The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
10-07-2025
Breakthrough Listen Releases Results for 27 Eclipsing Exoplanets
Breakthrough Listen Releases Results for 27 Eclipsing Exoplanets
An artist’s impression of the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope receiving signals from space. Credit: Danielle Futselaar/Breakthrough Listen.
We live in an exciting time of technological innovation and breakthroughs in astronomy, cosmology, and astrophysics. This is similarly true for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), which seeks to leverage advances in instrumentation and computing to find evidence of "technosignatures" in the Universe. While the scope has expanded considerably since Cornell Professor Frank Drake and colleagues conducted the first SETI experiment over sixty years ago (Project Ozma), the vast majority have consisted of listening to space for signs of possible radio transmissions.
A prime example is Breakthrough Listen (BL), a project launched by Breakthrough Initiatives in 2016 and the largest SETI experiment ever mounted. BI combines radio observations from the Green Bank Observatory and the Parkes Observatory with visible light observations from the Automated Planet Finder. In a recent study, an international team of astronomers examined 27 exoplanets selected from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) archive and examined them for signs of artificial radio signals that went silent as they passed behind their stars.
The field of SETI has grown considerably in the past six decades, reflecting our expanding knowledge of the cosmos and astrophysical phenomena. Per the NASA Technosignature Report (released in 2018), the list of potential technosignatures includes gravitational waves (GWs), neutrinos, directed energy (optical communications or propulsion), and more. Nevertheless, surveys in the radio spectrum are still at the forefront of SETI investigations because the technology has a proven track record as a cost-effective means of communication. Moreover, radio waves are easily detected since they experience minimal scattering as they pass through planetary atmospheres and the interstellar medium (ISM).
The field has also been bolstered by the spate of exoplanet discoveries that have taken place in the past twenty years. To date, more than 5,900 exoplanets have been confirmed in over 4,400 planetary systems, with thousands more awaiting confirmation. For their study, the team carefully selected a frequency band of radio data from a large set of observations made by BI from 2018 to 2022. The team ensured that these observations' field of view (FoV) corresponded to a selection of 27 confirmed and candidate exoplanets detected by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
Specifically, the team looked for indications of potential radio signals that were interrupted as these planets passed behind their respective stars (occulted). As Barrett told Universe Today via email:
Occultations could provide a unique opportunity to search for and localise technosignatures. Hypothetically, if a transmitting exoplanet were to pass behind its host star, the signal should be interrupted, resuming when it re-emerges. A signal could thus potentially be isolated from the surrounding noise and RFI by subtracting emission received from the system during eclipse from emission during transit. This concept will be explored in future works.
Using occultations to detect and confirm targets for SETI technosignature searchers has gained popularity in the last decade. However, the focus has been on planet-planet occultation and signal spillover, whereas Barrett and her colleagues explored planet-star occultation. Their work was based on Barrett's 2023 Master's thesis, which established the first limits using targets of interest (TOIs) designated by TESS. Unfortunately, all 27 TOIs were attributed to radio frequency interference (RFI), ruling out the possibility of technological activity.
Murriyang, CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope at the Parkes Observatory.
Nevertheless, this study is the first case where planet-star occultations were used for technosignature searches and will serve as a benchmark for similar SETI surveys in the near future. Said Barrett:
I personally plan to commence a PhD in 2026, where I hope to continue developing tools that will aid in the search for intelligent life. I was very fortunate to work alongside some of the leading experts in the field during this project, and will undoubtedly do so again in the future! I would hope that this work could inspire further SETI investigations toward exoplanets during occultation and help spur the development of an efficient method for isolating unique emissions that could be applied as a background check in mainstream transiting exoplanet surveys.
The preprint of their paper was published online by the University of Cambridge Press and is being reviewed by the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia.
Some Know More Than Others! UFOs, Aliens, and the Presidents of the United States!
There are some people who believe that the President of the United States is privy to all that is going-on and, ultimately, calls the shots, while others insist they are nothing more than a face for the respective government of the time who is on a need-to-know leash, and this is very much the case with UFOs and potential alien encounters. However, it would seem that some Presidents of the United States – certainly when it comes to such matters as UFOs – know more than others.
One researcher who has perhaps done more research than most on the Presidents of the United States and what they might have known about UFOs and aliens is author Paul Blake Smith, who spoke recently to myself and Steve Mera during an episode of The Anomaly Project. Smith has written several books on the subject, including President Eisenhower’s Close Encounters: An Investigation into Eisenhower’s Secret Agreement with Extraterrestrials and The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter: An Investigation into Nixon’s Secret Airbase Meetings to View Extraterrestrials, both of which we will return to very shortly.
If we go back to the start of the Modern UFO Era (essentially, the summer of 1947 with such encounters as the Kenneth Arnold sighting and the Roswell crash) we can find President Harry Truman in charge, who, almost certainly, knew much of what was going on in the skies across America at the time.
In fact, to explore both Truman and the person who followed him into the White House, President Eisenhower, we should turn our attention to an alleged UFO crash, once more in the deserts of New Mexico, only this time in the Aztec Desert a little over six months after the more famous and well-known Roswell crash. According to the account, which first entered the public arena courtesy of an alleged leaked document in the late 1980s, on the evening of March 25th, 1948, a disc-shaped metallic object came screeching out of the night sky and crashed into the ground. Although several locals were on the scene a short time later, it didn’t take the United States military long to swoop in and retrieve the remains, whisking them away to, according to the report, White Sands Air Force Base.
Perhaps even more remarkable than the craft itself, though, was the discovery of 16 crew members, 15 of whom were dead, but one, unbelievably, was alive. And it is here, where the story morphs into the involvement of another eventual President of the United States.
Indeed there is little doubt, one of the most interesting and thought-provoking American Presidents in terms of what they might have known about UFOs and their subsequent actions off the back of that, would be President Eisenhower, who, it would seem, was at the center of several UFO and alien encounters that potentially had far-reaching consequences, and is one that Paul Blake Smith detailed in the previously mentioned President Eisenhower’s Close Encounters. It also unfolded in the wake of the Aztec UFO crash (under President Truman’s watch), when Eisenhower was a high-ranking military commander during Truman’s presidency.
Smith highlighted how an apparent leaked briefing document came to light on a 2017 podcast by Heather Wade. This document detailed how the surviving alien was discreetly transported to a secret facility within the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Even more remarkable, this alien was able to communicate – in English, no less – with its new host, and offered that its name was Setimus. According to descriptions, although he was (by comparison) relatively short, he otherwise had the appearance of an “adult, Earth-like humanoid male!” There were, though, following examinations, some internal differences (although these were not documented, or certainly not leaked). This apparent alien entity had a very specific diet and was “less able to process the wide range of foods” that a human being typically would. Moreover, although he could physically speak, he also appeared to have “telepathic and psychic skills!” Even more remarkable, Setimus was “versed in homo sapien behavior, modern geopolitics, and the planet Earth’s troubled environment!”
This leaked document detailed that Setimus was granted “diplomatic status” and was very happy to answer all scientists’ questions. Perhaps most interesting of all, though, it stated that, “Setimus and his advanced ET species had ‘decided on a long-term program of carefully calculated’ contact with certain humans, including those in the highest levels of American government – like President Dwight D. Eisenhower!”
Of course, we will return to Eisenhower and more of his “contact” with alien representatives shortly. In New Mexico, however, around a year after being recovered from the wreckage, in early 1949, a decision was made to transfer Setimus to a “safe house”, thought to have been somewhere in rural Vermont, and a property that was under the control of the United States intelligence agencies. Smith highlights how this decision, at least on the surface, is a strange one, not least as no one appeared to be even slightly aware of Setimus’ presence in New Mexico, as well as the fact he was more than comfortable at the facility, and not least the obvious risks of transporting a live alien entity across the country that would surely present themselves. However, Smith also points out that Dwight Eisenhower had spent considerable time in rural Vermont, officially on fly fishing trips.
Whatever the truth of the matter, it is said that Setimus spent at least six months of 1949 at this location. And given the connection Eisenhower had to this part of the country, as well as the naming of him specifically in the leaked document, we might consider if he spent a large bulk of that time at the safe house with Setimus. If so, we can only imagine what information might have been given to Eisenhower during this time, and how much, if anything, he shared with anyone else. Then, in early August 1949, Setimus was discreetly transported back to New Mexico, this time to Albuquerque, and specifically, to Kirtland Air Force Base. Even more remarkable, on the evening of August 21st, 1949, an alien craft landed in the remote desert close by, where Setimus boarded the otherworldly vessel and left Earth for a destination unknown.
While it might be tempting, even by some in the UFO community, to dismiss such claims unreservedly, the fact is that Paul Blake Smith not only makes a compelling argument in favor of such claims’ authenticity but also offers documented circumstantial evidence to back them up. For example, regarding the transfer of Setimus from Vermont back to New Mexico and his potential extraction from the planet, he writes:
“Harry Truman’s White House appointment logs for Monday, August 1, 1949, reveal that the Republican Governor of Vermont, of all people, had called Vermont’s Republican Senator George David Aiken the previous week and asked Aiken to set up an appointment with the president for 12:15 pm that day in the Oval Office. It had to have been about something pretty darn important, considering these circumstances!”
Indeed, the important reason could very well have been the transfer of Setimus back to New Mexico, as well as the planned arrival of more visitors from another world. Smith highlights further interesting movements during this time, as he details that “conservative Governor Ernest William Gibson Jr. – a former decorated Army infantryman from rural, small-town Vermont – traveled a long way to chat in private” and off the record with Harry Truman. This conversation was said to have only been 15 minutes long, but Smith writes that “something big was up, it is logical to assume!” Smith also highlighted another secret meeting between a Vermont congressman and President Truman in late July 1949, as well as a meeting in the Oval Office on the afternoon of August 4th, 1949, between President Truman and his Secretary of State and his Defense Secretary. After this meeting, all three men traveled together somewhere to an undocumented location. Even more suspicious, there are no recorded movements of any of the men until five days later. Might we contemplate that they traveled to, and stayed at, the safe house in Vermont?
Of course, around four and a half years later, with Eisenhower a little over a year into his first term as United States President, he is claimed to have been at another meeting with alien representatives. The claims surfaced through another set of leaked documents in 1984, the same documents that contained information on MJ12. According to these documents, on the evening of February 20th, 1954, President Eisenhower was whisked away to a hangar at Edwards Air Force Base in California, where he is claimed to have met with representatives from two different alien races. What is interesting is that on that date, the official record shows that President Eisenhower disappeared from public view due to requiring emergency dental treatment, something which some people believe is nothing more than a cover story to allow him to move freely behind the scenes away from any kind of public scrutiny. We perhaps need to remember that official press photographers accompanied the President everywhere, and so an excuse such as dental treatment would have been more than sufficient to have them “stand down” while the President recovered, or perhaps, went about his secretive duties.
According to the account, the first of these meetings was with humanoid entities who were very similar in appearance to Setimus. Moreover, they offered ideas of advanced, clean technologies, energies, and medical procedures, although the requirement for humanity accessing this technology was a commitment to move away from fossil fuels. Ultimately, Eisenhower declined to make a deal. Then, only moments later, according to some accounts, the second race of aliens arrived.
Now, here is where we perhaps have to take the report with a certain pinch of salt. The representatives of this alien race were said to be what we would recognize as grey aliens. They also offered Eisenhower a deal for advanced technology that would give the United States exclusive access to do with what they pleased. In return, it is claimed, these extraterrestrials wanted non-resistant (on the part of the military) access to certain members of the population on which they could perform examinations and non-invasive procedures for their own research, after which said members of the population would be returned unharmed and with no knowledge of the experience. Ultimately, and something else we should take with a pinch of salt, these grey alien representatives also stated that should Eisenhower decline the deal, they would make the same exclusive offer to the Soviet Union, which would, as we know, tip the balance of power on the world stage.
We might recall that Setimus was said to have been well-versed in the politics of our planet. We perhaps should not be so surprised that another alien race would also be so, especially if they were, it would seem, much more ruthless and single-minded in their goals. Whatever the truth, it is said that Eisenhower agreed to the deal, or at least some form of it, and advanced technology was indeed given to the United States military, who then, it is claimed, farmed and gifted it out to American companies to develop as their results of human ingenuity. And, of course, one advantage to the military using private companies and corporations is that they are protected from Freedom of Information requests, which very well could have been, in fact, almost certainly was, a part of the thought process in siphoning out this advanced technology.
It is interesting to note that around this time, the United States began to surge ahead in terms of technological advancement compared to most of the rest of the world. Moreover, less than a decade later, people began to experience apparent cases of alien abduction at the hands of strange, grey aliens. Of course, whether this was a coincidence or not remains a part of the mystery. That Eisenhower, and Truman before him, knew more than most United States presidents about UFOs and the intelligence behind them, both before and after, is surely highly likely, if not certain.
Of course, in a similar way to how Eisenhower might have learned much of what he knew working under Truman during his presidency, much the same could be said for Richard Nixon, a President who is an intriguing character in his own right before we even mention UFOs. However, he is also the person around whom one of the most startling UFO and alien claims swirls. Although there have been several various dates put forward for this alleged remarkable event, according to the solid research of the previously mentioned Paul Blake Smith in his book The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter, during mid-February 1973, President Nixon would take his good showbiz friend, and paranormal enthusiast, actor and television personality, Jackie Gleason, to a secret military facility and show him proof of extraterrestrial life.
Gleason’s (then) wife – Beverly McKittrick – would speak of the encounter in two separate articles in the National Enquirer – the first in its September 8th, 1974, edition, and the second time – and in much more detail - in the August 16th, 1983, edition. While the first article was much shorter and seemingly inaccurate in some of the details, the second article had much more detail, and between them both, and Smith’s subsequent research since, we have a relatively accurate timeline of events in mid-February 1973.
Following a very public round of golf at the Inverrary Golf and Country Club just outside of Miami in South Florida, on the evening of February 19th, 1973, a knock came at Gleason’s door. Upon answering, the Gleasons were more than shocked to see none other than President Nixon standing there. The two men were friends, but it was most unusual (for obvious reasons) for the President to be out in public with no security whatsoever. It is claimed that Nixon told Gleason that he had “something to show him,” and with that, Jackie Gleason left.
Once more, we have a differing version of events based on the source, with some accounts stating that the pair drove to Homestead Air Force Base a short distance away, with Nixon himself driving. Smith, however, suggests that the pair likely made their way to the military facility on a military helicopter.
Smith wrote that during the interview with the National Enquirer, “Beverly never said that Jackie was driven there. She only wrote that she had heard his key unlocking the front door but said nothing about hearing a car’s motor, voices outside, or a car door!” Moreover, Smith suggested that a helicopter could have landed at the “same nearby helipad on the Inverrary course that Nixon had utilized in his official Marine One chopper (earlier) that day!” Smith continued that “all Jackie had to do was walk or perhaps drive an electric golf cart from his house to the helipad”, and he would have been on his way.
While this might sound outlandish that the President of the United States would venture into an urban area, at night, alone and with no security, it is worth noting the research of Mack Maloney, who offered that, “Nixon was famous for giving his Secret Service detail the slip!” Might he have done this on the evening in question in February 1973? It is certainly a possibility.
However, the pair did travel to the air base. Once they arrived, after Nixon showed his identification, the clearly shocked security stepped back and allowed them entry into the facility. At this point, Gleason, as enthusiastic as he was, was a little apprehensive as he followed Nixon, who himself remained tight-lipped as they negotiated their way through the corridors of the facility. Eventually, Gleason was led into a room where “the wreckage from a flying saucer” was seemingly stored, “enclosed in several large cases!” Then, the television personality was led by the President into another room, in which were several “freezer-like containers!”
As they stepped into the room, Nixon guided Gleason’s attention to what was inside these containers. Cautiously, the actor peered over the top of one of them, and, to begin with, he thought he was looking at the bodies of young children. Then, though, within a matter of seconds, he could see that these bodies – whatever they were – were not human.
He eventually returned home at around 11:30 pm, with Beverly later recalling that he simply “slumped white-faced in an armchair!” He then told his wife what he had seen in the large containers, telling her that he had “seen the bodies of some aliens from outer space!” He described these aliens as having grey skin with large heads, large, dark eyes, and large ears. He further described them as appearing “quite old” and “terribly mangled!” To begin with, she thought her husband was joking with her. However, when she took note of his unusual “pasty skin tone” and his “subdued demeanor,” she realized he was being deadly serious. He also told her that this was “top secret, (and) only a few people know!”
Interestingly, according to Smith’s book, Gleason was far from pleased with his (then) wife speaking of the encounter to the press in 1974. In fact, Paul Blake Smith writes in The Nixon-Gleason Alien Encounter that when the article came out in the September 1974 edition of the National Enquirer, “Jackie Gleason saw it and exploded. He’d been squealed on, in a sense. His most precious secret was now out, albeit undetailed!” Smith also details how Gleason was still a “Special Agent Contact” of the FBI during this time, and that he felt it was “embarrassing for him to have the White House and the Justice Department find out he leaked one of the biggest sworn secrets in American history right after he had been let in on it!” For his part, Gleason refused to comment publicly on the claims, a move which many people found “puzzling” to say the least. Whatever the truth of the matter, the incident remains one of the most detailed in history involving a United States President and claims of UFOs and alien life.
Jackie Gleason (public domain photo)
Ultimately, as outlandish as such a claim might sound to some, the records from the Nixon Library show that he was in Florida on the date of the alleged meeting, and, of course, he was seen publicly at the golf event earlier that day.
Smith also offers a potential reason that Nixon chose to show Gleason these alien entities in the first place. Gleason had been asking the American public for proof of alien life for years, and was willing to pay good money to anyone who could do so, a sum, incidentally, that continued to rise with each request. Around the same time as the alleged incident, the Watergate Scandal that would eventually result in Nixon's resignation was unfolding. Speaking on The Anomaly Project, Paul Blake Smith offered that following the breaking of the Watergate scandal, “the burglars were threatening to talk to investigators and to the media, and it was going to ruin Nixon’s great image and his popularity, and even get him sent to jail!”
Smith continued that Nixon had to suddenly come up with “hush money” to stop these burglars from talking publicly of what they knew, and, in Smith’s opinion, he likely got this money from offering his good friend, Jackie Gleason, who had publicly stated he would pay a large amount of money to see proof of alien life, a tour of the top-secret facility and the proof which he so desperately sought. Smith highlighted how, according to the tape recordings from the White House (that Nixon himself recorded), that Nixon was “really upset in January 1973”, with him being heard saying on the White House tapes, “This damn hush money, where are we going to get this?” Then, only weeks later – and after the alleged Nixon-Gleason encounter – he was suddenly “all calm about the hush money”, being heard saying on the recordings that, “Oh, we’ve got that. I know where we can get our hands on that. It’s not a problem!”
Smith went on to highlight just how wealthy Jackie Gleason was – said to have been worth around 14 million dollars at the time – and that he had literally offered “a million dollars to anyone who can show me hard proof!” of alien life. Ultimately, Smith stated that he believed “Nixon took him up on this” and, for a price, offered to show him the alien bodies at Homestead Air Force Base.
Interestingly, Smith also pointed out that the creatures Jackie Gleason later described, while having some similarities to a typical grey alien, appeared more like the entities in the infamous Hopkinsville or Kentucky Goblins case, with Smith describing them as “an exact match” to the creatures of that particularly harrowing encounter. We know that authorities did attend the property that evening. Is it possible they obtained more than the families involved realized? Or, at the very least, does it suggest that there is a persistent presence of these large-eared aliens on our planet? While we won’t go into them in detail here, there are more encounters with such creatures in connection with UFO events than many people might think.
It is worth pointing out that following his viewing of the alien entities – if indeed that is what they were – Gleason was taken to a “an air base hangar that you can see from the highway” and, once inside, he was shown a “silver, round spaceship that was kind of what I call alive, it was up in the air being held down by tethers…and Jackie got a good look at this silver disc!” As Smith says, if there is any truth to the claims – and it appears to very well could be – Jackie Gleason certainly “got his money’s worth!”
Of course, one of the most interesting presidents of modern times is undoubtedly Ronald Reagan, who not only had a great interest in UFOs but even claimed to have had two sightings of his own. Although the date isn’t certain, the first of these is thought to have happened somewhere between 1967 and 1975, while Reagan was the Governor of California, although he still enjoyed the company of many of his Hollywood contacts and friends. On this particular evening, he, along with his wife, Nancy, and two of their friends, Lucille Ball and William Holden, were on their way to just such a Hollywood party. On their way, though, they noticed a strange light that appeared to be flying at the same level as their car as they made their way along the quiet highway before landing in a nearby field.
According to the story, Reagan stopped the car moments later in order to try to get a better look at this strange object. He did so for several moments before getting back in the car and setting off to their destination. However, when they arrived at the party, they were over an hour late, and Reagan was eager to speak of what they had seen during their journey. Of course, the implication of missing time, at least to some, is perhaps suggestive of an alien abduction scenario.
Reagan’s second UFO encounter occurred in late 1974, while he was being flown back to Bakersfield, California, by pilot Bill Paynter. Suddenly, out of nowhere, both men saw a bizarre “bright object” appear a short distance from their aircraft, which then followed their aircraft for a considerable time, bobbing and weaving around it as it did so. After several moments, it shot off into the distance with alarming speed and disappeared. Paynter would later state that, “This really did happen. We saw it, I saw it, (and) Reagan told me to follow it!” Although Paynter did attempt to keep up with the object, it had vanished within seconds.
The previously mentioned Paul Blake Smith detailed how Reagan was extremely excited by the sighting, even speaking about it at a press conference several weeks later. However, when he was asked outright by a reporter if he “believed in UFOs,” he suddenly began to back away slightly and become much more hesitant to speak of the incident.
Reagan also made some intriguing comments while in the White House, perhaps not least to the famous film director, Steven Spielberg, who Reagan seemingly had an interesting interaction with during a special, private screening of the movie ET: The Extraterrestrial in the White House in 1982. According to legend, Reagan is alleged to have turned to Spielberg during the screening and commented on “how surprised” people would be if they “realized how true this is!” For years, most people dismissed the comments as either taken out of context or as being outright untrue. However, in 2008, following the release of his film Super 8, Spielberg addressed the claims during a promotional interview. He stated that not only was the comment true, but that Reagan had actually said to him that “there are a number of people in this room who know that everything on that screen is absolutely true!” Perhaps as a caveat to the whole affair, Spielberg claimed to have taken the comment as nothing but a joke from Reagan, although he also noted that the former President said it with a very straight face.
Whatever the truth, it is known that Reagan maintained an active interest in the subject of UFOs, as well as the possibilities of alien life, and even the ancient astronaut theory, with him even making some remarkable commentary in his diaries about connections between extraterrestrials and ancient Egypt. It is one particular entry in his diaries in April 1985 – released in 2009 in the book The Reagan Diaries – that made a lot of people sit up a little. It read:
“Lunch with five top space scientists. It was fascinating. Space truly is the last frontier and some of the developments there in astronomy etc. are like science fiction, except they are real. I learned that our shuttle capacity is such that we could orbit 300 people!”
We might ask just what Reagan was alluding to in this entry. At the time, for example, NASA could – officially at least – only accommodate eight astronauts at most. Did Reagan know a secret spacecraft that could orbit hundreds of people? Or was he briefed on a theoretical NASA spacecraft not yet developed and simply took it as fact? Although there is perhaps some credibility to the notion that Reagan’s grasp of the situation deteriorated during his presidency, we might imagine he was mentally competent enough to know the difference between a proposed spacecraft still to be developed and an active spacecraft (then) currently in orbit.
Some researchers have also highlighted some of the wording Reagan used in several of his speeches during his time as President. In one speech, for example, given to the United Nations in 1987, he made several references to an “alien threat” which, although it has been explained away as meaning alien to American and the West’s interests, has caused some people to question just what Reagan was speaking of. The following year, in 1988, during another speech he made with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, Reagan stated – completely matter-of-factly, incidentally – that he “occasionally thinks how quickly our differences, worldwide, would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world!”
With all of this in mind, arguably one of the most intriguing UFO stories connected to President Reagan is one not directly connected to him, but his one-time Chief Military Advisor of the White House, Major General Robert Schweitzer. According to the account, in September of 1981, less than a year into Reagan’s first term as President, a letter arrived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue from a former United States military veteran, Colman VonKeviczky. VonKeviczky, who had turned to UFO research after leaving the military, had written and sent almost identical letters to various Presidents of the United States in the years previously, as well as several UN Secretaries General. In it, he stated that there was a “substantial alien threat” facing humanity, and that governments of the world must unite to resist it (very similar, incidentally, to the strange speech by Reagan we highlighted earlier).
As we might imagine, VonKeviczky received no replies to any of these letters – that is, until this one. Several weeks later, a reply came from Major General Schweitzer, who claimed that, “The President is well aware of the threat that you document so clearly and is doing all in his power to restore the national defense margin of safety as quickly and prudently as possible!” There have been many interpretations of this response, including that it was nothing but a polite, tongue-in-cheek reply. What is certain, however, is that Schweitzer was discreetly dismissed by the White House only weeks later on October 26th – we should perhaps make of that what we will.
It is also worth our time briefly exploring UFO connections to Reagan’s predecessor, President Jimmy Carter, who not only witnessed a UFO in 1969 while campaigning to be Governor of Georgia, but would also make an official report of the incident. Moreover, several years later, in 1976 when campaigning to become President, he promised, and seemingly tried, to have many of the government’s UFO files released to the public (it is worth noting, that while he did release many UFO documents during his presidency, the anticipated “disclosure” of information was not forthcoming). It is said that Carter, even just for himself, did attempt to have the UFO files released, contacting the FBI, NASA, and even the CIA. While the CIA and NASA (under the CIA’s orders) outright refused, the FBI simply stated that they had no UFO files to release. In a further twist to the claims, according to the files of UFO researcher Richard Dolan, during the summer of 1977, not long after issuing his requests for information, Carter was part of a briefing session on UFOs. There is no information on what he was told, but it is said that following this briefing session, President Carter sat at his desk with his head in his hands, weeping.
With Carter’s apparent experience in the White House in mind, it is worth examining the thoughts of UFO researcher, Grant Cameron, who suggested in the television documentary UFOs: The White House Files, that all United States Presidents are told standard information regarding UFOs, perhaps the very reason why they need to remain secret. Perhaps this information is not only sobering and clarifying, but seemingly disturbing. Indeed, we might contemplate not only what might be so disturbing that it needs to be kept from the general public, seemingly at all costs, but so disturbing that it could bring the President of the United States to tears. We might ask, if Cameron is correct, and all Presidents of the United States receive such a briefing, how others in the White House might have reacted to such information.
It isn’t just United States Presidents of the modern world who have seemingly had encounters with strange flying objects. In 1800, for example, future President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, described a UFO in a telegram that had been witnessed by a local man (William Dunbar) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He stated that the strange object was “the color of the sun near the horizon” and was approximately the size of a house. Moreover, it was so bright that it caused a bright glow on the ground directly below it. Jefferson continued that a “violent rushing noise” accompanied the strange aerial vehicle, as well as an occasional “tremendous crash” (which we might assume to be a description of something breaking the sound barrier).
Almost a quarter of a century earlier, during the bitterly cold winter of 1777, and with his men on the verge of physical, mental, and emotional collapse due to the conflict with the British, George Washington was seemingly visited by strange, otherworldly entities. The account was relayed by Anthony Sherman, who claimed he was at Valley Forge (where the incident took place) with Washington. His account appeared in several newspapers, the first in an article written by Wesley Bradshaw in the National Tribune in 1859, and was even placed in the Library of Congress. According to the article, Washington received several visits from strange “green-skinned warriors” who offered him advice on British troop positions, even offering specific locations where Washington’s attacks would be most effectively launched from. They also, it would seem, showed him visions of the future. Washington was quoted in the article as saying, “I cast my eyes upon America and beheld villages and towns and cities springing up one after another until the whole land from the Atlantic to the Pacific was dotted with them!” Indeed, if this is an accurate account, it would appear these “green-skinned warriors” had a vested interest in America maintaining its independence from the British and for it to succeed in becoming, arguably, the superpower of the planet.
As we might imagine, there have been many explanations put forward to explain who these strange figures were, with most mainstream historians insisting they were nothing more than Native Americans who wore green war paint. One researcher who dismisses such explanations is author Quentin Burde, who has extensively researched what he believes are specific points of extraterrestrial intervention in human history. He offers that if the “green-skinned warriors” were Native American tribes, Washington would have said so, and he also made reference to “green globes in the sky” at the same time in his diaries, which would also appear to speak of an otherworldly encounter. Burde believes the figures were almost certainly alien entities, likely with green or glowing skin, or perhaps even glowing attire.
Of course, it will sound preposterous to some that alien entities should visit Earth, much less take an active interest in human affairs. However, before we move on, it is worth exploring another bizarre incident that took place during America’s conflicts with the British, this time in 1814 during the War of 1812. On the day in question – a hot, sunny day – American forces were once more on the verge of defeat, with British troops advancing with alacrity on Washington, DC. As soon as they arrived, they set about burning the city to the ground, with American soldiers unable to do more than look on helplessly. The sheer heat of the weather, which presented particularly dry conditions, meant that the flames took hold and spread with ease. Even the White House was eventually engulfed. Then, in what many believe was merely a bizarre coincidental twist of fate, the skies suddenly turned grey, then almost black, while heavy rain poured over the burning city, extinguishing the flames. To some, this was something close to divine intervention, and we might add that in the modern era, some have looked back on the incident being one that was orchestrated by an intelligent force.
It might be easy to dismiss such claims as nothing but nonsense – that is, if it weren’t for what happened next. Almost as soon as the flames were smothered, a sudden tornado formed (and we should remember, this is not an area of the United States that typically experiences tornadoes). Then, with strangely precise accuracy, it headed straight for the British troops who were on Capitol Hill. Many were killed in the onslaught, and those who survived fled. Of course, whether this was some kind of alien intervention or simply a freak weather event is perhaps open to interpretation. It certainly gives us something to think about, however.
We might ask, then, is it simply a numbers game, and does the law of averages suggest that a certain number of United States presidents would have had some kind of encounter or knowledge of UFOs? Or is it their position on the world stage that marks them as requiring such knowledge, even if that knowledge comes from the intelligence behind the UFOs themselves (such people who had encounters long before they were President, such as Reagan or Carter)? It has to be said, the most likely of those possibilities is the former, and we could highlight a president who we have not explored here, but who likely is one of the most powerful men, not just presidents, in United States history, and certainly someone who very likely knew more than most about UFOs and alien secrecy, not least due to his strong connections to the inner workings of the CIA, George HW Bush, who served in the White House between 1989 to 1993, while also being President Reagan’s Vice President for the entirety of his two terms (with some researchers convinced that Bush most likely “pulled the strings” of the Reagan administration). Indeed, given his close connections to Bill Clinton, who served two terms in the White House after Bush Sr., as well as his own son’s two terms following the elections of 2000 and 2004, a compelling argument could be made that George Bush Sr. was close to the heart of power in American politics and intelligence (at the very least) for close to three decades, even longer when we consider his high-ranking status in the intelligence community before that. Despite this apparent high-ranking status in terms of UFO knowledge, Bush himself, at least to the best of anyone’s knowledge, never had a UFO encounter (at least outside of what he might have witnessed behind closed government doors).
Of course, he has made some cryptic comments about his alleged knowledge of UFOs, some of which Paul Blake Smith discussed on The Anomaly Project. He stated that during his son, Jeb’s, unsuccessful campaign to be President of the United States, George Bush was asked a question by a journalist about UFOs, ultimately, “Are we being visited?” Bush, instead of remaining calm, snapped back that he “knows plenty, but I’m not saying. You know I know about the UFOs!” Bush Sr. was ushered out of the press conference shortly afterwards. Smith also highlights another occasion where Bush Sr. seemingly let his guard slip regarding what he might know about UFOs and aliens. On the same show, he relayed the comments of a filmmaker who was on a flight with Bush. He claimed that Bush, who had downed several drinks during the flight, suddenly offered that he had not believed anything about UFOs and alien life, until he was “shown footage of an extraterrestrial that we had captured!” Of course, as Smith points out, there is, unfortunately, no one who has come forward to corroborate that particular account. It is, though, thought-provoking, at the very least.
Indeed, there is another famous quote of Bush saying about UFOs and aliens that he “knows some” of what was going on in a moment of candidness. We just might find that he knows a lot more than just “some” of the story. A lot more.
Mars has lost immense amounts of water over it lifetime, and scientists aren't sure exactly how. New research hints that the planet's violently varying tilt may be a key factor.
Today, Mars' tilt is similar to that of Earth. But millions of years ago, its tilt varied wildly, possibly leading to its extreme water loss.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Tremendous tilts of Mars' rotational axis during the past 20 million years may have dried out the planet, according to a new study. The findings may help solve the mystery of how Mars, which once contained lakes, rivers and possibly oceans, lost its water.
Dry, dust-filled deserts cover much of Mars' surface today. Astronomers think most of the planet's scant water reserves are frozen within fine-grained surface dirt, with above-surface ice confined to the polar regions.
But the Red Planet hasn't always been so dry. Gullies, lake beds and valleys photographed by early NASA missions like the Viking project suggest that since Mars' birth, the planet's surface has been periodically inundated by billions of gallons of liquid water. In fact, planetary scientists have calculated that the volume of water that carved out these geological features amounted to a layer at least 300 feet (100 meters) thick over the planet's entire surface.
Artist's rendering of a surface habitat on Mars. Credit: NASA
If humanity intends to live and work beyond Earth, we need solutions for living sustainably in inhospitable environments. Even Mars, the most hospitable planet in the Solar System beyond Earth, is hostile to life as we know it. These include extreme temperature variations, a thin, unbreathable atmosphere, toxic soil, and higher-than-normal levels of solar and cosmic radiation. Given the distance between Earth and Mars and the time it takes to send missions there (6 to 9 months using conventional propulsion), these habitats must be closed-loop, self-sustaining environments that provide crews with food, water, and breathable air.
Last, but certainly not least, there's the problem of launching the necessary equipment, machinery, and building materials to the Moon, Mars, and other locations beyond Earth. Given the sheer mass of these payloads, launching them from Earth is neither practical nor cost-effective. This means resources must be harvested in situ to provide the necessary resources and building materials - aka. in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). In a recent paper, an international team led by Harvard Professor Robin Wordsworth showed how these challenges can be addressed with green algae grown inside habitats made of bioplastics.
The study was led by Robin Wordsworth, Gordon McKay Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering and a Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. He was joined by researchers from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard Medical School, the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh, and the Boston-based biomanufacturing company Circe.
For decades, NASA and other space agencies have investigated ways to leverage Martian and lunar resources to create building materials and finished structures. Many of these proposals have been mechanical in nature, combining 3D printing techniques with bonding elements and polymers or sintering to turn regolith into concrete or molten ceramics. Other concepts seek to utilize biological processes to grow habitats in extraterrestrial environments, often relying on mycelia or other strains of fungi and lichens. The concept proposed by Wordsworth and his colleagues leverages another biomanufacturing process that relies on algae to turn CO2 into bioplastics.
The 3D printer and the printed bioplastic in the Harvard team's experiment.
Credit: Wordsworth, et al. (2025)
For their experiment, the team 3D-printed a growth chamber made from bioplastic (polylactic acid). This chamber was filled with algae and placed in a carbon dioxide-rich environment similar to Mars. While the simulated environment had an atmospheric pressure of just 600 pascals (about 1% of Earth's atmosphere), pressure levels within the chamber were high enough for water to exist in a stable form. The bioplastic blocked harmful UV radiation while admitting enough light so photosynthesis could occur with the algae. This allowed the algae to grow and produce more polylactic acid, thereby growing the structure.
The concept replaces industrial processes and materials that are costly to manufacture and recycle with biomimicry, imitating how autotrophs grow naturally on Earth, using just carbon dioxide and water. As Wordsworth explained in a Harvard SEAS press release, their experiments are a first step toward the creation of habitats that do not require materials sent from Earth:
If you have a habitat composed of bioplastic, and it grows algae within it, that algae could produce more bioplastic. So you start to have a closed-loop system that can sustain itself and even grow through time. The concept of biomaterial habitats is fundamentally interesting and can support humans living in space. As this type of technology develops, it's going to have spinoff benefits for sustainability technology here on Earth as well.
In previous experiments, Wordsworth and his team demonstrated how sheets of silica aerogels could be used to conduct terraforming on a local scale. Also known as "paraterafforming," this method addresses both temperature and pressure issues by triggering a greenhouse effect that allows algae to grow more prolifically. Much like their experiment with bioplastics and algae growth, this method could be a pathway towards establishing a human presence beyond Earth.
The next step, said Wordsworth, is to demonstrate that their habitats also work in the vacuum conditions present on the Moon. The team also hopes to design a closed-loop production system to produce additional habitats. The Leverhulme Center for Life supported the research through the University grant, the Harvard Origins of Life Grant, and the National Science Foundation.
Watch this newly released video of a UFO flying over Iraq and was caught by a US military helicopter and followed for at least 1.5 minutes or more...some footage may have been held back from being released. Also the US military blacked out all location data, fly speed, size, and other data that might give away the US military base positions. I used Chatgpt to look at a 10 second clip and tell me the speed...and it said the UFO was traveling at 144.4km per hour or 89.8 mph. That means this is no balloon! This is 100% alien technology watching over the most dangerous area on Earth and recording data of human reactions, interactions, and even thoughts as well as other things like food, water, contamination to the soil, animals, people, and so on.
UFO Shoots Out During Thunder Storm, Kingsville, Maryland, July 7, 2025, UAP Sighting News.👽👽👽
UFO Shoots Out During Thunder Storm, Kingsville, Maryland, July 7, 2025, UAP Sighting News.👽👽👽
Date of sighting:July 7, 2025
Location of sighting: Kingsville, Maryland, USA
Source:Email report
UFO often are attracted to storms, the power from the lightning is enough to power a small city for weeks and yet these little UFOs seem to be attracted to it too. Clearly they are syphoning the energy from the lightning to use for themselves...to recharge. I have seen so many videos of similar UFO activity during thunderstorms, that I can 100% confirm these things get a high from the energy output of the storms and they love to boost so much so they will shoot around in excitement after charging. Usually small orbs, but this UFO seems to be much bigger, mini van size or more.
Wat gebeurt er als de magnetische polen van de aarde omdraaien? Het magnetische veld van de aarde onderscheidt haar van de omringende planeten van ons zonnestelsel. Het is een ongelooflijk sterke kracht in het centrum van onze wereld en zijn primaire rol is om onze atmosfeer te beschermen. Zonnewinden, kosmische straling en enorme wolken plasma worden tegengehouden door het schild van de magnetosfeer van de aarde. In een constant bewegend energieveld gedragen de polen van de aarde zich als de verschillende uiteinden van een magneet. Deze polen verschuiven en veranderen ongeveer elke 300.000 jaar van plaats. Het lijkt erop dat we over tijd zijn voor een poolomwenteling; maar wat betekent dat precies?
Klik verder om te ontdekken of mensen een omkering van de magnetische polen van de aarde kunnen overleven.
Afnemende kracht Sommige wetenschappers denken dat het aardmagnetisch veld in sterkte afneemt net voordat het volledig omkeert - iets wat het in het verleden al verschillende keren heeft gedaan.
Afnemende kracht Met andere woorden, als hun magnetisme blijft afnemen, kan dit een poolomwenteling veroorzaken, waarbij noord zuid wordt en zuid noord.
Midden-oceaanruggen Midden-oceaanruggen leveren bewijs van geomagnetische omkeringen. Dit komt doordat tektonische platen van de aardkorst (lithosfeer) uit elkaar bewegen en worden opgevuld met magma.
Magnetische velden Magnetische velden worden opgewekt door bewegende elektrische ladingen. In een staafmagneet zijn de bewegende ladingen elektronen die rondjes draaien in atomen. In de aarde zijn het elektronen die worden verplaatst door circulerende stromen gesmolten ijzer.
Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern De reden dat poolomwentelingen plaatsvinden is nog steeds een mysterie. Wetenschappers denken echter dat het iets te maken heeft met de gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern van de aarde.
Gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern De rotatie van de gesmolten ijzeren buitenkern van de aarde genereert het magnetische veld. De kern koelt langzaam af en er ontstaat beweging door convectie. Stel het je voor als water dat kookt in een steelpan.
Het magnetische veld Maar er is een groot verschil tussen dit proces en een kokende steelpan: er zijn bewegende ladingen aanwezig die het magnetische veld genereren.
Dynamoproces Dit wordt een zelfopwindend dynamoproces genoemd, waarbij de elektrische stromen die in het langzaam bewegende gesmolten ijzer vloeien een magnetisch veld creëren.
Positieve feedbacklus Het magnetische veld induceert vervolgens elektrische stromen. Deze stromen genereren op hun beurt hun eigen magnetische veld dat meer elektrische stromen induceert, in een positieve terugkoppelingslus.
Chaos en mysterie Er ontstaat veel chaos en turbulentie als de gesmolten ijzerkern ronddraait. Deze turbulentie is de meest geaccepteerde verklaring voor poolomkering, maar niemand kan het op dit moment met zekerheid zeggen. Het is nog steeds een mysterie.
Lijnen van aantrekking Magnetische polen bevinden zich waar de magnetische aantrekkingslijnen de aarde binnenkomen. Voor een polariteitsomkering moet het magnetische veld met ongeveer 90% verzwakken tot een drempelniveau. Dit proces kan duizenden jaren duren.
Het World Magnetic Model (WMM) Het World Magnetic Model (WMM), dat gezamenlijk is ontwikkeld door het Amerikaanse National Geophysical Data Center en de British Geological Survey, is een grootschalige ruimtelijke weergave van het magnetische veld van de aarde.
Locatie De noordelijke magnetische pool, ook wel de geomagnetische noordpool genoemd, bevindt zich momenteel bij 80,8 graden noord bij 72,7 graden west, in het Canadese Ellesmere Island.
De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool In 2022 werd gemeld dat de noordelijke magnetische pool zich zo grillig uit het Canadese noordpoolgebied in de richting van Siberië bewoog dat wetenschappers er verbaasd over waren.
De bewegende noordelijke magnetische pool De snelheid waarmee de noordelijke magnetische pool beweegt is sinds het midden van de jaren 90 toegenomen van 15 kilometer per jaar tot 55 kilometer per jaar. De afgelopen jaren is hij zelfs over de internationale datumlijn richting het oostelijk halfrond geslingerd.
Stokken omgooien Het omdraaien van de magnetische polen betekent niet dat de aarde geen magnetisch veld meer zou hebben. Stel je echter voor dat je kompas naar het noorden blijft wijzen, terwijl je eigenlijk naar het zuiden kijkt.
Stokken omgooien Het goede nieuws is dat het leven heeft overleefd en gedijt ondanks poolomwentelingen in het verleden. Het betekent geen wereldwijde catastrofe.
De effecten van een flip Tijdens zonnestormen is er een groter dan normale instroom van energetische deeltjes, die voor ons meestal onschadelijk zijn. Maar voor onze moderne technologie is het een ander verhaal.
Het effect op technologie Geladen deeltjes uit de zonnewind (waar ons magnetisch veld ons normaal gesproken tegen beschermt) zouden verwoestende effecten kunnen hebben op de aarde als de polen zouden omslaan.
De gebeurtenis in Carrington In 1859 maakte een krachtige geomagnetische storm poollicht zichtbaar in het Caribisch gebied en de telegraafsystemen vielen uit. In die tijd waren operators echter in staat om het systeem zonder stroom te laten werken.
Meer impact Als zo'n gebeurtenis vandaag de dag zou gebeuren, zou het, gezien onze afhankelijkheid van technologie, veel vernietigender kunnen zijn. Maar het is een worst-case scenario.
Meerdere palen Er kunnen zich ook meerdere polen vormen wanneer er een omkering plaatsvindt, waardoor navigatiesystemen in de war raken. Maar dit proces kan honderden of zelfs duizenden jaren duren.
Geomagnetische activiteit Het is ook belangrijk om op te merken dat eerdere poolomkeringen niet per se betekenen dat de omkering leidde tot meer vulkanen, aardbevingen of klimaatveranderingen.
Located billions of light-years away, the "Cosmic Owl" is a pair of colliding ring galaxies spotted by the JWST. It's also an "exceptional natural laboratory" for studying how galaxies evolve.
The "Cosmic Owl," as photographed by the James Webb Space Telescope. Each "eye" is an active galactic nucleus, and the "beak" is a nursery of stars.
A new study using JWST data has helped scientists spot an owl-faced object peering out at us from billions of light-years away. Formed through the extremely unusual collision of two rare ring galaxies, the structure also serves as a natural laboratory where researchers can study many of the processes accompanying the evolution of galaxies.
Galaxies come in several shapes, from swirling spirals like our home galaxy, the Milky Way, to the cigar-shaped M82. One slightly more peculiar type are ring galaxies, such as Hoag's Object. These galaxies form when a small galaxy cruises straight through its larger buddy, kicking out stars and gas through shock waves into a ring around a central core.
Ring galaxies are pretty rare, accounting for just 0.01% of all galaxies discovered so far. Even rarer, though, is a pair of ring galaxies detected when colliding — exactly what the "Cosmic Owl" is, as described June 11 in a preprint posted to arXiv. The paper has yet to be peer-reviewed, but the object has already been confirmed by another team that independently detected the same collision — which they dubbed the "Infinity galaxy" in a paper posted to arXiv June 19.
Mingyu Li, a doctoral student in the Department of Astronomy at Tsinghua University in China and the new study's first author, said he and his co-authors discovered the avian-like astronomical spectacle serendipitously.
"We were analyzing all radio sources using public JWST data in a very well-studied region called the COSMOS field," the largest mosaic of the sky, spanning 2 square degrees, he told Live Science in an email. Li added that the colliding galaxy pair immediately stood out because of JWST's high-resolution imaging capabilities.
These snapshots revealed that the galaxies are quite similar; apart from being ring galaxies, both are relatively tiny. Each has a diameter of roughly 26,000 light-years, or about a quarter the diameter of the Milky Way. Additionally, each galaxy's core — which is tightly packed with old stars around a supermassive black hole — forms an eye of the owl. Fine-scale JWST data shows that both black holes, each more than 10 million times the sun's mass, are furiously pulling in surrounding matter, making the galactic cores "active galactic nuclei."
The new study has documented a range of astronomical processes occurring across the "Cosmic Owl," as depicted in this image.(Image credit: Li et al.)
In contrast, the JWST images show that the "beak" — the collisional front between the two galaxies — is "a region of incredibly intense activity," Li said. Drawing on data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, the researchers found that the beak contains an enormous clump of molecular gas. Li described it as "the raw fuel for star formation," being squished by the galaxies' collision-related shock wave. The ALMA data also placed the owl's redshift at 1.14, or approximately 11 billion light-years from us.
Additionally, radio-frequency observations from the New Mexico-based Very Large Array suggest that a jet of charged particles spewing from one galaxy's black hole is slamming into and further compressing the molecular gas cloud. According to Li, the shock wave and the radio jet have together "triggered a massive burst of star formation," transforming the beak into a 'stellar nursery.'"
Simulations of galactic collisions show they last a few hundred million years. In this case, the researchers estimate the collision occurred 38 million years ago, meaning the owl's face will likely remain visible for a long time.
But the owl isn't just visually striking, Li said — it's also "an exceptional natural laboratory because it allows [researchers] to see several critical galaxy evolution processes happening simultaneously in one system."
In fact, the owl has already provided valuable insights about how galaxies form and grow. Li said the bursts of star formation triggered by the galactic collision and radio jets in the beak region "could be a crucial and previously underappreciated mechanism for the rapid and efficient conversion of gas into stars." This could help researchers understand how galaxies built their stellar mass so quickly in the universe's early history, he added.
The researchers plan to study the owl further to understand the physical processes that created it. Li said simulations of the galaxies' gas would help researchers "understand the precise conditions — such as the collision angle and the original structure of the galaxies — that could lead to the formation of such a rare, symmetric 'twin-ring' morphology."
The owl joins several bizarrely shaped astronomical phenomena that JWST previously spotted. These include a question-mark-shaped structure formed from galaxies and a wisp of gas from a newborn star that resembles a cat's tail.
47 Tucanae is the second-brightest globular cluster in the Milky Way and is home to millions of stars. Its core is very small and very bright, and discerning individual stars in the core is a rigorous test forthe Vera Rubin Observatory. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration; Acknowledgment: J. Mack (STScI) and G. Piotto (University of Padova, Italy)
Astronomers have studied the globular cluster 47 Tucanae extensively, but still have many questions. It may have an intermediate mass black hole in its center like Omega Centauri is expected to have. There are reasons to believe it may be the remnant of a dwarf galaxy that was gobbled up by the Milky Way, like other GCs. Also like other GCs, its center is extraordinarily dense with stars, and astronomers aren't certain how far the cluster spreads. Individual stars in 47 Tuc are difficult to observe because they're so tightly packed in the center and because they're difficult to differentiate from field stars on its outer edges. Can the Vera Rubin Observatory help?
Early data from the Vera Rubin and its Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) were designed to test and refine the telescope's system. But it's still good quality data, and researchers are using it to not only understand how the Vera Rubin Observatory (VRO) performs, but also for concrete science results.
New research used the VRO's observations of 47 Tuc to uncover more stellar detail, including identifying stars in its core and in its outer regions. It's titled "47 Tuc in Rubin Data Preview 1: Exploring Early LSST Data and Science Potential." The lead author is Yumi Choi from the National Science Foundations National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona.
"We present analyses of the early data from Rubin Observatory's Data Preview 1 (DP1) for the globular cluster 47 Tuc field," the researchers write in their paper. The data is from four nights of observations with the VRO's Commissioning Camera (ComCam). The ComCam is a smaller 144-megapixel version of the VRO's full 3200-megapixel LSST Camera. The observations were made in the standard multiple bands (ugriz). u: Ultraviolet, g: Green (visible light), r: Red (visible light). i: Near-infrared, z: Further near-infrared.
The left and middle images are both from the VRO's ComCam. The image on the right is from Gaia. In all images, the center of 47 Tuc is tightly packed with stars and saturated with light.
Image Credit: Choi et al. 2025.
The authors explain that they wanted to address challenges in separating stars in 47 Tuc's crowded center from background stars in both the Milky Way and the Small Magellanic Clouds. "We compile a catalog of 3,576 probable 47 Tuc member stars selected via a combination of isochrone, Gaia proper-motion, and color-color space matched filtering," they write.
"The LSST ComCam imaging provided valuable early photometric measurements, while also revealing challenges from crowding, particularly near the core of 47 Tuc and toward the SMC," the authors explain.
The researchers did more than just detect 3,576 probable stars. They also detected RR Lyrae variable stars, which are common in globular clusters, and eclipsing binaries. "Further, we successfully crossmatched known variable stars within the 47 Tuc field against the DP1 data, recovering three RR Lyrae stars and two eclipsing binaries," they write. Eclipsing binaries can be difficult to detect with ground-based telescopes, and so can some variable stars. Despite "sparse temporal sampling" the ComCam was able to find them.
Crowded stellar fields like the tightly-packed core of 47 Tuc are challenging to observe. Astronomers combine multi-wavelength observations from multiple telescopes to achieve results. These first results from the VRO shows it has a big contribution to make. "Overall, while challenges remain, the DP1 data around 47 Tuc convincingly showcase Rubin Observatory’s strong potential for detailed stellar population and variability analyses in crowded stellar fields," the researchers write in their conclusion.
The Omega Centauri globular cluster. Globulars are characterized by their densely-packed centers, where differentiating between individual stars is challenging.
Image Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, Maximilian Häberle (MPIA)
"Continued improvements to the Rubin Science Pipelines and in-kind programs dedicated to crowded-field stellar photometry are expected to deliver even higher-quality results in future DP2 and DR1."
The VRO's main effort will be its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time. The LSST is a wide-field, multi-band survey of the visible sky that is both rapid and deep. Its results will tell us more about multiple issues in astronomy: dark matter, dark energy, supernovae, the Milky Way's structure, and many more. It will also tackle globular clusters.
Astronomers still don't know exactly how GCs form and how they might be connected to a galaxy's dark matter. There are a host of outstanding questions.
Astronomers have hoped that the VRO will not only discover new globulars, but that it will also provide more precise measurements of individual GC stars. By providing precise, multi-band photometry for individual stars over a 10-year period, it will create accurate Color-Magnitude Diagrams (CMD) for vast numbers of stars in GCs. It will also observe tiny shifts in their positions over its decade-long survey. Not only that, but the VRO will observe GCs in other galaxies, allowing comparative study in away that hasn't been possible.
The entire space community has been anticipating the VRO's first light with great enthusiasm. With its first preliminary results in, it looks like the wait has been worth it and the observatory will deliver on its promise.
Mars carbonate rocks seen by Curiosity. Credit: NASA/JPL
Earth is the only habitable world we know of and it remains habitable because of natural cycles that maintain a balanced climate. Earth's carbon cycle plays a critical role in maintaining its temperate climate, and carbonate rocks are a big part of it. Carbonate rocks like limestone and dolomite are huge carbon sinks, and if their carbon was released into the atmosphere, Earth's temperature would spike catastrophically, rendering our planet uninhabitable. Conversely, if all of Earth's carbon were locked away in rock, Earth would likely become glaciated, photosynthesis would cease, and a mass extinction would leave extremophiles as the sole survivors of life's rich, living heritage.
As long as Earth's carbon keeps cycling between rock and atmosphere in a reasonable balance, the planet maintains its habitability.
With Earth's carbon cycle as an example, what can we learn about Mars? There's rock-solid evidence that Mars had habitable conditions in its past, though those conditions haven't persisted. The planet was once warm and wet and is now frigid and dry. What part did a carbon cycle play in Mars's habitability and uninhabitability?
New research in Nature says that Mars went through periods of habitability and uninhabitability due to carbon cycling. It's titled "Carbonate formation and fluctuating habitability on Mars," and the lead author is Edwin Kite. Kite is an associate professor of Planetary Science in the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago.
"The cause of Mars’s loss of surface habitability is unclear, with isotopic data suggesting a ‘missing sink’ of carbonate," the paper states. "Past climates with surface and shallow-subsurface liquid water are recorded by Mars’s sedimentary rocks, including strata in the approximately 4-km-thick record at Gale Crater." Gale Crater was chosen as MSL Curiosity's exploration site largely because Mt. Sharp rises more than 5 km and its layered slopes preserve a stratigraphic geological record of Mars's history. The layers of clays and sulphate-rich deposits show how the planet experienced periods of wetness. The researchers explain that the water was patchy and intermittent, and persisted late into the planet's history.
This figure from 2021 research shows some of the detail in Mt. Sharp's stratigraphic layers. It shows the ancient conditions in which each layer of the mountain formed. Research shows that Mars had alternating periods of wet and dry until it dried out completely about 3 billion years ago.
The researchers draw a parallel between Earth's and Mars's carbon cycles. They write that Mars's patchy and intermittent surface water is best explained by a carbon cycle that locks carbon away into sedimentary carbonate rocks. The research is based on NASA's MSL Curiosity rover and its exploration of Gale Crater. It landed there almost 13 years ago to study the crater's geology. Among other findings, it measured carbonate materials in the crater and found that they make up 11% of the rocks in the region.
Mars once had a carbon-rich atmosphere, and the authors reference a paper by other researchers showing that stratigraphic layers and carbonate rocks in Gale Crater are clear evidence of that cycle. What drove the cycle?
"Here we show that a negative feedback among solar luminosity, liquid water and carbonate formation can explain the existence of intermittent Martian oases," Kite and his co-researchers write. They developed a model to illustrate and explain what happened to Mars.
The researchers say that as the Sun has brightened over billions of years, that increasing luminosity supported liquid surface water on Mars. Just like on Earth, available water combined with atmospheric carbon to form weak carbonic acid. That acid created carbonate weathering that acts as a natural thermostat by sequestering carbon into rock.
But things didn't end there. The atmosphere's loss of carbon reduced carbon dioxide's contribution to Mars's atmospheric pressure. The lower atmospheric pressure allowed water to more easily vaporize away into the atmosphere. The researchers say that Mars underwent cycles of wet periods and dry periods due to chaotic orbital forcing.
This figure shows histograms of the durations of wet events at Gale and globally in blue. Red shows durations of dry intervals within the time span of wet events. The three different lines of each type correspond to three different random orbital histories. Globally dry periods are sometimes very long and could have driven any surface life to extinction.
Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.
Mars suffers from unpredictable and chaotic changes to its axial tilt that affects its climate, and this forcing drives Mars's carbon cycle and its ancient periods of wet habitability and dry uninhabitability. "The negative feedback restricted liquid water to oases and Mars self-regulated as a desert planet," the researchers explain. The researchers also explain that Gale Crater's stratigraphic record "...faithfully records the expected primary episodes of liquid water stability in the surface and near-surface environment."
During these cycles, the atmosphere eventually thickens and approaches water's triple point. The triple point is a specific combination of pressure and temperature wherein water can exist in equilibrium in all three phases: vapour, liquid, and solid. Water's triple point is 0.01 °C (273.16 K) and 611.73 pascals (0.006 atm). The researchers explain that this restricted the sustained stability of liquid water and the planet's surface habitability.
This figure from the research illustrates the researchers' model. a shows the distribution of carbonate detections in sedimentary rocks and soil on Mars, with yellow showing abundant detections, red showing no detections, and brown representing unexplored areas. b shows the fluxes and feedbacks for geologic carbon and climate regulation on Mars and Earth. On Earth, volcanic CO2 output is regulated by rapid carbonate formation. On Mars, solar brightening increased the temperature slowly and is balanced by slow carbonate formation. However, Mars' chaotic orbital forcing means that water is only available for carbonate formation intermittently during orbital optima, leading to intermittent periods of warmth and surface water.
Image Credit: Kite et al. 2025. Nature.
The researchers' model has limitations just as all models do. For example, it assumes that the carbonate content at Gale Crater is representative of the whole of Mars. For this reason, they present their research as a testable idea rather than a definitive conclusion.
"Carbonate formation and surface liquid-water availability are linked by a negative feedback that can explain fluctuating habitability on Mars," the authors write in their conclusion. They write that this cycle can potentially explain the intermittent and patchy nature of oases on Mars, and the sedimentary rocks that entomb those oases. They also say their model can explain how Mars's surface habitability came to an end, a question that has motivated scientists for a long time, and speaks to our wider questions about life elsewhere in the Universe.
1.5 Mile UFO Caught On Telescope On Moon Recorded by Me! 60 Min of video doesn't lie! June 29, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.
1.5 Mile UFO Caught On Telescope On Moon Recorded by Me! 60 Min of video doesn't lie! June 29, 2025, UFO UAP Sighting News.
Date of sighting:June 29, 2025 11:06 pm
Location of sighting: Earths moon
Source:Self
Guys I recorded this last week and finally got the time to make a video and share it. I caught a white reflective craft on the moons surface and it looks to be almost a triangle in shape. I believe it to be between 1.5-3.5 miles across. I have a whole hour of video of this but only took 4 photos, two caught the craft, the other two did not. I believe the flashing is caused by the spacecraft being loaded or unloaded of heavy materials, the moon still has gravity and it would tilt the spacecraft. This is 100% proof of alien activity on Earths moon. This flashing is coming from the Mara Crisium region.
Scott C. Waring
Video coming...it's 4k and 20 with 15 min or so of raw footage. Youtube says 90 minutes to process video....OMG!
A sign from reptilian aliens for us to one day find. UFO UAP sighting news, google earth map discovery
A sign from reptilian aliens for us to one day find. UFO UAP sighting news, google earth map discovery
The sceenshot above shows the stripes going down the body of the reptile alien
Date of discovery: July 6, 2025
Location of discovery: Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
Coordinates: 81°16'59.53"N 79°50'30.64"W
You ever come across something thats big, I mean real big and others don't seem to grasp its significance? Well thats today. I found a figure that is very reptilian in the mountains of an island called Ellesmere. The figures head is actually not covered in snow...but its neck, chest two arms and two legs are fully covered in snow, but the outline of the mountain range is visibly outlining them for us. This might be more visible if it was all snow or no snow at all, since the head is has not snow. The head...let's talk about that. Its head has only the left side visible, its eye, its open mouth, its long nose and long neck. And the lines or stripes going down and around this reptiles body are just amazing. Only the reptilians made it 25km long.
But why did they do it? Why did we carve human faces in Mount Rushmore, Crazy Horse Memorial, the LeShan Giant Buddha? Because we wanted to remember someone important to us. It's what all intelligent species do...those faces on Mars, the moon ect...that what they are.
A volcano in the throes of eruption truly is a force of nature.
Molten rock, ash and gases from deep within the Earth’s mantle find their way up to the surface and either flow slowly out of a fissure or explode suddenly into the air.
In recent years there have been a number of high-profile eruptions, including ones in Italy and Indonesia.
Now, experts are warning that hundreds of dormant volcanoes around the world will likely become more active and erupt thanks toclimate change.
Researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the USA said melting glaciers could be silently setting the stage for more explosive and more frequent eruptions in the future.
And areas such as North America, New Zealand and Russia could be at risk, they said.
‘Glaciers tend to suppress the volume of eruptions from the volcanoes beneath them,’ Pablo Moreno-Yaeger, one of the study’s authors, explained.
‘But as glaciers retreat due to climate change, our findings suggest these volcanoes go on to erupt more frequently and more explosively.’
Mount Etna, Europe's most active volcano, spewed a gigantic plume of ash four miles (6.5km) into the sky as a pyroclastic flow burst from a crater earlier this month
This is Mount Etna's 14th eruptive phase in the last few months, with the most recent dangerous eruption taking place last summer
The Yellowstone supervolcano is a vast reservoir of magma with the potential to unleash a category eight eruption over 100 times more powerful than Krakatoa, experts have warned
His team used argon dating and crystal analysis across six volcanoes in southern Chile, including the now dormant Mocho-Choshuenco volcano, to investigate how the Patagonian Ice Sheet’s advance and retreat influenced past volcanic behaviour.
By precisely dating previous eruptions and analysing crystals in erupted rocks, the team tracked how the weight and pressure of glacial ice altered the characteristics of magma underground.
They discovered that during the peak of the last ice age – around 26,000-18,000 years ago – thick ice cover suppressed the volume of eruptions and allowed a large reservoir of magma to accumulate up to 15km below the surface.
But as the ice sheet melted rapidly at the end of the last ice age, the sudden loss of weight caused the Earth’s crust to ‘relax’ and gasses in the magma to expand.
This buildup of pressure triggered explosive volcanic eruptions from the deep reservoir.
‘The key requirement for increased explosivity is initially having a very thick glacial coverage over a magma chamber, and the trigger point is when these glaciers start to retreat, releasing pressure – which is currently happening in places like Antarctica,’ Mr Moreno-Yaeger said.
‘Our study suggests this phenomenon isn’t limited to Iceland, where increased volcanicity has been observed.
‘Other continental regions, like parts of North America, New Zealand and Russia, also now warrant closer scientific attention.’
In photo released by Geological Agency (Badan Geologi) of the Indonesia's Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki spews volcanic materials during an eruption in East Flores, Indonesia, Monday, July 7, 2025
Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki erupted on Monday at 11:05 am local time (03:05 GMT), Indonesia's volcanology agency said in a statement
Mount Spurr, an 11,000-foot-tall volcano, sits 77 miles from Anchorage, Alaska. A recent uptick in seismic activity has had scientists on alert for an imminent eruption
The researchers explained that increased volcanic activity could have global climate impacts.
In the short term, eruptions release aerosol that can temporarily cool the planet, as seen after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, which reduced global temperatures by around 0.5°C.
However, with multiple eruptions, the effects reverse.
‘Over time the cumulative effect of multiple eruptions can contribute to long-term global warming because of a buildup of greenhouse gases,’ Mr Moreno-Yaeger said.
‘This creates a positive feedback loop, where melting glaciers trigger eruptions, and the eruptions in turn could contribute to further warming and melting.’
The research was presented at the Goldschmidt Conference in Prague.
According to Eric Dunham, an associate professor of Stanford University's School of Earth, energy and Environmental Sciences, 'Volcanoes are complicated and there is currently no universally applicable means of predicting eruption. In all likelihood, there never will be.'
However, there are indicators of increased volcanic activity, which researchers can use to help predict volcanic eruptions.
Researchers can track indicators such as:
- Volcanic infrasound: When the lava lake rises up in the crater of an open vent volcano, a sign of a potential eruption, the pitch or frequency of the sounds generated by the magma tends to increase.
- Seismic activity: Ahead of an eruption, seismic activity in the form of small earthquakes and tremors almost always increases as magma moves through the volcano's 'plumbing system'.
- Gas emissions: As magma nears the surface and pressure decreases, gases escape. Sulfur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it are a sign of increasing amounts of magma near the surface of a volcano.
- Ground deformation: Changes to a volcano's ground surface (volcano deformation) appear as swelling, sinking, or cracking, which can be caused by magma, gas, or other fluids (usually water) moving underground or by movements in the Earth's crust due to motion along fault lines. Swelling of a volcano cans signal that magma has accumulated near the surface.
One of science's most challenging puzzles comes from the fact that the universe is currently expanding faster than it was right after the Big Bang.
But scientists now claim they have found a surprising solution to this decades-old problem.
The Earth, the solar system, and the entire Milky Way are positioned near the centre of a giant, mysterious hole, they say.
Since the cosmos is expanding faster in this local void than elsewhere in the universe, it creates the illusion that expansion is accelerating.
This radical solution could help solve the problem scientists call the 'Hubble tension', but it is not without its problems.
Most importantly, our standard view of the universe suggests that matter should be distributed fairly evenly in space without any massive holes.
However, new research shared at the Royal Astronomical Society’s National Astronomy Meeting claims that the 'sound of the Big Bang' supports this theory.
According to these new observations, it is 100 million times more likely that we are in a void than not.
The Earth, solar system, and Milky Way may be stranded inside an enormous, mysterious hole (AI-generated impression)
One of science's big problems is the fact that the rate of expansion in the current universe is about 10 per cent faster than it was in the early universe. Scientists call this problem the 'Hubble tension'
The Hubble tension arises out of something called the Hubble constant, which records the rate at which the universe is expanding outwards.
We measure this by looking at objects like galaxies and working out how far away they are and how fast they are moving away.
Dr Indranil Banik, an astronomer from the University of Portsmouth, told MailOnline: 'In particular, the expansion rate today is about 10 per cent faster than expected.
'The present expansion rate is the most basic parameter of any cosmological model, so this is indeed a serious issue.
'Imagine if two different measurements of the length of your living room differed by 10 per cent, but both rulers were made by reliable companies. It is like that, but for the whole Universe.'
Dr Banik's novel solution to this issue is to suggest that it is just the things near Earth that are accelerating faster, rather than the whole universe.
One solution to the Hubble tension is to assume Earth is in a void about one billion light years across and 20 per cent less dense than the universe at large. Matter would be drawn to the edges by gravity, making it seem like the cosmos was expanding faster near Earth
This could be because the Milky Way is near the centre of a low-density void about a billion light-years across and about 20 per cent less dense than the universe as a whole.
If there were a large region with very little matter inside, objects in this hole would be pulled by gravity towards the denser regions at the edges.
As the void empties out, objects will be moving faster away from Earth than they otherwise would be, creating the illusion that the expansion of the universe has sped up.
If this could be proven, it would resolve the Hubble tension without having to add any extra factors like Dark Energy to explain why the universe is accelerating.
The only issue is that the standard model of the universe typically suggests that matter should be fairly evenly spread out on such a large scale.
However, Dr Banik says that the latest observations of the 'sound of the Bing Bag' support this idea.
In the first few seconds of the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe was in the form of a super-hot plasma made up of photons and particles called baryons.
As this plasma was squeezed by gravity, it bounced back out, sending acoustic 'sound' waves rippling through the cosmos.
Scientists say that this theory is supported by the 'sound of the Big Bang', ripples in matter left behind by the initial explosion and still visible in the lingering radiation
These small ripples spread out in the first few seconds of the Big Bang and were frozen in space, creating patterns in the distribution of galaxies. Measurements of these patterns suggest we may be in a void
When the universe cooled, those waves were frozen in place and left a regular pattern of peaks and troughs in the distribution of galaxies known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO).
In a large local void where space is expanding quickly, those ripples will appear to be closer than they should be.
Dr Banik says the latest measurements of the BAO line up better with the existence of a void than they do with a smooth universe.
He says: 'Looking at all the BAO measurements over the last twenty years, the local void model is about one hundred million times more likely than having no void.'
The Big Bang Theory is a cosmological model, a theory used to describe the beginning and the evolution of our universe.
It says that the universe was in a very hot and dense state before it started to expand 13,7 billion years ago.
This theory is based on fundamental observations.
In 1920, Hubble observed that the distance between galaxies was increasing everywhere in the universe.
The Big Bang Theory is a cosmological model, a theory used to describe the beginning and the evolution of our universe, based on observations - including the cosmic background radiation (pictured), which is a like a fossil of radiation emitted during the beginning of the universe, when it was hot and dense
This means that galaxies had to be closer to each other in the past.
In 1964, Wilson and Penzias discovered the cosmic background radiation, which is a like a fossil of radiation emitted during the beginning of the universe, when it was hot and dense.
The cosmic background radiation is observable everywhere in the universe.
The composition of the universe - that is, the the number of atoms of different elements - is consistent with the Big Bang Theory.
So far, this theory is the only one that can explain why we observe an abundance of primordial elements in the universe.
There's no doubt EasterIsland is geographically one of the most isolated places on Earth.
More than 2,000 miles off the coast of Chile, it was first settled by humans around AD 1200, who built its famous enlarged head statues.
Historically, the original inhabitants, known as the Rapa Nui, were assumed to have long been completely shut off from the wider world.
However, a new study by researchers in Sweden challenges this long-held narrative.
They say the 63.2 sq mile island in the southern Pacific was not quite as isolated over the past 800 years as previously thought.
In fact, the island was populated with multiple waves of new inhabitants who bravely traversed the Pacific Ocean from west to east.
'Easter Island was settled from central East Polynesia around AD 1200-1250,' study author Professor Paul Wallin at Uppsala University told MailOnline.
'The Polynesians were skilled sailors so double canoes were used.'
Located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, Easter Island was first settled by humans around AD 1200, who built its famous enlarged head statues, called moai
There's no doubt Easter Island (pictured) in the southern Pacific is geographically one of the most isolated places on Earth
Due to its remote location, Easter Island is traditionally assumed to have remained socially and culturally isolated from the wider Pacific world.
This idea is reinforced by the fact that Easter Island's famous Moai statues, estimated to have been built between AD 1250 and 1500, are unique to the location.
The huge human figures carved from volcanic rock were placed on rectangular stone platforms called 'ahu' – essentially tombs for the people that the statues represented.
For their study, the team at Uppsala University compared archaeological data and radiocarbon dates from settlements, ritual spaces and monuments across Polynesia, the collection of more than 1,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Their results, published in the journal Antiquity, show that similar ritual practices and monumental structures have been observed across Polynesia.
The experts point out that ahu stone platforms were historically constructed at Polynesian islands further to the west.
These rectangular clearings were communal ritual spaces that, in some places, remain sacred to this day.
'The temple grounds ahu [also known as marae] exist on all East Polynesian islands,' Professor Wallin added.
Map of the Pacific with the East Polynesian cultural sphere indicated. Note Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in a more isolated location further east
Pictured, ahu (a central stone platform) on Mo’orea, Windward, French Polynesia, southern Pacific Ocean
Archaeologists have analysed ritual spaces and monumental structures across Polynesia, questioning the idea that Easter Island (pictured) developed in isolation following its initial settlement
EASTER ISLAND TIMELINE
13th century: Easter Island (Rapa Nui) is settled by Polynesian seafarers.
Construction on some parts of the island's monuments begins.
Early 14th to mid-15th centuries: Rapid increase in construction
1600: The date that was long-thought to mark the decline of Easter Island culture.
Construction was ongoing.
1770: Spanish seafarers landed on the island. The island is in good working order.
1722: Dutch seafarers land on the island for the first time.
Monuments were in use for rituals and showed no evidence of societal decay.
1774: British explorer James Cook arrives on Rapa Nui
His crew described an island in crisis, with overturned monuments.
The team agree that an early population of people spread from the west of the Pacific to the east before encountering Easter Island and populating it around AD 1200.
But they argue that Easter Island was populated several times by new seafarers – not just once by one group who remains isolated for centuries as previously assumed.
'The migration process from West Polynesian core areas such as Tonga and Samoa to East Polynesia is not disputed here,' they say in their paper.
'Still, the static west-to-east colonization and dispersal suggested for East Polynesia and the idea that Rapa Nui was only colonized once in the past and developed in isolation is challenged.'
Based on their evidence, they also think ahu originated on Easter Island before the trend spread east to west across other western Polynesian islands during the period of AD 1300-1600.
It was only after this that Polynesian islands – including but not limited to Easter Island – might have become isolated from each other.
As hierarchical social structures developed independently – at Easter Island, Tahiti and Hawai'i for example – large, monumental structures were built to display power.
Overall, the study indicates there were robust 'interaction networks' between Polynesian islands, which allowed the transfer of new ideas from east to west and back again.
The Moai are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island, between AD 1,250 and 1,500
Ultimately, arrival of European explorers at Easter Island in the 18th century led to a rapid decline of the population, brought on by murder, bloody conflict and the brutal slave trade – although the population there may have already been weakening.
Today, Easter Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with only a few thousand inhabitants.
But it attracts large numbers of tourists, largely thanks to its monumental and world-famous stone statues that stare sternly out over the island.
Tourism, which has grown exponentially on the island over the last 20 years, has come at a price, according to co-author Professor Helene Martinsson-Wallin.
'When I was there in the 1980s, the sandy beach was white and there were almost no people around,' she said.
'When I came back in the early 00s, I thought the sand looked blue, and when I looked closer I saw that it was due to tiny, tiny pieces of plastic washed up by the sea from every corner of the Earth.'
The Moai are monolithic human figures carved by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island, between 1,250 and 1,500 AD.
All the figures have overly-large heads and are thought to be living faces of deified ancestors.
The 887 statues gaze inland across the island with an average height of 13ft (four metres).
Nobody really knows how the colossal stone statues that guard Easter Island were moved into position.
Nor why during the decades following the island’s discovery by Dutch explorers in 1722, each statue was systematically toppled, or how the population of Rapa Nui islanders was decimated.
Shrouded in mystery, this tiny triangular landmass, stranded in the middle of the South Pacific and 1,289 miles from its nearest neighbour, has been the subject of endless books, articles and scientific theories.
All but 53 of the Moai were carved from tuff , compressed volcanic ash, and around 100 wear red pukao of scoria.
What do they mean?
In 1979 archaeologists said the statues were designed to hold coral eyes.
The figures are believed to be symbol of authority and power.
They may have embodied former chiefs and were repositories of spirits or 'mana'.
They are positioned so that ancient ancestors watch over the villages, while seven look out to sea to help travellers find land.
But it is a mystery as to how the vast carved stones were transported into position.
In their remote location off the coast of Chile, the ancient inhabitants of Easter Island were believed to have been wiped out by bloody warfare, as they fought over the island's dwindling resources.
All they left behind were the iconic giant stone heads and an island littered with sharp triangles of volcanic glass, which some archaeologists have long believed were used as weapons
70 jaar oud UFO-mysterie in Aalter: monument opgeknapt op plek van 5 vliegende schotels in 1955
70 jaar oud UFO-mysterie in Aalter: monument opgeknapt op plek van 5 vliegende schotels in 1955
Artikel door Radio 2, Niki Vandriessche
Op een warme zomerdag, op 21 juli 1955, zag de toen 18-jarige paracommando Marin Vandercruyssen, 5 grote zilveren schijven geruisloos boven de toenmalige E5 (nu E40) zweven, in de buurt van Lotenhulle. De schijven vormden een formatie van 3 vooraan en 2 achteraan, vergelijkbaar met het Olympische logo. Een 20-tal autobestuurders stopten in het midden van de weg en stapten uit om toe te kijken.
Volgens Vandercruyssen hadden de schijven elk een diameter van ongeveer 100 meter. Ze zweefden 10 minuten lang in stilte over het veld, waarna ze plotseling verdwenen. Vandercruyssen, die als sterrenkundige en militair goed bekend was met vliegtuigen, was er zeker van dat het geen conventionele toestellen waren.
Van scepticisme tot officiële erkenning: het ontstaan van het monument
Toen Marin pas in 2004 het verhaal aan het gemeentebestuur van Aalter voorlegde, werd dit in eerste instantie niet serieus genomen. Maar toch gaf het bestuur de toenmalige eerste schepen Dirk De Smul (CD&V), zelf een geboren Lotenhullenaar, de opdracht om de zaak te onderzoeken.
De Smul vond al snel een andere betrouwbare getuige, "Meester Pol", een oud-onderwijzer die het verhaal bevestigde. Op 10 mei 2004 werd door het college van burgemeester en schepenen officieel erkend dat er iets van waarheid in het verhaal moest zitten. "Wij geloven Vandercruyssen. Wij bestaan toch ook. Waarom zou er in de gigantische kosmos dan geen ander ontwikkeld leven kunnen zijn?", zei De Smul toen aan de pers.
Op 2 juli, Wereld UFO-dag, werd het monument uiteindelijk plechtig onthuld op de hoek van de Steenweg op Deinze en de Eikenlaan. De tekst op de gedenksteen vermeldt de datum, het aantal getuigen en de naam van Marin Vandercruyssen, met 5 ovale symbolen, en een foto van de jonge paracommando.
Meer dan een gedenksteen
Sommige inwoners vroegen zich af of ze daarvoor belastingen moesten betalen, maar het kostte Aalter niets. De gemeentearbeiders zorgden enkel voor het gieten van het betonnen blok waarin de plaquette is verwerkt. De plaquette zelf werd geschonken door Vandercruyssen, de oorspronkelijke UFO-spotter.
Het UFO-monument van Lotenhulle is meer dan een eenvoudige gedenksteen, stelt de gemeente: "Het is een zeldzaam voorbeeld van lokale erkenning van iets wat wereldwijd speelt. Werp zeker eens een blik op Lotenhulle de volgende keer dat u over de E40 richting kust rijdt. Misschien herinnert het u eraan dat we nog lang niet alles begrijpen van wat er zich in de lucht afspeelt."
Differences in the gravitational pull between the Earth and the Moon will make July 9, July 22 and August 5 unusually short.
(Image credit: Francesco Carta fotografo/Getty Images)
Earth is expected to spin more quickly in the coming weeks, making some of our days unusually short. On July 9, July 22 and Aug. 5, the position of the moon is expected to affect Earth's rotation so that each day is between 1.3 and 1.51 milliseconds shorter than normal.
A day on Earth is the length of time needed for our planet to fully rotate on its axis — approximately 86,400 seconds, or 24 hours. But Earth's rotation is affected by a number of things, including the positions of the sun and moon, changes to Earth's magnetic field, and the balance of mass on the planet.
Since the relatively early days of our planet, Earth's rotation has been slowing down, making our days longer. Researchers found that about 1 billion to 2 billion years ago,a day on Earth was only 19 hours long. This is likely because the moon was closer to our planet, making its gravitational pull stronger than it is now and causing Earth to spin faster on its axis.
The Effects of Climate Change: Crash Course Biology #9
Since then, as the moon has moved away from us, days on average have been getting longer. But in recent years, scientists have reported variations in Earth's rotation. In 2020, scientists found that Earth was spinning more quickly than at any point since records began in the 1970s, and we saw the shortest-ever recorded day on July 5, 2024, which was 1.66 milliseconds shy of 24 hours, according to timeanddate.com.
On July 9, July 22 and Aug. 5, 2025, the moon will be at its furthest distance from Earth's equator, which changes the impact its gravitational pull has on our planet's axis. Think of the Earth as a spinning top — if you were to put your fingers around the middle and spin, it wouldn't rotate as quickly as if you were to hold it from the top and bottom.
With the moon closer to the poles, the Earth's spin speeds up, making our day shorter than usual.
These variations are to be expected, but recent research suggests that human activity is also contributing tothe change in the planet's rotation. Researchers at NASA have calculated that the movement of ice and groundwater, linked to climate change, has increased the length of our days by1.33 milliseconds per century between 2000 and 2018.
Single events can also affect Earth's spin: the 2011 earthquake that struck Japanshortened the length of the day by 1.8 microseconds. Even the changing seasons affect Earth's spin,Richard Holme, a geophysicist at the University of Liverpool, told Live Science via email.
"There is more land in the northern hemisphere than the south," Holme said. "In northern summer, the trees get leaves, this means that mass is moved from the ground to above the ground — further away from the Earth's spin axis.” The rate of rotation of any moving body is affected by its distribution of mass. When an ice skater spins on the spot, they rotate faster when their arms are tight to their chest, and slow themselves down by stretching their arms out. As Earth’s mass moves away from its core in summer, its rate of rotation must decrease, so the length of the day increases, Holme explained.
Of course, on the days in question our clocks will still count 24 hours. The difference isn't noticeable on the individual level.
The only time we would see a change to time zones is if the difference between the length of day is greater than 0.9 seconds, or 900 milliseconds. Though this has never happened in a single day, over the years our clocks fall out of sync with the position of the planet. This is monitored by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), which will add a "leap second" to UTC as needed to bring us back in line.
Rapa Nui Was NOT as Isolated As Previously Thought
For decades, archaeologists have painted a picture of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) as the ultimate frontier of Polynesian civilization - a remote outpost that developed in complete isolation after its initial settlement around 1200 AD. This narrative has dominated Pacific archaeology, portraying the island's famous moai statues and ceremonial complexes as the products of a society cut off from the wider Polynesian world.
However, groundbreaking new research from Uppsala University, published in Antiquity has shattered this long-held assumption, revealing that Rapa Nui was not merely a recipient of Polynesian culture but an active innovator whose ceremonial ideas spread back across the Pacific, influencing the development of sacred sites throughout East Polynesia.
The Westward Wave: How Easter Island Exported Sacred Architecture
The revolutionary findings, soon to be published in the prestigious journal Antiquity, present compelling radiocarbon evidence that challenges the traditional west-to-east cultural diffusion model. Professors Paul Wallin and Helene Martinsson-Wallin, leading experts in Pacific archaeology, have discovered that the complex marae temple structures - rectangular ceremonial clearings that served as the spiritual heart of Polynesian communities - actually originated earlier on remote Rapa Nui than on the supposedly more connected central islands.
A traditional marae temple structure on Raiatea in French Polynesia. These rectangular ceremonial complexes, once thought to have developed from west to east, now appear to have originated on remote Easter Island before spreading westward.
"The most important finding is that, based on C-14 dating, we can observe an initial west-to-east spread of ritual ideas," explains Professor Wallin in the Antiquity press release. "However, the complex, unified ritual spaces (known as marae) show earlier dates in the east." This discovery fundamentally rewrites our understanding of cultural exchange in the ancient Pacific, suggesting that innovation could flow in both directions across the vast oceanic distances.
The research team's comprehensive analysis of archaeological data across East Polynesia has revealed three distinct phases of ritual development that paint a far more nuanced picture of ancient Pacific civilization:
Phase One: The Initial Expansion (1200-1400 AD) During the first phase, ritual practices focused on fundamental activities like burials and communal feasting, marked by simple stone uprights. This period reflects the traditional west-to-east migration pattern, as settlers carried their ancestral practices from the core areas of Tonga and Samoa to the far reaches of the Pacific.
Phase Two: The Rapa Nui Innovation (1400-1600 AD) The second phase witnessed a revolutionary development: the emergence of sophisticated marae temple complexes. Contrary to all previous assumptions, radiocarbon dating reveals that these elaborate ceremonial structures first appeared on Rapa Nui before spreading westward through existing exchange networks to central East Polynesia. This represents a complete reversal of the expected cultural flow.
Phase Three: The Age of Monumental Expression (1600-1800 AD)The final phase saw increased isolation leading to internal cultural development. As hierarchical societies evolved independently on islands like Rapa Nui, Tahiti, and Hawaiʻi, massive, monumental structures were erected as displays of power and spiritual authority, including the iconic moai statues that would become Rapa Nui's most famous legacy.
This artist's illustration shows the Giant Impact that created the Moon. When the protoplanet Theia struck Earth more than 4 billion years ago, it may have delivered important chemicals to Earth that enabled life to appear. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle
How did Earth, alone among the Solar System's rocky planets, become the home for life? How, among all this frigid lifelessness, did our planet become warm, hospitable, and life-sustaining? The answer to these questions is complex and multi-faceted, and part of the answer comes from cosmochemistry, an interdisciplinary field that examines how chemical elements are distributed.
The Solar System is a busy place where everything is in motion. It was even more chaotic 4.5 billion years ago, with planets still forming and planetesimals and planetary embryos whizzing around and crashing into one another. Somehow, in all that chaos, Earth received more than its share of carbonaceous chondrites and the amino acids and other life-enabling chemicals that came with them.
Cosmochemistry studies have shown that between 5% and 10% of Earth's mass came from carbonaceous chondrites that crashed into the young planet. Studies also show that a large chunk of that came from the Theia impactor that created the Moon. To test these ideas more rigorously, a trio of researchers used dynamical simulations of the Solar System's formation to see if they could replicate it.
The research is titled "Dynamical origin of Theia, the last giant impactor on Earth." The lead author is Duarte Branco from the Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences at the Lisbon Astronomical Observatory in Portugal. The research will be published in the journal Icarus.
One of the critical distinctions in cosmochemistry is the difference between carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) and non-carbonaceous meteorites (NCs). It divides the Solar System's meteor population into two groups and suggests that the Solar System contains two distinct reservoirs of material. CCs formed further from the Sun, likely beyond Jupiter, and carry more volatiles like water and organic compounds with them. NCs include things like iron meteorites, and contain fewer volatiles.
In order to test the idea that Theia delivered CCs and volatiles to Earth, the researchers ran detailed simulations of the Solar System. These were N-body simulations of the later stages of the growth of terrestrial planets.
The simulations began in the late stages of planetary growth after the Solar System's gaseous disk was dispersed. The available solid mass was divided into planetesimals and planetary embryos. The simulation included CCs that were scattered inward as Jupiter and Saturn were still growing and accreting matter. Because of the size distinction between planetesimal and planetary embryos, embryos have a higher possibility of interacting with the terrestrial planets and delivering CC material.
The researchers ran three types of simulations. The first they call small only and includes only small CC objects, or planetesimals. The second they call large only and includes only large CC objects, planetary embryos. The third includes both CC planetesimals and embryos and is called the mixed scenario.
For a subset of 10 simulations from each of those scenarios, they included the effect of the giant planet dynamical instability. This is known as the "Nice model" in astronomy and describes how the giant planets shifted their orbits from where they initially formed.
The goal was to determine how CCs and NCs were distributed in the Solar System and to understand how Earth ended up with more CCs than the other rocky planets, especially Mars. The researchers also wanted to understand if the Theia impact could be responsible for delivering a large amount of Earth's CC material.
One clear result is that the role of giant planet instability, especially Jupiter's shift to a different orbit, had a pronounced effect on Earth's accretion of CC material.
This figure shows snapshots from the mixed simulation scenario without giant planet dynamical instability. In early times, CC objects and NC bodies mix together where the terrestrial planets are forming. Some CCs remained orbiting between planets or were still too far to collide. By the simulation's end, four terrestrial planets existed, including good analogues for Earth and Mars.
Image Credit: Branco et al. 2025. Icarus
When the researchers added giant planet dynamical instability, things looked even more interesting. "The giant planet instability dramatically changed the evolution of the system causing a strong pulse of eccentricity excitement, which lead to a wave of collisions and ejections," the authors write. However, the final state of the system didn't change much.
This figure shows eccentricity and position snapshots over the time of the simulation, including giant planet dynamical instability. The final snapshot is the real Solar System.
Image Credit: Branco et al. 2025. Icarus
A critical part of the simulations concerns the Theia impactor. Previous research suggests that Theia may have been a carbonaceous object. If that's true, much of Earth's life-giving habitability may have resulted from that collision.
"In the mixed scenario with no giant planet instability, Earth’s final impactor included a CC component in more than half of all simulations. In 38.5% of simulations, the final impactor was a pure CC embryo, and in another 13.5%, the impactor was an NC embryo that had previously accreted a CC embryo," the researchers write.
Overall, the simulations paint a picture of the early Solar System where two distinct rings of planetesimals. An inner ring consisting of rocky planetesimals and an outer ring of carbonaceous chondrites. Later, as the ice giants migrated inward, they propelled CC material into the inner Solar System. Some of these were trapped in the asteroid belt, while more massive ones were preferentially scattered into the orbits of the rocky planets. "The late-stage accretion of the terrestrial planets involved a series of giant impacts between NC embryos and planetesimals, with occasional impacts of CC objects," the authors explain.
This scenario explains several things about the Solar System. It explains the masses and orbits of the terrestrial planets, and the orbital distribution of asteroids. It also matches the CC mass fraction of Earth and Mars, where Mars lacks the same concentrations of CC material as Earth. If the small only simulation were correct, where CC material was only in the form of planetesimals, the CC mass fraction of Mars and Earth would be roughly the same.
This figure compares the timing of the last giant impacts in 10 mixed simulations that were run both with and without the giant planet instability. The black line represents the point where both values are equal. Each point has two halves with the left half representing the impactor type in the simulation without the giant planet instability and the right half representing the simulation with the giant planet instability. Dry NC impactors are black, CC embryos are blue and CC+NC mixed embryos are green.
Image Credit: Branco et al. 2025. Icarus
The researchers set out to show that, in line with other research, Theia could've been Earth's final large impactor and that it contained ample CC material. They appear to have succeeded.
In the simulations, Earth's final giant impact was with Theia, and that object had higher concentrations of CC material which helped make Earth habitable. That result is in line with scientific thinking. The work shows that the last impact was after between 5 to 150 million years after gas dispersal. A large fraction of those were within 20 to 70 million years. There are uncertainties in the timing of the Theia impact and these results work within those.
The simulations also support other conclusions showing that CC embryos and planetesimals could've been accreted throughout Earth's growth, but were concentrated in later phases of growth.
"Within the context of this scenario, the last giant impactor on Earth contained a CC component in roughly half of all of the mixed simulations," the authors write. "In the majority of these (38% of simulations), Theia was a pristine CC embryo, and in the remainder of cases Theia was an NC embryo that had previously accreted a CC embryo."
The research also shows that Jupiter played an important role in the Solar System's architecture. It not only truncates the asteroid belt, but played an important role in determining the final composition of the terrestrial planets by scattering CC material from the outer Solar System into the path of the rocky planets, especially Earth.
A million things had to be just right for Earth to become the life-sustaining world it is today. How likely it is that there are other worlds out there like it is unknown. It may take more than being in a habitable zone for an exoplanet to support life. There may be a bewildering number of variables that have to go right, including outer giant planets that migrate and deliver carbon to rocky worlds in habitable zones.
Huge glowing sphere just appeared out of nowhere shocks Alberta residents
Huge glowing sphere just appeared out of nowhere shocks Alberta residents
An Alberta couple captured something extraordinary on camera during the evening of July 2, 2025. Just after a powerful lightning strike near their home in Rich Valley, Alberta, they saw what they described as a ball of fire hovering roughly 20 feet above the ground.
“It just appeared out of nowhere,” one of them recalled. “A big, glowing sphere hanging in the air — and then, just like that, it vanished.”
The main stream media are trying to blame this on the weather speculating the glowing orb could be ball lightning, an elusive and still-unexplained weather phenomenon reported for centuries. Often described as floating spheres of light, ball lightning has defied scientific consensus.
But could it be more than just an atmospheric anomaly?
A similar sighting occurred in 2016 in Russia’s Novosibirsk Region, where a massive, luminous sphere was seen drifting silently across a field before vanishing into nearby woods. That object, see image below, too, appeared after intense lightning activity and left experts just as baffled.
Is this truly a rare natural phenomenon? Or are we witnessing something beyond the scope of conventional science, a window into technology or intelligence we don’t yet understand?
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
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