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    UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
    Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
    12-07-2025
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Groundbreaking discovery in Egypt's Sphinx uncovers 'hidden' mystery that fuels theory of underground city

    Groundbreaking discovery in Egypt's Sphinx uncovers 'hidden' mystery that fuels theory of underground city

    • READ MORE: Hall of Records' under pyramid holds key to ancient Egypt's mysteries, say scientists as they reveal YET MORE stunning Giza findings

    By STACY LIBERATORE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

    The mystery of a 'underground city' beneath Egypt's pyramids has intensified after scientists revealed new scans showing a shaft plunging below the Great Sphinx. 

    Italian researchers, who made waves earlier this year with claims of vast structures hidden beneath the Pyramid of Khafre, now say they have identified a colossal vertical shaft leading and two chambers below the Sphinx.

    The findings were presented at the recent Cosmic Summit in North Carolina, a gathering known for exploring alternative theories about ancient history. 

    While mainstream archaeologists have slammed the work as unscientific and speculative, the team insists their latest scans point to something extraordinary.

    Filippo Biondi, a radar expert from University of Strathclyde in Scotland and co-author of the research, told DailyMail.com: 'These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the Giza Plateau conceals a vast subterranean complex, potentially indicative of an extensive underground city.'

    The scans detailed a massive shaft surrounded by a spiral-like staircase, decedending from the center of the Sphinx's base and down into two square structures, one at 2,000 feet and another 4,000 feet underground.

    Armando Mei, an Egyptologist and co-author of the study, noted that similar underground features have now been detected beneath all three major pyramids, suggesting a unified architectural blueprint. 

    'The discovery proves that the Giza Plateau was engineered long before the dynastic era, possibly around 36,400 BCE, as my research suggests,' he added.

    If confirmed, the findings could dramatically rewrite the history of ancient Egypt, challenging the long-held belief that the pyramids were built solely as royal tombs, and hinting instead at a forgotten civilization with advanced engineering skills. 

    The mystery of a 'underground city' beneath Egypt 's pyramids has intensified after scientists revealed new scans showing a shaft plunging below the Great Sphinx

    The mystery of a 'underground city' beneath Egypt 's pyramids has intensified after scientists revealed new scans showing a shaft plunging below the Great Sphinx

    The iconic Giza pyramids and the Great Sphinx have long been hailed as marvels of ancient engineering, built roughly 4,500 years ago with breathtaking precision and scale that still baffle experts today. 

    But the researchers are shaking up that timeline, suggesting these legendary monuments may rest atop far older, hidden structures that could predate known history by tens of thousands of years.

    It all began in March when the team announced four massive shafts and chambers were found under the Pyramid of Khafre using a type of sonar technology. 

    They employed cutting-edge SAR Doppler Tomography, a technique that uses satellite radar to detect tiny seismic movements. 

    By analyzing radar signals are and the timing or pattern of those signals when they bounce back, the team was able to create 3D maps revealing hidden subsurface structures. The technology has been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

    However, latest work by Corrado Malanga from Italy's University of Pisa, Biondi and Mei has not yet been published in a scientific journal for the review of independent experts. They plan to publish a study in 2026. 

    'Our geophysical surveys beneath the Great Sphinx uncovered pillar-like formations remarkably similar to those beneath the Khafre and Menkaure pyramids,' explained Biondi. 

    'Even more compelling, our tomographic imaging revealed two large chambers nearly 2,000 feet below the surface.'

    Italian researchers, who made waves earlier this year with claims of vast structures hidden beneath the Pyramid of Khafre, now say they have identified a colossal vertical shaft below the Sphinx

    Italian researchers, who made waves earlier this year with claims of vast structures hidden beneath the Pyramid of Khafre, now say they have identified a colossal vertical shaft below the Sphinx

    The scans also captured two large chambers, one at 2,000 feet and another 4,000 feet underground

    The scans also captured two large chambers, one at 2,000 feet and another 4,000 feet underground

    The two massive chambers, each measuring 131 feet by 131 feet, appear to be connected by an underground shaft, according to recent findings.

    Read More

    EXCLUSIVE
    • Chilling new theory about mystery city beneath Egypt's pyramids 

    article image

    The data collected also points to a network of hidden structures below the surface, possibly part of a vast underground city, potentially as expansive as the entire Giza Plateau itself.

    Mei explained that their theory of a lost city draws from ancient Egyptian texts, particularly Chapter 149 of the Book of the Dead, which references the '14 residences of the city of the dead.'

    'It describes certain chambers and some inhabitants of the city. That is why we believe it could be Amenti [realm of the dead], as described in ancient texts,' he said.

    'Of course, we must be certain, but we believe this could be the case because the pyramids are located exactly where the texts say.

    'The texts state that the pyramids were built on top of the city, sealing its entrance.'

    Biondi added that the mysterious chambers found more than 4,000 feet below the pyramids may be linked to the legendary Hall of Records.

    The Hall of Records is a mythical chamber said to lie beneath the Great Pyramid or the Sphinx, reputed to house lost wisdom about ancient civilizations.

    The shaft appears to be wrapped in a spiral-like structure

    The shaft appears to be wrapped in a spiral-like structure

    Armando Mei (center) and his team, which includes Corrado Malanga (right) and Filippo Biondi (left), took the world by storm last month when they discovered shafts and chambers more than 2,000 feet below the surface.

    Armando Mei (center) and his team, which includes Corrado Malanga (right) and Filippo Biondi (left), took the world by storm last month when they discovered shafts and chambers more than 2,000 feet below the surface.

    Despite its enduring allure, there is no solid evidence proving the Hall of Records exists.

    The team proposes that an advanced civilization originally built the complex, but was destroyed around 12,000 years ago by a 'divine flood' triggered by an asteroid impact. 

    According to their theory, the pyramids are the lone surviving 'megastructure' from this ancient society.

    Alternate historians, including Graham Hancock, a frequent guest on Joe Rogan's podcast, have long suggested that a sophisticated prehistoric civilization was wiped out by a global cataclysm, possibly a comet strike.

    Researchers believe there are other structures reaching more than 4,000 feet below the surface. The scans captured structures extend along the northern side with a tuning fork shape

    Researchers believe there are other structures reaching more than 4,000 feet below the surface. The scans captured structures extend along the northern side with a tuning fork shape

    This theory holds that the catastrophic floods and upheaval erased most traces of this civilization, with survivors passing down critical knowledge of astronomy, engineering, and sacred architecture to later cultures such as the ancient Egyptians.

    The researchers now hope to gain permission from Egyptian authorities to excavate beneath the Giza Plateau and put their findings to the test, potentially rewriting the story of human history.

    'We have the right. Humanity has the right to know who we are because, right now, we don't,' Biondi said.

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    { https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    12-07-2025 om 18:50 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Company attempting to bring back woolly mammoth turn their sights to the giant moa - a 3.6 metre-tall bird that weighed 230kg

    Company attempting to bring back woolly mammoth turn their sights to the giant moa - a 3.6 metre-tall bird that weighed 230kg

    • READ MORE: Dire wolves brought back from extinction already doubled in size

    By WILIAM HUNTER

    The company attempting to bring back the woolly mammoth has now set its sights on a new extinct species.

    Colossal Biosciences has announced it will attempt to 'de-extinct' a group of birds called the moa, which once lived in New Zealand.

    These extraordinary animals included nine species, the largest being the South Island Giant Moa, which stood at 3.6 metres (11.8ft) tall and weighed 230 kg (507 lbs).

    Colossal Biosciences will use genes extracted from moa bones to engineer modern birds until they very closely resemble the extinct moa.

    This is the same technique that was used to transform grey wolves into animals closely resembling dire wolves last year.

    This project will be done in collaboration with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre at the University of Canterbury and backed by $15 million in funding from Lord of the Rings director Sir Peter Jackson.

    Jackson, who has one of the largest private collections of moa bones, says: 'With the recent resurrection of the dire wolf, Colossal Biosciences has also made real the possibility of bringing back lost species.

    'There’s a lot of science still to be done – but we can start looking forward to the day when birds like the moa or the huia are rescued from the darkness of extinction.'

    The company trying to bring back the woolly mammoth has set its sights on a new extinct creature, the moa. These were a species of 3.6-metre-tall, 230 kg birds that once roamed New Zealand

    The company trying to bring back the woolly mammoth has set its sights on a new extinct creature, the moa. These were a species of 3.6-metre-tall, 230 kg birds that once roamed New Zealand 

    Of the nine species of moa, the largest is the South Island Giant Moa which lived in New Zealand for millions of years prior to the arrival of humans. Pictured: Māori students pose with a reconstruction of a South Island Giant Moa in 1903

    Of the nine species of moa, the largest is the South Island Giant Moa which lived in New Zealand for millions of years prior to the arrival of humans. Pictured: Māori students pose with a reconstruction of a South Island Giant Moa in 1903

    The nine species of moa were found widely across New Zealand until the arrival of the first Polynesian settlers around 1300 AD.

    Within just 200 years, the people who became the Māori had pushed all moa species into extinction through a combination of hunting and forest clearing.

    The disappearance of the moa also led to a cascade of changes across New Zealand's isolated island ecosystem.

    Less than 100 years after the moa became extinct their main predator, the enormous Haast's eagle, also died out.

    But now, advances in genome editing techniques mean Colossal Biosciences may be able to reintroduce the lost moa back to its natural habitat.

    The first step is to recreate the genomes of all nine moa species using ancient DNA stored in preserved moa bones.

    Colossal Biosciences has already begun this process with visits to caves containing moa deposits within the tribal area of the Ngāi Tahu and hopes to complete all genomes by 2026.

    These genomes will then be compared to those of the moa's closest living relatives, the emu and tinamou, to see which genes gave the moa their unique traits.

    The moa went extinct in the 15th century due to hunting and forest clearing by the first Māori settlers. Colossal Biosciences says restoring this megafauna species will help restore New Zealand's ecosystem

    The moa went extinct in the 15th century due to hunting and forest clearing by the first Māori settlers. Colossal Biosciences says restoring this megafauna species will help restore New Zealand's ecosystem 

    Colossal Biosciences has partnered with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre at the University of Canterbury and is backed by $15 million in funding from Lord of the Rings director Sir Peter Jackson. Pictured: Sir Peter Jackson (left) and Colossal Biosciences CEO Ben Lamm (right) holding moa bones

    Colossal Biosciences has partnered with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre at the University of Canterbury and is backed by $15 million in funding from Lord of the Rings director Sir Peter Jackson. Pictured: Sir Peter Jackson (left) and Colossal Biosciences CEO Ben Lamm (right) holding moa bones 

    How will the moa be brought back?

    1. DNA is extracted from moa bones to sequence the moa genome.
    2. The genome is compared to modern species to see which genes make the moa distinct.
    3. CRISPR is used to alter the genome of modern birds to express these target genes.
    4. Edited embryos are placed in a surrogate emu egg to develop.
    5. A bird closely resembling the moa hatches.  

    A selection of these genes are then inserted into stem cells called Primordial Germ Cell Culture, cells that turn into eggs and sperm, taken from an emu.

    Those engineered cells are allowed to develop into male and female gametes and used to create an embryo, which will be raised inside a surrogate emu egg.

    Colossal Biosciences has already used these techniques to create mice with the hair of woolly mammoths and wolves very closely resembling extinct dire wolves.

    Scientists used the gene editing tool CRISPR to modify the DNA in blood cells from a living grey wolf in 20 places, creating a wolf with long white hair and muscular jaws.

    However, recreating this process in bird species poses much greater technical challenges.

    Colossal Biosciences admits that creating Primordial Germ Cell Culture for bird species has been a challenge that has eluded scientists for decades.

    Likewise, since bird embryos develop inside eggs, the process of transferring an embryo into a surrogate will be completely different from that used for mammals.

    Scientists have also raised questions about whether restoring the moa is something that should be pursued at all.

    The process begins by extracting DNA from ancient moa bones such as those found in the caves of Ngāi Tahu takiwā

    The process begins by extracting DNA from ancient moa bones such as those found in the caves of Ngāi Tahu takiwā

    A selection of moa genes will then be inserted into stem cells derived from their closest living relative, the emu (pictured). Those cells will create embryos that can be raised by surrogacy into animals closely resembling moa

    A selection of moa genes will then be inserted into stem cells derived from their closest living relative, the emu (pictured). Those cells will create embryos that can be raised by surrogacy into animals closely resembling moa 

    Conservationists say that money would be better spent looking after the endangered species that are already alive.

    Others point out that introducing a species which has been gone for over 600 years could have unintended consequences for the ecosystem.

    Professor Stuart Pimm, an ecologist at Duke University who was not involved in the study, told AP: 'Can you put a species back into the wild once you’ve exterminated it there?

    'I think it’s exceedingly unlikely that they could do this in any meaningful way.'

    Professor Pimm adds: 'This will be an extremely dangerous animal.'

    However, Colossal Biosciences maintains that their plan to 'rewild' the moa is beneficial for both the environment and the Māori people.

    As grazing herbivores, the moa's browsing habits shaped the distribution and evolution of plants over millions of years.

    These effects led to significant changes in New Zealand's ecosystems, which Colossal Biosciences argues would be more stable with the moa once again introduced.  

    Colossal Biosciences recently used similar techniques to create grey wolf puppies that closely resemble the extinct dire wolf

    Colossal Biosciences recently used similar techniques to create grey wolf puppies that closely resemble the extinct dire wolf 

    Ngāi Tahu archaeologist Kyle Davis, who is working with Colossal Biosciences on the project, says that the project has a deeper ancestral meaning.

    Read More

    • Full list of extinct animals being brought back to life by scientists after dire wolf breakthrough 

    article image

    During the 14th century, the moa were a vital source of meat for sustenance as well as bones and feathers, which became part of traditional jewellery.

    The moa came to have a large role in Māori mythology, symbolising strength and resilience.

    Mr Davis says: 'Our earliest ancestors in this place lived alongside moa and our records, both archaeological and oral, contain knowledge about these birds and their environs.

    'We relish the prospect of bringing that into dialogue with Colossal’s cutting-edge science as part of a bold vision for ecological restoration.'

    WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT MEGAFAUNA?

    Earth was once inhabited by a variety of giant forms of animals that would be recognisable to us today in the smaller forms taken by their successors.

    They were very large, usually over 88 pounds (40kg) in weight and generally at least 30 per cent bigger than any of their still-living relatives.  

    There are several theories to explain this relatively sudden extinction. The leading explanation of around was that this was due to environmental and ecological factors. 

    It was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates.

    In temperate Eurasia and North America, megafauna extinction concluded simultaneously with the replacement of the vast periglacial tundra by an immense area of forest. 

    Glacial species, such as mammoths and woolly rhinoceros, were replaced by animals better adapted to forests, such as elk, deer and pigs. 

    Reindeer and Caribou retreated north, while horses moved south to the central Asian steppe.

    This all happened about 10,000 years ago, despite the fact that humans colonised North America less than 15,000 years ago and non-tropical Eurasia nearly one  million years ago. 

    Worldwide, there is no evidence of Indigenous peoples systematically hunting nor over-killing megafauna. 

    The largest regularly hunted animal was bison in North America and Eurasia, yet it survived for about 10,000 years until the early 20th century. 

    For social, spiritual and economic reasons, First Nations peoples harvested game in a sustainable manner.

    RELATED VIDEOS


    { https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    12-07-2025 om 18:32 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.James Webb telescope spots super rare 'Cosmic Owl' structure

    James Webb telescope spots super rare 'Cosmic Owl' structure

    • READ MORE: Our Milky Way galaxy may sit inside a giant hole, scientists say

    By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

    With its distinct owl-like appearance, it looks like a nature photo snapped in the woods in the dead of night. 

    It could also be an artistic portrait from an art gallery, with its shimmering shades of blue, orange and pink. 

    But this stunning image, newly published by astronomers, actually captures a remarkable moment in deep space, billions of light years away. 

    Two blue rings with orange centres, which look like an owl's eyes, are actually two ring-shaped galaxies colliding with each other. 

    The collision occurred 38 million years ago, but only now is it being picked up by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). 

    The shot has been dubbed 'Comic Owl' by an international group of astronomers led by Dr Mingyu Li of the Tsinghua University in Beijing, China.

    'The Cosmic Owl consists of a head-on merger involving two galaxies,' Dr Li and colleagues say. 

    'These phenomena mutually affect one another, collectively driving the evolution of this galaxy system.' 

    The international team of astronomers reports the detection of a peculiar merger of two similar ring galaxies that morphologically resemble an owl's face

    The international team of astronomers reports the detection of a peculiar merger of two similar ring galaxies that morphologically resemble an owl's face

    The collected images show that the Cosmic Owl consists of two interacting galaxies that have formed nearly identical collisional ring structures

    The collected images show that the Cosmic Owl consists of two interacting galaxies that have formed nearly identical collisional ring structures 

    Cosmic Owl is made up of two ring galaxies, which, as the name suggests, are simply galaxies that have a circle-like appearance. 

    Ring galaxies have been described as one of the rarest galaxy types found in the universe, accounting for just 0.01 per cent of all galaxies discovered. 

    The first ring galaxy to be discovered, known as Hoag's Object, was identified in 1950 by American astronomer Arthur Hoag. 

    But capturing two ring galaxies colliding is even rarer, making this a 'unique' cosmic sight, according to the researchers. 

    This remarkable symmetry of the two rings suggests they have a similar mass, structure and size, each with a diameter of approximately 26,000 light years. 

    '[We] reveal a complex system of twin collisional ring galaxies, exhibiting a nearly identical morphology,' the team say in their paper. 

    'The symmetry of the rings suggests a head-on collision origin between two galaxies of similar mass and structure.' 

    The team estimate that the stellar mass of the entire merging system is about 320 billion solar masses – so 320 billion times the mass of our sun. 

    Taking a closer look at the image, the orange blobs at the centre are the incredibly luminous 'active galactic nucleus' (AGN)

    Taking a closer look at the image, the orange blobs at the centre are the incredibly luminous 'active galactic nucleus' (AGN) 

    The schematic artistic view of the Cosmic Owl, consisting of twin collisional ring galaxies with binary active galactic nucleus (AGN)

    The schematic artistic view of the Cosmic Owl, consisting of twin collisional ring galaxies with binary active galactic nucleus (AGN)

    Why do galaxies collide? 

    Galaxies collide because they are being drawn together by the immense force of gravity. 

    Collisions may lead to mergers if neither galaxy has enough momentum to keep going after the collision.  

    As many as 25 per cent of galaxies are currently merging with others.

    Source: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 

    Taking a closer look at the image, the orange blobs at the centre are the incredibly luminous 'active galactic nucleus' (AGN).

    AGNs – the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe – are theorized to have supermassive black holes at their very centre which pull in surrounding matter. 

    According to the researchers, the black holes in these two galaxies have masses of around 67 million and 26 million solar masses. 

    Meanwhile, the space where the two galaxies merge – the 'beak' of the owl – is a region of 'intense' star formation, where new stars are created that could end up with planets in orbit around them. 

    Galaxy mergers such as play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies, transforming their size and redistributing their gas. 

    They also eventually lead to stellar mass assembly – the processes by which galaxies acquire their stars and gradually grow in mass. 

    Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, is on a collision course with another galaxy called Andromeda, currently around 2.5 million light years away. 

    If and when the collision occurs, there's a small chance our sun would collide with another star, which could alter our position in relation to the sun and threaten life on Earth – if it still exists by then. 

    The first ring galaxy to be discovered, known as Hoag's Object, was identified in 1950 by American astronomer Arthur Hoag

    The first ring galaxy to be discovered, known as Hoag's Object, was identified in 1950 by American astronomer Arthur Hoag

    High-resolution images are released of the Fomalhaut debris disk system from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST, depicted here in space)

    Webb's increased resolution and sensitivity unveiled the tiny 'sparkler' dots surrounding the galaxy for the first time in its first Deep Field image

    Read More

    • Earth and our entire Milky Way galaxy may sit inside a mysterious giant HOLE, scientists say 

    article image

    Cosmic Owl is described further in the team's paper, which has been published on the preprint server arXiv, meaning it's yet to be peer reviewed. 

    Further study could reveal more about the conditions that led to the collision, which started an estimated 38 million years ago. 

    'The rare twin-ring structure calls for dedicated numerical simulations to constrain the precise initial conditions of the merger,' the team conclude.

    'Such collision-triggered starbursts may represent a previously under-appreciated channel for boosting early cosmic star formation.' 

    Data used to capture the image was also gathered by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile and the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico. 

    The James Webb Telescope: NASA's $10 billion telescope is designed to detect light from the earliest stars and galaxies

    The James Webb telescope has been described as a 'time machine' that could help unravel the secrets of our universe.

    The telescope will be used to look back to the first galaxies born in the early universe more than 13.5 billion years ago, and observe the sources of stars, exoplanets, and even the moons and planets of our solar system.

    The vast telescope, which has already cost more than $7 billion (£5 billion), is considered a successor to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope

    The James Webb Telescope and most of its instruments have an operating temperature of roughly 40 Kelvin – about minus 387 Fahrenheit (minus 233 Celsius).

    It is the world's biggest and most powerful orbital space telescope, capable of peering back 100-200 million years after the Big Bang.

    The orbiting infrared observatory is designed to be about 100 times more powerful than its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope.

    NASA likes to think of James Webb as a successor to Hubble rather than a replacement, as the two will work in tandem for a while. 

    The Hubble telescope was launched on April 24, 1990, via the space shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.

    It circles the Earth at a speed of about 17,000mph (27,300kph) in low Earth orbit at about 340 miles in altitude. 

    { https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    12-07-2025 om 18:10 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.What would happen if the Earth continues to spin faster? Stronger hurricanes, disastrous earthquakes and catastrophic flooding, expert says

    What would happen if the Earth continues to spin faster? Stronger hurricanes, disastrous earthquakes and catastrophic flooding, expert says

    • READ MORE: Shortest day in history is coming as Earth's rotation speeds up

    By WILIAM HUNTER

    Scientists have warned that this summer could include some of the shortest days of your entire life.

    On July 22 and August 5, experts predict the day will be 1.38 and 1.51 milliseconds shorter than average, respectively. 

    This is because the planet's rotation has entered an unexpected period of acceleration, shaving a millisecond or so off the length of a solar day.

    But what would happen if the world just kept getting faster?

    Given that a blink takes 100 milliseconds, you are unlikely to notice any big changes for a long time.

    However, scientists say that unchecked acceleration would eventually lead to disastrous consequences.

    If Earth were spinning just 100 miles per hour faster than it does now, the world would be hit by stronger hurricanes, catastrophic flooding, and the collapse of satellite networks.

    And, if the world were to double its speed, it would likely be the end of life as we know it.

    As scientists reveal that the Earth's rotation has unexpectedly accelerated, experts explain what would happen if the world kept getting faster (stock image)

    As scientists reveal that the Earth's rotation has unexpectedly accelerated, experts explain what would happen if the world kept getting faster (stock image)  

    One mile per hour faster

    On average, it takes the planet 24 hours, or 86,400 seconds, to complete one full rotation, which is called a solar day.

    Small fluctuations like the location of the moon or volcanic eruptions can shift this around a millisecond in either direction, but the rotation is generally fairly stable.

    Because the Earth is a sphere, its circumference is smaller near the poles than at the equator, so the planet's surface moves faster the further you get from the poles.

    Someone standing at the equator is rotating in space at around 1,037 mph (1,668 kmph) while somebody in London is only moving at about 646 mph (1,041 kmph).

    Compared to these speeds, an increase of just one mile per hour might not seem like a big difference.

    The days would be about a minute and a half shorter overall, which our body clocks probably wouldn't notice right away.

    Witold Fraczek, an analyst at ESRI, a mapping software firm, told Popular Science: 'It might take a few years to notice it.'

    Earth normally takes 24 hours, or exactly 86,400 seconds, to complete one full rotation, which is called a solar day. This means the equator is spinning at 1,037 mph (1,668 kmph)

    Earth normally takes 24 hours, or exactly 86,400 seconds, to complete one full rotation, which is called a solar day. This means the equator is spinning at 1,037 mph (1,668 kmph)

    What happens if the world spins faster

    One mile per hour faster

    - The days would be slightly shorter, and geosynchronous satellites might lose their position.

    100 miles per hour faster

    - Water would be pulled to the equator, flooding huge areas of land. At the same time, hurricanes would become stronger due to the Coriolis effect.

    1,000 miles per hour faster or more

    - The equator would be entirely submerged, except for the tallest mountains. Centrifugal forces would start to overwhelm gravity, causing weightlessness and catastrophic earthquakes.

    However, an unexpected effect is that satellites in orbit would soon be knocked out of sync.

    Some satellites are 'geosynchronous', meaning they move at the same speed as Earth's rotation to stay over the same location.

    If the Earth speeds up, those satellites will lose their position and navigation, communication, and weather monitoring services would start to fail.

    However, some satellites carry fuel to adjust their orbit, and others could be replaced, so the results should not be disastrous.

    Mr Fraczek says: 'These could disturb the life and comfort of some people, but should not be catastrophic to anybody.

    The bigger impact is that water would start to move from the poles to the equator due to the increased centrifugal forces.

    Even at just one mile per hour, this would cause sea levels to rise by a few inches around the equator.

    For cities already at or very near sea level, this could lead to devastating flooding.

    If the Earth spun just one mile per hour faster, sea levels would rise by a few inches near the equator. This could lead to extensive flooding in low-lying cities such as New Orleans (AI impression)
    If the Earth spun just one mile per hour faster, sea levels would rise by a few inches near the equator. This could lead to extensive flooding in low-lying cities such as New Orleans (AI impression) 

    100 miles per hour faster

    If the Earth kept accelerating until it was moving 100 miles per hour faster at the equator, this would start to trigger seriously dangerous consequences.

    Rather than rising by a few inches, these speeds would start to drown the equator as water rushed down from the poles.

    Mr Fraczek says: 'I think the Amazon Basin, Northern Australia, and not to mention the islands in the equatorial region, they would all go under water.

    'How deep underwater, I’m not sure, but I’d estimate about 30 to 65 feet.'

    For anyone who survived the flooding, the world would start to become a much more hostile place.

    The solar day would now only last 22 hours, knocking our circadian rhythms out of their natural balance.

    The effect would be like setting your body clock back two hours every day without being given a chance to adjust.

    At 100 miles per hour faster, cities in Northern Australia, such as Gold Coast (AI impression), would be completely submerged

    At 100 miles per hour faster, cities in Northern Australia, such as Gold Coast (AI impression), would be completely submerged 

    This would be especially bad for southern cities in the US, which have already faced rapidly rising sea levels since 2010 (illustrated)

    This would be especially bad for southern cities in the US, which have already faced rapidly rising sea levels since 2010 (illustrated) 

    Could the world keep getting faster?

    It is extremely unlikely that the world will start to spin faster.

    In fact, the world is actually slowing down over time.

    About 4.4 billion years ago, the planet was spinning so fast that days lasted four minutes.

    But this slowed down after a large object hit Earth and created the moon.

    The only way Earth could speed up is if a large object hits at just the right angle.

    But this would likely liquify the planet's crust, so no humans would survive to see the results.  

    Studies have shown that changes like daylight saving lead to increased rates of heart attacks, strokes, and driving accidents - this would be even more severe.

    Additionally, Earth's weather would start to become more extreme.

    NASA astronomer Dr Sten Odenwald says: 'Temperature difference is still going to be the main driver of winds.

    However, at these speeds, Dr Odenwald says that 'hurricanes will spin faster, and there will be more energy in them.'

    This is due to something called the Coriolis effect, which gives hurricanes their rotational energy.

    If the Earth didn't spin, winds would blow down from the North Pole to the equator in a straight line. But as the Earth rotates, the wind becomes deflected eastward, and this is what gives a hurricane its spin.

    If the world starts to spin faster, the winds would be deflected more, and the Coriolis effect would become stronger.

    Dr Odenwald says: 'That effectively makes the rotation more severe.'

    As the Earth spins faster, hurricanes would spin more rapidly and contain more power due to the Coriolis effect
    As the Earth spins faster, hurricanes would spin more rapidly and contain more power due to the Coriolis effect 

    1,000 miles per hour faster or more

    At 1,000 miles per hour faster, Earth would be rotating roughly twice as fast as it does today, with disastrous consequences.

    Mr Fraczek says: 'It would clearly be a disaster.'

    The centrifugal forces would pull hundreds of feet of water towards the equator.

    'Except for the highest mountains, such as Kilimanjaro or the highest summits of the Andes, I think everything in the equatorial region would be covered with water,' says Mr Fraczek.

    At 1,000 miles per hour faster, the centrifugal forces generated by spinning would also be much stronger.

    This would make it easier for water to escape the force of gravity and evaporate up into the atmosphere.

    The already flooded regions of the equator would experience near-constant rain and would be constantly shrouded in fog and mist.

    At around 24,000 miles per hour (38,600 kmph), the tectonic plates would be forced towards the equator as the planet flattens out. This would lead to devastating earthquakes (stock image)

    At around 24,000 miles per hour (38,600 kmph), the tectonic plates would be forced towards the equator as the planet flattens out. This would lead to devastating earthquakes (stock image) 

    At really extreme speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour (27,350 kmph), 17 times faster than normal, the centrifugal forces would be powerful enough to overwhelm gravity.

    Anyone at the equator would become weightless as centrifugal force counteracted gravity, and you might even start to get 'reverse rain' as water falls up into the atmosphere.

    However, it is unlikely that there would be anyone around to see this since the equator would have long since become uninhabitable.

    Mr Franczek says: 'If those few miserable humans would still be alive after most of Earth’s water had been transferred to the atmosphere and beyond, they would clearly want to run out of the equator area as soon as possible.'

    Read More

    • Exact date when the world's next shortest day will occur 

    article image

    Finally, once the planet started to reach speeds of about 24,000 miles per hour (38,600 kmph) at the equator, life as we know it would pretty much be over.

    The centrifugal forces would now be so strong that they would start to flatten out the Earth like a spinning ball of clay.

    The tectonic plates would shift and the Earth's crust would crack, leading to catastrophic results.

    Mr Franczek says: 'We would have enormous earthquakes. The tectonic plates would move quickly and that would be disastrous to life on the globe.'

    { https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    12-07-2025 om 17:56 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Mysterieus interstellair object 3I/Atlas mogelijk oudste komeet ooit waargenomen (en ouder dan ons zonnestelsel)

    Mysterieus interstellair object 3I/Atlas mogelijk oudste komeet ooit waargenomen (en ouder dan ons zonnestelsel)

    Artikel door Michaël Torfs
     Een interstellair object is een object dat niet uit ons zonnestelsel komt, maar uit een ander sterrenstelsel. De mysterieuze, opvallende bezoeker in ons zonnestelsel werd begin juli gespot door de Atlas-telescoop in Chili. Op dat moment zou het object ongeveer 670 miljoen kilometer van de zon verwijderd zijn geweest. 

    Het is pas het derde interstellair object dat ooit is waargenomen. De komeet werd '3I/ATLAS' gedoopt en wordt met argusogen gevolgd door sterrenkundigen. Mogelijk is hij zowat 3 miljard ouder dan ons zonnestelsel, laten wetenschappers van Oxford nu weten. De komeet zou zo mogelijk 7,5 miljard jaar oud zijn.

    "Het object komt uit een sterrenstelsel dat we nog nooit van dichtbij hebben gezien", vertelt professor Chris Lintott aan de BBC. "We denken dat de kans 2 op de 3 is dat het ouder is dan ons eigen zonnestelsel." Dat is ongeveer 4,5 miljard jaar oud. 

    Astronoom Matthew Hopkins had net een doctoraatsstudie afgerond over interstellaire objecten. Hij verdiepte zich meteen in het analyseren van de nieuwste bezoeker.

    "3I vliegt sneller dan zijn 2 voorgangers, met ongeveer 60 kilometer per seconde. Dat is binnen de grens van wat we verwachten", schrijft hij daarover op de website van de universiteit van Oxford. 

    Ontstaan in de 'dikke schijf' 

    Hopkins denkt dat de komeet ontstaan is in het melkwegstelsel. Dat zou gebeurd zijn in de zogenoemde 'dikke schijf', een groep met bijzonder oude sterren die een belangrijk onderdeel vormt van de Melkweg. Het gaat om een groep sterren die zich bevinden rond de 'dunne schijf', waar de zon deel van uitmaakt.

    "Om die reden is het zeer waarschijnlijk dat 3I de eerste kans is om een object te bestuderen dat in een volledig ander deel van de ruimte is gevormd", is Hopkins enthousiast.

    IJswater

    3I/Atlas zou zich gevormd hebben rond een oude ster en veel ijswater bevatten. Wanneer de komeet later dit jaar dichter bij de zon komt, zal hij opgewarmd worden en veel stoom en damp verliezen.

    Volgens astronomen zou hij dan een oplichtende staart kunnen vertonen. Later dit jaar zou de komeet overigens zichtbaar moeten zijn vanaf de aarde met amateurtelescopen. 

    De vermoedelijke koers van de interstellaire bezoeker: hij blijft uit de buurt van de aarde.
    De vermoedelijke koers van de interstellaire bezoeker: hij blijft uit de buurt van de aarde.
    © Foto: Catalina Sky Survey
    RELATED VIDEOS


    { https://www.msn.com/nl-be/ }

    12-07-2025 om 17:18 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    11-07-2025
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.De Donkere Zijde van de Maan: Het Meest onderdrukte Ruimteverhaal Ooit Verteld

    De Donkere Zijde van de Maan: Het Meest onderdrukte Ruimteverhaal Ooit Verteld

    astronaut stranded on the moon missing home. distant planet earth in the sky - aliens on the moon stockfoto's en -beelden

    De Donkere Zijde van de Maan

    Al tientallen jaren staat de Maan symbool voor menselijke prestatie en verkenning. We hebben talloze missies uitgevoerd, astronauten geland en de maanoppervlakte bestudeerd via telescopen en satellieten. Maar wat als het verhaal dat ons is verteld over de Maan verre van compleet is? Wat als de werkelijkheid veel complexer en verborgen is gebleven voor het grote publiek? Volgens onderzoekers, whisteblowers en experten zoals Linda Moulton Howe en David Adair, zou de Maan niet zomaar een kale, onbewoonde rots zijn die in een baan om de aarde draait. In plaats daarvan zou deze hemellichaam een geavanceerde kunstmatige constructie kunnen zijn, ontworpen door buitenaardse intelligenties of door een oude, vergeten beschaving. Het zou een soort monitoringstation kunnen zijn, een uitvalsbasis voor het bewaken van de aarde, of zelfs een plek waar experimenten worden uitgevoerd die ons nog altijd onbekend zijn.

    Is de Maan een Holle Machine?

    Een van de meest intrigerende theorieën die door enkele onderzoekers worden aangehaald, is dat de Maan hol zou kunnen zijn. Linda Moulton Howe, een bekende documentairmaakster en onderzoeker op het gebied van buitenaardse fenomenen, heeft verscheidene getuigenissen verzameld van abductees en insiders die beweren dat de Maan niet massief is, maar gevuld met geavanceerde technologie. Volgens Howe zou de Maan een soort machine kunnen zijn, een constructie die huisvest computers, androids en kunstmatige intelligentiesystemen die al miljoenen jaren de aarde in de gaten houden.

    Deze theorie roept belangrijke vragen op over de aard van ons hemellichaam en de geschiedenis ervan. Hoe kan het dat de Maan zo perfect in onze hemel past, met haar ronde vorm en regelmatige baan? Zou dit kunnen wijzen op een artificiële oorsprong, vergelijkbaar met een ruimteschip of een geavanceerde constructie die is ontworpen om te functioneren als een soort monitoring- of communicatietoren? Het idee dat de Maan hol zou zijn, wordt ondersteund door verschillende anomalieën die wetenschappers en onderzoekers niet kunnen verklaren met conventionele wetenschap. Bijvoorbeeld, de manier waarop de Maan " klinkt" tijdens grote inslagen – ze "ringt" als een klok – zou kunnen wijzen op een holle structuur met een soort resonantie die niet overeenkomt met een massief hemellichaam.

    David Adair, een bekende wetenschapper op het gebied van raket- en voortstuwingssystemen, ondersteunt deze theorie met zijn eigen ervaringen en observaties. Hij suggereert dat de gedragingen van de Maan, zoals haar getijdenwerking met de aarde, haar onwaarschijnlijke formaat voor een gevangen satelliet en het feit dat ze "klokt" tijdens inslagen, allemaal tekenen zijn van een artificiële oorsprong. Adair stelt dat zelfs Einstein’s relativiteitstheorieën niet volledig kunnen verklaren hoe zo'n enorm object in een stabiele baan om de aarde kan blijven zonder dat er iets bizarre gebeurt, zoals een catastrofale botsing of het uit elkaar vallen van de structuur.

    Het feit dat de Maan zo'n belangrijke rol speelt in de getijden, het klimaat en het leven op aarde, maakt dit alles des te vreemder. Zou de Maan, als kunstmatige constructie, misschien een soort "back-up" of controlepunt kunnen zijn? En wie of wat zou hierachter zitten?

    Getuigenissen van Astronauten en de Geheimen die Zij Vertellen Naast de theorieën over de holle structuur van de Maan, zijn er ook talrijke getuigenissen van astronauten die beweren dat er op de Maan meer te zien is dan we denken. Verschillende astronauten, waaronder Neil Armstrong, de eerste mens die voet zette op de maan tijdens de historische Apollo 11-missie, zouden getuigen hebben afgelegd over vreemde waarnemingen en onverklaarbare structuren op het maanoppervlak.

    Neil Armstrong zelf zou cryptische opmerkingen hebben gemaakt aan vrienden en familie, waarin hij suggereerde dat de maan niet de lege, natuurlijke satelliet was die wij dachten dat het was. Hij zou hebben gesproken over grote, zilverkleurige schepen die in de buurt van de landingsplaats stationeerden, en over vreemde structuren die op de foto's zichtbaar zijn. Hoewel deze beweringen nooit officieel zijn bevestigd, geven ze stof tot nadenken: waarom zouden astronauten die de maan hebben bezocht, zulke geheimen durven te delen? Is het mogelijk dat NASA en andere ruimtevaartorganisaties op de hoogte zijn van deze structuren, maar ze liever verborgen houden voor het grote publiek?

    Pete McDivet, een andere astronaut die tijdens een missie in de ruimte was, heeft op grote schaal foto's gemaakt van een vreemd cilindrisch object dat zich buiten zijn ruimtevaartuig bevond. Volgens hem was het object niet natuurlijk, maar een zorgvuldig geconstrueerde structuur. Toen hij echter om toegang tot zijn foto's vroeg, kreeg hij te horen dat deze "geclassificeerd" waren en dat hij "geen behoefte had te weten". Dit soort verhalen suggereert dat er een wijdverspreid netwerk van geheimhouding bestaat rond de ware aard van de maan en de structuren die erop voorkomen.

    Waarom Werden We Weggestuurd?

    Een van de meest verontrustende theorieën die door onderzoekers worden aangehaald, betreft de reden waarom de mensheid sinds de Apollo-missies niet meer terugkeert naar de maan. David Adair heeft een verrassende verklaring: wij werden weggezet omdat we "rommel maakten". Volgens hem zouden astronauten bij hun vertrek bijna 400.000 pond aan puin hebben achtergelaten, waaronder apparatuur, resten van experimenten en zelfs zakken met menselijke uitwerpselen. Het achterlaten van zoveel afval en het verstoren van een mogelijk buitenaardse bewaakte en gecontroleerde omgeving zou de reden kunnen zijn waarom verdere bezoeken werden verboden of vertraagd. Dit verhaal wordt ondersteund door waarnemingen van mysterieuze objecten die de laatste decennia in de buurt van de maan zijn gespot, evenals door officiële documenten die suggereren dat NASA en andere ruimteagentschappen bepaalde gegevens over de maan en haar structuren hebben gecensureerd.

    Daarnaast zou de maan mogelijk een soort "geheime basis" herbergen, waar experimentele technologieën en misschien zelfs buitenaardse wezens worden gehouden. Sommige insiders beweren dat er onder het oppervlak van de maan tunnels en ondergrondse bases bestaan, die via geheime ingangen toegankelijk zijn voor een selecte groep mensen. Deze bases zouden dienen als uitvalsbases voor verdere ruimteverkenningen, of als locaties voor het uitvoeren van verboden experimenten.

    De rol van overheden en geheime genootschappen speelt hierin een grote rol. Verschillende theorieën suggereren dat een oud, verborgen genootschap, mogelijk verbonden met de Vrijmetselarij of andere geheime organisaties, al eeuwenlang kennis heeft over de ware aard van de maan en haar verborgen structuren. Zij zouden de toegang tot deze plaatsen zorgvuldig beveiligen, en informatie ervan alleen delen met een selecte groep wetenschappers en elites.

    De Symboliek van de Maan:

    Een Oude Wijsheid? Naast de technische en wetenschappelijke theorieën, bestaat er ook een diepere symbolische en esoterische interpretatie van de maan. In vele culturen wordt de maan gezien als een symbool van verborgen kennis, intuïtie, en cycli van verandering. Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat de maan een soort "poort" is naar hogere dimensies of verborgen werelden, en dat haar verborgen structuren en mysteries aanwijzingen bevatten voor een oude, universele wijsheid die door de mensheid is onderdrukt.

    Deze symboliek zou verband houden met oude mythologieën en religieuze tradities, waarin de maan een centrale rol speelt. De Egyptische godin Isis, de Griekse Artemis, en de Romeinse Luna worden allemaal geassocieerd met mysteries rondom de maan en haar krachten. Sommige esoterische stromingen geloven dat de maan een bewuste entiteit is, een soort bewustzijn dat onze planeet en mensheid beïnvloedt door middel van energetische poorten en rituelen.

    Het idee dat de maan een kunstmatige constructie is, past binnen deze symbolische kaders. Het zou kunnen dat onze voorouders de ware aard van de maan kenden en dat zij deze kennis verborgen hielden om de controle over de mensheid te behouden. Door het vertellen van verhalen over een 'onbewoonde satelliet' en het negeren van de mysterieuze structuren en fenomenen, werd de ware aard van de maan bedekt en onderdrukt.

    Apollo astronauts discover a UFO on the surface of the moon.

    De Wetenschap en de Conspiratie:

    Een Spanningsboog? Hoewel veel van de bovengenoemde theorieën buitenproportioneel klinken en niet worden ondersteund door mainstream wetenschap, kunnen ze niet volledig worden genegeerd. Er zijn talloze anomalieën en onbeantwoorde vragen die de officiële verklaringen ondermijnen. Bijvoorbeeld, de aanwezigheid van zogenaamd "vreemde structuren" en artefacten op de maan, zoals mysterieuze rotsformaties, gerestaureerde sites en niet-natuurlijk uitziende objecten, blijven een punt van discussie onder onderzoekers.

    De Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA en andere internationale ruimteagentschappen hebben herhaaldelijk documenten en beelden gecensureerd of niet openbaar gemaakt. Sommige beelden die via geheime kanalen of onafhankelijke waarnemers zijn gelekt, tonen structuren die niet natuurlijk kunnen zijn, zoals driehoekige objecten, piramide-achtige vormen, en grote, rechthoekige basissen onder het maanoppervlak.

    Daarnaast zijn er rapporten van astronauten en wetenschappers die beweren dat er tijdens maanlandingen onverklaarbare fenomenen plaatsvonden. Bijvoorbeeld, Neil Armstrong zou hebben gesproken over vreemde "lichtgevende objecten" en structuren die zichtbaar waren op de foto's die hij maakte. Hoewel deze verklaringen vaak worden afgedaan als hallucinerend of verkeerd geïnterpreteerd, blijven ze een aanwijzing dat er mogelijk meer aan de hand is dan we worden voorgeschoteld.

    De rol van media en informatiecontrole is hierin cruciaal. Overheden en grote mediabedrijven hebben een belang bij het behouden van een bepaald narratief over de maan en de ruimte. Door bepaalde informatie te onderdrukken, worden de publieke percepties gecontroleerd, waardoor de ware aard van de maan verborgen blijft voor het grote publiek.

    De Mogelijke Doelen van de Maan Constructie:

    Als we aannemen dat de maan inderdaad een kunstmatige structuur of een projectie is, rijst de vraag: waarom zou men zo'n enorme en complexe constructie willen creëren? Wat zou het doel zijn geweest van het plaatsen van een dergelijke structuur in onze buurt? Verschillende theorieën suggereren dat de maan mogelijk dient als een soort controlecentrum, energiebron, of poort naar andere dimensies.

    Een van de meest intrigerende ideeën is dat de maan fungeert als een energetisch knooppunt dat de aardse energievelden beïnvloedt. Volgens sommige esoterische stromingen zou de maan de krachtlijnen van de aarde versterken en sturen, waardoor ze een rol speelt in het reguleren van het menselijke bewustzijn en de natuurlijke cycli zoals de menstruatie, de seizoenen en de getijden. Door deze functies zou de maan een instrument kunnen zijn voor energiebeheersing op wereldschaal, mogelijk gecontroleerd door een hogere macht of een verborgen elite.

    Anderen geloven dat de maan een soort basis is voor buitenaardse beschavingen of geavanceerde technologieën, die al eeuwenlang de menselijke geschiedenis beïnvloeden. De aanwezigheid van structuren en artefacten zou kunnen wijzen op een oude beschaving die de maan als uitvalsbasis of observatiepost gebruikte. Deze theorieën ondersteunen het idee dat de mensheid niet de volledige waarheid kent over haar eigen geschiedenis en dat de maan een sleutel is tot het ontrafelen van deze verborgen kennis.

    Daarnaast wordt er ook gespeculeerd dat de maan mogelijk een soort "bewaker" of "poortwachter" is, die de toegang tot hogere dimensies bewaakt. Volgens deze zienswijze zou de maan de energetische poort vormen die verbinding mogelijk maakt tussen onze wereld en andere, meer verfijnde lagen van het universum. Rituelen, meditatie en bepaalde spirituele praktijken zouden kunnen worden gebruikt om deze poort te openen en toegang te krijgen tot hogere kennis.

    De symboliek van de maan in verschillende culturen en religies lijkt deze ideeën te ondersteunen. In oude mythologieën wordt de maan vaak verbonden met de godinnen van intuïtie, magie, en verborgen kennis. De Egyptische Isis en de Griekse Artemis werden vereerd als beschermsters van de geheimen van het universum. De Romeinse Luna symboliseert de cycli van verandering en het onderbewuste. Deze archetypen wijzen erop dat de maan voor oude beschavingen een symbool was van het verborgen, het mysterieuze en het spirituele.

    De interpretatie dat de maan een kunstmatige creatie die bedoeld is om de mensheid te onderdrukken, sluit aan bij de gedachte dat er bewust een mysterie rondom haar aard wordt gehouden. Door de verhalen over een onbewoonde satelliet, de theorie van natuurlijke satellieten, en de vermeende obscuriteit van haar structuren, wordt het publiek afgeleid van de mogelijke ware aard van de maan. Het onderdrukken van deze kennis zou dienen om de controle over de collectieve bewustzijn te behouden en de ware geschiedenis van de mensheid te verbergen.

    Het is belangrijk om te benadrukken dat veel van deze theorieën niet worden ondersteund door de mainstream wetenschap. Toch kunnen de talloze anomalieën en onbeantwoorde vragen niet genegeerd worden. De aanwezigheid van vreemde structuren en artefacten op de maan, zoals piramidevormige rotsformaties en grote, niet-natuurlijke objecten, blijven de nieuwsgierigheid prikkelen. Het feit dat bepaalde beelden en informatie door overheidsinstanties worden gecensureerd, voedt de scepsis en het vermoeden dat er meer wordt verborgen dan wordt toegelaten.

    De rol van de media en de controle van informatie spelen hierin een cruciale rol. Overheden en grote mediabedrijven hebben belang bij het handhaven van een bepaald narratief over de maan en de ruimte. Door selectief informatie vrij te geven en andere gegevens achter te houden, wordt de publieke perceptie gestuurd en wordt de ware aard van de maan verborgen gehouden. Hierdoor blijft een deel van de samenleving gevangen in een beperkte interpretatie van de werkelijkheid.

    Alien Megastructures op het Maanoppervlak

    Er bestaan beweerde waarnemingen van enorme structuren op het maanoppervlak. Deze omvatten torenachtige bouwwerken, boogvormige constructies die lijken op de Gateway Arch in St. Louis, en bases die eruitzien als begraven ruimteschepen. Sommige klokkenluiders vergelijken deze vormen met 'crop circles', mysterieuze patronen die vaak worden gezien in landbouwgebieden. Deze structuren zouden, als ze echt zijn, een revolutionaire doorbraak betekenen in onze kennis over de maan en de geschiedenis van intelligente levensvormen in ons zonnestelsel. Ze roepen vragen op over de oorsprong en de functie van deze bouwwerken, en of ze mogelijk sporen zijn van buitenaardse beschavingen. Het is van groot belang dat we deze claims serieus onderzoeken, want ze kunnen onze wereldbeeld fundamenteel veranderen. Het ontdekken van dergelijke megastructuren zou bewijzen dat er meer is dan wij ooit voor mogelijk hielden. De waarheid ligt mogelijk verborgen onder het maanoppervlak, wachtend tot we haar durven ontdekken.

    Een Race om terug te keren naar de Maan: Helium-3 en Kernfusie

    Naast het mysterie van buitenaardse structuren, heeft de maan ook enorme wetenschappelijke en economische waarde. Helium-3, een zeldzaam gas dat overvloedig aanwezig is op het maanoppervlak, wordt beschouwd als de sleutel tot de volgende generatie schone energie. Dit isotope kan worden gebruikt als brandstof voor kernfusie, een proces dat bijna onuitputtelijke energie kan leveren zonder schadelijke bijproducten. Sommige bronnen, zoals Adair, beweren dat China al is begonnen met mijnbouwactiviteiten op de achterkant van de maan, mogelijk met gebruik van technologische ontwerpen die hij decennia geleden heeft gedeeld. De winning van Helium-3 zou niet alleen de energievoorziening op aarde kunnen transformeren, maar ook de geopolitieke machtsbalans veranderen. Het is een race tegen de klok om deze kostbare hulpbron veilig te stellen. Als we erin slagen de maan te benutten voor energie, verleggen we onze grenzen en zetten we een grote stap richting een duurzame toekomst. Het is essentieel dat we deze kansen niet laten liggen en onze inspanningen verdubbelen om de maan te exploreren en te benutten. 

    HET GROTE BEELD: Concurrentiële Beschavingen?

    Een voormalig functionaris van de Defense Intelligence Agency heeft verklaard dat er al minstens 270 miljoen jaar lang drie verschillende buitenaardse beschavingen actief zijn op aarde en in het hele zonnestelsel. Deze onthulling voegt een nieuwe dimensie toe aan de mysteries rondom de maan. Zou de maan kunnen dienen als een neutraal uitvalsbasis, een soort ontmoetingsplek of zelfs een strijdtoneel tussen deze oude beschavingen? De gedachte dat er al zo lang buitenaards leven bestaat, geeft ons een heel ander perspectief op onze plaats in het universum. Mogelijk heeft de maan een rol gespeeld in hun conflicten of samenwerkingen. Het idee dat er meerdere intelligente beschavingen naast ons bestaan, kan onze kijk op de geschiedenis van het heelal compleet veranderen. Het onderstreept het belang van diepgaand onderzoek en het verzamelen van bewijzen. Door meer te weten te komen, kunnen we begrijpen of wij slechts een klein onderdeel zijn van een veel grotere kosmische gemeenschap.

     Waarom We Terug Moeten Naar De Maan

    Ondanks officiële verklaringen dat we alles hebben gezien wat er te zien is op de maan, benadrukt Adair dat we nog minder dan 0,5% van het oppervlak hebben verkend. Dit betekent dat er nog talloze geheimen en verborgen mysteries onder het maanoppervlak liggen. Het is van vitaal belang dat we terugkeren naar onze natuurlijke satelliet, niet alleen om waardevolle hulpbronnen zoals Helium-3 te winnen, maar vooral om de ultieme waarheid over onze plaats in het universum te ontdekken. Elke nieuwe missie, elk nieuw onderzoek kan ons dichter brengen bij antwoorden op fundamentele vragen: Zijn we alleen? Wat is de oorsprong van de structuren en verschijnselen op de maan? Door verder te kijken, kunnen we onze kennis uitbreiden en onze rol in het kosmos groter maken. De maan houdt de sleutel tot een dieper begrip van ons bestaan, en het is onze plicht om die te zoeken. Alleen door te blijven verkennen, kunnen we de verborgen waarheden ontsluiten die ons kunnen bevrijden van onwetendheid.

    Een Kosmisch Verhaal dat Wacht om Verteld te Worden

    Het verhaal van de maan is mogelijk veel complexer dan we ooit hebben gedacht. Als slechts een fractie van de claims waar blijkt te zijn, dan betekent dat dat de mensheid deel uitmaakt van een veel groter interstellair experiment. Getuigenissen van astronauten die geheimen lijken te verzwegen, wetenschappelijke theorieën zoals die van Adair, en afwijkend gedrag van de maan zelf wijzen allemaal op één ding: we moeten grotere vragen stellen over onze nabije kosmische buur. Het is tijd om de rommel op te ruimen, vrede te sluiten met wie of wat er mogelijk vanuit de donkere zijde kijkt, en onze plaats tussen de sterren opnieuw te claimen. De maan kan een brug vormen naar een bredere kosmische gemeenschap, waarvan wij slechts het begin zijn. Het is een oproep tot actie, een uitnodiging om verder te kijken dan onze beperkte kennis en de mysteries te ontrafelen die al eeuwen bezig houden..

    Besluit

    De symboliek die de menselijke verbeelding blijft prikkelen. De maan wordt vaak gezien als een symbool van verandering en cycli, en haar invloed op het menselijk gedrag en de natuur wordt al eeuwenlang erkend. In veel culturen vertegenwoordigt de maan vrouwelijke energie, intuïtie en het onderbewuste, wat haar een centrale plaats geeft in mythologische verhalen en rituelen. Daarnaast speelt de maan een belangrijke rol in de astrologie, waar haar positie en fasen worden geassocieerd met invloeden op ons leven en onze emoties.

    Wetenschappelijk gezien blijven de maanlandingen en de plannen voor toekomstige missies de nieuwsgierigheid stimuleren en nieuwe kennis opleveren. Toch blijven er vragen en mysteries bestaan, zoals de herkomst van de maan en de mogelijke aanwezigheid van verborgen structuren of geheime bases. Sommige theorieën suggereren dat de maan kunstmatig zou kunnen zijn, wat de discussie over haar oorsprong en doel verder aanwakkert.

    Kortom, de maan blijft een bron van inspiratie en verwondering. Ze symboliseert de onbekende werelden die nog ontdekt moeten worden, zowel in de ruimte als in ons innerlijke zelf. Haar mysteries blijven een uitnodiging om verder te onderzoeken en te reflecteren op onze plaats in het universum. Door haar symboliek en wetenschap te combineren, kunnen we misschien ooit de diepere betekenissen achter haar verschijning ontrafelen en haar ware aard volledig begrijpen.

    Waarom wij als mensen een maanbasis of maanstation zouden bouwen.

    De maanconstructie, oftewel het idee om een kunstmatige structuur op of rondom de maan te bouwen, heeft sinds de jaren '50 veel aandacht getrokken binnen de ruimtevaartgemeenschap en de populaire cultuur. Hoewel veel van deze plannen nog in de kinderschoenen staan of slechts theoretisch zijn, worden ze vaak besproken in de context van wetenschappelijke, economische en zelfs geopolitieke doelen. In dit artikel worden de mogelijke doelen van een dergelijke maanconstructie nader onderzocht, aangevuld met gegevens en een uitgebreide conclusie.

    1. Wetenschappelijke Doelen

    Een van de voornaamste motivaties achter het bouwen van een maanconstructie is het vergaren van wetenschappelijke kennis. De maan biedt een unieke omgeving die ons kan helpen om meer te leren over het ontstaan van het zonnestelsel, de evolutie van planeten en de geschiedenis van het heelal. Door een permanente aanwezigheid op de maan, kunnen wetenschappers langdurige observaties en experimenten uitvoeren die op aarde onmogelijk zijn vanwege de atmosfeer en andere beperkingen.

    Daarnaast kan een maanbasis fungeren als een uitvalsbasis voor ruimtemissies naar Mars en verder. De maan heeft een lagere zwaartekracht (ongeveer een zesde van die op aarde), wat het gemakkelijker maakt om materialen en mensen te lanceren richting andere planeten. Bovendien kunnen wetenschappers de maan gebruiken als testplatform voor nieuwe technologieën die nodig zijn voor langdurige ruimtevaart, zoals levensondersteuningssystemen, energievoorziening en habitatdesign.

    2. Economische Doelen

    Een ander belangrijk motief is de economische potentie die een maanconstructie kan bieden. De maan bevat aanzienlijke voorraden van waardevolle mineralen en grondstoffen, zoals helium-3, een zeldzaam gas dat potentieel gebruikt kan worden als schone energiebron in kernreactoren. Het winnen van helium-3 op de maan zou de wereldwijde energiemarkt kunnen transformeren en de afhankelijkheid van fossiele brandstoffen verminderen.

    Daarnaast kunnen de bouw en exploitatie van een maanbasis nieuwe markten openen voor ruimtevaartbedrijven en investeerders. De ontwikkeling van mijnbouwtechnologieën, logistiek en infrastructuur op de maan kan ook leiden tot innovaties die in de toekomst op aarde toegepast kunnen worden. Sommige experts voorspellen dat de economische voordelen van ruimte-mining en maanbouw op termijn vele malen groter zijn dan de kosten voor het opzetten van de infrastructuur.

    3. Geopolitieke Doelen

    De geopolitieke dimensie van een maanconstructie mag niet worden onderschat. In de geschiedenis van de ruimtevaart is de maan altijd een symbool geweest van nationale prestige en technologische superioriteit. Een succesvolle maanbasis zou landen in staat stellen om hun invloed in de ruimte uit te breiden en strategische belangen veilig te stellen.

    Met de toenemende betrokkenheid van meerdere landen en private bedrijven op het gebied van ruimtevaart, kan een maanconstructie ook dienen als een manier om internationale samenwerking te bevorderen of, contrair, om machtsverhoudingen te versterken. Het ontbreken van duidelijke internationale regelgeving over het bezit en de exploitatie van maanresources maakt de geopolitieke situatie complex. Het is mogelijk dat landen proberen hun belangen te beschermen door exclusieve rechten op bepaalde gebieden of bronnen te claimen.

    4. Milieu- en Duurzaamheidsdoelen

    Hoewel de bouw van een maanconstructie op het eerste gezicht lijkt te leiden tot meer milieuproblemen, kan het ook een rol spelen in het bevorderen van duurzaamheid. Door bijvoorbeeld een permanente menselijke aanwezigheid op de maan, kunnen we leren omgaan met ecosysteembeheer in extreme omstandigheden en duurzame levensonderhoudssystemen ontwikkelen die later op aarde toegepast kunnen worden.

    Daarnaast kan de maan dienen als een ‘buffer’ of controlepunt om de impact van asteroïde-inslagen te monitoren en te mitigeren, wat indirect de bescherming van het aardmilieu ten goede kan komen.

    5. Technologische Innovatie en Innovatiebevordering

    Het bouwen van een maanconstructie vereist het ontwikkelen van geavanceerde technologieën op het gebied van structuurbouw, energievoorziening, communicatie en levensondersteuning. Deze technologische innovaties kunnen ook op aarde worden toegepast, bijvoorbeeld in de bouwsector, energieproductie en automatisering.

    Bovendien stimuleert de uitdaging van een maanbasis wetenschappelijke en technologische innovatie, wat op zijn beurt weer kan leiden tot nieuwe industrieën en werkgelegenheid. Het project kan ook een inspirerend voorbeeld zijn van menselijke creativiteit en doorzettingsvermogen.

    6. Concluderend: Een veelzijdige onderneming

    De bouw van een maanconstructie wordt vaak gezien als een onderneming met meerdere doelen die elkaar kunnen versterken. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek, economische ontwikkeling, geopolitieke strategieën en technologische innovatie vormen samen een complex landschap van motivaties. Hoewel de kosten en risico’s aanzienlijk zijn, bieden de potentiële voordelen op lange termijn een sterke motivatie voor landen en bedrijven om te investeren in dergelijke projecten.

    Volgens recente rapporten (bijvoorbeeld van NASA en ESA) wordt verwacht dat de komende decennia de technologische en financiële haalbaarheid van maanconstructies aanzienlijk zal verbeteren. De ontwikkeling van nieuwe lanceertechnologieën, zoals de reusable Falcon-raket van SpaceX en de geplande Starship, maken het goedkoper en efficiënter om materialen en mensen naar de maan te vervoeren.

    Kortom, de mogelijke doelen van een maanconstructie zijn divers en ambitieus: van wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen en resource-exploitatie tot geopolitieke invloed en technologische vooruitgang. Het is duidelijk dat deze onderneming niet alleen gericht is op het verkennen van de ruimte, maar ook op het benutten van haar potentieel voor de toekomst van de mensheid. Het vestigen van een menselijke aanwezigheid op de maan zou een mijlpaal zijn in onze geschiedenis en een belangrijke stap voorwaarts VOOR DE MENSHEID.

     { PETER2011 }

    11-07-2025 om 23:54 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:MYSTERIES , Complot Theories, ed ( EN, FR, NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Dark Side of the Moon: The Most Suppressed Space Story Ever Told

    Dark Side of the Moon: The Most Suppressed Space Story Ever Told

    Dark Side of the Moon

    For decades, the Moon has been a symbol of human achievement and exploration. But what if the story we’ve been told about it is far from complete? According to researchers and whistleblowers like Linda Moulton Howe and David Adair, the Moon might not be a barren rock orbiting Earth—but a sophisticated artificial construct used for monitoring and even manipulating life on our planet.

    Is the Moon a Hollow Machine?

    Linda Moulton Howe recounts testimony from abductees and insiders who claim the Moon is hollow and filled with advanced technology. This machine-like Moon is said to house computers, androids, and artificial intelligence systems that have been monitoring Earth for millions of years. The concept challenges our understanding of celestial mechanics and raises the question: Could the Moon be an ancient alien installation?

    David Adair, a propulsion scientist, supports these claims with his own experiences. He suggests that the Moon’s behavior—its tidal lock with Earth, its impossible size for a captured satellite, and the way it “rings like a bell” during impacts—indicates an artificial origin. According to Adair, even Einstein’s theories can’t fully explain how such a massive object came to orbit Earth without catastrophic collision.

    Suppressed Testimonies from Astronauts

    Several astronauts, including Neil Armstrong, allegedly witnessed UFOs and alien structures on the Moon. Armstrong himself is said to have shared cryptic comments with close friends, hinting at large, silver craft stationed near their landing site. These claims, if true, suggest NASA’s famous moon missions were closely monitored—and possibly warned off—by extraterrestrial forces.

    Pete McDivet, another astronaut, reportedly took dozens of high-resolution photographs of a strange cylindrical object outside his spacecraft. Yet when he requested access to his own images, NASA told him they were classified and that he had “no need to know.”

    Why Were We Sent Away?

    Adair offers a startling theory about why humans haven’t returned to the Moon in over 50 years: we were expelled for “littering.” He points out that astronauts left behind nearly 400,000 pounds of debris—including equipment and even bags of human waste. If intelligent beings inhabit or monitor the Moon, this act could have been seen as disrespectful.

    Could this explain why, despite monumental advancements in technology, humanity has not established a permanent presence on the Moon? Adair believes the answer lies in a combination of geopolitical secrecy and extraterrestrial control.

    Alien Megastructures on the Lunar Surface

    There are also claims of massive structures on the Moon’s surface—tower-like constructs, arches resembling Earth’s St. Louis Gateway Arch, and bases that look like buried spacecraft. Some whistleblowers liken these features to crop circles: anomalies that demand serious investigation.

    If true, such megastructures would revolutionize our understanding of not only the Moon but also the history of intelligent life in our solar system.

    A Race to Return: Helium-3 and Fusion Power

    Beyond alien secrets, the Moon holds immense scientific and economic potential. Helium-3, abundant on its surface, could fuel the next generation of clean fusion reactors. Adair claims China has already begun mining operations on the far side of the Moon, possibly using his own designs shared decades ago.

    The Bigger Picture: Competing Civilizations?

    One retired Defense Intelligence Agency official reportedly told Howe that three competing extraterrestrial civilizations have been operating on Earth and throughout the solar system for at least 270 million years. This revelation adds a new layer to the Moon’s mystery: Could it be a neutral outpost or even a battleground in an ancient interstellar rivalry?

    Why We Must Go Back

    Despite official narratives claiming we’ve “seen all there is to see,” Adair emphasizes that humans have explored less than 0.5% of the Moon’s surface. He argues that it’s critical to return—not just for resources like Helium-3 but to uncover the truth about our place in the cosmos.

    Conclusion: A Cosmic Truth Waiting to Be Told

    The story of the Moon may be far more complex than we’ve been led to believe. If even a fraction of these claims hold truth, it suggests humanity is part of a much larger interstellar experiment. The suppressed testimonies of astronauts, the theories of scientists like Adair, and the strange behavior of the Moon itself all point to one thing: we need to ask bigger questions about our nearest celestial neighbor.

    Perhaps it’s time to clean up the litter, make peace with whoever—or whatever—may be watching from the dark side, and reclaim our place among the stars.

    { https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    11-07-2025 om 22:40 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    10-07-2025
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Scientists discover that mysterious giant structures beneath the North Sea seemingly defy what we know about geology

    Scientists discover that mysterious giant structures beneath the North Sea seemingly defy what we know about geology

    By Skyler Ware

    Giant mounds of sand discovered beneath the North Sea off Norway may scramble what we know about a key geological process.

    A photograph of the north sea taken on a shoreline.
    Giant sand mounds in the North Sea seabed sank below ancient "ooze," a new study finds. 
    (Image credit: photo © by Tomasz Sienicki [user:tsca, mail: tomasz.sienicki at gmail.com], CC BY 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons)

    Giant sand mounds beneath the North Sea have puzzled scientists for years. Now, researchers have discovered that these mysterious structures were created by a geological process that has never been seen on such a huge scale.

    Seismic data and rock samples from the northern North Sea, off the coast of Norway, suggest that these miles-wide mounds sank millions of years ago, lifting up older, less-dense "ooze" beneath. The findings could help scientists learn more about future carbon storage options, the researchers wrote in the new study, which was published June 21 in the journal Communications Earth and Environment.

    Researchers have known about these mounds buried beneath the seabed for years but haven't reached a consensus regarding the structures' origins. Proposed explanations have included landslide deposits, sandstone pushed up from below, or mud forced through brittle rock.

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    Now, using a three-dimensional seismic dataset covering the northern North Sea, along with rock samples, researchers examined the mounds and the surrounding regions. They found that the structures were surrounded by older, low-density "ooze," composed in large part of the fossil remains of ancient microorganisms.

    The mounds were chemically similar to nearby sands that appear later in the geological record. In some places, the mounds were connected to these sands via fractures in the rock. This suggests that the mounds were made of younger sands that sank beneath the older, lighter ooze below.

    The sunken sands have jumbled the expected pattern in the geological record. Usually, older layers of rock are buried deeper than younger sediment, leaving a record of the processes that shaped the landscape over time.

    "This discovery reveals a geological process we haven't seen before on this scale," study co-author Mads Huuse, a geophysicist at the University of Manchester in the U.K., said in a statement. "What we've found are structures where dense sand has sunk into lighter sediments that floated to the top of the sand, effectively flipping the conventional layers we'd expect to see and creating huge mounds beneath the sea."

    Earthquakes or changes in pressure may have caused the sands to behave like a fluid, thus enabling it to flow through fractures in the seabed and slip beneath rigid sections of the ooze. The researchers dubbed these large, sinking mounds "sinkites." The ooze rafts, buoyed upward, were named "floatites."

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    "This research shows how fluids and sediments can move around in the Earth's crust in unexpected ways," Huuse said.

    The team originally studied these mounds as a possible location for carbon dioxide storage. Before beginning any carbon storage efforts in the region, scientists will need to understand how well and how safely the area can hold on to that carbon.

    "Understanding how these sinkites formed could significantly change how we assess underground reservoirs, sealing, and fluid migration — all of which are vital for carbon capture and storage," Huuse said.

    RELATED VIDEOS

    { https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth }

    10-07-2025 om 23:04 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Dentist Cracks Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Hidden Code in the Vitruvian Man
    Detailed geometric analysis showing how the triangle relates to Bonwill's triangle and creates the mathematical foundation for the drawing's proportions.
    Gary Manners

    Dentist Cracks Leonardo da Vinci's 500-Year-Old Hidden Code in the Vitruvian Man

    A London-based dentist has solved one of art history's most enduring mysteries by discovering a hidden geometric code in Leonardo da Vinci's iconic Vitruvian Man drawing. The breakthrough revelation suggests that the Renaissance master embedded sophisticated mathematical principles that anticipate modern understanding of optimal biological architecture - all concealed within a simple triangle between the figure's legs.

    The Discovery That Changed Everything

    Dr. Rory Mac Sweeney, whose professional expertise in dental anatomy provided the unique perspective needed to crack this centuries-old puzzle, published his groundbreaking findings in the  Journal of Mathematics and the Arts. His analysis reveals that Leonardo's famous 1490 drawing incorporates geometric principles that remained hidden in plain sight for over 500 years.

    The pen-and-ink drawing of a nude male figure in two superimposed poses, with arms and legs enclosed within a circle and square, was created by the Renaissance polymath around 1490. Based on the writings of Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the drawing illustrates the concept that the human body has harmonious proportions that can fit perfectly within both geometric shapes - but until now, the mathematical framework behind this perfect fit remained an enigma reports Popular Mechanics.

    • Leonardo da Vinci: The Ultimate Renaissance Man
    • The Golden Ratio in Ancient Art and Architecture

    Leonardo's Vitruvian Man and Optimal Geometric Relationships. Leonardo's construction demonstrates the same tetrahedral principles found in craniofacial architecture. This geometric relationship may represent Leonardo's intuitive recognition.

    (Journal of Mathematics and the Arts (2025))

    The Hidden Triangle That Unlocked the Mystery

    Dr. Sweeney's breakthrough came when he noticed an equilateral triangle positioned between the man's legs - a detail that Leonardo referenced in his notes for the drawing but that had been largely overlooked by scholars. This triangle, Sweeney discovered, corresponds precisely to Bonwill's triangle, a fundamental principle in dental anatomy that governs the optimal performance of the human jaw.

    Named after Dr. William Bonwill, whose 1864 work on dental articulation studied "4,000 dentures in living persons and 6,000 skulls," Bonwill's triangle forms an equilateral triangle connecting the two mandibular condyles and the midpoint of the lower central incisors. This geometric relationship maximizes force transmission efficiency during chewing and represents optimal biological design.

    • Mathematical Principles in Medieval and Renaissance Art
    • Hidden Codes and Symbols in Renaissance Masterpieces

    Diagram showing how Bonwill's triangle (green) in human craniofacial architecture demonstrates the same tetrahedral geometry that Leonardo embedded in his drawing.

    (Journal of Mathematics and the Arts)

    The Mathematical Breakthrough

    The discovery goes far beyond a simple geometric observation. Sweeney's analysis revealed that this hidden triangle produces a ratio of 1.64 to 1.65 between the square's side and the circle's radius - remarkably close to the special "blueprint number" of 1.633 that appears throughout nature for building the most efficient structure

    This ratio, known as the tetrahedral ratio, represents the mathematical relationship that defines optimal spatial arrangements in both synthetic and biological systems. When the equilateral triangle is replicated six times around the navel (which Vitruvius identified as the central point of the human body), it creates a hexagonal pattern that generates this precise mathematical relationship.

    Connections to Modern Science

    Perhaps most remarkably, Sweeney draws parallels between the ratios found in Leonardo's illustration and Buckminster Fuller's Isotropic Vector Matrix from 1975. This connection suggests that "the same geometric relationships that appear in optimal crystal structures, biological architectures, and Fuller's coordinate systems seem to be encoded in human proportions."

    Fuller's Vector Equilibrium demonstrating the geometric foundation underlying optimal spatial organization - the same principles Leonardo intuited 500 years earlier.

    (Journal of Mathematics and the Arts)

    Sweeney concludes that these findings suggest "Leonardo intuited fundamental truths about the mathematical nature of reality itself," demonstrating that the Renaissance master possessed an understanding of optimal biological design that wouldn't be formally recognized by modern science for centuries.

    The Power of Perspective

    The breakthrough illustrates how expertise from unexpected fields can illuminate longstanding mysteries. As a dentist familiar with Bonwill's triangle, Dr. Sweeney brought a unique perspective that art historians and mathematicians had lacked. His professional knowledge of dental anatomy provided the key to recognizing the significance of the triangle that had been hiding in plain sight.

    "Leonardo's geometric construction successfully encoded fundamental spatial relationships in human form, demonstrating the remarkable precision of his Renaissance vision of mathematical unity between the human figure and natural order," Sweeney wrote in his paper."

    The Life and Times of Leonardo da Vinci, with Robin Maxwell is available now from the Ancient Origins Shop.

    Implications for Modern Applications

    The discovery has implications extending beyond art history. Dr. Sweeney's findings could inspire new approaches in dental anatomy, prosthetic design, and craniofacial surgery. The research demonstrates how Renaissance art can contain scientific insights that remain relevant to contemporary medicine and engineering.

    Moreover, the breakthrough suggests that other Renaissance masterpieces may contain similar hidden scientific principles waiting to be discovered. The intersection of art and science that defined Leonardo's work continues to yield new insights, even 500 years after his death.

    A Renaissance Vision Validated

    The discovery validates Leonardo's reputation as a visionary who bridged art and science in ways that continue to astonish modern researchers. His ability to encode complex mathematical relationships within a drawing of human proportions demonstrates the sophisticated understanding of natural design principles that characterized the Renaissance approach to knowledge.

    • Top image: Detailed geometric analysis showing how the triangle relates to Bonwill's triangle and creates the mathematical foundation for the drawing's proportions.
    • Source: Journal of Mathematics and the Arts

    By Gary Manners

    References

    • Sweeney, R. M. (2025). "Leonardo's Vitruvian Man: modern craniofacial anatomical analysis reveals a possible solution to the 500-year-old mystery." Journal of Mathematics and the Arts. DOI: 10.1080/17513472.2025.2507568
    • Popular Mechanics. "A Dentist Discovered a Hidden Code in Leonardo da Vinci's Most Famous Drawing." July 2025.

    Available at: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a65283138/hidden-code-da-vinci/

    • Phys.org. "Dentist may have solved 500-year-old mystery in da Vinci's iconic Vitruvian Man." July 2, 2025.

    Available at: https://phys.org/news/2025-07-dentist-year-mystery-da-vinci.html

    • ArtNet News. "A Dentist Uncovers Surprising Secrets of Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man." July 2025. Available at: https://news.artnet.com/art-world/leonardo-da-vinci-vitruvian-man-secrets-dentist-2663052

    { https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends }

    10-07-2025 om 22:36 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:MYSTERIES ( Fr, Nl, E)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.HKU astrobiologist joins national effort to map out China’s Tianwen-3 Mars sample return mission

    HKU astrobiologist joins national effort to map out China’s Tianwen-3 Mars sample return mission

    By Matthew Williams 
    Schematic of the Chinese Mars Sample Return mission, where the lander will drill 2 metres deep to collect the samples and scoop the surface materials with a robotic arm and drone. Credit: HKU
    Schematic of the Chinese Mars Sample Return mission, where the lander will drill 2 metres deep to collect the samples and scoop the surface materials with a robotic arm and drone.
    Credit: HKU

    Was there once life on Mars? That question has been the subject of ongoing exploration and research for more than half a century, and is closely tied to questions about how and when life emerged on Earth. At present, there are six active missions exploring the Red Planet for possible evidence of past life (and possibly present), including NASA's Perseverance rover, the Curiosity rover, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), the UAE's Hope orbiter, the ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), and China's Tianwen-1 orbiter and rover. In the near future, they will be joined by Tianwen-3, a sample-return mission consisting of two spacecraft.

    Similar to the NASA/ESA Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission architecture, the mission will include a lander/ascent vehicle to obtain the samples and an Orbiter/Earth-return element to bring them back to Earth. In recent news, the University of Hong Kong (HKU) announced that the scientific team will include Professor Yiliang Li, an astrobiologist from the Department of Earth Sciences. Li will be leading an HKU group responsible for selecting the mission's landing site: a region where liquid water once flowed and there's an abundance of materials that are likely to preserve evidence of past (or present) life.

    Li was also the lead author on a paper that describes the mission's objective, which recently appeared in Nature Astronomy. He was joined by researchers from the Institute of Deep Space Sciences, the Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the CNSA Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center (LESEC), University of Science and Technology of China, the School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, the Research Center for Planetary Science, the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering (ISSE), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.

    The roadmap of the Chinese Mars Sample Return mission, which will be launched in 2028. Credit: Hou, et al. (2025)

    The roadmap of the Chinese Mars Sample Return mission, which will be launched in 2028.

    Credit: Hou, et al. (2025)

    The search for evidence of life on Mars began with NASA's Viking 1 and 2 missions, consisting of an orbiter and lander element. The two landers set down in Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia, respectively, both of which are located in the Northern Lowlands. This region is believed to have once been a global ocean that spanned Mars' northern hemisphere, making it a promising location for NASA scientists to search for biosignatures. While the results were inconclusive, the search continues and has been bolstered by the arrival of missions like Pathfinder, Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance.

    Astrobiological research has also benefited from recent discoveries made here on Earth. Based on the most recent fossilized evidence, scientists theorize that life emerged in Earth's oceans during the Archean Eon (ca. 4 billion years ago). Several lines of evidence also indicate that the evolution of microbial life during the first billion years was pivotal to Earth becoming a habitable planet. During Mars' Noachian Period (ca. 4.1 - 3.7 billion years ago), conditions were similar to Earth's, including a denser atmosphere, flowing water on the surface, and active volcanism. In other words, Mars had an environment favorable to the emergence of life while life was gaining a foothold on Earth.

    To investigate this further, scientists hope to obtain samples from areas rich in hydrated minerals (which are essential to life) and where microbial activity could potentially be preserved for billions of years. As such, site selection is a crucial first step to any sample return mission, the protocol and strategy of which is detailed in the team's paper. Also described are the scientific payloads and the methods used to detect potential biosignatures in the returned samples. These samples will be extracted from a drill depth of 2 meters (~6.5 feet), which is critical since organic materials are safe from radiation and toxic perchlorites at this depth.

    In accordance with the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Planetary Protection Policy, the team also recommends establishing a Mars Sample Laboratory on the outskirts of Hefei, a major hub for scientific research where many of China's leading research institutes are located. The laboratory will be equipped with the necessary scientific instruments to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the returned Mars samples while ensuring that they are safely contained to prevent exobiological contamination. If and when the samples are determined to contain no active biological agents, they will be released to designated laboratories for further detailed analyses.

    The rover Zhurong, depicted in the image, became China's first rover to successfully land on the Martian surface in 2021. Credit: CNSA

    The rover Zhurong, depicted in the image, became China's first rover to successfully land on the Martian surface in 2021.

    Credit: CNSA

    Due to the cancellation of the MSR mission, China is now poised to be the first country to return samples from Mars that could contain organic matter (and maybe even lifeforms!) The Tianwen-3 mission will build on the success of Tianwen-1, which successfully established orbit, landed on the surface, and deployed the Zhurong rover on Mars in 2021. In the process, China became the first nation to accomplish all three goals in a single mission, something the country hopes to do again in 2028. The CNSA released an Announcement of Opportunities (AO) on March 11th, which opened the mission to international collaboration.

    The final selection of collaborators is scheduled for October 2025, and flight models of selected payloads are to be delivered in 2027. If everything goes according to plan, the samples will be returned to Earth by 2031.

    Further Reading: Hong Kong University, Nature

    { https://www.universetoday.com/ }

    10-07-2025 om 22:04 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Breakthrough Listen Releases Results for 27 Eclipsing Exoplanets

    Breakthrough Listen Releases Results for 27 Eclipsing Exoplanets

    By Matthew Williams 
    An artist’s impression of the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope receiving signals from space. Credit: Danielle Futselaar/Breakthrough Listen.
    An artist’s impression of the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope receiving signals from space.
    Credit: Danielle Futselaar/Breakthrough Listen.

    We live in an exciting time of technological innovation and breakthroughs in astronomy, cosmology, and astrophysics. This is similarly true for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), which seeks to leverage advances in instrumentation and computing to find evidence of "technosignatures" in the Universe. While the scope has expanded considerably since Cornell Professor Frank Drake and colleagues conducted the first SETI experiment over sixty years ago (Project Ozma), the vast majority have consisted of listening to space for signs of possible radio transmissions.

    A prime example is Breakthrough Listen (BL), a project launched by Breakthrough Initiatives in 2016 and the largest SETI experiment ever mounted. BI combines radio observations from the Green Bank Observatory and the Parkes Observatory with visible light observations from the Automated Planet Finder. In a recent study, an international team of astronomers examined 27 exoplanets selected from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) archive and examined them for signs of artificial radio signals that went silent as they passed behind their stars.

    The study was led by Rebecca Barrett, a SETI researcher and recent Masters of Science (Astrophysics) graduate from the University of Southern Queensland (UniSQ). She was joined by researchers from the UniSQ Center for Astrophysics, the SETI Institute, the Berkeley SETI Research Center, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Astronomy and Space Science, the Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing(CAS) at the Swinburne University of Technology, the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), and the Square Kilometer Array Observatory (SKAO).

    The field of SETI has grown considerably in the past six decades, reflecting our expanding knowledge of the cosmos and astrophysical phenomena. Per the NASA Technosignature Report (released in 2018), the list of potential technosignatures includes gravitational waves (GWs), neutrinos, directed energy (optical communications or propulsion), and more. Nevertheless, surveys in the radio spectrum are still at the forefront of SETI investigations because the technology has a proven track record as a cost-effective means of communication. Moreover, radio waves are easily detected since they experience minimal scattering as they pass through planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium (ISM).

    The field has also been bolstered by the spate of exoplanet discoveries that have taken place in the past twenty years. To date, more than 5,900 exoplanets have been confirmed in over 4,400 planetary systems, with thousands more awaiting confirmation. For their study, the team carefully selected a frequency band of radio data from a large set of observations made by BI from 2018 to 2022. The team ensured that these observations' field of view (FoV) corresponded to a selection of 27 confirmed and candidate exoplanets detected by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

    Specifically, the team looked for indications of potential radio signals that were interrupted as these planets passed behind their respective stars (occulted). As Barrett told Universe Today via email:

    Occultations could provide a unique opportunity to search for and localise technosignatures. Hypothetically, if a transmitting exoplanet were to pass behind its host star, the signal should be interrupted, resuming when it re-emerges. A signal could thus potentially be isolated from the surrounding noise and RFI by subtracting emission received from the system during eclipse from emission during transit. This concept will be explored in future works.

    Using occultations to detect and confirm targets for SETI technosignature searchers has gained popularity in the last decade. However, the focus has been on planet-planet occultation and signal spillover, whereas Barrett and her colleagues explored planet-star occultation. Their work was based on Barrett's 2023 Master's thesis, which established the first limits using targets of interest (TOIs) designated by TESS. Unfortunately, all 27 TOIs were attributed to radio frequency interference (RFI), ruling out the possibility of technological activity.

    Murriyang, CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope at the Parkes Observatory.

    Murriyang, CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope at the Parkes Observatory.

    Nevertheless, this study is the first case where planet-star occultations were used for technosignature searches and will serve as a benchmark for similar SETI surveys in the near future. Said Barrett:

    I personally plan to commence a PhD in 2026, where I hope to continue developing tools that will aid in the search for intelligent life. I was very fortunate to work alongside some of the leading experts in the field during this project, and will undoubtedly do so again in the future! I would hope that this work could inspire further SETI investigations toward exoplanets during occultation and help spur the development of an efficient method for isolating unique emissions that could be applied as a background check in mainstream transiting exoplanet surveys.

    The preprint of their paper was published online by the University of Cambridge Press and is being reviewed by the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.

    Further Reading: 

    • arXiv

    { https://www.universetoday.com/ }

    10-07-2025 om 21:55 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Some Know More Than Others! UFOs, Aliens, and the Presidents of the United States!

    Some Know More Than Others! UFOs, Aliens, and the Presidents of the United States!


    Marcus Lowth

    Some Know More Than Others! UFOs, Aliens, and the Presidents of the United States!

    There are some people who believe that the  President of the United States is privy to all that is going-on and, ultimately, calls the shots, while others insist they are nothing more than a face for the respective government of the time who is on a need-to-know leash, and this is very much the case with UFOs and potential alien encounters. However, it would seem that some Presidents of the United States – certainly when it comes to such matters as UFOs – know more than others.

    One researcher who has perhaps done more research than most on the Presidents of the United States and what they might have known about UFOs and aliens is author Paul Blake Smith, who spoke recently to myself and Steve Mera during an episode of The Anomaly Project. Smith has written several books on the subject, including President Eisenhower’s Close Encounters: An Investigation into Eisenhower’s Secret Agreement with Extraterrestrials and The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter: An Investigation into Nixon’s Secret Airbase Meetings to View Extraterrestrials, both of which we will return to very shortly.

    If we go back to the start of the Modern UFO Era (essentially, the summer of 1947 with such encounters as the Kenneth Arnold sighting and the Roswell crash) we can find President Harry Truman in charge, who, almost certainly, knew much of what was going on in the skies across America at the time.

    In fact, to explore both Truman and the person who followed him into the White House, President Eisenhower, we should turn our attention to an alleged UFO crash, once more in the deserts of New Mexico, only this time in the Aztec Desert a little over six months after the more famous and well-known Roswell crash. According to the account, which first entered the public arena courtesy of an alleged leaked document in the late 1980s, on the evening of March 25th, 1948, a disc-shaped metallic object came screeching out of the night sky and crashed into the ground. Although several locals were on the scene a short time later, it didn’t take the United States military long to swoop in and retrieve the remains, whisking them away to, according to the report, White Sands Air Force Base.

    Perhaps even more remarkable than the craft itself, though, was the discovery of 16 crew members, 15 of whom were dead, but one, unbelievably, was alive. And it is here, where the story morphs into the involvement of another eventual President of the United States.  

    Indeed there is little doubt, one of the most interesting and thought-provoking American Presidents in terms of what they might have known about UFOs and their subsequent actions off the back of that, would be President Eisenhower, who, it would seem, was at the center of several UFO and alien encounters that potentially had far-reaching consequences, and is one that Paul Blake Smith detailed in the previously mentioned President Eisenhower’s Close Encounters. It also unfolded in the wake of the Aztec UFO crash (under President Truman’s watch), when Eisenhower was a high-ranking military commander during Truman’s presidency.

    Smith highlighted how an apparent leaked briefing document came to light on a 2017 podcast by Heather Wade. This document detailed how the surviving alien was discreetly transported to a secret facility within the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Even more remarkable, this alien was able to communicate – in English, no less – with its new host, and offered that its name was Setimus. According to descriptions, although he was (by comparison) relatively short, he otherwise had the appearance of an “adult, Earth-like humanoid male!” There were, though, following examinations, some internal differences (although these were not documented, or certainly not leaked). This apparent alien entity had a very specific diet and was “less able to process the wide range of foods” that a human being typically would. Moreover, although he could physically speak, he also appeared to have “telepathic and psychic skills!” Even more remarkable, Setimus was “versed in homo sapien behavior, modern geopolitics, and the planet Earth’s troubled environment!”

    This leaked document detailed that Setimus was granted “diplomatic status” and was very happy to answer all scientists’ questions. Perhaps most interesting of all, though, it stated that, “Setimus and his advanced ET species had ‘decided on a long-term program of carefully calculated’ contact with certain humans, including those in the highest levels of American government – like President Dwight D. Eisenhower!”

    Of course, we will return to Eisenhower and more of his “contact” with alien representatives shortly. In New Mexico, however, around a year after being recovered from the wreckage, in early 1949, a decision was made to transfer Setimus to a “safe house”, thought to have been somewhere in rural Vermont, and a property that was under the control of the United States intelligence agencies. Smith highlights how this decision, at least on the surface, is a strange one, not least as no one appeared to be even slightly aware of Setimus’ presence in New Mexico, as well as the fact he was more than comfortable at the facility, and not least the obvious risks of transporting a live alien entity across the country that would surely present themselves. However, Smith also points out that Dwight Eisenhower had spent considerable time in rural Vermont, officially on fly fishing trips.

    Whatever the truth of the matter, it is said that Setimus spent at least six months of 1949 at this location. And given the connection Eisenhower had to this part of the country, as well as the naming of him specifically in the leaked document, we might consider if he spent a large bulk of that time at the safe house with Setimus. If so, we can only imagine what information might have been given to Eisenhower during this time, and how much, if anything, he shared with anyone else. Then, in early August 1949, Setimus was discreetly transported back to New Mexico, this time to Albuquerque, and specifically, to Kirtland Air Force Base. Even more remarkable, on the evening of August 21st, 1949, an alien craft landed in the remote desert close by, where Setimus boarded the otherworldly vessel and left Earth for a destination unknown.

    While it might be tempting, even by some in the UFO community, to dismiss such claims unreservedly, the fact is that Paul Blake Smith not only makes a compelling argument in favor of such claims’ authenticity but also offers documented circumstantial evidence to back them up. For example, regarding the transfer of Setimus from Vermont back to New Mexico and his potential extraction from the planet, he writes:

    “Harry Truman’s White House appointment logs for Monday, August 1, 1949, reveal that the Republican Governor of Vermont, of all people, had called Vermont’s Republican Senator George David Aiken the previous week and asked Aiken to set up an appointment with the president for 12:15 pm that day in the Oval Office. It had to have been about something pretty darn important, considering these circumstances!”

    Indeed, the important reason could very well have been the transfer of Setimus back to New Mexico, as well as the planned arrival of more visitors from another world. Smith highlights further interesting movements during this time, as he details that “conservative Governor Ernest William Gibson Jr. – a former decorated Army infantryman from rural, small-town Vermont – traveled a long way to chat in private” and off the record with Harry Truman. This conversation was said to have only been 15 minutes long, but Smith writes that “something big was up, it is logical to assume!” Smith also highlighted another secret meeting between a Vermont congressman and President Truman in late July 1949, as well as a meeting in the Oval Office on the afternoon of August 4th, 1949, between President Truman and his Secretary of State and his Defense Secretary. After this meeting, all three men traveled together somewhere to an undocumented location. Even more suspicious, there are no recorded movements of any of the men until five days later. Might we contemplate that they traveled to, and stayed at, the safe house in Vermont?

    Of course, around four and a half years later, with Eisenhower a little over a year into his first term as United States President, he is claimed to have been at another meeting with alien representatives. The claims surfaced through another set of leaked documents in 1984, the same documents that contained information on MJ12. According to these documents, on the evening of February 20th, 1954, President Eisenhower was whisked away to a hangar at Edwards Air Force Base in California, where he is claimed to have met with representatives from two different alien races. What is interesting is that on that date, the official record shows that President Eisenhower disappeared from public view due to requiring emergency dental treatment, something which some people believe is nothing more than a cover story to allow him to move freely behind the scenes away from any kind of public scrutiny. We perhaps need to remember that official press photographers accompanied the President everywhere, and so an excuse such as dental treatment would have been more than sufficient to have them “stand down” while the President recovered, or perhaps, went about his secretive duties.

    According to the account, the first of these meetings was with humanoid entities who were very similar in appearance to Setimus. Moreover, they offered ideas of advanced, clean technologies, energies, and medical procedures, although the requirement for humanity accessing this technology was a commitment to move away from fossil fuels. Ultimately, Eisenhower declined to make a deal. Then, only moments later, according to some accounts, the second race of aliens arrived.

    Now, here is where we perhaps have to take the report with a certain pinch of salt. The representatives of this alien race were said to be what we would recognize as grey aliens. They also offered Eisenhower a deal for advanced technology that would give the United States exclusive access to do with what they pleased. In return, it is claimed, these extraterrestrials wanted non-resistant (on the part of the military) access to certain members of the population on which they could perform examinations and non-invasive procedures for their own research, after which said members of the population would be returned unharmed and with no knowledge of the experience. Ultimately, and something else we should take with a pinch of salt, these grey alien representatives also stated that should Eisenhower decline the deal, they would make the same exclusive offer to the Soviet Union, which would, as we know, tip the balance of power on the world stage.

    We might recall that Setimus was said to have been well-versed in the politics of our planet. We perhaps should not be so surprised that another alien race would also be so, especially if they were, it would seem, much more ruthless and single-minded in their goals. Whatever the truth, it is said that Eisenhower agreed to the deal, or at least some form of it, and advanced technology was indeed given to the United States military, who then, it is claimed, farmed and gifted it out to American companies to develop as their results of human ingenuity. And, of course, one advantage to the military using private companies and corporations is that they are protected from Freedom of Information requests, which very well could have been, in fact, almost certainly was, a part of the thought process in siphoning out this advanced technology.

    It is interesting to note that around this time, the United States began to surge ahead in terms of technological advancement compared to most of the rest of the world. Moreover, less than a decade later, people began to experience apparent cases of alien abduction at the hands of strange, grey aliens. Of course, whether this was a coincidence or not remains a part of the mystery. That Eisenhower, and Truman before him, knew more than most United States presidents about UFOs and the intelligence behind them, both before and after, is surely highly likely, if not certain.

    Of course, in a similar way to how Eisenhower might have learned much of what he knew working under Truman during his presidency, much the same could be said for Richard Nixon, a President who is an intriguing character in his own right before we even mention UFOs. However, he is also the person around whom one of the most startling UFO and alien claims swirls. Although there have been several various dates put forward for this alleged remarkable event, according to the solid research of the previously mentioned Paul Blake Smith in his book The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter, during mid-February 1973, President Nixon would take his good showbiz friend, and paranormal enthusiast, actor and television personality, Jackie Gleason, to a secret military facility and show him proof of extraterrestrial life.

    Gleason’s (then) wife – Beverly McKittrick – would speak of the encounter in two separate articles in the National Enquirer – the first in its September 8th, 1974, edition, and the second time – and in much more detail - in the August 16th, 1983, edition. While the first article was much shorter and seemingly inaccurate in some of the details, the second article had much more detail, and between them both, and Smith’s subsequent research since, we have a relatively accurate timeline of events in mid-February 1973.

    Following a very public round of golf at the Inverrary Golf and Country Club just outside of Miami in South Florida, on the evening of February 19th, 1973, a knock came at Gleason’s door. Upon answering, the Gleasons were more than shocked to see none other than President Nixon standing there. The two men were friends, but it was most unusual (for obvious reasons) for the President to be out in public with no security whatsoever. It is claimed that Nixon told Gleason that he had “something to show him,” and with that, Jackie Gleason left.

    Once more, we have a differing version of events based on the source, with some accounts stating that the pair drove to Homestead Air Force Base a short distance away, with Nixon himself driving. Smith, however, suggests that the pair likely made their way to the military facility on a military helicopter.

    Smith wrote that during the interview with the National Enquirer, “Beverly never said that Jackie was driven there. She only wrote that she had heard his key unlocking the front door but said nothing about hearing a car’s motor, voices outside, or a car door!” Moreover, Smith suggested that a helicopter could have landed at the “same nearby helipad on the Inverrary course that Nixon had utilized in his official Marine One chopper (earlier) that day!” Smith continued that “all Jackie had to do was walk or perhaps drive an electric golf cart from his house to the helipad”, and he would have been on his way.

    While this might sound outlandish that the President of the United States would venture into an urban area, at night, alone and with no security, it is worth noting the research of Mack Maloney, who offered that, “Nixon was famous for giving his Secret Service detail the slip!” Might he have done this on the evening in question in February 1973? It is certainly a possibility.

    However, the pair did travel to the air base. Once they arrived, after Nixon showed his identification, the clearly shocked security stepped back and allowed them entry into the facility. At this point, Gleason, as enthusiastic as he was, was a little apprehensive as he followed Nixon, who himself remained tight-lipped as they negotiated their way through the corridors of the facility. Eventually, Gleason was led into a room where “the wreckage from a flying saucer” was seemingly stored, “enclosed in several large cases!” Then, the television personality was led by the President into another room, in which were several “freezer-like containers!”

    As they stepped into the room, Nixon guided Gleason’s attention to what was inside these containers. Cautiously, the actor peered over the top of one of them, and, to begin with, he thought he was looking at the bodies of young children. Then, though, within a matter of seconds, he could see that these bodies – whatever they were – were not human.

    He eventually returned home at around 11:30 pm, with Beverly later recalling that he simply “slumped white-faced in an armchair!” He then told his wife what he had seen in the large containers, telling her that he had “seen the bodies of some aliens from outer space!” He described these aliens as having grey skin with large heads, large, dark eyes, and large ears. He further described them as appearing “quite old” and “terribly mangled!” To begin with, she thought her husband was joking with her. However, when she took note of his unusual “pasty skin tone” and his “subdued demeanor,” she realized he was being deadly serious.  He also told her that this was “top secret, (and) only a few people know!”

    Interestingly, according to Smith’s book, Gleason was far from pleased with his (then) wife speaking of the encounter to the press in 1974. In fact, Paul Blake Smith writes in The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter that when the article came out in the September 1974 edition of the National Enquirer, “Jackie Gleason saw it and exploded. He’d been squealed on, in a sense. His most precious secret was now out, albeit undetailed!” Smith also details how Gleason was still a “Special Agent Contact” of the FBI during this time, and that he felt it was “embarrassing for him to have the White House and the Justice Department find out he leaked one of the biggest sworn secrets in American history right after he had been let in on it!” For his part, Gleason refused to comment publicly on the claims, a move which many people found “puzzling” to say the least. Whatever the truth of the matter, the incident remains one of the most detailed in history involving a United States President and claims of UFOs and alien life.

    Jackie Gleason
    (public domain photo)

    Ultimately, as outlandish as such a claim might sound to some, the records from the Nixon Library show that he was in Florida on the date of the alleged meeting, and, of course, he was seen publicly at the golf event earlier that day.

    Smith also offers a potential reason that Nixon chose to show Gleason these alien entities in the first place. Gleason had been asking the American public for proof of alien life for years, and was willing to pay good money to anyone who could do so, a sum, incidentally, that continued to rise with each request. Around the same time as the alleged incident, the Watergate Scandal that would eventually result in Nixon's resignation was unfolding. Speaking on The Anomaly Project, Paul Blake Smith offered that following the breaking of the Watergate scandal, “the burglars were threatening to talk to investigators and to the media, and it was going to ruin Nixon’s great image and his popularity, and even get him sent to jail!”

    Smith continued that Nixon had to suddenly come up with “hush money” to stop these burglars from talking publicly of what they knew, and, in Smith’s opinion, he likely got this money from offering his good friend, Jackie Gleason, who had publicly stated he would pay a large amount of money to see proof of alien life, a tour of the top-secret facility and the proof which he so desperately sought. Smith highlighted how, according to the tape recordings from the White House (that Nixon himself recorded), that Nixon was “really upset in January 1973”, with him being heard saying on the White House tapes, “This damn hush money, where are we going to get this?” Then, only weeks later – and after the alleged Nixon-Gleason encounter – he was suddenly “all calm about the hush money”, being heard saying on the recordings that, “Oh, we’ve got that. I know where we can get our hands on that. It’s not a problem!”

    Smith went on to highlight just how wealthy Jackie Gleason was – said to have been worth around 14 million dollars at the time – and that he had literally offered “a million dollars to anyone who can show me hard proof!” of alien life. Ultimately, Smith stated that he believed “Nixon took him up on this” and, for a price, offered to show him the alien bodies at Homestead Air Force Base.

    Interestingly, Smith also pointed out that the creatures Jackie Gleason later described, while having some similarities to a typical grey alien, appeared more like the entities in the infamous Hopkinsville or Kentucky Goblins case, with Smith describing them as “an exact match” to the creatures of that particularly harrowing encounter. We know that authorities did attend the property that evening. Is it possible they obtained more than the families involved realized? Or, at the very least, does it suggest that there is a persistent presence of these large-eared aliens on our planet? While we won’t go into them in detail here, there are more encounters with such creatures in connection with UFO events than many people might think.

    It is worth pointing out that following his viewing of the alien entities – if indeed that is what they were – Gleason was taken to a “an air base hangar that you can see from the highway” and, once inside, he was shown a “silver, round spaceship that was kind of what I call alive, it was up in the air being held down by tethers…and Jackie got a good look at this silver disc!” As Smith says, if there is any truth to the claims – and it appears to very well could be – Jackie Gleason certainly “got his money’s worth!”

    Of course, one of the most interesting presidents of modern times is undoubtedly Ronald Reagan, who not only had a great interest in UFOs but even claimed to have had two sightings of his own. Although the date isn’t certain, the first of these is thought to have happened somewhere between 1967 and 1975, while Reagan was the Governor of California, although he still enjoyed the company of many of his Hollywood contacts and friends. On this particular evening, he, along with his wife, Nancy, and two of their friends, Lucille Ball and William Holden, were on their way to just such a Hollywood party. On their way, though, they noticed a strange light that appeared to be flying at the same level as their car as they made their way along the quiet highway before landing in a nearby field.

    According to the story, Reagan stopped the car moments later in order to try to get a better look at this strange object. He did so for several moments before getting back in the car and setting off to their destination. However, when they arrived at the party, they were over an hour late, and Reagan was eager to speak of what they had seen during their journey. Of course, the implication of missing time, at least to some, is perhaps suggestive of an alien abduction scenario.

    Reagan’s second UFO encounter occurred in late 1974, while he was being flown back to Bakersfield, California, by pilot Bill Paynter. Suddenly, out of nowhere, both men saw a bizarre “bright object” appear a short distance from their aircraft, which then followed their aircraft for a considerable time, bobbing and weaving around it as it did so. After several moments, it shot off into the distance with alarming speed and disappeared. Paynter would later state that, “This really did happen. We saw it, I saw it, (and) Reagan told me to follow it!” Although Paynter did attempt to keep up with the object, it had vanished within seconds.

    The previously mentioned Paul Blake Smith detailed how Reagan was extremely excited by the sighting, even speaking about it at a press conference several weeks later. However, when he was asked outright by a reporter if he “believed in UFOs,” he suddenly began to back away slightly and become much more hesitant to speak of the incident.

    Reagan also made some intriguing comments while in the White House, perhaps not least to the famous film director, Steven Spielberg, who Reagan seemingly had an interesting interaction with during a special, private screening of the movie ET: The Extraterrestrial in the White House in 1982. According to legend, Reagan is alleged to have turned to Spielberg during the screening and commented on “how surprised” people would be if they “realized how true this is!” For years, most people dismissed the comments as either taken out of context or as being outright untrue. However, in 2008, following the release of his film Super 8, Spielberg addressed the claims during a promotional interview. He stated that not only was the comment true, but that Reagan had actually said to him that “there are a number of people in this room who know that everything on that screen is absolutely true!” Perhaps as a caveat to the whole affair, Spielberg claimed to have taken the comment as nothing but a joke from Reagan, although he also noted that the former President said it with a very straight face.

    Whatever the truth, it is known that Reagan maintained an active interest in the subject of UFOs, as well as the possibilities of alien life, and even the ancient astronaut theory, with him even making some remarkable commentary in his diaries about connections between extraterrestrials and ancient Egypt. It is one particular entry in his diaries in April 1985 – released in 2009 in the book The Reagan Diaries – that made a lot of people sit up a little. It read:

    “Lunch with five top space scientists. It was fascinating. Space truly is the last frontier and some of the developments there in astronomy etc. are like science fiction, except they are real. I learned that our shuttle capacity is such that we could orbit 300 people!”

    We might ask just what Reagan was alluding to in this entry. At the time, for example, NASA could – officially at least – only accommodate eight astronauts at most. Did Reagan know a secret spacecraft that could orbit hundreds of people? Or was he briefed on a theoretical NASA spacecraft not yet developed and simply took it as fact? Although there is perhaps some credibility to the notion that Reagan’s grasp of the situation deteriorated during his presidency, we might imagine he was mentally competent enough to know the difference between a proposed spacecraft still to be developed and an active spacecraft (then) currently in orbit.

    Some researchers have also highlighted some of the wording Reagan used in several of his speeches during his time as President. In one speech, for example, given to the United Nations in 1987, he made several references to an “alien threat” which, although it has been explained away as meaning alien to American and the West’s interests, has caused some people to question just what Reagan was speaking of. The following year, in 1988, during another speech he made with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, Reagan stated – completely matter-of-factly, incidentally – that he “occasionally thinks how quickly our differences, worldwide, would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world!”

    With all of this in mind, arguably one of the most intriguing UFO stories connected to President Reagan is one not directly connected to him, but his one-time Chief Military Advisor of the White House, Major General Robert Schweitzer. According to the account, in September of 1981, less than a year into Reagan’s first term as President, a letter arrived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue from a former United States military veteran, Colman VonKeviczky. VonKeviczky, who had turned to UFO research after leaving the military, had written and sent almost identical letters to various Presidents of the United States in the years previously, as well as several UN Secretaries General. In it, he stated that there was a “substantial alien threat” facing humanity, and that governments of the world must unite to resist it (very similar, incidentally, to the strange speech by Reagan we highlighted earlier).

    As we might imagine, VonKeviczky received no replies to any of these letters – that is, until this one. Several weeks later, a reply came from Major General Schweitzer, who claimed that, “The President is well aware of the threat that you document so clearly and is doing all in his power to restore the national defense margin of safety as quickly and prudently as possible!” There have been many interpretations of this response, including that it was nothing but a polite, tongue-in-cheek reply. What is certain, however, is that Schweitzer was discreetly dismissed by the White House only weeks later on October 26th – we should perhaps make of that what we will.

    It is also worth our time briefly exploring UFO connections to Reagan’s predecessor, President Jimmy Carter, who not only witnessed a UFO in 1969 while campaigning to be Governor of Georgia, but would also make an official report of the incident. Moreover, several years later, in 1976 when campaigning to become President, he promised, and seemingly tried, to have many of the government’s UFO files released to the public (it is worth noting, that while he did release many UFO documents during his presidency, the anticipated “disclosure” of information was not forthcoming). It is said that Carter, even just for himself, did attempt to have the UFO files released, contacting the FBI, NASA, and even the CIA. While the CIA and NASA (under the CIA’s orders) outright refused, the FBI simply stated that they had no UFO files to release. In a further twist to the claims, according to the files of UFO researcher Richard Dolan, during the summer of 1977, not long after issuing his requests for information, Carter was part of a briefing session on UFOs. There is no information on what he was told, but it is said that following this briefing session, President Carter sat at his desk with his head in his hands, weeping.

    With Carter’s apparent experience in the White House in mind, it is worth examining the thoughts of UFO researcher, Grant Cameron, who suggested in the television documentary UFOs: The White House Files, that all United States Presidents are told standard information regarding UFOs, perhaps the very reason why they need to remain secret. Perhaps this information is not only sobering and clarifying, but seemingly disturbing. Indeed, we might contemplate not only what might be so disturbing that it needs to be kept from the general public, seemingly at all costs, but so disturbing that it could bring the President of the United States to tears. We might ask, if Cameron is correct, and all Presidents of the United States receive such a briefing, how others in the White House might have reacted to such information.

    It isn’t just United States Presidents of the modern world who have seemingly had encounters with strange flying objects. In 1800, for example, future President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, described a UFO in a telegram that had been witnessed by a local man (William Dunbar) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He stated that the strange object was “the color of the sun near the horizon” and was approximately the size of a house. Moreover, it was so bright that it caused a bright glow on the ground directly below it. Jefferson continued that a “violent rushing noise” accompanied the strange aerial vehicle, as well as an occasional “tremendous crash” (which we might assume to be a description of something breaking the sound barrier).

    Almost a quarter of a century earlier, during the bitterly cold winter of 1777, and with his men on the verge of physical, mental, and emotional collapse due to the conflict with the British, George Washington was seemingly visited by strange, otherworldly entities. The account was relayed by Anthony Sherman, who claimed he was at Valley Forge (where the incident took place) with Washington. His account appeared in several newspapers, the first in an article written by Wesley Bradshaw in the National Tribune in 1859, and was even placed in the Library of Congress. According to the article, Washington received several visits from strange “green-skinned warriors” who offered him advice on British troop positions, even offering specific locations where Washington’s attacks would be most effectively launched from. They also, it would seem, showed him visions of the future. Washington was quoted in the article as saying, “I cast my eyes upon America and beheld villages and towns and cities springing up one after another until the whole land from the Atlantic to the Pacific was dotted with them!” Indeed, if this is an accurate account, it would appear these “green-skinned warriors” had a vested interest in America maintaining its independence from the British and for it to succeed in becoming, arguably, the superpower of the planet.

    As we might imagine, there have been many explanations put forward to explain who these strange figures were, with most mainstream historians insisting they were nothing more than Native Americans who wore green war paint. One researcher who dismisses such explanations is author Quentin Burde, who has extensively researched what he believes are specific points of extraterrestrial intervention in human history. He offers that if the “green-skinned warriors” were Native American tribes, Washington would have said so, and he also made reference to “green globes in the sky” at the same time in his diaries, which would also appear to speak of an otherworldly encounter. Burde believes the figures were almost certainly alien entities, likely with green or glowing skin, or perhaps even glowing attire.

    Of course, it will sound preposterous to some that alien entities should visit Earth, much less take an active interest in human affairs. However, before we move on, it is worth exploring another bizarre incident that took place during America’s conflicts with the British, this time in 1814 during the War of 1812. On the day in question – a hot, sunny day – American forces were once more on the verge of defeat, with British troops advancing with alacrity on Washington, DC. As soon as they arrived, they set about burning the city to the ground, with American soldiers unable to do more than look on helplessly. The sheer heat of the weather, which presented particularly dry conditions, meant that the flames took hold and spread with ease. Even the White House was eventually engulfed. Then, in what many believe was merely a bizarre coincidental twist of fate, the skies suddenly turned grey, then almost black, while heavy rain poured over the burning city, extinguishing the flames. To some, this was something close to divine intervention, and we might add that in the modern era, some have looked back on the incident being one that was orchestrated by an intelligent force.

    It might be easy to dismiss such claims as nothing but nonsense – that is, if it weren’t for what happened next. Almost as soon as the flames were smothered, a sudden tornado formed (and we should remember, this is not an area of the United States that typically experiences tornadoes). Then, with strangely precise accuracy, it headed straight for the British troops who were on Capitol Hill. Many were killed in the onslaught, and those who survived fled. Of course, whether this was some kind of alien intervention or simply a freak weather event is perhaps open to interpretation. It certainly gives us something to think about, however.

    We might ask, then, is it simply a numbers game, and does the law of averages suggest that a certain number of United States presidents would have had some kind of encounter or knowledge of UFOs? Or is it their position on the world stage that marks them as requiring such knowledge, even if that knowledge comes from the intelligence behind the UFOs themselves (such people who had encounters long before they were President, such as Reagan or Carter)? It has to be said, the most likely of those possibilities is the former, and we could highlight a president who we have not explored here, but who likely is one of the most powerful men, not just presidents, in United States history, and certainly someone who very likely knew more than most about UFOs and alien secrecy, not least due to his strong connections to the inner workings of the CIA, George HW Bush, who served in the White House between 1989 to 1993, while also being President Reagan’s Vice President for the entirety of his two terms (with some researchers convinced that Bush most likely “pulled the strings” of the Reagan administration). Indeed, given his close connections to Bill Clinton, who served two terms in the White House after Bush Sr., as well as his own son’s two terms following the elections of 2000 and 2004, a compelling argument could be made that George Bush Sr. was close to the heart of power in American politics and intelligence (at the very least) for close to three decades, even longer when we consider his high-ranking status in the intelligence community before that. Despite this apparent high-ranking status in terms of UFO knowledge, Bush himself, at least to the best of anyone’s knowledge, never had a UFO encounter (at least outside of what he might have witnessed behind closed government doors).

    Of course, he has made some cryptic comments about his alleged knowledge of UFOs, some of which Paul Blake Smith discussed on The Anomaly Project. He stated that during his son, Jeb’s, unsuccessful campaign to be President of the United States, George Bush was asked a question by a journalist about UFOs, ultimately, “Are we being visited?” Bush, instead of remaining calm, snapped back that he “knows plenty, but I’m not saying. You know I know about the UFOs!” Bush Sr. was ushered out of the press conference shortly afterwards. Smith also highlights another occasion where Bush Sr. seemingly let his guard slip regarding what he might know about UFOs and aliens. On the same show, he relayed the comments of a filmmaker who was on a flight with Bush. He claimed that Bush, who had downed several drinks during the flight, suddenly offered that he had not believed anything about UFOs and alien life, until he was “shown footage of an extraterrestrial that we had captured!” Of course, as Smith points out, there is, unfortunately, no one who has come forward to corroborate that particular account. It is, though, thought-provoking, at the very least.

    Indeed, there is another famous quote of Bush saying about UFOs and aliens that he “knows some” of what was going on in a moment of candidness. We just might find that he knows a lot more than just “some” of the story. A lot more.

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Mystery of Mars' missing water could be solved by the planet's tipsy tilt

    Mystery of Mars' missing water could be solved by the planet's tipsy tilt

    By Deepa Jain

    Mars has lost immense amounts of water over it lifetime, and scientists aren't sure exactly how. New research hints that the planet's violently varying tilt may be a key factor.

    An illustration of a NASA probe orbiting closely to the red surface or Mars
    Today, Mars' tilt is similar to that of Earth. But millions of years ago, its tilt varied wildly, possibly leading to its extreme water loss. 
    (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

    Tremendous tilts of Mars' rotational axis during the past 20 million years may have dried out the planet, according to a new study. The findings may help solve the mystery of how Mars, which once contained lakes, rivers and possibly oceans, lost its water.

    Dry, dust-filled deserts cover much of Mars' surface today. Astronomers think most of the planet's scant water reserves are frozen within fine-grained surface dirt, with above-surface ice confined to the polar regions.

    But the Red Planet hasn't always been so dry. Gullies, lake beds and valleys photographed by early NASA missions like the Viking project suggest that since Mars' birth, the planet's surface has been periodically inundated by billions of gallons of liquid water. In fact, planetary scientists have calculated that the volume of water that carved out these geological features amounted to a layer at least 300 feet (100 meters) thick over the planet's entire surface.

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    • An aerial image of the surface of Mars showing dark streaks across the terrain

    Long, dark 'streaks' spotted on Mars aren't what scientists thought


    One hypothesis for where the water went is that much of it was "boiled" off. In a joint email to Live Science, Gabriella Gilli and Francisco González-Galindo, astronomers at the Astrophysics Institute of Andalusia in Spain and the new study's first and second authors, respectively, explained this process.

    Water vapor in the Martian atmosphere — kicked high up by powerful dust storms — would have separated into atomic hydrogen and oxygen due to the sun's powerful ultraviolet radiation. A fraction of this lightweight atmospheric hydrogen would have been sufficiently energetic to escape into space.

    "Given that ultimately the hydrogen in Mars' atmosphere comes from water, the escape of hydrogen atoms involves the loss of water molecules," Gilli and González-Galindo said.

    Related: Mars rover captures first close-up photos of giant 'spiderwebs' on the Red Pla

    Measurements by NASA's ongoing Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Emission mission suggest that, at present, approximately 100 trillion trillion hydrogen atoms exit Mars' atmosphere every second. But estimates — using this present-day escape rate — of the total water Mars has lost over its 4 billion-year lifetime are, at best, only a quarter of the amount calculated to have sculpted the various geological features. In other words, most of Mars' historic water loss can't be explained by this mechanism alone.

    To resolve this discrepancy, the new study's authors proposed a different idea: that Mars lost much more water when its axis of rotation was enormously tilted in the past. Today, Mars' tilt, or obliquity, is 25.2 degrees relative to its orbital plane around the sun, similar to Earth's 23.5 degrees. However, the Red Planet's tilt hasn't remained stable over the past several million years.

    "The main reason is that Mars, contrary to the Earth, does not have a massive satellite (the Moon), which plays a major role in stabilizing the orbital variations of the planet," Gilli and González-Galindo said. As a result, Mars has gyrated wildly between 0 degrees and a massive 66 degrees, averaging 35 degrees.

    An image of Mars in space

    Mars' craters, canyons and gullies all show evidence of past water on the Red Planet's surface. 
    (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems)

    The researchers hypothesized that as Mars tilted more, its north pole received more sunlight, which likely would have melted more ice and increased the amount of atmospheric vapor that could escape. Daniel Lo, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Michigan who wasn't involved in the study, agreed with this reasoning, telling Live Science by email that "during intervals of increased axial tilt for Mars, global temperatures actually increased, and some of the water ice [across the planet] would sublimate into water vapour."

    To test their hypothesis, the new study's authors turned to a computational simulation called the Mars Planetary Climate Model, "among the best that we currently have for the Martian atmosphere," Lo said. The team virtually changed the planet's tilt to 30 degrees and 35 degrees, and tracked the amount of hydrogen lost over a Martian year. They also evaluated the impact of dust storms using real data.

    RELATED STORIES
    • NASA spacecraft finds solar 'cannonballs' may have stripped Mars of its water — proving decades-old theory
    • NASA rover discovers liquid water 'ripples' carved into Mars rock — and it could rewrite the Red Planet's history
    • Does Mars have a moon?

    The analyses revealed that such storms increased hydrogen losses by up to 50%, depending on the storm's strength. But the real eye-opener came with the obliquity results: At a 35-degree tilt, an average of 19 more hydrogen atoms (compared to present-day values) escaped every second from Mars' atmosphere. This corresponds to a Martian yearly loss of a billion more hydrogen atoms compared with today's hydrogen losses. Gilli and González-Galindo noted that this would translate to Mars having the equivalent of a 260-foot-thick (80 m) global layer of water over its lifespan — close to the lowest geological estimate for its water content.

    The findings, published May 21 in the journal Nature Astronomy, showed that changes in the planet's tilt substantially increased the amount of hydrogen — and thus water — that was lost.

    "It suggests that the atmospheric thermal escape played a larger role than thought in drying the planet," Gilli and González-Galindo said. However, they noted that factors such as the planet's dust composition likely differed from present-day values and also may have influenced water loss.

    { https://www.livescience.com/space }

    10-07-2025 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    09-07-2025
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Could Bioplastics be the Solution to Living Beyond Earth?

    Could Bioplastics be the Solution to Living Beyond Earth?

    By Matthew Williams 
    Artist's rendering of a surface habitat on Mars. Credit: NASA
    Artist's rendering of a surface habitat on Mars.
    Credit: NASA

    If humanity intends to live and work beyond Earth, we need solutions for living sustainably in inhospitable environments. Even Mars, the most hospitable planet in the Solar System beyond Earth, is hostile to life as we know it. These include extreme temperature variations, a thin, unbreathable atmosphere, toxic soil, and higher-than-normal levels of solar and cosmic radiation. Given the distance between Earth and Mars and the time it takes to send missions there (6 to 9 months using conventional propulsion), these habitats must be closed-loop, self-sustaining environments that provide crews with food, water, and breathable air.

    Last, but certainly not least, there's the problem of launching the necessary equipment, machinery, and building materials to the Moon, Mars, and other locations beyond Earth. Given the sheer mass of these payloads, launching them from Earth is neither practical nor cost-effective. This means resources must be harvested in situ to provide the necessary resources and building materials - aka. in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). In a recent paper, an international team led by Harvard Professor Robin Wordsworth showed how these challenges can be addressed with green algae grown inside habitats made of bioplastics.

    The study was led by Robin Wordsworth, Gordon McKay Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering and a Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. He was joined by researchers from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard Medical School, the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh, and the Boston-based biomanufacturing company Circe.

    For decades, NASA and other space agencies have investigated ways to leverage Martian and lunar resources to create building materials and finished structures. Many of these proposals have been mechanical in nature, combining 3D printing techniques with bonding elements and polymers or sintering to turn regolith into concrete or molten ceramics. Other concepts seek to utilize biological processes to grow habitats in extraterrestrial environments, often relying on mycelia or other strains of fungi and lichens. The concept proposed by Wordsworth and his colleagues leverages another biomanufacturing process that relies on algae to turn CO2 into bioplastics.

    The 3D printer and the printed bioplastic in the Harvard team's experiment. Credit: Wordsworth, et al. (2025)

    The 3D printer and the printed bioplastic in the Harvard team's experiment.

    Credit: Wordsworth, et al. (2025)

    For their experiment, the team 3D-printed a growth chamber made from bioplastic (polylactic acid). This chamber was filled with algae and placed in a carbon dioxide-rich environment similar to Mars. While the simulated environment had an atmospheric pressure of just 600 pascals (about 1% of Earth's atmosphere), pressure levels within the chamber were high enough for water to exist in a stable form. The bioplastic blocked harmful UV radiation while admitting enough light so photosynthesis could occur with the algae. This allowed the algae to grow and produce more polylactic acid, thereby growing the structure.

    The concept replaces industrial processes and materials that are costly to manufacture and recycle with biomimicry, imitating how autotrophs grow naturally on Earth, using just carbon dioxide and water. As Wordsworth explained in a Harvard SEAS press release, their experiments are a first step toward the creation of habitats that do not require materials sent from Earth:

    If you have a habitat composed of bioplastic, and it grows algae within it, that algae could produce more bioplastic. So you start to have a closed-loop system that can sustain itself and even grow through time. The concept of biomaterial habitats is fundamentally interesting and can support humans living in space. As this type of technology develops, it's going to have spinoff benefits for sustainability technology here on Earth as well.

    In previous experiments, Wordsworth and his team demonstrated how sheets of silica aerogels could be used to conduct terraforming on a local scale. Also known as "paraterafforming," this method addresses both temperature and pressure issues by triggering a greenhouse effect that allows algae to grow more prolifically. Much like their experiment with bioplastics and algae growth, this method could be a pathway towards establishing a human presence beyond Earth.

    The next step, said Wordsworth, is to demonstrate that their habitats also work in the vacuum conditions present on the Moon. The team also hopes to design a closed-loop production system to produce additional habitats. The Leverhulme Center for Life supported the research through the University grant, the Harvard Origins of Life Grant, and the National Science Foundation.

    Further Reading: 

    • Harvard SEAS, 
    • Science Advances

    { https://www.universetoday.com/ }

    09-07-2025 om 23:54 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.US Gov Releases New Video UFO Over Iraq Recorded By US Military Helicopter, UAP Sighting News.

    US Gov Releases New Video UFO Over Iraq Recorded By US Military Helicopter, UAP Sighting News.



    Date of sighting: 2024 (gov refuses to release exact date)
    Location of sighting: Iraq (Most US soldiers located here)
    Source:
    • https://www.aaro.mil/UAP-Cases/Official-UAP-Imagery/ 
    Watch this newly released video of a UFO flying over Iraq and was caught by a US military helicopter and followed for at least 1.5 minutes or more...some footage may have been held back from being released. Also the US military blacked out all location data, fly speed, size, and other data that might give away the US military base positions. I used Chatgpt to look at a 10 second clip and tell me the speed...and it said the UFO was traveling at 144.4km per hour or 89.8 mph. That means this is no balloon! This is 100% alien technology watching over the most dangerous area on Earth and recording data of human reactions, interactions, and even thoughts as well as other things like food, water, contamination to the soil, animals, people, and so on. 
     
    Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
     
    RELATED VIDEOS

    { https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    09-07-2025 om 23:02 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.UFO Shoots Out During Thunder Storm, Kingsville, Maryland, July 7, 2025, UAP Sighting News.👽👽👽

    UFO Shoots Out During Thunder Storm, Kingsville, Maryland, July 7, 2025, UAP Sighting News.👽👽👽

    Date of sighting: July 7, 2025
    Location of sighting: Kingsville, Maryland, USA
    Source: Email report
     
    UFO often are attracted to storms, the power from the lightning is enough to power a small city for weeks and yet these little UFOs seem to be attracted to it too. Clearly they are syphoning the energy from the lightning to use for themselves...to recharge. I have seen so many videos of similar UFO activity during thunderstorms, that I can 100% confirm these things get a high from the energy output of the storms and they love to boost so much so they will shoot around in excitement after charging. Usually small orbs, but this UFO seems to be much bigger, mini van size or more. 
    Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily 

    { https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    09-07-2025 om 22:47 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Wat gebeurt er als de magnetische polen van de aarde omdraaien?

    Wat gebeurt er als de magnetische polen van de aarde omdraaien?

    Wat gebeurt er als de magnetische polen van de aarde omdraaien?

    ©Getty Images

    Wat gebeurt er als de magnetische polen van de aarde omdraaien?
    Het magnetische veld van de aarde onderscheidt haar van de omringende planeten van ons zonnestelsel. Het is een ongelooflijk sterke kracht in het centrum van onze wereld en zijn primaire rol is om onze atmosfeer te beschermen. Zonnewinden, kosmische straling en enorme wolken plasma worden tegengehouden door het schild van de magnetosfeer van de aarde. In een constant bewegend energieveld gedragen de polen van de aarde zich als de verschillende uiteinden van een magneet. Deze polen verschuiven en veranderen ongeveer elke 300.000 jaar van plaats. Het lijkt erop dat we over tijd zijn voor een poolomwenteling; maar wat betekent dat precies?

    Klik verder om te ontdekken of mensen een omkering van de magnetische polen van de aarde kunnen overleven.

    Polen uit elkaar

    ©Shutterstock

    Polen uit elkaar
    De Noordpool en de Zuidpool zijn de afgelopen duizend jaar steeds zwakker geworden. Maar wat betekent dat precies?

    Afnemende kracht

    ©Shutterstock

    Afnemende kracht
    Sommige wetenschappers denken dat het aardmagnetisch veld in sterkte afneemt net voordat het volledig omkeert - iets wat het in het verleden al verschillende keren heeft gedaan.

    Afnemende kracht

    ©Shutterstock

    Afnemende kracht
    Met andere woorden, als hun magnetisme blijft afnemen, kan dit een poolomwenteling veroorzaken, waarbij noord zuid wordt en zuid noord.

    Midden-oceaanruggen

    ©Public Domain

    Midden-oceaanruggen
    Midden-oceaanruggen leveren bewijs van geomagnetische omkeringen. Dit komt doordat tektonische platen van de aardkorst (lithosfeer) uit elkaar bewegen en worden opgevuld met magma.

    Midden-oceaanruggen

    ©Shutterstock

    Midden-oceaanruggen
    Als magma ontsnapt, afkoelt en stolt op de zeebodem, wordt de richting van het magnetische veld op dat moment vastgelegd.

    Magnetische velden

    ©Shutterstock

    Magnetische velden
    Magnetische velden worden opgewekt door bewegende elektrische ladingen. In een staafmagneet zijn de bewegende ladingen elektronen die rondjes draaien in atomen. In de aarde zijn het elektronen die worden verplaatst door circulerende stromen gesmolten ijzer.

    Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern

    ©Shutterstock

    Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern
    De reden dat poolomwentelingen plaatsvinden is nog steeds een mysterie. Wetenschappers denken echter dat het iets te maken heeft met de gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern van de aarde.

    Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern

    ©Shutterstock

    Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern
    De rotatie van de gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern van de aarde genereert het magnetische veld. De kern koelt langzaam af en er ontstaat beweging door convectie. Stel het je voor als water dat kookt in een steelpan.

    Het magnetische veld

    ©Public Domain

    Het magnetische veld
    Maar er is een groot verschil tussen dit proces en een kokende steelpan: er zijn bewegende ladingen aanwezig die het magnetische veld genereren.

    Dynamoproces

    ©Shutterstock

    Dynamoproces
    Dit wordt een zelfopwindend dynamoproces genoemd, waarbij de elektrische stromen die in het langzaam bewegende gesmolten ijzer vloeien een magnetisch veld creëren.

    Positieve feedbacklus

    ©Shutterstock

    Positieve feedbacklus
    Het magnetische veld induceert vervolgens elektrische stromen. Deze stromen genereren op hun beurt hun eigen magnetische veld dat meer elektrische stromen induceert, in een positieve terugkoppelingslus.

    Chaos en mysterie

    ©Shutterstock

    Chaos en mysterie
    Er ontstaat veel chaos en turbulentie als de gesmolten ijzerkern ronddraait. Deze turbulentie is de meest geaccepteerde verklaring voor poolomkering, maar niemand kan het op dit moment met zekerheid zeggen. Het is nog steeds een mysterie.

    Lijnen van aantrekking

    ©Shutterstock

    Lijnen van aantrekking
    Magnetische polen bevinden zich waar de magnetische aantrekkingslijnen de aarde binnenkomen. Voor een polariteitsomkering moet het magnetische veld met ongeveer 90% verzwakken tot een drempelniveau. Dit proces kan duizenden jaren duren.

    Het World Magnetic Model (WMM)

    ©Public Domain

    Het World Magnetic Model (WMM)
    Het World Magnetic Model (WMM), dat gezamenlijk is ontwikkeld door het Amerikaanse National Geophysical Data Center en de British Geological Survey, is een grootschalige ruimtelijke weergave van het magnetische veld van de aarde.

    Locatie

    ©Shutterstock

    Locatie
    De noordelijke magnetische pool, ook wel de geomagnetische noordpool genoemd, bevindt zich momenteel bij 80,8 graden noord bij 72,7 graden west, in het Canadese Ellesmere Island.

    De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool

    ©Shutterstock

    De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool
    In 2022 werd gemeld dat de noordelijke magnetische pool zich zo grillig uit het Canadese noordpoolgebied in de richting van Siberië bewoog dat wetenschappers er verbaasd over waren.

    De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool

    ©Shutterstock

    De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool
    De snelheid waarmee de noordelijke magnetische pool beweegt is sinds het midden van de jaren 90 toegenomen van 15 kilometer per jaar tot 55 kilometer per jaar. De afgelopen jaren is hij zelfs over de internationale datumlijn richting het oostelijk halfrond geslingerd.

    Voorbode?

    ©Shutterstock

    Voorbode?
    Is deze beweging de voorbode van een poolomkering, naast het verval van het aardmagnetisch veld? Alleen de tijd zal het leren.

    Stokken omgooien

    ©Shutterstock

    Stokken omgooien
    Het omdraaien van de magnetische polen betekent niet dat de aarde geen magnetisch veld meer zou hebben. Stel je echter voor dat je kompas naar het noorden blijft wijzen, terwijl je eigenlijk naar het zuiden kijkt.

    Stokken omgooien

    ©Public Domain

    Stokken omgooien
    Het goede nieuws is dat het leven heeft overleefd en gedijt ondanks poolomwentelingen in het verleden. Het betekent geen wereldwijde catastrofe.

    De effecten van een flip

    ©Shutterstock

    De effecten van een flip
    Tijdens zonnestormen is er een groter dan normale instroom van energetische deeltjes, die voor ons meestal onschadelijk zijn. Maar voor onze moderne technologie is het een ander verhaal.

    Het effect op technologie

    ©Shutterstock

    Het effect op technologie
    Geladen deeltjes uit de zonnewind (waar ons magnetisch veld ons normaal gesproken tegen beschermt) zouden verwoestende effecten kunnen hebben op de aarde als de polen zouden omslaan.

    De gebeurtenis in Carrington

    ©Shutterstock

    De gebeurtenis in Carrington
    In 1859 maakte een krachtige geomagnetische storm poollicht zichtbaar in het Caribisch gebied en de telegraafsystemen vielen uit. In die tijd waren operators echter in staat om het systeem zonder stroom te laten werken.

    Meer impact

    ©Shutterstock

    Meer impact
    Als zo'n gebeurtenis vandaag de dag zou gebeuren, zou het, gezien onze afhankelijkheid van technologie, veel vernietigender kunnen zijn. Maar het is een worst-case scenario.

    Meerdere palen

    ©Shutterstock

    Meerdere palen
    Er kunnen zich ook meerdere polen vormen wanneer er een omkering plaatsvindt, waardoor navigatiesystemen in de war raken. Maar dit proces kan honderden of zelfs duizenden jaren duren.

    Geomagnetische activiteit

    ©Shutterstock

    Geomagnetische activiteit
    Het is ook belangrijk om op te merken dat eerdere poolomkeringen niet per se betekenen dat de omkering leidde tot meer vulkanen, aardbevingen of klimaatveranderingen.

    Niets te vrezen

    ©Shutterstock

    Niets te vrezen
    Wees gerust: hoewel het misschien eng klinkt, is een poolflip niet iets waar je je al te veel zorgen over hoeft te maken.

    Zie ook: Zal de volgende wereldoorlog in de ruimte plaatsvinden?

    Bronnen:

    • (NASA)
    • (IFL Science)
    • (NBC News)
    • (Space.com)
    • (Astronomy)

    RELATED VIDEOS


    { https://www.msn.com/nl-be? }

    09-07-2025 om 22:21 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    08-07-2025
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Whooo's there? James Webb telescope spots 'Cosmic Owl,' super-rare structure formed from colliding ring galaxies

    Whooo's there? James Webb telescope spots 'Cosmic Owl,' super-rare structure formed from colliding ring galaxies

    By Abha Jain 

    Located billions of light-years away, the "Cosmic Owl" is a pair of colliding ring galaxies spotted by the JWST. It's also an "exceptional natural laboratory" for studying how galaxies evolve.

    A diagram showing a zoomed in inset of a glowing structure in outer space that resembles an owl's face
    The "Cosmic Owl," as photographed by the James Webb Space Telescope. Each "eye" is an active galactic nucleus, and the "beak" is a nursery of stars. 
    (Image credit: Li et al.)

    Whoooooo's there? Just a "Cosmic Owl," the latest strange discovery from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

    A new study using JWST data has helped scientists spot an owl-faced object peering out at us from billions of light-years away. Formed through the extremely unusual collision of two rare ring galaxies, the structure also serves as a natural laboratory where researchers can study many of the processes accompanying the evolution of galaxies.

    Galaxies come in several shapes, from swirling spirals like our home galaxy, the Milky Way, to the cigar-shaped M82. One slightly more peculiar type are ring galaxies, such as Hoag's Object. These galaxies form when a small galaxy cruises straight through its larger buddy, kicking out stars and gas through shock waves into a ring around a central core.

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    James Webb telescope spots Milky Way's long-lost 'twin' near the dawn of time

    Ring galaxies are pretty rare, accounting for just 0.01% of all galaxies discovered so far. Even rarer, though, is a pair of ring galaxies detected when colliding — exactly what the "Cosmic Owl" is, as described June 11 in a preprint posted to arXiv. The paper has yet to be peer-reviewed, but the object has already been confirmed by another team that independently detected the same collision — which they dubbed the "Infinity galaxy" in a paper posted to arXiv June 19.

    Mingyu Li, a doctoral student in the Department of Astronomy at Tsinghua University in China and the new study's first author, said he and his co-authors discovered the avian-like astronomical spectacle serendipitously.

    "We were analyzing all radio sources using public JWST data in a very well-studied region called the COSMOS field," the largest mosaic of the sky, spanning 2 square degrees, he told Live Science in an email. Li added that the colliding galaxy pair immediately stood out because of JWST's high-resolution imaging capabilities.

    Related: 

    • 42 jaw-dropping James Webb Space Telescope image

    These snapshots revealed that the galaxies are quite similar; apart from being ring galaxies, both are relatively tiny. Each has a diameter of roughly 26,000 light-years, or about a quarter the diameter of the Milky Way. Additionally, each galaxy's core — which is tightly packed with old stars around a supermassive black hole — forms an eye of the owl. Fine-scale JWST data shows that both black holes, each more than 10 million times the sun's mass, are furiously pulling in surrounding matter, making the galactic cores "active galactic nuclei."

    A diagram labeling the components of the 'cosmic owl'

    The new study has documented a range of astronomical processes occurring across the "Cosmic Owl
    ," as depicted in this image.
     (Image credit: Li et al.)

    In contrast, the JWST images show that the "beak" — the collisional front between the two galaxies — is "a region of incredibly intense activity," Li said. Drawing on data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, the researchers found that the beak contains an enormous clump of molecular gas. Li described it as "the raw fuel for star formation," being squished by the galaxies' collision-related shock wave. The ALMA data also placed the owl's redshift at 1.14, or approximately 11 billion light-years from us.

    Additionally, radio-frequency observations from the New Mexico-based Very Large Array suggest that a jet of charged particles spewing from one galaxy's black hole is slamming into and further compressing the molecular gas cloud. According to Li, the shock wave and the radio jet have together "triggered a massive burst of star formation," transforming the beak into a 'stellar nursery.'"

    Simulations of galactic collisions show they last a few hundred million years. In this case, the researchers estimate the collision occurred 38 million years ago, meaning the owl's face will likely remain visible for a long time.

    But the owl isn't just visually striking, Li said — it's also "an exceptional natural laboratory because it allows [researchers] to see several critical galaxy evolution processes happening simultaneously in one system."

    RELATED STORIES
    • James Webb telescope reveals dizzying galaxies in the Bullet Cluster: Space photo of the week
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    • This supermassive black hole is eating way too quickly — and 'burping' at near-light speeds

    In fact, the owl has already provided valuable insights about how galaxies form and grow. Li said the bursts of star formation triggered by the galactic collision and radio jets in the beak region "could be a crucial and previously underappreciated mechanism for the rapid and efficient conversion of gas into stars." This could help researchers understand how galaxies built their stellar mass so quickly in the universe's early history, he added.

    The researchers plan to study the owl further to understand the physical processes that created it. Li said simulations of the galaxies' gas would help researchers "understand the precise conditions — such as the collision angle and the original structure of the galaxies — that could lead to the formation of such a rare, symmetric 'twin-ring' morphology."

    The owl joins several bizarrely shaped astronomical phenomena that JWST previously spotted. These include a question-mark-shaped structure formed from galaxies and a wisp of gas from a newborn star that resembles a cat's tail.

    { https://www.livescience.com/space }

    08-07-2025 om 23:43 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Globular Clusters: The Vera Rubin Observatory is Just Getting Started

    Globular Clusters: The Vera Rubin Observatory is Just Getting Started

    By Evan Gough 
    47 Tucanae is the second-brightest globular cluster in the Milky Way and is home to millions of stars. Its core is very small and very bright, and discerning individual stars in the core is a rigorous test for the Vera Rubin Observatory. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration; Acknowledgment: J. Mack (STScI) and G. Piotto (University of Padova, Italy)
    47 Tucanae is the second-brightest globular cluster in the Milky Way and is home to millions of stars. Its core is very small and
    very bright, and discerning individual stars in the core is a rigorous test forthe Vera Rubin Observatory.
    Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration; Acknowledgment: J. Mack (STScI) and G. Piotto (University of Padova, Italy)

    Astronomers have studied the globular cluster 47 Tucanae extensively, but still have many questions. It may have an intermediate mass black hole in its center like Omega Centauri is expected to have. There are reasons to believe it may be the remnant of a dwarf galaxy that was gobbled up by the Milky Way, like other GCs. Also like other GCs, its center is extraordinarily dense with stars, and astronomers aren't certain how far the cluster spreads. Individual stars in 47 Tuc are difficult to observe because they're so tightly packed in the center and because they're difficult to differentiate from field stars on its outer edges. Can the Vera Rubin Observatory help?

    Early data from the Vera Rubin and its Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) were designed to test and refine the telescope's system. But it's still good quality data, and researchers are using it to not only understand how the Vera Rubin Observatory (VRO) performs, but also for concrete science results.

    New research used the VRO's observations of 47 Tuc to uncover more stellar detail, including identifying stars in its core and in its outer regions. It's titled "47 Tuc in Rubin Data Preview 1: Exploring Early LSST Data and Science Potential." The lead author is Yumi Choi from the National Science Foundations National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona.

    "We present analyses of the early data from Rubin Observatory's Data Preview 1 (DP1) for the globular cluster 47 Tuc field," the researchers write in their paper. The data is from four nights of observations with the VRO's Commissioning Camera (ComCam). The ComCam is a smaller 144-megapixel version of the VRO's full 3200-megapixel LSST Camera. The observations were made in the standard multiple bands (ugriz). u: Ultraviolet, g: Green (visible light), r: Red (visible light). i: Near-infrared, z: Further near-infrared.

    The left and middle images are both from the VRO's ComCam. The image on the right is from Gaia. In all images, the center of 47 Tuc is tightly packed with stars and saturated with light. Image Credit: Choi et al. 2025.

    The left and middle images are both from the VRO's ComCam. The image on the right is from Gaia. In all images, the center of 47 Tuc is tightly packed with stars and saturated with light.

    Image Credit: Choi et al. 2025.

    The authors explain that they wanted to address challenges in separating stars in 47 Tuc's crowded center from background stars in both the Milky Way and the Small Magellanic Clouds. "We compile a catalog of 3,576 probable 47 Tuc member stars selected via a combination of isochrone, Gaia proper-motion, and color-color space matched filtering," they write.

    "The LSST ComCam imaging provided valuable early photometric measurements, while also revealing challenges from crowding, particularly near the core of 47 Tuc and toward the SMC," the authors explain.

    The researchers did more than just detect 3,576 probable stars. They also detected RR Lyrae variable stars, which are common in globular clusters, and eclipsing binaries. "Further, we successfully crossmatched known variable stars within the 47 Tuc field against the DP1 data, recovering three RR Lyrae stars and two eclipsing binaries," they write. Eclipsing binaries can be difficult to detect with ground-based telescopes, and so can some variable stars. Despite "sparse temporal sampling" the ComCam was able to find them.

    Crowded stellar fields like the tightly-packed core of 47 Tuc are challenging to observe. Astronomers combine multi-wavelength observations from multiple telescopes to achieve results. These first results from the VRO shows it has a big contribution to make. "Overall, while challenges remain, the DP1 data around 47 Tuc convincingly showcase Rubin Observatory’s strong potential for detailed stellar population and variability analyses in crowded stellar fields," the researchers write in their conclusion.

    The Omega Centauri globular cluster. Globulars are characterized by their densely-packed centers, where differentiating between individual stars is challenging. Image Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, Maximilian Häberle (MPIA)

    The Omega Centauri globular cluster. Globulars are characterized by their densely-packed centers, where differentiating between individual stars is challenging.

    Image Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, Maximilian Häberle (MPIA)

    "Continued improvements to the Rubin Science Pipelines and in-kind programs dedicated to crowded-field stellar photometry are expected to deliver even higher-quality results in future DP2 and DR1."

    The VRO's main effort will be its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time. The LSST is a wide-field, multi-band survey of the visible sky that is both rapid and deep. Its results will tell us more about multiple issues in astronomy: dark matter, dark energy, supernovae, the Milky Way's structure, and many more. It will also tackle globular clusters.

    Astronomers still don't know exactly how GCs form and how they might be connected to a galaxy's dark matter. There are a host of outstanding questions.

    Astronomers have hoped that the VRO will not only discover new globulars, but that it will also provide more precise measurements of individual GC stars. By providing precise, multi-band photometry for individual stars over a 10-year period, it will create accurate Color-Magnitude Diagrams (CMD) for vast numbers of stars in GCs. It will also observe tiny shifts in their positions over its decade-long survey. Not only that, but the VRO will observe GCs in other galaxies, allowing comparative study in away that hasn't been possible.

    The entire space community has been anticipating the VRO's first light with great enthusiasm. With its first preliminary results in, it looks like the wait has been worth it and the observatory will deliver on its promise.


    { https://www.universetoday.com/ }

    08-07-2025 om 23:10 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.How the Chemistry of Mars Both Extended and Ended Its Habitability

    How the Chemistry of Mars Both Extended and Ended Its Habitability

    By Evan Gough 
    Mars carbonate rocks seen by Curiosity. Credit: NASA/JPL
    Mars carbonate rocks seen by Curiosity.
    Credit: NASA/JPL

    Earth is the only habitable world we know of and it remains habitable because of natural cycles that maintain a balanced climate. Earth's carbon cycle plays a critical role in maintaining its temperate climate, and carbonate rocks are a big part of it. Carbonate rocks like limestone and dolomite are huge carbon sinks, and if their carbon was released into the atmosphere, Earth's temperature would spike catastrophically, rendering our planet uninhabitable. Conversely, if all of Earth's carbon were locked away in rock, Earth would likely become glaciated, photosynthesis would cease, and a mass extinction would leave extremophiles as the sole survivors of life's rich, living heritage.

    As long as Earth's carbon keeps cycling between rock and atmosphere in a reasonable balance, the planet maintains its habitability.

    With Earth's carbon cycle as an example, what can we learn about Mars? There's rock-solid evidence that Mars had habitable conditions in its past, though those conditions haven't persisted. The planet was once warm and wet and is now frigid and dry. What part did a carbon cycle play in Mars's habitability and uninhabitability?

    New research in Nature says that Mars went through periods of habitability and uninhabitability due to carbon cycling. It's titled "Carbonate formation and fluctuating habitability on Mars," and the lead author is Edwin Kite. Kite is an associate professor of Planetary Science in the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago.

    "The cause of Mars’s loss of surface habitability is unclear, with isotopic data suggesting a ‘missing sink’ of carbonate," the paper states. "Past climates with surface and shallow-subsurface liquid water are recorded by Mars’s sedimentary rocks, including strata in the approximately 4-km-thick record at Gale Crater." Gale Crater was chosen as MSL Curiosity's exploration site largely because Mt. Sharp rises more than 5 km and its layered slopes preserve a stratigraphic geological record of Mars's history. The layers of clays and sulphate-rich deposits show how the planet experienced periods of wetness. The researchers explain that the water was patchy and intermittent, and persisted late into the planet's history.

    This figure from 2021 research shows some of the detail in Mt. Sharp's stratigraphic layers. It shows the ancient conditions in which each layer of the mountain formed. Research shows that Mars had alternating periods of wet and dry until it dried out completely about 3 billion years ago. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/CNES/CNRS/LANL/IRAP/IAS/LPGN

    This figure from 2021 research shows some of the detail in Mt. Sharp's stratigraphic layers. It shows the ancient conditions in which each layer of the mountain formed. Research shows that Mars had alternating periods of wet and dry until it dried out completely about 3 billion years ago.

    Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/CNES/CNRS/LANL/IRAP/IAS/LPGN

    The researchers draw a parallel between Earth's and Mars's carbon cycles. They write that Mars's patchy and intermittent surface water is best explained by a carbon cycle that locks carbon away into sedimentary carbonate rocks. The research is based on NASA's MSL Curiosity rover and its exploration of Gale Crater. It landed there almost 13 years ago to study the crater's geology. Among other findings, it measured carbonate materials in the crater and found that they make up 11% of the rocks in the region.

    Mars once had a carbon-rich atmosphere, and the authors reference a paper by other researchers showing that stratigraphic layers and carbonate rocks in Gale Crater are clear evidence of that cycle. What drove the cycle?

    "Here we show that a negative feedback among solar luminosity, liquid water and carbonate formation can explain the existence of intermittent Martian oases," Kite and his co-researchers write. They developed a model to illustrate and explain what happened to Mars.

    The researchers say that as the Sun has brightened over billions of years, that increasing luminosity supported liquid surface water on Mars. Just like on Earth, available water combined with atmospheric carbon to form weak carbonic acid. That acid created carbonate weathering that acts as a natural thermostat by sequestering carbon into rock.

    But things didn't end there. The atmosphere's loss of carbon reduced carbon dioxide's contribution to Mars's atmospheric pressure. The lower atmospheric pressure allowed water to more easily vaporize away into the atmosphere. The researchers say that Mars underwent cycles of wet periods and dry periods due to chaotic orbital forcing.

    This figure shows histograms of the durations of wet events at Gale and globally in blue. Red shows durations of dry intervals within the time span of wet events. The three different lines of each type correspond to three different random orbital histories. Globally dry periods are sometimes very long and could have driven any surface life to extinction. Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.

    This figure shows histograms of the durations of wet events at Gale and globally in blue. Red shows durations of dry intervals within the time span of wet events. The three different lines of each type correspond to three different random orbital histories. Globally dry periods are sometimes very long and could have driven any surface life to extinction.

    Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.

    Mars suffers from unpredictable and chaotic changes to its axial tilt that affects its climate, and this forcing drives Mars's carbon cycle and its ancient periods of wet habitability and dry uninhabitability. "The negative feedback restricted liquid water to oases and Mars self-regulated as a desert planet," the researchers explain. The researchers also explain that Gale Crater's stratigraphic record "...faithfully records the expected primary episodes of liquid water stability in the surface and near-surface environment."

    During these cycles, the atmosphere eventually thickens and approaches water's triple point. The triple point is a specific combination of pressure and temperature wherein water can exist in equilibrium in all three phases: vapour, liquid, and solid. Water's triple point is 0.01 °C (273.16 K) and 611.73 pascals (0.006 atm). The researchers explain that this restricted the sustained stability of liquid water and the planet's surface habitability.

    This figure from the research illustrates the researchers' model. a shows the distribution of carbonate detections in sedimentary rocks and soil on Mars, with yellow showing abundant detections, red showing no detections, and brown representing unexplored areas. b shows the fluxes and feedbacks for geologic carbon and climate regulation on Mars and Earth. On Earth, volcanic CO2 output is regulated by rapid carbonate formation. On Mars, solar brightening increased the temperature slowly and is balanced by slow carbonate formation. However, Mars' chaotic orbital forcing means that water is only available for carbonate formation intermittently during orbital optima, leading to intermittent periods of warmth and surface water. Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.

    This figure from the research illustrates the researchers' model. a shows the distribution of carbonate detections in sedimentary rocks and soil on Mars, with yellow showing abundant detections, red showing no detections, and brown representing unexplored areas. b shows the fluxes and feedbacks for geologic carbon and climate regulation on Mars and Earth. On Earth, volcanic CO2 output is regulated by rapid carbonate formation. On Mars, solar brightening increased the temperature slowly and is balanced by slow carbonate formation. However, Mars' chaotic orbital forcing means that water is only available for carbonate formation intermittently during orbital optima, leading to intermittent periods of warmth and surface water.

    Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.

    The researchers' model has limitations just as all models do. For example, it assumes that the carbonate content at Gale Crater is representative of the whole of Mars. For this reason, they present their research as a testable idea rather than a definitive conclusion.

    "Carbonate formation and surface liquid-water availability are linked by a negative feedback that can explain fluctuating habitability on Mars," the authors write in their conclusion. They write that this cycle can potentially explain the intermittent and patchy nature of oases on Mars, and the sedimentary rocks that entomb those oases. They also say their model can explain how Mars's surface habitability came to an end, a question that has motivated scientists for a long time, and speaks to our wider questions about life elsewhere in the Universe.

    { https://www.universetoday.com/ }

    08-07-2025 om 22:41 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART


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