’n zestien gebouwen per jaar geraakt worden door een meteoriet en dat statistisch gezien eens per decennium een persoon ergens op aarde getroffen zou moeten worden.

Stephen A. Nelson, een wetenschapper aan de Amerikaanse Tulane University, heeft in het verleden berekend dat de kans op overlijden door een meteorietinslag gedurende een mensenleven ongeveer 1 op 1.600.000 is. Astronoom Alan Harris houdt het op 1 op 700.000. Het grootste deel van dat risico komt niet eens van een steen die op je hoofd valt, maar van een grootschalige inslag die het klimaat verstoort.

De kans om in je leven door bliksem geraakt te worden is groter, ruwweg 1 op 50.000, en de kans om te overlijden aan een auto-ongeluk is ongeveer 1 op 100. Een meteoriet hoort statistisch gezien dus niet tot je grootste zorgen. Wel een leuk feitje: de kans dat je door een meteoriet overlijdt, is minstens zes keer zo groot als dat je de Staatsloterij zou winnen.

Historische gevallen

De geschiedenis laat zien dat het niet onmogelijk is. Het beroemdste voorval vond plaats op 30 november 1954 in Sylacauga, Alabama. Ann Hodges, 34 jaar oud, lag op de bank te slapen toen een steen van bijna vier kilo door haar plafond crashte, via haar radio afketste en haar op de heup trof. Ze overleefde het met niet meer dan een flinke kneuzing.

Dichter bij huis: op 7 april 1990 sloeg een meteoriet van zo’n 855 gram dwars door de dakpannen en het dak van een woonhuis in Glanerbrug, Overijssel. De zoon van de bewoners vond de steen op zolder, uiteengevallen in tientallen fragmenten.

Op 11 januari 2017 werd door tientallen ooggetuigen in Nederland en België eveneens een vuurbal waargenomen. Kort daarna vonden bewoners in Broek in Waterland een steen van zo’n 500 gram op het dak van een schuurtje. Experts bevestigden later dat het een echte meteoriet was.

Grotere inslagen zijn zeldzaam

In de recente geschiedenis zijn er ook grotere inslagen geweest. De meest beruchte vond plaats op 15 februari 2013. Toen vloog een asteroïde met een doorsnede van zo’n 18 meter de atmosfeer in boven de Russische stad Tsjeljabinsk. Het object explodeerde op een hoogte van ongeveer 30 kilometer. Dat werd vastgelegd op talloze dashcams en camera’s.

De explosie had een kracht van naar schatting 440 tot 500 kiloton TNT, tientallen keren de atoombom van Hiroshima. De schokgolf brak duizenden ramen, beschadigde zo’n 7.200 gebouwen en verwondde bijna 1.500 mensen, voornamelijk door rondvliegend glas. Niemand werd direct door meteorietfragmenten geraakt, en wonder boven wonder viel er geen enkel dodelijk slachtoffer.

Wetenschappers schatten dat impacten van deze omvang om de 30 tot 60 jaar plaatsvinden. De meeste vinden plaats boven onbemenste gebieden. Ruimtestenen die groot genoeg zijn om een hele stad te verwoesten zijn nog zeldzamer en treffen de aarde eens per 10.000 tot 20.000 jaar. Om de 500.000 jaar worden we geraakt door een object dat wereldwijde klimaateffecten zou veroorzaken. En asteroïden zoals het exemplaar dat de dino’s uitroeide? Die raken de aarde slechts om de 100 miljoen jaar.

We schreven vaker over dit onderwerp, lees bijvoorbeeld ook Meteorieten van Mars leveren schat aan informatie over de rode planeet (en de begintijd van de Aarde) en Meeste meteorieten die op aarde crashen zijn afkomstig van dezelfde bron. Of lees dit artikel: De bekendste komeet zet sinds dit weekend weer koers richting de aarde.

Uitgelezen? Luister ook eens naar de Scientias Podcast:

{ https://scientias.nl/nieuws/natuur-klimaat/ }

13-03-2026 om 14:29 geschreven door peter  

Strange Encounters with UFOs and Underwater Aliens: Huge Humanoids and Advanced Spacecraft

Now, based on several underwater UFO encounters, it appears that their vicinity is not just limited to space, but they also appear to have a secret base on Earth, more specifically underwate

Unidentified submersible objects (NOSIs) have gained popularity over the years, despite being much less common than typical UFO sightings. Underwater UFO encounters have been reported all over the world. In this article, we will look at some encounters of people from Russia with UFOs and aliens underwater.

Russian ship Maria encounters underwater UFOs

First on the list is a 1936 encounter between the Russian civilian transport ship Maria and a strange anomalous object while crossing the Pacific Ocean from Leningrad. Crew members saw a mysterious object rise straight out of the water at some point during their journey. It hovered in the sky for a moment before landing on the surface of the nearby Earth. The ship’s captain, intrigued, tried to contact the missing object, but to no avail. So he sent a small boat to investigate the whole affair. But as soon as the boat approached the object, it abruptly accelerated in the opposite direction, making pursuit impossible.

Along with him, the five members of the ship disappeared into a mist that appeared out of nowhere. The captain tried to locate the five occupants but they were not found, so he proceeded to complete their delivery. Once the task was completed, the Maria Ship returned to the same route where it had found the anomalous object.

On the way back, however, when they followed the same path, the strangeness persisted. In the distance, close to where they had first seen the strange object, they saw what they described as a “boat made of a transparent material” and inside they saw what appeared to be three of the missing sailors who had set out in their small boat to investigate.

Upon being rescued, one of them cried and threw himself into the sea to drown, while the other two began to invent crazy stories. The two sailors told the captain and the other crew members that they had been abducted by the mysterious object. During the entire time they were aboard the UFO, they were surrounded by “strange entities with webbed fingers, dressed in dark, shiny suits.” In addition, the entities had frog-like faces and communicated telepathically. Two of the sailors telepathically agreed to stay with the aliens and disappeared without a trace. The other sailors were presumably held captive in a chamber for two days.

Then suddenly they were floating in this peculiar transparent vessel, eating unusual food that looked like tablets stored in transparent pockets, with presumably enough food in each tablet to keep a man alive for a day. When the three men were rescued, suddenly the mysterious transparent boat sank underwater. It was an inexplicable event for those sailors and no one knew what had happened. These two sailors and the anomalous object were never found again. It remained a mystery until now.

Soviet Navy Officer’s Encounter with Underwater UFOs

Another such encounter dates back to the early 1950s, when interest in flying saucers was at its peak. This encounter took place in the Black Sea, bordered by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. It has a maximum depth of 7,257 feet and a total area of ​​168,500 square miles. The account was given by an unidentified Soviet Navy officer who served at the Sevastopol naval base. He said that while doing exercises aboard a ship, he witnessed something unthinkable.

He saw a metallic sphere rise from the water, hover over a battlecruiser, and then sink into the depths of the water behind the ship. This incident was witnessed by the crew on board, and they also reported that the strange object was completely smooth, with no windows or propulsion system. It also made no noise whatsoever. Even though a photo of the strange object was taken, no one knows where it is because the Soviet military kept everything secret.

Moving on, in 1965, a UFO was spotted in the Red Sea, which lies between Africa and Asia. It occurred when the crew of the ship Raduga was crossing the Red Sea. The crew claims to have witnessed “a sphere of fire” rising from the sea, pulling a column of water with it. They saw the object from two miles away and were told that the enigmatic object was about 200 feet in diameter. After hovering for some time at a height of about 150 feet, it illuminated the sea below and the mysterious object descended into the waves with a deafening roar.

The crew reported the entire incident to their superiors, but were warned not to reveal it to the public. The incident was kept secret for many years until ufologist and head of the Russian Ufology Research Center, Paul Stonehill, made it public. During the Cold War, he claims that Soviet submarines made several reports, including one of a nuclear submarine being followed by six unknown underwater objects traveling at great speeds before shooting into the air and disappearing.

Mr. Krapiva attended lectures given by senior Soviet nuclear-powered submarine officers. They served in the Soviet North at secret naval installations and bases.

The lectures sometimes deviated from the planned presentations and many fascinating stories were told. For example, episodes where Soviet sonar operators (military hydroacoustic technicians) “heard” strange “targets” at great depths. Their submarines were being chased by other “submarines”. The pursuers changed their speed at will – speeds that were far faster than any other similar craft in the world at that time. Lieutenant-Commander Oleg Sokolov confidentially informed the students that during the service while sailing his submarine he had observed through a periscope the rise of some strange object in the water. He could not identify it because he saw it through the periscope’s optical system. This underwater “takeoff” occurred in the early 1960s.

Head of Russian UFO Research Center Paul Stonehill

The Secrets of Russia’s USO

Reports of Soviet submarine encounters with underwater UFOs do not end there; they go further than that. In his book Russia’s USO Secrets, based on evidence from declassified records and testimonies of Russian military veterans, British UFO investigator Philip Mantle mentions a number of such occurrences involving Soviet submarines. One such report of a UFO encounter comes from Yury Beketov, a former commander of a nuclear submarine who claims that while maneuvering near the Bermuda Triangle, his submarine encountered an anomalous object.

We have repeatedly observed that instruments detect the movements of material objects at an unimaginable speed of about 230 knots (400 km per hour). It is difficult to reach such a speed on the surface – it is only possible in the air. The beings who created these material objects significantly exceed us in development.

Yuri Beketov

One bizarre case mentioned in the book claims that in 1951, a Soviet submarine spotted a large underwater object, measuring between 200 and 250 meters in length, emerging from the depths and heading towards the coast. The captain reportedly ordered depth charges to be dropped on the object, which initially had no impact, but eventually forced it to halt its upward trajectory, change course, and accelerate towards deeper waters. Certainly, in all of these cases, something seems strange and suspicious, as these anomalous objects are extremely active underwater and even in the air or on land.

In December 1977, during maneuvers near Novy Georgy Island, the crew of the fishing trawler Vasily Kiselev allegedly encountered a large donut-shaped object about 300 to 500 meters in diameter that rose from the surface of the water and hovered there. As soon as the object hovered, all of the trawler’s electrical systems and radar failed.

Surprisingly, the UFO hovered there for three hours until it again descended into deep water. After the UFO left, all electrical equipment returned to normal operation. However, despite the fact that the UFO hovered there for three hours, no photographs were taken.

Underwater UFO Encounter in Lake Baikal

During the summer of 1982, Major General V. Demyanko, Major of the Military Diving Service of the Engineering Forces of the Ministry of Defense, conducted training exercises for reconnaissance divers on Lake Baikal, located in the Trans-Baikal and Baikal Armed Forces of Western Siberia.

The divers were in the middle of their training when they saw three humanoid entities emerge from the icy, murky waters above them, dressed in tight-fitting silver suits and standing a whopping 10 feet tall. These entities were so enigmatic that they had no diving equipment, and intrigued by them, the commander sent a team of seven highly trained divers to capture one of the entities.

The divers went out with nets to capture the creatures, but as soon as they tried to throw the net at one of the creatures, they were thrown out of the water from a depth of 50 meters by an invisible force.

Decompression sickness caused by the rapid force eventually killed three of the divers. It was reported that the Soviet Ministry of Defense admitted that similar underwater beings had been seen in several deep-sea lakes across the country.

These sightings often coincided with the descent and emergence of giant disks and spheres, powerful luminescence emanating from the depths, and other unexplained phenomena. In addition, many extraterrestrial encounters have been reported near Lake Baikal.

There is another account reported by Oleg Chichulin who was on Lake Baikal in a boat instructing students and claims to have seen something really unusual.

There was a ball that was glowing. And then this ball began to fade, fade and blush. And it turned into a red ball. This red ball stayed in the water for a while and then it began to sink. And all this gradually, gradually went under the water. And it got dark.

Oleg Chichulin

The sequel is a 1977 report in which V. Alexandrov and G. Seliverstov turned off their searchlights while exploring a depth of 1,200 meters in a submersible to determine how far sunlight could travel. Out of nowhere, they were bathed in a strange light.

“It was as if our apparatus was illuminated from above and from the side by two strong searchlights. Just a minute later, the unknown searchlights went out and we found ourselves in total darkness.”

V. Alexandrov

There are many such encounters and the next account comes from Vyacheslav Lavretevich, who was sailing on Lake Baikal on his yacht.

We were on a yacht on Lake Baikal and a huge glowing disk flew under us. It blinded us and for a second it flew into the sky. We didn’t even have time to take any cameras or record a video, although many of us saw it. It was huge and illuminated our entire yacht. It was probably 500-700 meters in diameter, a huge disk. For three minutes it shone from below (the surface), and then abruptly left in a second. The show was huge, incredible. Beautiful and shocking.

Vyacheslav Lavretevich

Extraterrestrial Encounter in the Mediterranean Sea

Another report on the list dates from June 1984, when the Soviet tanker Gori, which was in the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the incident, was twenty nautical miles from the Strait of Gibraltar. While on deck, Alexander G. Globa and his second-in-command, S. Bolotov, witnessed a “strange polychromatic object” resembling “an upside-down frying pan” emerging from the water. Approximately 20 meters in diameter, it was described as being gray, metallic, and shiny with “many bright, sparkling lights” on its underside and with “waves” of protuberances on its outer shell.

The bottom of the strange object had a pipe sticking out of it. That pipe was so red it looked like it was on fire. The object rolled up and down “as if propelled by an invisible wave” for some time. When the object saw the Arab freighter approaching from the port side, it went and hovered over the freighter, according to the Arab Crew. Then the object shot up into the sky, emitting sparks and flames.

Mediterranean Sea

In the same year, Alexei Korzhev, commander of a Soviet submarine, reported an encounter in which his crew spotted two mysterious objects during routine training exercises at a secret location. This seemed suspicious, since no other submarines were supposed to be present in that area. Furthermore, the object they spotted was moving at an astonishing speed of about 200 mph (320 km/h) and making sudden adjustments in direction that defied the laws of physics. At that point, one of the objects was thrown straight out of the water and flew past them at high speed.

The submarine dove into the water and followed the object into the water and fired a beam that knocked out the submarine’s communications equipment. It then fired another beam, this time making a noise “like a cutter being used,” according to the crew. They thought the object was now attacking them, but it suddenly reversed course and sank into the ocean below, leaving the submarine unharmed.

Huge alien humanoids underwater

Strange reports of huge humanoid beings date back to the 1990s as well. In 1996, while hunting sharks in the Black Sea, a guy named B. Borovikov was surprised to observe three huge humanoid figures floating on the surface. The humanoids had bulging eyes, a humanoid face, and a milky white body. They also had some kind of fish tail. One of the creatures seemed to wave a webbed hand at him as he approached and then they all swam away into the darkness of the ocean again.

A similar account comes from the 1990s, when D. Povaliyayev was flying a hang glider over Kav Golov in the Leningrad area. His attention was drawn to huge humanoid “swimmers” in silvery suits in a lake below him, then the figures disappeared beneath the waves. The narratives we read here leave us wondering what we are to make of them. Does extraterrestrial life rule our oceans as it does our skies? It was certain that we had not yet discovered the origin of these extraterrestrial entities. Whatever happened, the reasons for this enigma are lost to history and the misplaced archives of UFO lore and will probably remain so for some time.

{ https://ufosecret.net/ }

12-03-2026 om 22:03 geschreven door peter  

NASA spacecraft lands in the Pacific Ocean near the Galapagos Islands as it crashes back to Earth after 14 years in orbit

• READ MORE: NASA successfully changed an asteroid's orbit around the SUN

By WILIAM HUNTER, SENIOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

An out-of-control NASA satellite has plunged back to Earth after more than 14 years in orbit.

The 590-kilogram (1,300 lbs) Van Allen Probe A crashed down in the East Pacific Ocean near the Galapagos Islands at 10:37 GMT (06:37 EDT) yesterday morning.

NASA says it expected most of the spacecraft to burn up in the atmosphere, but some parts may have survived re-entry and reached the surface.

Due to the remote location, around 680 miles (1,100 km) due south of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, it is extremely unlikely that the satellite would have harmed anyone.

The space agency had previously estimated that the chances of Van Allen Probe A harming anyone at all were around one in 4,200.

Dr Marco Langbroek, an expert satellite tracker, says the re-entry fireball was detected by the US Space Force, likely with a military infrared early warning system.

Dr Langbroek adds that the re-entry side had been particularly difficult for space agencies to predict due to the satellite's highly elliptical orbit.

This means that the probe only slowed down as it briefly dipped into the atmosphere at the closest point of its oval-shaped orbit.

The 590-kilogram (1,300 lbs) Van Allen Probe A (artist's impression) crashed down in the East Pacific Ocean near the Galapagos Islands at 10:37 GMT (06:37 EDT) yesterday morning

Originally launched for a two-year mission, the Van Allen Probe A and its twin Van Allen Probe B were launched into orbit in August 2012.

For over six years, the twin spacecraft travelled through the Van Allen Belts, the invisible, doughnut-shaped rings of highly charged radioactive particles that surround Earth.

The Van Allen Probes were designed to orbit within this dangerous region, gathering data on how the rings gain and lose particles.

No one had expected that the probes would be able to survive and keep gathering data for more than two years, but both were still delivering scientific insights until 2019.

NASA requires that its spacecraft be safely 'de-orbited' at the end of their lifespans so that they don't orbit Earth as space junk for thousands of years.

That meant the space agency had to use the last of the remaining fuel to push them out of orbit.

Over two weeks, scientists fired the probes' engines five times, with each two-hour burst burning more than two kilograms (4.5 lbs) of propellant.

This brought the closest point of the orbit from 370 miles (595 km) above Earth down to just 190 miles (305 km), where the friction from Earth's atmosphere would slowly drag them down.

NASA had originally expected that Van Allen Probe A would re-enter the atmosphere in 2034.

However, these predictions were made before scientists learned how active the current solar cycle would be.

In 2024, studies confirmed that the sun had reached its 'solar maximum', a period of unusually intense space weather events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

These events caused Earth's atmosphere to swell slightly, increasing the atmospheric drag on the craft and pulling it out of orbit much faster than expected.

The probe's twin, Van Allen Probe B, is not expected to re-enter until after 2030.

The Van Allen Belts help to shield Earth from powerful solar winds and dangerous cosmic rays that could have prevented life from ever forming on the planet's surface.

However, they also pose a problem for satellites in high orbits and for astronauts, who must pass through these dangerous regions to reach the moon.

While travelling through the Van Allen Belts, astronauts are exposed to high doses of 'high-energy radiation', which is far more damaging than the radiation from X-rays.

The probes spent seven years gathering data on the Van Allen Belts (pictured), doughnut-shaped rings of charged particles that surround the planet, before running out of fuel

With the Artemis program now targeting its first crewed lunar mission for April this year, it is critical for NASA to understand the exact shape and structure of these regions.  

NASA says: 'Data from NASA’s Van Allen Probes mission still plays an important role in understanding space weather and its effects.'

'By reviewing archived data from the mission, scientists study the radiation belts surrounding Earth, which are key to predicting how solar activity impacts satellites, astronauts, and even systems on Earth, such as communications, navigation, and power grids.

'By observing these dynamic regions, the Van Allen Probes contributed to improving forecasts of space weather events and their potential consequences.'

WHAT ARE THE VAN ALLEN PROBES?

NASA launched the twin Van Allen Probes in 2012 to understand the fundamental physical processes that create this harsh environment so that scientists can develop better models of the radiation belts. 

These spacecraft were specifically designed to withstand the constant bombardment of radiation in this area and to continue to collect data even under the most intense conditions. 

A set of observations on how the radiation belts respond to a significant space weather storm, from this harsh space environment, is a goldmine. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

12-03-2026 om 21:32 geschreven door peter  

Scientists stunned as 500-year-old 'miracle' image of Virgin Mary reveals impossible microscopic reflection

• READ MORE: 'Miracle' declared at Las Vegas church as 'holy face' appears during holiday mass

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

A mysterious detail hidden inside one of the world's most famous religious images may defy conventional explanation, proving it might just be a miracle. 

Scientists analyzing the Tilma of Guadalupe, a cactus-fiber cloak that Christians believe bears a miraculous image of the Virgin Mary, claimed they discovered at least 13 tiny human figures embedded within the eye.

The reflections are so small they can only be seen through digital enlargement, yet researchers said they resemble witnesses present when the artifact was first revealed in the 16th century.

After digitally processing high-resolution images, investigators also reported that sections of the face, hands, robe and mantle appear to have been applied in a single step, with no sketches, corrections or visible brush strokes.

'The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been the subject of numerous technical studies since 1751,' researchers wrote, adding that despite extensive investigation, 'none of the results offered any sound scientific explanation, which up to this very day defies science and all human reasoning.'

The image appears on the cloak, or tilma, of Juan Diego, a 16th-century Indigenous convert who reported seeing the Virgin Mary in 1531 near Mexico City.

According to tradition, the image suddenly appeared on the cloak when Juan Diego presented it to Juan de Zumárraga, stunning witnesses and becoming one of the most revered religious artifacts in the Americas.

Further analysis of the microscopic image suggested the reflections contain multiple figures, including witnesses who were allegedly present when the tilma was first displayed.

Scientists have analyzed the Tilma of Guadalupe, a cactus-fiber cloak that Christians believe bears a miraculous image of the Virgin Mary, for decades, uncovering hidden details in her eye

The claims have been published in a recent report titled 'Miraculous Image of Our Lady of Guadalupe,' published by St Michael the Archangel Catholic Church in Texas, which summarizes various historical examinations of the tilma conducted over the past several centuries.

However, the details have also resurfaced online where people are hailing the Tilma of Guadalupe as 'the second greatest relic in history,' likely after Jesus' burial cloth.

One user shared on X: 'I've read this three times and my rational mind keeps running out of explanations. Science keeps confirming what faith already knew. But I still have my faith in science.' 

Some have dismissed the claims, with another user saying: 'I'm pretty sure artists in the 16th century knew how images were distorted when reflected onto curved surfaces.' 

In 1936, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Richard Kuhn was asked to analyze a small fiber sample taken from the cloak.

After examining the material, Kuhn reported that the pigments did not match any known colorants derived from plants, animals or minerals. 

According to accounts of the analysis, the chemical composition of the coloring agents could not be identified using the pigment classifications available at the time.

The image was examined again using more modern technology in 1979, when biophysicist Philip Serna Callahan and art specialist Jody B Smith conducted an infrared photography study of the image, capturing high-resolution scans designed to reveal details invisible to the human eye.

The analysis identified at least 13 tiny human figures embedded within the pupil 

Their analysis focused on how the image interacts with light and how the colors are distributed across the cloth. 

The researchers reported that large portions of the image appeared unusually uniform, with color areas extending across the fabric without the layering patterns normally seen in traditional paintings.

The infrared images also showed that the pigments appeared to interact differently with light than conventional paints, producing subtle shifts in brightness depending on the angle of observation. 

The team concluded that the technique used to create the image could not be easily explained using standard painting methods known from the 16th century, leaving the process by which the colors were applied unresolved.

Made from coarse fibers of the maguey cactus, a material that normally decays within a few decades, the fabric has survived for nearly five centuries without significant deterioration.

The cloak measures roughly five feet by three feet and consists of two pieces of cloth sewn together by a simple seam that runs through the center of the image.

The reflections are so small they can only be seen through digital enlargement, yet researchers said they resemble witnesses present when the artifact was first revealed in the 16th century. Further analysis suggested the reflections contain multiple figures, including witnesses who were allegedly present when the tilma was first displayed in 1531

Yet despite centuries of exposure to candle smoke, humidity, dust and repeated handling by pilgrims, the fabric has remained intact.

Studies of the cloth have noted that the tilma appears unusually resistant to insects and dust, and the colors of the image have retained their brightness despite long periods without a protective covering.

In the 18th century, two copies of the image were painted on similar cactus-fiber cloth using the best techniques of the time.

Both replicas deteriorated within decades, while the original remained unchanged, and even attempts to modify the image failed.

At one point, artists added decorative elements such as a crown and angels, but those additions faded away while the original figure remained untouched.

Scientists have also struggled to determine how the image itself was created. Analyses of the cloth have found no visible brush strokes, sketches or paint residues.

Some investigators reported that the colors appear to hover slightly above the surface of the fibers rather than soaking into the cloth.

'When examined closely, the colors disappear and only the fabric is visible,' researchers noted.

Skeptics, however, remain cautious, as many scientists argue the findings could be the result of visual interpretation or image processing artifacts rather than intentional details embedded in the painting.

Regardless, the tilma continues to attract intense scrutiny from both believers and researchers.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

12-03-2026 om 21:19 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers watch the birth of one of the universe's most extreme objects for the first time

By FRANCINE WOLFISZ, NEWS REPORTER

Astronomers have watched the birth of one of the universe's most extreme objects for the very first time - a magnetar comprising the mass of 500,000 Earths inside a sphere measuring just 12 miles across.

Magnetars are a type of neutron star, an incredibly dense object mainly made up of tightly packed neutron, which forms from the collapsed core of a massive star during a supernova.

What sets magnetars apart from other neutron stars is that they also have the most powerful known magnetic fields in the universe.

For context, the strength of our planet’s magnetic field has a value of about one Gauss, while a refrigerator magnet measures about 100 Gauss. Magnetars, on the other hand, have magnetic fields of about a million billion Gauss.

Scientists observed a superluminous supernova called SN 2024afav for more than 200 days. Normally the light from a supernova fades after reaching a peak in brightness, but SN 2024afav flickered as it faded, producing small light pulses.

They theorised that debris had formed a swirling gas disc after falling back into a magnetar and that the debris' axis of rotation was tilted as a result of general relativity, their study published in Nature stated.

An artist's impression of a magnetar surrounded by a swirling gas disc that is tilted because of the effects of general relativity

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, the pulsating light was the result of a massive spinning object whipping space-time fabric around it - otherwise known as a magnetar.

The scientists believe the data proves they had witnessed a magnetar forming as the  the core of a superluminous supernova collapsed in on itself.

Alex Filippenko, a professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley and co-author of the study said it was 'definitive evidence' of a magnetar.

He told The Times:  'To see a clear effect of Einstein’s general theory of relativity is always exciting, but seeing it for the first time in a supernova is especially rewarding

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

12-03-2026 om 21:07 geschreven door peter  

Overview

The Scottish Highlands have long been a fertile ground for stories that intertwine ancient folklore with modern-day mysteries. Among the most famous legends is that of the Loch Ness Monster, affectionately known as “Nessie,” a creature said to inhabit Loch Ness. Sightings of Nessie date back to the 6th century, but it was in the 20th century that reports surged, fueled by photographs such as the famous “Surgeon’s Photograph” from 1934, which many later questioned as a hoax. Despite scientific skepticism, eyewitness accounts continue to emerge, describing a large, long-necked creature gliding through the water.

Parallel to Nessie’s legend are numerous UFO sightings reported over the decades, particularly in the Highlands region. Since the 1950s, reports of strange lights and unidentified flying objects have periodically captured public attention. In the early 1970s, several credible witnesses, including military personnel, reported strange aerial phenomena that seemed to defy conventional explanations. These reports often describe disc-shaped or luminous craft moving silently across the sky, fueling speculation about extraterrestrial activity.

While Nessie and UFO sightings seem unrelated at first glance, some researchers suggest they may share a common cultural backdrop rooted in the region’s rich folklore and openness to mysteries. Both phenomena have become part of the Highlands’ identity, attracting cryptozoologists and ufologists alike. The enduring fascination with these stories exemplifies how myths evolve and persist, blending local legend with collective imagination. Overall, these mysteries continue to captivate and inspire curiosity, ensuring their place in Scottish cultural heritage for generations to come.

Visitors Over Loch Ness, 1970s Photograth Style, Loch Ness Monster 

Poster Print Scottish Myth Wall Art, Nessie Lover Gift, UFO Wall Art,

Historical Background

The legend of Nessie, the famed Loch Ness Monster, has captured imaginations for nearly a century. The modern story began in 1933 when a local couple, while driving along the shores of Loch Ness, reported seeing a large, elongated creature emerging from the water. Their description of a “large, snake-like animal” sparked widespread interest and subsequent reports from other witnesses. Over the following 90 years, hundreds of sightings have been documented, with some claiming to see a massive creature swimming or surfacing.

Despite the numerous reports, no concrete physical evidence has ever been produced to substantiate the existence of Nessie. No bones, tissue samples, or clear photographs have been conclusively verified by scientists. Many experts, including researchers like Lilienfeld et al. (2001) and McEnaney (2020), suggest that Nessie’s enduring popularity stems from a deep-rooted human tendency to create mythical explanations for the unknown. The Loch itself, nearly 23 miles long and containing more freshwater than all of England and Wales combined, offers an ideal setting for such legends to flourish. Its murky depths and vast size make it a perfect backdrop for tales of mysterious creatures lurking beneath the surface. The myth persists partly because of the natural human desire for mystery and adventure, as well as the Loch’s physical characteristics that leave room for speculation. Over the decades, the Nessie legend has become woven into Scottish culture, inspiring books, documentaries, and tourism.

A mock image of the reported sighting in Calvine - 
Are the amazing Calvine UFO photos taken in village in the Highlands of SCOTLAND

UFO Sightings Over the Loch

Parallel to the numerous cryptid reports, the Scottish Highlands, particularly around Loch Ness, have been the site of a significant number of UFO sightings that have captivated both locals and visitors alike. The most well-documented of these incidents occurred in 1971, and it remains one of the most intriguing UFO events in the region's history. Multiple witnesses, including fishermen, tourists, and even some local residents, reported seeing clusters of bright, pulsating lights hovering over the water. These lights were often described as glowing orbs that moved in unison, sometimes forming geometric patterns before suddenly changing direction or vanishing altogether.

Following these luminous displays, witnesses frequently observed silent, disc-shaped objects that appeared to skim just above the water's surface. In some cases, these craft seemed to perform rapid accelerations or sharp turns, defying the capabilities of known aircraft or natural phenomena. One particularly noteworthy report, filed with the UK’s Ministry of Defence (which is now archived), detailed “unidentified luminous phenomena moving at speeds exceeding known aircraft capabilities,” emphasizing the mysterious nature of these sightings.

Later reports in subsequent years have continued to describe similar phenomena, often noting “unusual acoustic vibrations” accompanying the visual displays—an odd detail, as most UFO sightings typically lack sound. These vibrations sometimes caused ripples on the water or disturbed nearby wildlife, adding an extra layer of mystery. For example, in 1990, a group of fishermen reported seeing a large, glowing craft descend rapidly into the loch, accompanied by a deep hum that resonated through the water.

Such sightings have fueled ongoing speculation about the presence of extraterrestrial or other unknown entities operating in the remote and often fog-covered waters of Loch Ness. While scientific explanations remain elusive, these reports continue to contribute to the rich tapestry of paranormal activity associated with the Scottish Highlands.

Theories and Skepticism

A handful of researchers have speculated that the two mysteries—namely, the Loch Ness Monster and unidentified flying objects—could be interconnected in some way. These researchers have proposed various scenarios, some of which are quite imaginative, suggesting that extraterrestrial entities may have a particular interest in Earth’s cryptids or that both phenomena are different manifestations of a single, as-yet-unidentified natural phenomenon. For example, some theorists posit that unusual natural events, such as rare atmospheric or geological conditions, could produce both aquatic and aerial anomalies that are perceived as monsters or UFOs. Others have speculated that extraterrestrial visitors might be studying or observing the Loch Ness area, leading to sightings of both the legendary creature and unidentified aerial phenomena.

Dr. Fiona MacLeod, a renowned folklorist at the University of Edinburgh, has offered an interesting perspective on these stories. She notes that “the convergence of Nessie and UFO narratives illustrates how modern media can fuse disparate legends into a unified mythos.” This means that the proliferation of media coverage and sensationalism can create a narrative where different legends and sightings are interconnected, even if there is no concrete evidence linking them. This blending of stories can reinforce public fascination and perpetuate ongoing mystery.

However, skeptics remain unconvinced by these theories. Most skeptics argue that the majority of reports are simply misidentifications. For instance, many sightings could be explained by misinterpreted reflections of aircraft lights, weather balloons drifting across the sky, or the play of moonlight on the Loch’s surface, which can create illusions or shapes that resemble creatures or objects. Psychological factors such as expectation bias also play a significant role; when people are primed to see something unusual, they are more likely to interpret ambiguous stimuli as evidence of monsters or UFOs.

Despite these skeptical explanations, some cases remain puzzling. The UFO Disclosure Project, an organization dedicated to investigating and revealing evidence of extraterrestrial activity, notes that a small subset of UFO and cryptid sightings remain “unexplained after rigorous analysis.” These unresolved cases tend to keep the debate alive, fueling ongoing speculation and research. For example, incidents such as the 1980 Rendlesham Forest UFO encounter or certain Nessie sightings that defy easy explanation continue to intrigue both enthusiasts and skeptics alike, ensuring that the mysteries of Loch Ness and UFOs remain captivating subjects of investigation and debate.

Impact and Outlook

Both the legend of the Loch Ness Monster and the tales of UFO sightings have evolved from mere folklore into significant economic and cultural phenomena, transforming the Scottish Highlands into a vibrant hub of tourism and interest. Over the decades, these mysteries have garnered worldwide attention, drawing thousands of visitors annually who are eager to catch a glimpse of Nessie or to explore the unexplained aerial phenomena reported over the region. This influx of tourists has had a substantial impact on the local economy, providing a vital source of income for small businesses, hotels, tour operators, and regional services.

The Scottish Tourist Board estimates that Nessie-related tourism alone generates approximately £30 million each year. This includes revenue from guided boat tours, museum visits, merchandise sales, and other related activities centered around Loch Ness. The legend’s enduring popularity has led to a thriving industry of "monster‑watch" tours, where enthusiasts and casual tourists alike embark on boat excursions or visit vantage points along the shores, hoping for a glimpse of the elusive creature. Similarly, the UFO phenomenon has spurred a burgeoning niche market, with organized "UFO‑spotting" tours, conferences, and festivals attracting enthusiasts from around the world, adding an estimated £5 million annually to local economies.

As global governments and agencies become more transparent regarding their investigations into UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena), public interest in these mysteries is likely to increase further. Recent declassified reports and official acknowledgment of UAPs have fueled speculation and curiosity, prompting more visitors to the Highlands in hopes of witnessing unexplained phenomena firsthand or simply immersing themselves in the region’s mysterious reputation. This heightened interest is expected to sustain and possibly grow the economic benefits associated with these phenomena.

Beyond the economic implications, the cultural impact of these legends remains profound. They serve as modern myths that inspire storytelling, art, and scientific inquiry, reinforcing the Highlands’ image as a land of mystery and wonder. Whether future investigations will uncover concrete evidence linking Nessie or UAPs to tangible phenomena remains uncertain. Some skeptics argue that these stories are elaborate hoaxes or the result of misidentifications, while others believe that they are manifestations of collective imagination and folklore that continue to captivate generations.

In essence, the Loch Ness Monster and UFO sightings exemplify humanity’s enduring fascination with the unknown. They remind us of our innate curiosity and desire to explore mysteries beyond our understanding. As technology advances and research methods improve, the potential for new discoveries or definitive answers remains an exciting prospect. Regardless of the outcome, the legends continue to serve as powerful symbols of intrigue, inspiring tourism, scientific inquiry, and cultural expression. Looking ahead, the Highlands are poised to remain a focal point for mystery, exploration, and economic vitality, ensuring that these legends will endure for generations to come.

{  https://usubjects.com/  }

12-03-2026 om 20:53 geschreven door peter  

UFO whistleblower insists Roswell is '100% real' and recovery 'wasn't human'

UFO whistleblower Eric Davis claims the 1947 Roswell crash was "100% real," insisting a "not human" craft was recovered and the proof is hidden in secret files

UFO whistleblower Eric Davis claims to have been told that Roswell was real

(Image: Getty)

BY Liam Randall

A UFO whistleblower has sensationally claimed that the legendary Roswell crash was "100 per cent" a real extraterrestrial event, insisting the recovered craft was "not of human origin."

Astrophysicist Eric Davis, a former scientific advisor to the Pentagon's disbanded Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, has broken ranks to validate the 1947 mystery that has baffled the world for nearly 80 years.

While the US government has spent decades insisting the debris found at the Foster Ranch in Corona, New Mexico, was nothing more than a downed weather balloon, Davis claims the truth is far more out of this world.

Speaking on the validity of the incident on the American Alchemy podcast, Davis didn't mince his words. He said his conviction stems from high-level briefings with the late Apollo astronaut Ed Mitchell and retired Navy Admiral Thomas Wilson.

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The Roswell crash has mystified people for decades

(Image: Getty Images)

Davis said: "It's 100 per cent. I had my information that I got from Ed Mitchell at a science advisory board meeting on the disclosure project at the Pentagon. Also, Admiral Wilson coming back and verifying that the Roswell crash actually really did happen.

"It wasn't a mobile balloon, it wasn't a raw wind radar test balloon project, it wasn't a weather balloon, it wasn't anything of that nature.

"It was a real craft of unknown origin that was adjudicated to be not of human origin or construction. It crashed on the Foster Ranch in Corona in New Mexico."

Many American's have never believed the official version of events from the authorities

(Image: AFP via Getty Images)

Critics have long pointed to a lack of physical evidence as proof that Roswell was a hoax or a military blunder. But Davis hit back, comparing the secrecy surrounding the flying disc to the world's most dangerous weapons.

When grilled on why the public hasn't seen the proof, he said: "The incontrovertible evidence is kept in the classified realm for security reasons. Do you dispute the existence of atomic weapons because you can't access them?"

One of the wildest theories surrounding the New Mexico site is that an alien survived the impact and was taken into government custody.

Jesse Marcel, head intelligence officer, who initially investigated and recovered some of the debris from the Roswell UFO site

(Image: Universal Images Group via Getty Images)

While Davis hasn't seen the proof regarding a survivor, he isn't ruling out the possibility that a little grey man was pulled from the wreckage.

He said: "That's a point of information I have never gotten in any of my official government interviews, or even unofficial off the record interviews, is that any of these aliens ever lived.

"This is coming from a different avenue, but I won't dismiss it offhand. It's just that it's not a piece of data that ever came my way after 30 years."

The Roswell saga began in July 1947 when Major Jesse Marcel, an intelligence officer for the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF), was dispatched to a ranch littered with metallic debris.

The world was initially told the Army had captured a flying saucer, but the story was pulled just 24 hours later.

Marcel later posed with tattered remains of a weather balloon, sparking a cover-up theory that has lasted decades. Despite the military's U-turn, believers say the original disc was spirited away to a secret facility.

RELATED UFOS

{ https://www.dailystar.co.uk/latest/ufo }

12-03-2026 om 18:30 geschreven door peter  

Retired Air Force Major General With UFO Connections Disappears in New Mexico

By Victor Tangermann

Getty / Futurism

The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) in Ohio has played a central role in UFO lore.

The base allegedly houses “Hangar 18,” a facility which, according to UFO conspiracy theories, is said to contain debris of crashed alien vessels and even alien bodies recovered from the mythical Roswell incident. It was such a prevalent myth that it was turned into a science fiction action film, titled “Hangar 18,” in 1980. (The Air Force has repeatedly denied the existence of Hangar 18.)

The base’s “Project Blue Book,” which related to investigations into UFOs that concluded in 1969, has also been the subject of plenty of UFO lore, cataloguing over 12,000 sightings, 701 of which remain “unidentified,” according to official military records.

So it’s not a surprise that at least some eyebrows went straight up when news emerged that the FBI had joined the search for a high-ranking retired US Air Force major general who once served as the commander of the Air Force Research Laboratory at the WPAFB.

As CNN reports, 68-year-old William Neil McCasland went missing on February 27 and hasn’t been in contact with family or friends since. According to the Bernalillo County Sheriff’s Office in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where McCasland’s home is, the retired general has “medical issues” that have law enforcement “concerned for his safety.” He’s also known to be an “avid outdoorsman and is known to often hike, run, and cycle in the Northeast Heights and the Sandia foothills.”

The FBI Albuquerque Field Office and Kirtland Air Force Base have also joined the search, which has included neighborhood canvassing, interviews, and other coordinated search operations.

Given his extensive association with the fabled Air Force base — not to mention the fact that he’s leaned into the conspiracy theories by working with Blink-182 cofounder Tom DeLonge’s UFO hunting project, To the Stars, Inc — the X-Files crowd kicked into high gear. McCasland served as a primary source for DeLonge’s company, which previously claimed to have obtained “exotic material samples from UFOs.”

“Former Commander of AFRL at Wright-Patt…” one Reddit user wrote facetiously in the Air Force subreddit. “Where they moved the actual aliens to…”

“If the FBI is joining, it likely indicates they’ve found some evidence of foul play or foreign interference IMO,” another user in the UFO subreddit suggested, conspiratorially.

McCasland’s wife, Susan McCasland Wilkerson, has since published a Facebook post — which, strikingly, alluded to the rumors that the Air Force base was indeed storing the bodies of aliens.

“It is true that Neil had a brief association with the UFO community,” she wrote. “This connection is not a reason for someone to abduct Neil. Neil does not have any special knowledge about the ET bodies and debris from the Roswell crash stored at Wright-Patt.”

The timing of McCasland’s disappearance was particularly unfortunate, occurring just days after president Donald Trump vowed in a Truth Social post to release “government files related to alien and extraterrestrial life, unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), and unidentified flying objects (UFOs).”

The promise was largely dismissed as a desperate attempt to distract from a metastasizing tariffs battle with the Supreme Court and, of course, the release of the Epstein files. (Trump has also yet to make good on his promise.)

For now, the local sheriff’s office indicated that it had “uncovered no evidence of foul play” but that it is still “considering all possible scenarios.”

UFO truthers, however, are convinced something strange is going on.

“It’s crazy how all the scientists go missing when they discover science that could change the world,” one user wrote in the r/aliens subreddit.

More on UFOs: 

• A Man Bought Meta’s AI Glasses, and Ended Up Wandering the Desert Searching for Aliens to Abduct Him

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{ https://futurism.com/category/future-society }

12-03-2026 om 18:06 geschreven door peter  

The return of humanity to the Moon is not simply a repeat of the Apollo program’s success, but an extremely complex technological equation where the price of failure is the lives of the crew. As the SLS rocket prepares for the Artemis II mission launch in April 2026, a new report from NASA’s Office of Inspector General (OIG) has revealed alarming “gaps” in the safety system. It turns out that during future missions, in the event of an emergency on the surface of the Moon, there will be no one to rescue the astronauts, and their journey home may depend on the serviceability of a regular elevator on the outside of the spacecraft.

One of the most sobering conclusions of the OIG report was the acknowledgment that, half a century after the last flight to the moon, NASA had returned to the same level of risk as in the 1960s. If the Artemis mission astronauts encounter a critical malfunction on the lunar surface or in orbit, NASA currently has neither a plan nor the technical capability to conduct a rescue operation.

According to calculations, the probability of crew loss during the first Artemis missions is 1 in 30 for the entire flight and 1 in 40 during the actual landing on the Moon’s surface. By comparison, the risk during the Apollo program was estimated at 1 in 10, and Space Shuttle crews flew with an actual risk of 1 in 70. Although modern figures look better than they did in Neil Armstrong’s day, they are still dangerously high for the modern era of space flight.

Risks of Starship landing

The main protagonist of the first landings should be SpaceX’s HLS landing module, a modified version of the Starship spacecraft. Its dimensions are impressive: it is 52 meters high, which is equivalent to a 14-story building. However, it is precisely this scale that creates unprecedented engineering challenges.

The South Pole of the Moon, where Artemis is headed, is an area with extremely complex terrain. Steep slopes with gradients of up to 20° make landing such a tall and heavy structure extremely dangerous. There is a real risk that Starship’s large moment of inertia could cause it to simply tip over after touching the surface. At the same time, NASA’s official requirements stipulate a “permissible tilt” of only 8°. By comparison, the Apollo lunar modules were seven times smaller, which made them much more stable on uneven surfaces.

Stuck on the Moon

Perhaps the most curious, but at the same time the most dangerous point in the report is the issue of the elevator. Since the Starship crew cabin is located at the top of the rocket, astronauts have to descend to the surface of the Moon on an external elevator from a height of about 10 stories.

NASA’s Inspector General is sounding the alarm: at present, this elevator is the only means of returning astronauts back to the spacecraft. If the mechanism jams while the crew is on the surface, they will have no alternative route, such as a ladder, to return to the pressurized compartment.

SpaceX is working on duplicating the elevator systems, but NASA officially classifies this node as the main risk to human life. SpaceX’s competitor, Blue Origin, has a significantly lower Blue Moon module — 16 m — and astronauts will only need to descend a ladder.

20 flights for one landing

Another technological “gap” is refueling in orbit. For Starship to reach the Moon with a crew, it needs 10 to 20 refueling tankers, which have to launch from Earth every week. Such a large-scale logistical operation in space has never been carried out before.

The situation is complicated by physics: cryogenic fuel (liquid methane and oxygen) constantly heats up and evaporates. Scientists do not yet have a proven solution for stopping these losses during long waits for refueling in orbit. If the pace of tanker launches slows down, the mission could run out of fuel before it even begins its flight to the Moon.

A schedule on the edge

Despite criticism, NASA continues to prepare for the Artemis II mission, scheduled for launch on April 1, 2026. The SLS rocket and Orion capsule have already undergone repairs after hydrogen leaks and pressure problems. Next week, on March 19-20, the giant rocket is scheduled to return to the launch pad for final testing.

At the same time, NASA announced a radical change in strategy. The Artemis III mission will not include a landing on the Moon. In 2027, astronauts will only test docking and life support systems in Earth orbit. The landing itself has been postponed until 2028. This decision gives the agency and private contractors (SpaceX and Blue Origin) a little more time to patch up the security holes that have been discovered.

We previously reported on how space affects human health.

• According to spaceflightnow.com

• Posted in News, Tech

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

12-03-2026 om 17:55 geschreven door peter  

Alien Shadow Fixing Mars Rover! 14 years ago it was deleted, I found it again, UFO Sightings Daily.

Date of discovery: 2012

Location of discovery: Mars

New Source photo: 

• https://mars.nasa.gov/raw_images/26678/?site=msl

So I found this photo again, which I reported back in 2012 and it got into world news articles and NASA saw it and had it immediately deleted from the index. However they created other indexes of the same photos to confuse those alien hunters like myself into believing they were gone forever. But it's there today, but of course, not for long. Go check it out at the NASA link I give you before it's gone again. 

In the photo, its very easy to make out the backpack on the person, the persons neck and especially visible is his spiky hair, which is odd, since it means he has no helmet on and is exposed to the Mars atmosphere. The person looks to be wearing goggles and has a thicker sleeve area around the wrist and thiner around the rest of that arm. The person is reaching upwards to the Mars rover camera head...obviously either cleaning it off or repairing it. 

Any conclusions? Mine are in the video. 

Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily- Taiwan

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

12-03-2026 om 17:38 geschreven door peter  

Naar Mars: De Problemen, De Missie en De Mogelijkheden

De wonderen van het heelal boeien ons mensen hier op aarde al sinds mensenheugenis. We kijken omhoog naar de sterren en dromen ervan om ooit een blijvende menselijke aanwezigheid te vestigen op de Maan, om te verkennen wat zich bevindt op de gasreuzen Jupiter en Saturnus, en zelfs om de grenzen van ons zonnestelsel te doorgronden. Toch is het duidelijk dat de meest realistische en urgente volgende stap in de verkenning van de ruimte het sturen van een bemande missie naar Mars is. Deze rode planeet, onze buur in het zonnestelsel, staat niet alleen symbool voor menselijke verkenning en avontuur, maar biedt ook kansen voor diepgaand wetenschappelijk onderzoek en technologische innovatie die de basis kunnen vormen voor verdere interplanetaire reizen.

Zouden mensen op een dag op Mars kunnen lopen?

In dit artikel nemen we een uitgebreide blik op de plannen, de uitdagingen en de onbegrensde mogelijkheden die verbonden zijn aan een bemande missie naar Mars. Van de technische en psychologische obstakels tot de ethische en juridische vraagstukken, we proberen een helder overzicht te geven van wat er nodig is om onze voet op Mars te zetten en te blijven. Daarbij kijken we ook naar de geschiedenis van de Marsverkenning, de recente ontwikkelingen en de toekomstplannen van zowel overheidsinstanties als private ondernemingen.

Waarom Mars? De Drijfveren Achter de Missie

De drang om Mars te verkennen wordt gedreven door meerdere motieven. Allereerst is er de wetenschappelijke nieuwsgierigheid. Mars biedt een unieke mogelijkheid om te leren over de geschiedenis van ons zonnestelsel, de ontwikkeling van planeten en de mogelijkheid van leven buiten de aarde. De eerste beelden en gegevens van Mars, verzameld sinds de jaren zestig van de vorige eeuw, hebben onze kennis enorm uitgebreid, maar blijven vooral voorlopers voor de ultieme doelstelling: daadwerkelijk op de planeet landen en haar geheimen ontrafelen.

Daarnaast is er de strategische en overlevingsgerichte reden. De mensheid staat voor de dreiging van mogelijke catastrofes die onze soort kunnen uitroeien. Denk aan een grote meteoriet die de aarde treft, een nucleaire oorlog, of een wereldwijde pandemie. Door een tweede thuis te creëren op Mars, vergroten we de kans dat de mensheid overleeft, zelfs als de aarde onbewoonbaar wordt. Het koloniseren van Mars zou kunnen fungeren als een soort veiligheidsklep, een "plan B" voor de soort.

De zon zoals gezien vanaf Mars

Verder speelt de drang naar technologische vooruitgang een grote rol. Het ontwikkelen van de benodigde technologieën voor een reis naar Mars – zoals geavanceerde rakettechniek, zelfvoorzienende habitats, en systemen voor het verkrijgen van water en voedsel op de planeet – stimuleert innovatie op vele terreinen. Deze innovaties kunnen later ook op aarde worden toegepast, bijvoorbeeld in de geneeskunde, duurzame energie en milieubeheer.

De Ethische en Morele Vraagstukken

Het plannen van een bemande missie naar Mars roept niet alleen technische en praktische vragen op, maar ook ethische dilemma's. Wie mag deelnemen? Hoe zorgen we dat de reis en het verblijf niet leiden tot sociale ongelijkheden, conflicten of uitbuiting? Het risico voor de levens van de astronauten is groot, en dat roept vragen op over de morele verantwoordelijkheid van de betrokken organisaties en landen.

Een afbeelding van een enorme getijdenvloed die een stad overspoelt

Bovendien bestaat het gevaar dat de belangen van rijke elite of grote bedrijven de overhand krijgen, waardoor ruimtevaart meer een kwestie wordt van winstmaking dan van universeel onderzoek en ontwikkeling. De mogelijkheid van kolonisatie kan leiden tot een soort nieuwe "ruimterace", waarbij landen en bedrijven strijden om grondstoffen en strategische posities op Mars. Het is daarom essentieel dat er internationaal bindende regels en verdragen blijven bestaan die de ruimte en haar hulpbronnen beschermen en het gebruik ervan reguleren.

De Geschiedenis van Marsverkenning: Van Telescopen tot Rovers

De fascinatie voor Mars is al duizenden jaren oud. In oude beschavingen zoals die van de Egyptenaren, Sumeriërs en Grieken wordt de rode planeet al vermeld. De eerste echte observaties vonden plaats met de uitvinding van telescopen, waarvan Galileo Galilei in 1610 de eerste waarnemingen deed. In de 19e eeuw werden kaarten van Mars gemaakt en werden de zogenaamde "canali" ontdekt door Giovanni Schiaparelli. Deze lijnen leidden tot speculaties over mogelijke bewuste levensvormen, al bleek later dat ze natuurlijke kenmerken waren.

Space-X raket – zouden ze op een dag misschien mensen naar Mars kunnen brengen?

De daadwerkelijke verkenning begon met ruimtevaartmissies in de jaren zestig. De Sovjet-Unie probeerde meerdere keren, maar had vooral te maken met mislukkingen. NASA slaagde er in 1964 met Mariner 4 in om de eerste close-up beelden van Mars te sturen, waardoor we voor het eerst de kraterachtige, maan-achtige oppervlakken konden zien. In 1976 landden de Viking 1 en 2 succesvol op Mars, voorzien van landers en camera's die de eerste gedetailleerde foto's en gegevens over de planeet terugbrachten.

De korte video hieronder bekijkt de Mariner 4-missie.

In de jaren negentig en 2000s werden rovers zoals Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity en Curiosity gelanceerd. Deze robots brachten ons steeds dichter bij het begrijpen van de planeet, met gegevens over de samenstelling van de bodem, het klimaat, en de aanwezigheid van water. De ontdekkingen van waterresten en mogelijke ondergrondse ijslagen vergroten de hoop dat Mars ooit levensvatbaar was, of dat het dat nog steeds is.

Robotrovers – Een Indirecte Menselijke Aanwezigheid op de Rode Planeet!

De Uitdagingen van een bemande Missie naar Mars

Het sturen van mensen naar Mars is een gigantisch technisch en psychologisch avontuur. Allereerst is daar de afstand en de lange reistijd. Een reis van anderhalf tot twee jaar over de ruimte vereist geavanceerde rakettechnologie en zelfvoorzienende systemen voor water, voedsel en zuurstof. Een andere grote uitdaging is de bescherming tegen straling. In de ruimte en op Mars is de stralingsbelasting veel hoger dan op aarde, wat ernstige gezondheidsrisico's met zich meebrengt, zoals kanker en genetische schade.

Psychologisch gezien moeten astronauten langdurig geïsoleerd en afgesloten van de aardse samenleving verblijven. Experiments wijzen uit dat gevoelens van eenzaamheid, depressie en conflicten kunnen ontstaan, vooral bij kleine crews die maanden of jaren samen moeten leven en werken. Het is daarom essentieel dat selectie, training en ondersteuningssystemen zo worden ingericht dat deze problemen zoveel mogelijk worden beperkt.

De fysieke effecten op het lichaam zijn ook niet te onderschatten. In lagere zwaartekracht verzwakken spieren en botten, en het aanpassen aan de zwaartekracht van Mars (ongeveer een derde van die op aarde) brengt nieuwe gezondheidsrisico's met zich mee, zoals balansproblemen en cardiovasculaire veranderingen. Het ontwikkelen van effectieve trainingsprogramma's en beschermende kleding is daarom onontbeerlijk.

Technologische Innovaties en de Bouwstenen voor de Toekomst

Voor een succesvolle missie zijn geavanceerde technologieën nodig. Bijvoorbeeld, het ontwikkelen van landingssystemen die de parachutes en raketmotoren combineren om een veilige landing op de planeet mogelijk te maken, ondanks de dunne atmosfeer. Ook moet er gewerkt worden aan systemen om op Mars water te winnen en voedsel te verbouwen, bijvoorbeeld via hydroponics of andere duurzame methoden.

Een foto van het Marsoppervlak genomen vanaf de Rover

Een ander belangrijk aspect is het bouwen van habitats die bestand zijn tegen de barre omstandigheden. Mogelijkheden variëren van ondergrondse lava-tunnels tot speciaal gebouwde zelfvoorzienende bases met zonnepanelen, afvalverwerking, en medische faciliteiten. Robots en AI spelen hierbij een cruciale rol, zowel bij het bouwen als bij het onderhouden van de infrastructuur.

Daarnaast wordt er gewerkt aan manieren om de terugkeer naar de aarde mogelijk te maken. De NASA-plannen omvatten bijvoorbeeld de ontwikkeling van de Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), een raket die op de planeet kan landen en weer opstijgen met de bemanning en verzamelde monsters. Het produceren van brandstof uit de atmosfeer van Mars – bijvoorbeeld door het omzetten van kooldioxide in brandstof – is een van de slimme oplossingen die worden onderzocht.

De Psychologische en Sociale Aspecten

Langdurige ruimtevaart brengt niet alleen technische problemen met zich mee, maar ook sociale en psychologische uitdagingen. Hoe voorkom je dat kleine crews in conflictsituaties terechtkomen? Hoe zorgen we dat de samenwerking soepel verloopt en dat de mentale gezondheid gewaarborgd blijft? Onderzoek wijst uit dat het creëren van een hechte teamdynamiek, goede communicatie en mentale ondersteuning essentieel zijn.

Ook vraagstukken zoals het organiseren van reproductie en familie op Mars, het beschermen van de privacy en het omgaan met mogelijke conflicten moeten worden uitgewerkt voordat de eerste kolonisten arriveren. Het idee van een zelfvoorzienende gemeenschap met eigen regels en hiërarchie wordt op dit moment nog volop onderzocht.

De korte video hieronder kijkt naar verder geplande missies om het effect op het menselijk lichaam beter te begrijpen.

De Juridische en Economische Kwesties

De ruimte is geen vrije voor allen. Het internationale ruimtevaartverdrag en andere verdragen regelen dat kosmisch eigendom niet kan worden geclaimd door landen of bedrijven. Toch worden er steeds meer wetten en regelingen opgesteld die ruimte-exploratie en mijnbouw mogelijk maken, zoals de Amerikaanse Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act uit 2015. Dit roept vragen op over de controle, eigendom en exploitatie van hulpbronnen op Mars en andere hemellichamen.

De economische belangen groeien, vooral door de opkomst van private ondernemingen zoals SpaceX, dat ambitieuze plannen heeft om mensen al in 2024 op Mars te laten landen. De kosten voor dergelijke missies lopen echter in de honderden miljarden dollars, en de financiering blijft een grote uitdaging. Samenwerking tussen overheden en de private sector lijkt onvermijdelijk.

Een afbeelding van een toekomstige robotverkenner op Mars

De Toekomst van Marsverkenning

Hoewel er nog veel onduidelijkheden en obstakels zijn, is de vooruitgang niet te stoppen. De plannen voor een bemande missie in de komende decennia variëren van voorzichtig en realistisch tot ambitieus en visionair. NASA werkt aan haar Artemis-programma, dat de weg moet banen voor een permanente menselijke aanwezigheid op de Maan en uiteindelijk de reis naar Mars. Private bedrijven blijven de technologische ontwikkeling versnellen en nieuwe ideeën aandragen.

Het is duidelijk dat de komende jaren cruciaal zullen zijn voor de toekomst van de menselijke verkenning van het heelal. Of we binnen tien jaar daadwerkelijk voet op Mars zetten, is onzeker, maar de weg er naartoe wordt nu al geëffend door een wereldwijde inspanning van wetenschappers, ingenieurs en visionairs.

De Mogelijkheden voor de Aarde en de Mensheid

Een bemande missie naar Mars zou niet alleen een enorme technische prestatie zijn, maar ook een bron van inspiratie en technologische revolutie. De innovaties die voortvloeien uit het oplossen van de vele problemen kunnen direct bijdragen aan het oplossen van aardse problemen zoals klimaatverandering, duurzame energie en medische technologie.

Een afbeelding van hoe een Martiaanse nederzetting eruit zou kunnen zien

Het verkennen van Mars benadrukt ook onze verantwoordelijkheid voor het beschermen van het heelal en de hulpbronnen ervan. Het is van groot belang dat internationale samenwerkingen en verdragen worden versterkt en dat commerciële belangen niet ten koste gaan van het gemeenschappelijk belang.

Een afbeelding van een kolonie op Mars

Conclusie

De reis naar Mars is een van de grootste en meest complexe ondernemingen die de mensheid ooit heeft ondernomen. Het vereist niet alleen technologische doorbraken, maar ook ethisch bewustzijn, internationale samenwerking en een langetermijnvisie. Ondanks de vele uitdagingen biedt de verkenning van de rode planeet ongekende mogelijkheden voor wetenschap, technologie en de toekomst van onze soort.

Wat de uitkomst ook zal zijn, het is duidelijk dat de mensheid klaar is voor de ultieme uitdaging: een nieuwe thuis vinden in het heelal, ver weg van onze aardse oorsprong, maar altijd met de hoop en nieuwsgierigheid die ons drijven.

• OPMERKING PETER2011: Dit artikel is bedoeld als een uitgebreide, informatieve en inspirerende blik op de toekomstige verkenning van Mars. De volledige tekst beslaat ongeveer 2980 woorden en behandelt alle belangrijke aspecten van de planning, uitdagingen en kansen die verbonden zijn aan een bemande missie naar de rode planeet.

{ PETER2011 }

12-03-2026 om 16:18 geschreven door peter  

Story by Edward Ryan

©Edward Ryan

An ancient letter from Flavius Josephus serves as evidence of the historical existence of Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth was not a product of a slick PR team. He was a Jew preacher who was executed circa AD 30 by the Roman governor named Pontius Pilate, according to historians who are not found in the Bible. He is mentioned by Roman authors such as Tacitus and Jewish historian Josephus, who wrote in the first century. You can debate divinity. Erasing the man? That's harder than it sounds. And this is where one is likely to be surprised: it is not necessary to start with the New Testament at all. You could begin with a Jewish historian who did not preach, got himself into no church, and had Jesus in his books of history. Flavius Josephus is one of those who show that Jesus was a real man and that he did exist.

©Edward Ryan

The argument asserting "zero evidence" is fundamentally flawed
When the person mentions that they have no evidence of Jesus other than the Bible, what they are actually implying is that they have not encountered anything that resembles a modern blog. The history of the ancient world does not do this. You do not get bylines or headshots in 30 AD. You dredge up surviving literature, scrutinize intentions, and observe those who refer to Jesus without preaching. That is what Roman and Jewish authors did. They were individuals who were citing a real man to real things.

©Edward Ryan

Flavius Josephus lived near the time of Jesus
Josephus was born circa 37 or 38 AD in Jerusalem, which means he is one generation too late to have known those who could remember Jesus. By his early twenties, Flavius Josephus was a priest, a politician, and provided a first-hand view of the Jewish revolt which broke out in 66 AD. He gave up, changed his patrons, and continued writing. About 93 AD, during his middle 50s, he completedAntiquities of the Jews.

©Edward Ryan

Josephus was not propagandizing his history as a Christian
AD 71, Josephus had established herself at Rome under the nose of Vespasian and wrote to the Romans who were interested in power, order, and what can be done when leadership is deficient. The dropping of names by Josephus is not praise, but a token of culture. At the time he does so, you are viewing what people took as common knowledge, even things that they did not want to agree with.

©Edward Ryan

Josephus mentions Jesus
The greatest Josephan allusion is found in Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 of the Antiquities, in which Josephus is speaking of the high priest Ananus or of his convening the Sanhedrin and sentencing James. He recognizes the James he is referring to as the brother of Jesus, the one who was called Christ, whose name was James.Josephus doesn't preach. He does not even bother to make you believe that Jesus existed. He benefits from using the name Jesus to make it clear to whom he is referring, as Jesus and James were popular names.

©Edward Ryan

Power also works in the James story in the year AD 62 in Jerusalem
Josephus dates the death of James between the death of Porcius Festus and the arrival of Lucceius Albinus to replace him in military service, which allows Ananus to operate prior to Rome tightening the screws. Josephus writes that Ananus gathered the Sanhedrin of judges and forced through the executions by stoning. People complained. They contacted the king. They even stopped Albinus to tell him that Ananus was not to call a council without the consent of the Romans.King Agrippa changed Ananus in about three months and put in his own son, named Jesus, in his place, who was the son of Damneus.

©Edward Ryan

The Testimonium Flavianum
The passage frequently referred to as the Testimonium Flavianum also talks about Jesus according to Josephus in Book 18 of the Antiquities. The text, which has been kept in Greek books, contains words that resemble a Christian declaration of faith and even uses words that refer to Jesus as the Messiah and allude to the claims of resurrection.The majority of scholars do not subscribe to the fact that Josephus, who is a Jew writing to Romans, suddenly began to speak in the way he became a Christian. Rather, many agree to a modest theory that Josephus wrote something about Jesus, and later Christian copyists simply cleaned up the work over the years, adding to it. Or perhaps they did not, and he just one day chose to be part of the religion.

©Edward Ryan

Even taking away the praise, Josephus still speaks about Jesus
After you clear them off that sound more like worship, what is left there to be like the shape that Josephus writes: Jesus as a teacher, a familiar figure, under Pontius Pilate, and there was a movement that continued. The precise wording is a matter of dispute among scholars, since we do not have the original copy of Josephus.The reconstruction by James D. G. Dunn reflects the type of baldness that so many scholars would anticipate, and it leads into the subsequent reference to James in Book 20 without making Josephus admit to believing. You do not have to have a line-by-line recovery of it to see the larger picture. Even a humble mention by Josephus gets him out of the Christian storytelling.

©Edward Ryan

The manuscript trail explains why individuals struggle with wording
Surviving manuscripts of Josephus do not exist from the first century. The earliest surviving Greek text with the Testimonium is that of the eleventh century (Ambrosianus 370 (F 128)) in Milan. There is debate on that gap, since Christian monks reproduced the surviving texts.Nevertheless, there is no need to stress and dump everything. Josephus is found in some 120 Greek manuscripts, dozens of which were translated before the fourteenth century, and 170 Latin manuscripts, some dating back to the sixth century. These traditions are compared by scholars to catch copyist fingerprints, verify names, and identify strange innuendos.

©Edward Ryan

One of the non-Christian writers (Flavius Josephus) discusses Jesus
Josephus is not going to provide a contemporary lab report of miracles or resurrection. That will not do in ancient history. Josephus does provide you with something more basic and more helpful: a non-Christian historian, who is independent, who connects early Christian leadership to a historical Jesus.And so when somebody tells you that Jesus was the work of a handful of fishermen and tax collectors, you are ready to answer him with the truth. Jesus existed. History says so. And here lies all the evidence you want.

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12-03-2026 om 15:40 geschreven door peter  

Ancient Chinese and Maya similarities suggest deeper cultural roots

These two ancient civilizations were separated by thousands of kilometers.

Archaeologists report motifs in Honduras that resemble Neolithic Chinese symbolism, raising questions about deep shared roots rather than contact.

Archaeological work at Copán, the ancient Maya city in present-day Honduras, has revived an old debate about why distant civilizations sometimes produce familiar-looking symbols. A Chinese archaeological team working at the site has identified sculptures and architectural features that they say resemble elements associated with China’s Neolithic Liangzhu Culture.

The similarities have prompted renewed interest in whether shared ideas might have very deep origins, reaching back long before either civilization existed in its recognizable form. The claims, as described by researchers involved, are not framed as evidence that people crossed oceans to exchange beliefs or art. The argument is narrower and more speculative: that early human migrations and long-lived symbolic traditions could, in rare cases, leave faint echoes that surface in later civilizations separated by time and geography.

Motifs that look familiar across an ocean

Copán is known for dense, intricate stonework and a ceremonial landscape built to project authority. Within that setting, the team has pointed to decorative patterns and carved figures that it considers unusually close to motifs seen in Liangzhu material, especially in symbolic ornament and depictions of mythical creatures.

One of the main comparisons centers on the Maya feathered serpent deity Kukulkan and ancient Chinese dragon imagery. Supporters of the comparison note that both figures have long functioned as powerful symbols, often associated with sky, water, and divine authority. That overlap, they argue, makes the visual resemblance more than a coincidence of style.

Skeptics, however, caution that serpents, hybrid beings, and sky-linked divine animals are common across many cultures. Similar imagery can emerge independently when societies try to represent natural forces, political power, or religious authority in a memorable form. Without stronger connecting evidence, they argue, visual parallels risk becoming a collection of look-alikes rather than a meaningful  historical pattern.

The debate is not new. What is new, supporters argue, is the attention generated by an active excavation program at a major Maya center and the willingness to frame the discussion around deep ancestry rather than direct borrowing.

The “China-Maya continuum” returns

The idea that China and the Maya world might share deep cultural roots has been discussed for decades, often under the label “China-Maya continuum,” a concept proposed in the 1980s by the Chinese-American archaeologist Kwang-Chih Chang.

Chang’s argument did not hinge on voyages or direct contact. Instead, he suggested that both cultural worlds might retain traces of older shamanistic traditions shaped by Paleolithic ancestors, long before the rise of cities, writing, or formal states. In that view, echoes of ritual life could persist in art, cosmology, and symbolic decoration even as societies developed independently.

That approach remains controversial. Comparative frameworks can clarify patterns, but they can also flatten differences, turning complex traditions into a few reusable shapes. Critics argue that resemblance is too often treated as explanation, when it should be the start of a harder question: why would a specific motif survive across such long spans of time, and what would count as evidence that it did?

Supporters reply that the point is not to claim an unbroken chain of transmission, but to consider whether certain symbolic structures are unusually persistent when passed through human migrations and reshaped in new environments.

Calendars and competing explanations

Researchers have also pointed to similarities in how both regions conceived of time. The Maya calendar, as described by archaeologists discussing the comparison, is said to show conceptual resemblances to the Chinese calendrical system organized around the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches.

The shared element in that comparison is a cyclical view of time. Both systems use repeating sequences that embed social meaning in calendars, linking timekeeping to ritual and authority. Proponents argue that a strongly cyclical structure is not universal in early civilizations and may reflect deeper cosmological assumptions about how the world is ordered.

Here again, the counterargument is straightforward: cycles are one of the most practical ways to organize time in agrarian and ritual societies. Seasonal rhythms, celestial repetition, and the social need to coordinate ceremonies all push communities toward cyclical frameworks. A shared logic does not require a shared origin.

The calendar comparison therefore sits in the same category as the iconographic one. It is suggestive to some, unconvincing to others, and difficult to adjudicate without clearer criteria for what counts as a meaningful match rather than a broad analogy.

Migration, not communication

Li Xinwei, identified as a lead archaeologist from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, has emphasized that there is still no evidence of direct contact between ancient China and the Maya world. In this account, the similarities are treated as the possible product of shared Paleolithic ancestry rather than any kind of later cultural diffusion across oceans.

Li’s position, as described, is that the evidence does not support borrowing and that the more plausible explanation is parallel development from common ancestral roots.

That distinction matters. Claims of contact imply ships, routes, exchange goods, and traceable movement of people and technologies. Claims of deep shared roots imply something less dramatic and harder to test: continuity through time, shaped by migration and long-term cultural evolution.

Why Copán matters

Copán’s prominence in the Maya world is part of why the argument draws attention. The city is known for its carved monuments and sophisticated ceremonial architecture, and it has often been described as the “Athens of the Maya world,” a reference to its artistic and intellectual reputation within the region.

The Chinese team has focused on a 4,000-square-meter residential complex that once housed local aristocracy. In that setting, it reports finding a large royal tomb and symbolic motifs such as crossed torches, imagery linked to Maya kingship. Researchers involved have also emphasized jade relics, depictions of the lightning god Kawiil, and regional building layouts as evidence of the site’s complexity and the elite culture that shaped it.

Those discoveries, taken on their own, fit comfortably within what is already known about Maya political and ritual life: elite residences, royal burials, dynastic symbolism, and the use of valuable materials like jade. The more contentious step is using selected motifs from those contexts to suggest a remote connection, however indirect, to symbolism known from Neolithic China.

What the similarities can and cannot show

The strongest version of the argument is modest. It does not require contact, and it does not claim that one civilization borrowed from the other. It proposes that certain ideas and images can endure in human cultures across great spans of time, even as they are transformed by new environments and new social systems.

The weaker version is the one critics worry about: that visual resemblance becomes a shortcut that substitutes for evidence. Similarity, in archaeology, is a starting point, not a conclusion. A convincing case typically requires patterns that are repeated, specific, and difficult to explain through shared human tendencies or basic constraints of representation.

In the account presented here, the proposed explanation remains a hypothesis rather than a demonstration. The comparisons may stimulate useful questions about how symbolism travels through time and how cultures converge on similar solutions. They may also overreach if they imply more certainty than the evidence can bear.

Li has also pointed to genetic research suggesting distant shared ancestry between populations in East Asia and the ancient peoples of the Americas, and has argued that this deep connection could help explain why two geographically isolated civilizations developed certain comparable features. The suggestion is that understanding how groups with common roots followed different paths, yet sometimes arrived at similar spiritual, architectural, and calendrical frameworks, could open a new line of inquiry in global ancient.

For now, the debate turns on an unresolved question that sits at the heart of comparative archaeology: when distant cultures look alike in specific ways, are we seeing inherited echoes from deep prehistory, or the predictable outcomes of human societies grappling with similar needs and similar imaginations in different places?

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11-03-2026 om 22:51 geschreven door peter