The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
15-06-2025
Shapeshifting UFO Over Sacramento No Kings Protests, California June 14, 2025, UAP Drone Sighting News.
Shapeshifting UFO Over Sacramento No Kings Protests, California June 14, 2025, UAP Drone Sighting News.
Date of sighting: June 14, 2025
Location of sighting: Sacramento, California, USA
Source: Email Report at scwaring @ yahoo.com
Guys this is so cool. It's not often we get a shapshifing UFO. They are mostly reported seen in Central and South America. This one seems to have been flying over the area due to the No Kings protests going on about US President Trump. I believe the aliens are watching the protests in order to gather data not just on that days activities, but to use the data for the big picture...to predict the political future and direction of the United States. I love how it changes shape and has this fuzzy static white glow all around it the whole time. This is rare.
Strange structures under water, google earth map, UFO UAP Sighting News. 📰 archeology discovery 🤠
Strange structures under water, google earth map, UFO UAP Sighting News. 📰 archeology discovery 🤠
Date of discovery: June 15, 2025
Location of discovery: 8°41'48"S 115°26'36"E
Location name: Jungutbatu, Bali island, Indonesia
Now I have been to Bali island once about 15 years ago and its got a lot of mysterious cultural phenomenon that we in the US would not understand. I just loved it! I'm 70% sure this is an underwater city, because the only way to confirm that is to fly there and see for yourself diving. I remember seeing lots of ruins in Bali. But the long rectangles do resemble ancient homes foundations built side by side. This is a curious situation here. What ever it is...it's mind boggling. So many unknown things on the bottom of the ocean left to find.
Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
Strange structures under water, google earth map, UFO UAP Sighting News. 📰archeology discovery?
Top 10 Little-Known UFO Sightings With Multiple Witnesses
Top 10 Little-Known UFO Sightings With Multiple Witnesses
Most UFO sightings are witnessed by only one person, which makes it harder to convince others that the sighting was not just a figment of someone’s imagination. However, some encounters take place in front of multiple witnesses—and this changes things entirely.
Even if these events are not alien in nature, the fact th/ /at so many people witnessed these incidents at the same time means that “something” took place. Perhaps more importantly, this suggests that these episodes are not purely the products of the imagination.
10 Lesser-Known UFO Crash Incidents
10. Hudson Valley Sightings - New York, Early 1980s
With Fourth of July celebrations fast approaching in late June 1983, part of the evening sky over New York’s Hudson Valley was awash with fireworks. This was the result of early Independence Day celebrators. Out of the mini explosions of color suddenly came a low humming sound that brought with it a huge disc-shaped craft “about the width of 16 or 17 houses!”
Hudson Valley UFO Sightings, 1982 - 1986
As it hovered over the witnesses, the strange humming ceased and the craft simply hung in the air in chilling silence. Several minutes after the UFO first appeared, the humming began again and the disc shot off at great speed.
This was just one of many UFO sightings in Hudson Valley in the early 1980s. But it was not the only one to have multiple witnesses to the event.
On March 24, 1983, there were so many reports of a sighting of a strange craft and weird lights in the sky of Yorktown that the town’s switchboard almost went into meltdown. That evening, the Taconic parkway became gridlocked with vehicles that had stopped suddenly. Their mesmerized drivers now stood beside their cars staring up at the assumed UFO passing over them.
9. Arthur Kill River Incident - New Jersey Turnpike, 2001
On the evening of July 14 and into the morning of July 15 in 2001, at least 15 people witnessed strange golden-orange lights over the Arthur Kill River at the New Jersey Turnpike. They appeared to be in a V-formation. However, it wasn’t clear from the many accounts if the lights were separate entities or if they belonged to one large V-shaped craft.
Others reported that the lights were in a more “scattered” formation and simply disappeared into the night sky one by one. Newark Airport was contacted, but they hadn’t detected anything abnormal on their radar. According to the National Weather Service, there was no unusual weather that evening, either.
Witness Veronica Bagley managed to capture the lights on video. Meanwhile, another witness, Patty Ercallino, stated that the whole incident was “very peaceful, very serene, and very beautiful.” She even believed that they had observed “some type of miracle!”
8. The Cosford Incident - Western England, 1993
According to UFO expert Nick Pope, over 100 people reported seeing a UFO on the evening of March 30 and into the early hours of March 31, 1993, over the west of England. What’s more, many observers were active police and military personnel. Pope worked on the case personally as was his remit during the time he spent with the British Ministry of Defense.
Most sightings described triangular craft that moved through the night sky at a blistering pace. One particular witness—a policeman—was with a group of scouts on the Quantock Hills in Somerset. They described the objects as “like two Concordes flying side by side and joined together!”
There were more reported sightings in Cornwall, Devon, and West Midlands as well as over two RAF bases in Shropshire—RAF Shawbury and RAF Cosford. Neither base managed to pick up the mysterious craft on radar. At the time, Pope described this in his report as being of “considerable defense significance” that should be investigated further.
7. Ellsworth Air Force Base Sighting - South Dakota, 1953
Numerous military personnel saw a UFO on the evening of August 5, 1953, near Ellsworth Air Force Base. There were also 45 concerned residents of nearby towns who witnessed the bizarre events.
The first sighting was reported just after 8:00 PM in the town of Blackhawk. Mrs. Kellian, a volunteer member of the Ground Observer Corp, had observed a strange glowing red light in the clear night sky.
As she was trained to do, she reported her sighting immediately. She was eventually put through to the on-duty radar operator at Ellsworth Air Force Base.
The craft was picked up on radar clearly heading toward the base. An F-84 jet fighter on patrol in the area was directed toward the object. As the F-84 got to within 5 kilometers (3 mi) of the disc-like craft, the UFO moved away fast.
Although the F-84 attempted to give chase, it was unable to match the UFO’s speed and returned to Ellsworth. A second F-84 made its way to the area. The pilot confirmed that he could visually see the object. Also unable to keep up with the UFO, the F-84 suffered strange malfunctions of his aircraft.
6. Exeter - New Hampshire, 1965
Norman Muscarello was hitchhiking home to Exeter, New Hampshire, in the early hours of September 3, 1965. Patiently making his way along Route 150 as he looked out for his next potential ride, Muscarello noticed a strange light in the dark early morning sky. Within seconds, the light was heading straight toward him.
1965 🇺🇸 #UFOB [CASE] Sightings - UFO at Exeter NH, witnessed by Norman Muscarello
Fearing that he would be struck by the strange craft, Muscarello flung himself to the ground on the roadside. However, at the last moment, the UFO changed direction. Muscarello got up and fled the area as quickly as he could.
Around an hour earlier a short distance away, Eugene Bertrand, an on-duty policeman, had come across a parked vehicle on the side of the road. Inside sat a woman who frantically informed Bertrand that she had been chased by a “flying object.”
However, Bertrand assured the woman that there was no cause for concern. Genuinely believing that the lady had been mistaken, he went on his way.
It was around 3:00 AM by the time Muscarello made his way to the Exeter Police Station. Shortly after, Bertrand returned and listened to the story himself. He then drove the young man back to Route 150 to investigate.
After parking on the same stretch of road, the two men soon spotted the strange craft. As it had done before, the object moved closer to the pair. Unnerved, the two men quickly made their way back to the police car. A short time later, calls about more sightings began to flood in.
5.The Greifswald Lights - Germany, 1990
Strange spherical lights had been reported regularly from the coast along the Baltic Sea from the beginning of August 1990. By August 24, the lights appeared to have moved inland and were reported by residents of Greifswald, a coastal town in eastern Germany.
At first, the strange spheres hovered in the air almost motionless for around 30 minutes. Many witnesses managed to capture photographs and even video footage. The case is regarded as one of the best-documented UFO sightings.
UFO Greifswald Lights - August 24, 1990 Germany
It seemed to consist of two separate sets of lights. The first set formed a circle and remained largely still. When they did move, they moved as one. The second set of lights seemed to be in the shape of a Y. Of more import, they appeared to move freely of each other.
Neither the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) nor mainstream scientists have been able to offer a solid or satisfactory explanation.
4. Fort Beaufort - South Africa, 1972
Bennie Smit believed without a doubt that he and his workers had witnessed a strange craft over his farm on June 26, 1972. However, he firmly believed that they had seen a top secret military craft and not visitors from another world.
Smit’s farm sat about 16 kilometers (10 mi) away from Fort Beaufort, a town in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. On that June morning, Smit found his workers cowering in a shed on the farm. They claimed that something strange was hovering above the trees in one of the fields.
Smit went to investigate and did indeed see a strange object. The farmer promptly fired at it with his .303 rifle. He maintained that his aim was correct and that he did hit the target. The bullets, however, had no effect.
Smit contacted the local police, who arrived just in time to see the craft landing on the ground. The UFO appeared to be the same shape as an oil drum, with three distinct “legs” underneath it.
One of the policemen, Sergeant Kitching, also fired his weapon at the craft. The UFO appeared to react to the discharge this time. The strange object began to change color from black to green. Then it turned yellow before finally becoming a pale white.
The witnesses heard a “whirring” sound before the craft took off from the field and vanished.
On August 11, 2014, hundreds of people in Houston saw a circle of lights in the evening sky. Pictures spread like wildfire over social media accounts. When video footage of the encounter was made available on the Internet, however, it became apparent that the lights were moving independently and were not a static circle.
Dr. Carolyn Sumners of the Houston Museum of Natural Science cautioned that no one should assume that the strange object was an alien visitor. With UFO sightings, she stated, we need to figure out what else it could be instead of aliens. However, no official explanation or theory has since been made available.
UFO Skeptic SHOCKED By Sighting Over Houston Texas! 5/14/16
Witnesses to the event have their own theories about it. Not surprisingly, many believe that the lights were indeed extraterrestrial in origin. However, others think they saw a government drone or even the reflection of lights from a nearby football stadium.
2. Mass UFO Sighting During Baseball Game - Vancouver, Canada, 2013
During a minor league baseball game between the Vancouver Canadians and the Everett AquaSox in 2013, hundreds of people had their attention drawn away from the game as a strange object appeared over the field.
The UFO had a triangular shape with lights around its edges. Even the players seemed to notice the aerial anomaly. One spoke on social media after the contest about the “alien spaceship” that had been seen.
Captured On Camera: UFO Spotted Hovering At Canadian Baseball Game
Many photographs and videos soon surfaced online, although no official explanation was initially offered. A local newspaper, however, speculated that the UFO could have been—and most likely was—a remote-control helicopter.
But the truth about this “UFO” was revealed just a couple of weeks later. The whole thing was a marketing ploy to publicize a new planetarium theater at the H.R. MacMillan Space Center in Vancouver.
Maybe that’s why Vancouver had more UFO sightings in 2013 than any other Canadian city.
1. The Trindade UFO Incident - 1958
In October 1957, the Brazilian navy set up a scientific research base on the island of Trindade. By January 1958, they were witness to some of the most bizarre UFO sightings of the 20th century.
Upon establishing the base, personnel began to report strange silvery objects that seemed to be observing their actions. On the morning of New Year’s Day 1958, the entire garrison witnessed a strange light passing overhead. The following evening, a glowing object circled around one of the navy ships for 10 minutes. It executed sudden and precise turns as it did so.
On January 6, Commander Carlos A. Bacellar launched a weather balloon. However, he realized that the signals it should have been emitting had suddenly stopped. When he looked at the sky, he saw the balloon being “sucked up” into a cloud and disappearing.
1958: UFO Sighting at Trindade Brazil [FULL VERSION]
Ten minutes later, it reappeared, only without its instruments. A little while later, a silver object exited the same cloud and calmly made its way from the scene.
On January 16, the entire crew of a navy ship off the coast of the island witnessed a strange bright object. It was making its way over the ship and toward the island. One observer managed to take several photographs of the airborne craft. Once the photographs had been developed, they were promptly released to the press.
Het Multi-Witness 2003 Huntingdon-incident en de Discrete Indiana UFO-golf
Het Multi-Witness 2003 Huntingdon-incident en de Discrete Indiana UFO-golf
Daags na Kerstmis 2003, in Huntingdon, Indiana, waren drie politieagenten getuige van een bizar luchtobject dat midden op de dag over de stad bewoog. Alle drie de getuigen zagen het object onafhankelijk van elkaar en vanop verschillende plaatsen. Hoewel het onbekend, blijkbaar nieuwsgierig object minder dan een minuut zichtbaar was, is de waarneming rijk aan details en, gezien de beroepsgroep van de getuigen, wordt het beschouwd als een geloofwaardige UAP-waarneming.
Hoewel de Huntingdon-ontmoeting werd gepubliceerd in lokale kranten, zou het al snel aan het licht komen dat verschillende waarnemingen van een bijna identiek object plaatsvonden in de Hoosier State binnen dezelfde tijdsperiode als de waarneming die door de drie politieagenten werd gerapporteerd, wat suggereert dat er een toename van waarnemingen discreet had plaatsgevonden in Indiana in de laatste weken van 2003.
Het incident kwam onder de bredere publieke aandacht via een artikel getiteld 'Het Object van Hun Ergernis' in de editie van 4 januari 2004 van The Herald-Press, en hoewel er sindsdien weinig extra aan het licht is gekomen, blijft het incident, zoals we zullen zien, van belang voor UFO-onderzoekers en -onderzoekers vandaag de dag..
Een Anomalie in de Lucht Op Een Koude Wintermiddag!
Het was rond 14:30 op een bijzonder koude wintermiddag op 26 december 2003 in Huntingdon, Indiana, toen de buiten dienst zijnde politieagent Chip Olinger de sleutel in het contact van zijn auto omdraaide om de motor op te warmen. Terwijl de motor soepel draaide tegen de harde winteromgeving van het Amerikaanse Midwesten, merkte Olinger iets ongewoons op in de heldere, blauwe decemberlucht.
Olinger verklaarde later aan de krant dat hij in eerste instantie dacht dat hij naar "een parachute die je kunt sturen" keek. (Het was) zwart en gebogen!" Nadat hij echter enige tijd naar de luchtanomalie had gekeken, realiseerde hij zich al snel dat er geen piloot was, wat uitsloot dat hij naar een parachute keek. Hij bleef kijken terwijl het object "een langzame rol" begon voordat het ondersteboven draaide, en nu leek het op "een enorme set vogelvleugels!" Deze rol ging door, terwijl het object leek te veranderen in iets "langwerpigs en oranje van kleur!"
Olinger greep onmiddellijk naar deze politieradio om de waarneming te melden aan de meldkamer van de politie van Huntingdon, evenals om te verzoeken dat andere beschikbare agenten proberen het object te lokaliseren en hun locatie te rapporteren. Slechts enkele momenten later gaven twee mede-politieagenten van Huntingdon – Greg Hedrick en Randy Hoover – aan dat zij het mysterieuze object ook konden zien.
Hedrick was in de keuken van het politiebureau toen hij de radionotificatie hoorde. Hij stapte naar buiten en zag meteen het vreemde object boven zich, later beweerde hij dat het eruitzag als een 'band in de lucht!' Hoover daarentegen verliet het politiebureau via de achterdeur toen Olinger's oproep binnenkwam. Hij keek onmiddellijk omhoog en verklaarde later dat het object 'zo groot was, dat ik het binnen de kortste keren opmerkte!' Hij legde uit dat het object leken te 'zweven (en) breed rond te draaien' voordat het in één positie bleef hangen en een feloranje kleur leek aan te nemen (hoewel we moeten opmerken dat alle getuigen het erover eens waren dat deze plotselinge oranje gloed waarschijnlijk de reflectie van de middagzon was in plaats van dat het vaartuig fysiek van kleur veranderde).
Lights Over West Michigan | 1994 UFO Sighting Special
Vanaf zijn plaats van waarneming leek het voor Olinger dat het object "vast zou komen te zitten aan de toren van de kerk" terwijl het achter het gebouw verdween. In totaal was het object niet meer dan een minuut zichtbaar, waarschijnlijk eerder 45 seconden, voordat het uit het zicht verdween.
Een gebeurtenis die normaal gesproken "de noodlijnen zouden roodgloeiend doen staan!"
Verrassend genoeg waren op die koude decembermiddag de politieagenten zelf de enige getuigen van de vreemde gebeurtenissen. Olinger verklaarde dat hij dit extreem vreemd vond en dat dergelijke gebeurtenissen normaal gesproken "de noodlijnen zouden roodgloeiend doen staan!" Uiteindelijk werd er geen enkele 911-oproep gedaan door een andere publieke getuigen om het bizarre luchtobject te melden, en de drie politieagenten waren de enige getuigen van de merkwaardige gebeurtenissen. En het was Olinger – de agent die de anderen waarschuwde voor de aanwezigheid van het object – alleen die het vreemd object zag toen hij toevallig op dat moment in die richting keek.
De drie getuigen besloten, deels vanwege de enorme gebrek aan andere rapporten over het object, te stoppen met spreken over de gebeurtenissen en het stil te houden, uit angst dat ze het onderwerp van spot – of erger – zouden worden. Na slechts enkele dagen, echter, konden ze de gebeurtenissen niet uit hun gedachten zetten en besloten ze een officieel rapport op te stellen. Enkele dagen later verscheen het krantenartikel in de Herald-Press.
Alle drie de getuigen waren er zeker van dat ze die middag iets volkomen ongewoons hadden waargenomen. Ze legden uit dat ze er geen twijfel over hadden dat het object mechanisch van aard was en dat er "niets bekends was waarmee ze het konden associëren!" Hoover voegde eraan toe dat hij "nooit echt bang was, ik was gewoon volslagen verbaasd!"
Toen de dominee van de kerk waar het object boven zweefde om commentaar werd gevraagd, antwoordde hij dat dit "de eerste keer was dat hij ervan hoorde". Hij voegde eraan toe dat ze niet alleen niets ongewoons hadden gezien op de bewuste dag, maar dat ook geen van zijn parochianen hem had gemeld het merkwaardige object te hebben gezien. Ook toen de twee nabijgelegen vliegvelden – Huntingdon Municipal Airport en Fort Wayne Smith's Field – werden benaderd met de vraag of ze afwijkende radargegevens hadden voor de bewuste datum, antwoordden beiden dat ze niets hadden dat wees op iets "ongewoons" op de middag van 26 december 2003.
Hoewel de drie politieagenten die middag schijnbaar de enige getuigen waren van dit vreemde object boven Huntingdon, werden er in de periode tussen Kerstmis en Nieuwjaar van 2003 en begin 2004 verschillende andere soortgelijke meldingen van bizarre en mogelijk buitenaardse vaartuigen gemeld vanuit de hele staat Hoosier.
De waarneming in Dearborn
Hoewel de exacte datum niet bekend is, is een incident dat zich enkele weken vóór de waarneming in Huntingdon in Dearborn, Lawrenceberg County, begin tot half december afspeelde, onze aandacht waard. Volgens het rapport liep een anonieme buurtbewoner rond 19.00 uur op de bewuste avond met zijn hond rond toen hij een extreem helder, gloeiend object aan de donkere hemel zag.
Wat vooral interessant was, zowel voor de getuige als voor de buurtbewoners die later van zijn waarneming hoorden, is dat dit de derde waarneming van hetzelfde vaartuig boven Dearborn in de afgelopen dagen was. Beide eerdere waarnemingen resulteerden erin dat het vreemde licht simpelweg over de hemel bewoog en in de verte verdween. Die avond bleef het gloeiende object echter zichtbaar. Sterker nog, het leek de getuige alsof het hen naar huis volgde.
De getuige zette zijn wandeling voort en kwam uiteindelijk thuis aan. Hij ging naar binnen en bleef daar twee of drie minuten. Vervolgens besloot hij naar buiten te gaan, naar zijn tuin, om te kijken of het object nog steeds zichtbaar was. Tot zijn verbazing zweefde het object bijna recht boven hem op een hoogte van ongeveer 150 meter.
Na de melding zou blijken dat een tiener uit de buurt en een vrouw het object tegelijk met de hoofdgetuige hadden gezien, elk vanaf een andere locatie. Wat het precies was, blijft echter een compleet mysterie.
Het incident bij Lake Monroe
Slechts twee dagen voor de waarneming boven Huntingdon, rond 19.00 uur op kerstavond in Heltonville, werd er opnieuw een afwijkend object gemeld. De hoofdgetuige – wederom een anonieme persoon – was op hun terrein "net ten zuiden van Lake Monroe" bezig met wat werkzaamheden aan het gebouw voordat ze er in het nieuwe jaar zouden intrekken. Ze werkten in de badkamer, met het enige licht in de kamer dat door een dakraam in het plafond viel, en nu de zon allang weg was, was dat licht minimaal.
Plotseling echter lichtte de hele kamer plotseling op "alsof het daglicht was!" De bron van dit plotseling verschijnende licht kwam duidelijk van buiten, en de getuige, nu even geïntrigeerd als wat dan ook, pakte zijn jas en liep naar de tuin. Zodra ze naar buiten stapten, veranderde de zenuwachtigheid die in hen opkwam in een gevoel van complete shock. Daar, recht boven hun hoofd, bewoog een "blauwachtig-witachtige schijf" zich langzaam door de lucht, ongeveer 60 meter boven de grond. De gloed van dit object zorgde ervoor dat het buitengebied leek op "daglicht", waarbij de hele directe omgeving baadde in de witte gloed.
De getuige bleef toekijken hoe het object over het hoofd vloog en richting het nabijgelegen bos ging. Terwijl het dat deed, schoten "felle lichten" van onderaf het bos in. De getuige bleef buiten en observeerde het object totdat het in de verte verdween. Net als bij de andere waarnemingen die we hier hebben onderzocht, werd er nooit een verklaring gegeven voor het bizarre vaartuig.
Een geval van computerinterferentie – De waarneming in Tipton County
Bijna precies een week later, op oudejaarsavond 2003 – en slechts vijf dagen na de waarneming bij daglicht in Huntingdon – vond er opnieuw een bizarre gebeurtenis plaats in Kimpton, Tipton County. Rond 19:30 uur op de bewuste avond was de getuige – een anonieme computerreparateur – bij een klant thuis, midden in een computerreparatie, toen zijn avond een dramatische wending nam.
Tijdens de reparaties merkten ze dat het computersysteem zich vreemd begon te gedragen. Ze verklaarden in hun rapport dat niet alleen de harde schijf van het systeem plotseling "niet meer reageerde", maar dat de "CMOS BIOS-instellingen (helemaal) verkeerd waren!" Ze stelden verder dat alleen iemand die fysiek de instellingen van de computer ingaat, tot dergelijk gedrag zou kunnen leiden. Aangezien de eigenaar van de computer een "complete beginner" was, was het onwaarschijnlijk dat ze iets hadden gedaan (of deden).
Op dat moment grapte de getuige met de klant of er recentelijk "UFO-activiteit" in de omgeving was geweest, en insinueerde dat dit de oorzaak zou kunnen zijn geweest van de bizarre activiteit die op het systeem werd weergegeven. Omdat het al laat werd en de nieuwjaarsviering al begon, bood de getuige aan het systeem mee terug te nemen zodat hij het volledig kon testen en het vervolgens weer volledig werkend aan de klant kon teruggeven, waarmee de klant akkoord ging.
Ze brachten het systeem samen naar de auto van de computerreparateur en plaatsten het op de achterbank. Terwijl ze dat deden, zagen ze echter een "fel wit licht" boven hun hoofd. Ze keken er beiden enkele ogenblikken naar voordat de bomen in de buurt hun zicht begonnen te belemmeren. De getuige nam afscheid van de klant en vertrok. In plaats van naar huis te gaan zoals gepland, besloot hij echter plotseling in de richting van het vreemde, gloeiende object te gaan.
Een object dat meer dan twee uur in zichtbaar bleef
De getuige bleef minutenlang in de richting van het object rijden, vastbesloten om precies te zien wat het was, en arriveerde uiteindelijk aan de rand van de stad. Hier, vlakbij het hoofdspoor, zetten ze hun voertuig aan de kant van de weg. Daar, recht voor hen – op een "zeer heldere nacht" – zweefde een "object ter grootte van een honkbal" in de lucht. Ze bleven enkele ogenblikken precies waar ze waren, zonder het object uit het oog te verliezen, bijna gefascineerd door het object.
Toen, zich herinnerend dat het oudejaarsavond was en dat ze eerdere afspraken hadden, dwongen ze zichzelf de auto opnieuw te starten en vertrokken naar huis. Het object bleef echter de hele rit zichtbaar – en toen het begon te "slingeren" en "loopings" begon te maken, brachten ze hun auto weer tot stilstand. Terwijl hij dat deed, merkte hij dat verschillende andere automobilisten ook hun auto's langs de kant van de weg hadden stilgezet, ogenschijnlijk om de gloeiende anomalie in de lucht beter te kunnen bekijken.
De getuige kwam uiteindelijk net op tijd thuis om zich om te kleden en zijn gasten te verwelkomen voor een afgesproken oudejaarsfeest. Zelfs op dat moment, vanuit het huis van de getuige, was het object nog steeds zichtbaar en duidelijk zichtbaar in de lucht. 's Avonds stelden de vrienden van de getuige voor om naar een club te gaan en daar het nieuwe jaar in te luiden. De getuige, die beweerde dat hij wat krap bij kas zat, spoorde zijn vrienden aan om te gaan en zei dat hij graag thuis wilde blijven. Zodra ze vertrokken waren, ging de getuige rechtstreeks naar zijn achtertuin.
Hoewel het een bijzonder koude nacht was, niet in de laatste plaats door het (inmiddels) late tijdstip, bleef hij meer dan twee uur in de tuin naar het object kijken. Hij merkte op dat het van kleur was veranderd, van een helder blauwwit naar een trots geeloranje. Rond 22:20 uur ging de telefoon. Aan de andere kant van de lijn zat een familielid die vroeg of hij hem om 23.00 uur kon ophalen bij een tankstation waar hij werkte. De getuige stemde toe en 20 minuten later, rond 22.40 uur, stapte hij in zijn auto en vertrok.
Op weg naar het tankstation realiseerde de getuige zich dat hij het object niet meer kon zien. Hij wist niet zeker of het verdwenen was of dat het zich net buiten zijn gezichtsveld bevond, afgesneden door de bomen. De getuige gaf echter in zijn verslag aan dat ze "dit (soort) object vrij vaak zien", meestal op weg naar huis van lessen die ze volgen in het nabijgelegen Indianapolis. Wat het object zou kunnen zijn en welke intelligentie erachter schuilgaat, blijft echter onbekend.
Weinig bekende waarnemingen die enorme inzichten bieden
De waarnemingen die we hier hebben beschreven, zijn zowel interessant als nuttig. Ten eerste lijkt het erop dat er in december 2003 een golf van waarnemingen plaatsvond boven Indiana – waarnemingen met opmerkelijk vergelijkbare details en die suggereerden dat dezelfde intelligentie – wat die intelligentie ook mag zijn – achter elk van hen schuilging. Ze dienen ook als herinnering dat dit soort pieken waarschijnlijk vaker voorkomen dan we denken. Het is bijvoorbeeld gemakkelijk dat deze meldingen verloren gaan als geïsoleerde, zelfs onbelangrijke waarnemingen. Wanneer we ze echter samen bekijken, zien we dat er zich eind 2003 iets vreemds afspeelde boven de staat Hoosier.
We zouden kunnen overwegen hoeveel andere waarnemingen alleen al in december 2003 vanuit Indiana ongerapporteerd bleven, hetzij uit desinteresse, hetzij uit angst voor spot. We zouden dat echter verder kunnen uitdiepen en bekijken hoeveel meer waarnemingen ongerapporteerd bleven, niet alleen in Amerika maar over de hele wereld, door de decennia heen. Als elke UFO-waarneming en -ontmoeting gedocumenteerd was en de gegevens veilig bewaard waren, zouden we wellicht ontdekken dat deze vreemde objecten – wat ze ook mogen zijn – veel vaker voorkomen in de hemel dan zelfs de UFO-gemeenschap zou denken.
De waarnemingen die we hier hebben onderzocht, zijn dan ook twee decennia later nog steeds belangrijk en interessant voor UFO-onderzoekers en -liefhebbers, en vormen een extra, zij het klein, onderdeel van het algehele beeld van UFO's en buitenaardse wezens.
De korte video hieronder bekijkt enkele van de beste UFO-waarnemingen van over de hele wereld..
OORDEEL VAN DE EXPERTEN De centrale bewering draait om verschillende onverklaarbare waarnemingen in Indiana eind 2003, met als kern een spraakmakende zaak in Huntingdon, waarbij drie lokale politieagenten onafhankelijk van elkaar melding maakten van een merkwaardig object in de lucht. Voorstanders van het verhaal benadrukken de geloofwaardigheid van getuigen van de politie en het feit dat latere waarnemingen in de staat Indiana aan dezelfde afwijkende beschrijving leken te voldoen.
Tegenstanders en sceptici suggereren alledaagse verklaringen zoals reflecties, experimentele vliegtuigen of verkeerde identificaties van natuurverschijnselen. Hoewel er geen sluitend bewijs is gevonden – geen radarbevestigingen, fotografisch bewijs of grootschalige meldingen van burgers – maken consistente getuigenverklaringen het moeilijk om de zaak direct te verwerpen. Officiële verklaringen blijven schaars, waardoor de vraag open blijft of er werkelijk iets ongewoons is gebeurd in de lucht boven Indiana.
Uitspraak: Niet doorslaggevend Meerdere geloofwaardige getuigenissen voeden het debat, maar de afwezigheid van solide bewijs staat definitieve conclusies in de weg.
NASA has been monitoring a strange anomaly in Earth's magnetic field: a giant region of lower magnetic intensity in the skies above the planet, stretching out between South America and southwest Africa.
This vast, developing phenomenon, called the South Atlantic Anomaly, has intrigued and concerned scientists for years, and perhaps none more so than NASA researchers.
The space agency's satellites and spacecraft are particularly vulnerable to the weakened magnetic field strength within the anomaly, and the resulting exposure to charged particles from the Sun.
The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) – likened by NASA to a 'dent' in Earth's magnetic field, or a kind of 'pothole in space' – generally doesn't affect life on Earth, but the same can't be said for orbital spacecraft (including the International Space Station), which pass directly through the anomaly as they loop around the planet at low-Earth orbit altitudes.
During these encounters, the reduced magnetic field strength inside the anomaly means technological systems onboard satellites can short-circuit and malfunction if they become struck by high-energy protons emanating from the Sun.
NASA Explores Earth's Magnetic 'Dent'
These random hits may usually only produce low-level glitches, but they do carry the risk of causing significant data loss, or even permanent damage to key components – threats obliging satellite operators to routinely shut down spacecraft systems before spacecraft enter the anomaly zone.
Mitigating those hazards in space is one reason NASA is tracking the SAA; another is that the mystery of the anomaly represents a great opportunity to investigate a complex and difficult-to-understand phenomenon, and NASA's broad resources and research groups are uniquely well-appointed to study the occurrence.
"The magnetic field is actually a superposition of fields from many current sources," geophysicist Terry Sabaka from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt, Maryland explained in 2020.
The primary source is considered to be a swirling ocean of molten iron inside Earth's outer core, thousands of kilometers below the ground. The movement of that mass generates electrical currents that create Earth's magnetic field, but not necessarily uniformly, it seems.
A huge reservoir of dense rock called the African Large Low Shear Velocity Province, located about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) below the African continent, is thought to disturb the field's generation, resulting in the dramatic weakening effect – which is aided by the tilt of the planet's magnetic axis.
"The observed SAA can be also interpreted as a consequence of weakening dominance of the dipole field in the region," said NASA Goddard geophysicist and mathematician Weijia Kuang in 2020.
"More specifically, a localized field with reversed polarity grows strongly in the SAA region, thus making the field intensity very weak, weaker than that of the surrounding regions."
Satellite data suggesting the SAA is dividing.
(Division of Geomagnetism, DTU Space)
While there's much scientists still don't fully understand about the anomaly and its implications, new insights are continually shedding light on this strange phenomenon.
For example,one studyled by NASA heliophysicist Ashley Greeley in 2016 revealed the SAA slowly drifts around, which was confirmed by subsequent tracking from CubeSats in researchpublished in 2021.
It's not just moving, however. Even more remarkably, the phenomenon seems to be in the process of splitting in two, with researchers in 2020 discovering that the SAA appeared to be dividing into two distinct cells, each representing a separate center of minimum magnetic intensity within the greater anomaly.
Just what that means for the future of the SAA remains unknown, but in any case, there's evidence to suggest that the anomaly is not a new appearance.
A study published in July 2020 suggested the phenomenon is not a freak event of recent times, but a recurrent magnetic event that may have affected Earth since as far back as 11 million years ago.
If so, that could signal that the South Atlantic Anomaly is not a trigger or precursor to the entire planet's magnetic field flipping, which is something that actually happens, if not for hundreds of thousands of years at a time.
Obviously, huge questions remain, but with so much going on with this vast magnetic oddity, it's good to know the world's most powerful space agency is watching it as closely as they are.
"Even though the SAA is slow-moving, it is going through some change in morphology, so it's also important that we keep observing it by having continued missions," said Sabaka.
"Because that's what helps us make models and predictions."
An earlier version of this article was published in August 2020.
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The Inter-universal Teichmüller Theory, an infamous proof that has confounded mathematicians for over a decade, has been partially solved.
Crop circles, like this one in England, are sometimes misinterpreted as alien messages. They've got nothing on the complexity of the Inter-universal Teichmüller Theory — a math proof so complicated it's been dubbed the "alien's language".
(Image credit: Abstract Aerial Art via Getty Images)
Imagine this scenario: Scientists have intercepted a transmission from analien race. It's clear that the message comes from an intelligent being, but everything about it — the syntax, the grammar, the context — is unintelligible to us Earthlings.
That's how most mathematicians feel about the Inter-universal Teichmüller Theory (IUT), a proof introduced by mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki over a decade ago in an attempt to solve the famous ABC conjecture, one of the most famous unsolved problems in number theory, which deals with the sum of prime numbers and has implications on many other conjectures.
IUT bears so little resemblance to other branches of math that it's been nicknamed the "alien's language." Only about 20 people in the world have managed to comprehend it to any extent. But now, a 28-year-old engineer named Zhou Zhongpeng has made significant progress in demystifying IUT.
Mochizuki developed IUT in the early 2000s and published it across a series of four preprints in 2012. The proof is over 2,000 pages long, and Mochizuki claims it offers a solution to the ABC conjecture. If proven, the conjecture could help clarify other major mathematical enigmas, such as Fermat's Last Theorem — a nearly 400-year-old theorem that states no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The theorem was first solved by mathematician Andrew Wiles in 1995, but Zhou's new framework could prove the theorem in much fewer steps.
However, IUT employs concepts and symbols that are wholly unique in the world of math. In other words, Mochizuki essentially created his own mathematical language — and it confounded many of the world's leading mathematicians. A few brave souls, including mathematician Ivan Fesenko, have chipped away at parts of it and lent some credence to Mochizuki's claims. Yet despite existing for over a decade, IUT has not been fully verified by peer review because it is so difficult to understand.
Enter Zhou. He has a background in mathematics, having studied graph theory as a doctoral candidate, but he ultimately left before completing his degree to work as a software engineer. However, this didn't diminish his interest in pure math. He became obsessed with IUT, studying the theory in his spare time despite a busy workweek. Over the course of five months, he detailed several refinements and new applications in apaper, which he sent to both Mochizuki and Fesenko. The work, if correct, proves the majority of cases of generalized Fermat's Last Theorem, using principles from IUT.
The mathematicians were impressed; Fesenko even offered to fly him out to Westlake University in China, where he works. Zhou accepted the offer and is currently working under Fesenko's tutelage on furthering the proof. There are myriad potential applications of this work, ranging from cryptography and quantum computing to a better understanding of space-time — but only if they're comprehensible to other researchers.
And parts of IUT still remain inscrutable. It will likely be years before someone cracks it fully, if at all. "Those papers are based on the research of predecessors; my work has only made some minor innovations and explorations, and I hope to contribute a modest amount to the relevant field," Zhou said in asocial media post.
Editor's Note: This story was corrected at 5:00 p.m. EDT on June 4 to correct the formatting of Fermat's Last Theorem, and to clarify that Zhou's work could prove the theorem in fewer steps than Wiles' version.
Earth's magnetic field and oxygen levels have increased more or less in parallel over the past 540 million years, suggesting the two factors are linked in some way, researchers say.
Researchers found a strong correlation between oxygen levels and the geomagnetic field, but it's unclear if one influences the other.
(Image credit: castigatio/Getty Images)
Earth's magnetic field and oxygen levels are inextricably linked, new research suggests.
The strength of the geomagnetic field has gone up in lockstep with the percentage of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere over the past 540 million years, a new study finds — but it remains unclear if one of these influences the other, or whether other unknown factors explain the link.
"This is the first discovery we've ever had to establish the link between the geomagnetic field and the oxygen level," lead author Weijia Kuang, a senior scientist in the Geodesy and Geophysics Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, told Live Science.
Earth's magnetic field and oxygen levels have increased more or less in parallel since the start of the Cambrian period (541 million to 485.4 million years ago), and both factors spiked between 330 million and 220 million years ago, the results indicate.
The research could help to narrow down requirements for life on other planets, Kuang and study co-author Ravi Kopparapu, a planetary scientist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a joint video interview.
It may be that the geomagnetic field controls oxygen levels, or vice versa — but there is another possible scenario, which is that both factors are related to a third geochemical or geophysical process that the researchers haven't yet pinpointed, Kuang said.
For the new study, scientists used two independent datasets spanning the past 540 million years. One of the datasets showed atmospheric oxygen, derived from multiple indicators such as the abundance in sediments of fossilized charcoal, which remains after wildfires and gives clues about how much oxygen was available at a given time. The other dataset showed the strength of the geomagnetic field, derived from magnetic information that is recorded in ancient rocks and sediments. The researchers plotted these datasets against each other and found there was a strong correlation between them.
If the geomagnetic field controls oxygen levels, its influence would likely be due to the protection it offers Earth's atmosphere against space weather. Previous research indicates that the geomagnetic field can prevent or reduce the escape or erosion of atmospheric molecules. The magnetic field also shields life on the planet, including plants that produce oxygen, from X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation.
If, in contrast, atmospheric oxygen levels dictate the strength of Earth's magnetic field, then plate tectonics would play a central role. Plate tectonics is the process that continuously recycles Earth's crust into the mantle, which is the planetary layer that covers Earth's liquid outer core.
Earth's geomagnetic field originates from currents in the outer core, so it's possible that the recycling of crustal material and oxygen into the mantle could impact the lower mantle, which could then affect the geomagnetic field, Kuang said.
"Plate tectonics [...] will definitely impact the thermal and the dynamical conditions at the base of the mantle where it borders the liquid outer core," he said. "On the other hand, plate tectonics also impacts the cycling of chemicals and other elements from the interior to the surface, which certainly will impact oxygenation, or the production of oxygen."
Earth's magnetic field is generated by convection in the liquid outer core. (Image credit: Mopic/Shutterstock)
It's more likely that the geomagnetic field affects oxygen levels, rather than the other way round, Kuang said. That's because scientists know the geomagnetic field originates deep inside the planet and propagates to Earth's surface and into space. "The other direction is less well understood," he said.
The third possible scenario is that another, separate process is pushing the geomagnetic field and oxygen levels in the same direction over time. The study's authors don't know what that process might be yet, but a spike that exists in both datasets may hold the answer.
'A very enticing mechanism'
The spike coincides with the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea, which formed about 320 million years ago and broke up about 195 million years ago. Due to the massive tectonic rearrangements involved, supercontinents might be the missing link between Earth's magnetic field and oxygen levels — but the evidence for this is still very tentative at this point, Kuang and Kopparapu cautioned.
"This is one of the conjectures we didn't really put out strongly in our paper, but it is something we think is a very enticing mechanism for us to pursue," Kuang said. The reason the researchers held back with this idea is that they have robust data for only one supercontinent — Pangaea — and not the ones that came before, he said.
"There seems to be some eye-sight correlation between oxygen and magnetic field and all the other supercontinents," Kopparapu said. "However, we don't have reliable data for oxygen [going farther back] than 540 million years, and so we are unable to make that kind of a conclusion for [farther back in time] and past supercontinents."
The researchers are already working on the next step, which is to search for other geophysical and geochemical factors that might link to the geomagnetic field and oxygen levels. For this, the authors say communication and collaboration between scientists is of paramount importance.
"One single mind cannot comprehend the whole system of the Earth," Kopparapu said. "We're like kids playing with Legos, with each of us having a separate Lego piece. We're trying to fit all of it together and see what's the big picture."
It is widely accepted that the Tunguska explosion was caused by a meteorite.
Credit: Pixabay
Early in the morning of June 30, 1908, at 7 hours and 15 minutes local time, a fireball passed through the sky, observed by many residents of Eastern Siberia.
The flight of this unusual celestial body was accompanied by a sound resembling thunder. The ensuing explosion shook the earth, which was felt in a perimeter of more than a million square kilometers.
Initial studies on the Tunguska phenomenon began much later in the 1920s, when four expeditions organized by the USSR Academy of Sciences, were sent to the scene. Soon it was established that around the fall of the Tunguska meteorite, the trees had fallen from the center outwards, and in the middle, some of them stood but without a single branch.
Much of the forest was burned. Subsequent expeditions (about 20 in number) noticed that in the area of the fallen forests, a specific figure in the shape of a “butterfly” was formed, whose axis of symmetry coincided with the trajectory of the meteorite (according to eyewitnesses): from east-southeast to the west-northwest.
The total area of destroyed forest was about 2200 square kilometers. It was found that the explosion did not occur when the meteorite came into contact with the Earth, but in the air at an altitude of 5-10 km. Many geophysical stations in Europe, Asia, and the Americas recorded airwaves orbiting the globe, and some seismic stations recorded earthquakes.
An old image from 1927 showing the fallen trees in the area of the Tunguska explosion. Credit: Wikimedia Commons
The blast completely burned the taiga and the rare huts within a radius of 5 to 7 kilometers, and the perimeter in which the trees were cut down varied from 25 to 30 kilometers. The dazzling orange glow was even seen in Western Europe
As a result of the powerful explosion and the flow of hot gases, a wild forest fire broke out. A few minutes after the explosion, a magnetic storm broke out, registered in Irkutsk, which lasted 4 hours and looked strikingly like the geomagnetic disturbances observed after the explosion of nuclear facilities in the upper layers.
It is also interesting that from the Yenisei to the Atlantic coast of Europe, the night sky was so bright that it could be easily read without additional lighting. And this refers to the following night! In California, there was a sharp decline in the transparency of the atmosphere in July-August 1908.
But what caused this massive explosion? More than 110 years later, we do not have a definitive answer. More and more new theories about Tunguska come out every year, from comets to nuclear tests to UFOs, but without results.
Research continues to this day
The assessment of the energy force of the explosion showed higher values of the energy released than during the fall of the Arizona meteorite, which formed a crater with a size of 1200 meters in diameter. However, there is no crater at the site of the Tunguska meteorite crash.
This is explained by the fact that the explosion occurred before the collision of the celestial body with the earth’s surface. Although research on the mechanism of the Tunguska meteorite’s explosion has not yet been completed, most scientists believe that this body, which has enormous kinetic energy, had low density (less than water density), low hardness, and high volatility.
A photograph from a 1929 expedition again showing the destruction caused by the Tunguska explosion. Credit: Wikimedia Commons
They believe that this is what contributed to its rapid destruction and evaporation when it crashed into the denser layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. It appears to have been a comet consisting of frozen water and gases.
The “comet” hypothesis for the Tunguska meteorite was proposed by Russian researchers, based on modern data on the nature of comets. According to their estimates, the mass of the Tunguska meteorite was not less than one million tons, and the speed – 30-40 km/sec. The power of the explosion was about the same as that of a thousand atomic bombs, like the one dropped on Hiroshima.
In the area of the crash, microscopic silicate and magnetic bubbles, resembling meteorite dust and representing the comet’s scattered nucleus, were found in the soil. It is possible that the cosmic dust from the comet’s tail was the cause of the special refraction of sunlight, which led to the night glow.
Most common theories about the Tunguska Event
Here is an illustration in support of the hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a meteorite. Credit: Napalete.sk
The Tunguska meteorite, or as it is known in scientific circles as the “Tunguska explosion”, has not yet been fully studied. Many more studies are needed, but still, there are some hypotheses that await confirmation after more detailed research. Here are some of the basic assumptions:
Hypothesis 1: The Tunguska meteorite was a comet. This is a hypothesis supported by most researchers. Many of the facts speak in its favor, but so far there is no complete confirmation of this assumption.
Hypothesis 2: The Tunguska meteorite was composed of “anti-matter”. The explosion observed during its fall was the result of the interaction of “matter” with “antimatter”, which is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy, ie. nuclear explosion.
So far, this assumption has not been proven, although increased radiation has been observed in some areas of Tunguska. However, there are no radioactive elements in the upper layers, and such elements should be present if a nuclear explosion has indeed occurred there.
Hypothesis 3: The Tunguska meteorite was a microscopic black hole that penetrated the Tunguska taiga, penetrated it, and exited the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomena that would occur in such an event (a separate issue is the possibility of the existence of black holes with a small mass) – the blue glow, the elongated shape of the destroyed forests, the absence of mass loss, etc. – do not fully correspond to the facts observed in the fall of the meteorite.
Hypothesis 4: The Tunguska meteorite was a UFO flying over the Earth, but as a result of an accident, it fell into a sparsely populated area, such as the Siberian taiga, and before colliding with the earth’s surface, it self-destructed.
There are, of course, many other assumptions about the nature of this phenomenon, but scientists still can not find enough facts to support this or that theory. Since most “regular” theories have been spoken about millions of times already, why not focus on the most “impossible” assumption – that the Tunguska event was caused by UFOs?
Was the Tunguska explosion caused by a UFO?
Artistic impression based on old eyewitness reports. These reports, however, do not evidence that the explosion was caused by a meteorite. Credit: Don Davis
Before we continue, I need to explain that we are not claiming that the Tunguska explosion was caused by a UFO, neither are we declining this hypothesis. We are here to discuss popular theories that point towards aliens or alien spacecraft and see where this leads us.
Now, with that said, here are several versions that claim a UFO was behind the Tunguska incident. I already described the most popular version of a UFO crashing in situ by accident or not. But there are other more entertaining assumptions.
Various experts from different fields have expressed their thoughts and some suggest this version: a UFO (alien spaceship) was attempting a take-off and crashed. This sounds like a different approach to the main UFO theory so here’s a better one.
There is an official Public-State Fund in Siberia called the “Tunguska Space Phenomenon”. About 16 years ago, the president of this organization came out with his own version. He suggested that an alien civilization located in the Siberian taiga protected us from destruction by blasting out the meteorite. According to him, a UFO deliberately crashed with the Tunguska meteorite to protect us.
Here is a fourth theory, suggested by one of the first researchers to conduct an expedition 100 years ago. He claimed that the Tunguska event was aliens dropping knowledge on us. The problem is that humanity is not ready for this knowledge and it would only be revealed to us when we reach the necessary state of advancement.
Of course, no theory likely comes close to the real truth. The problem is that we may never learn what truly happened. After all, not a single piece of debris or remains was ever discovered by any of the 50+ expeditions.
The fact that there are no remains, however, does not mean that there were any UFOs or aliens either. Recently, I stumbled upon a declassified CIA document on Tunguska that provided some insight on the CIA’s opinion on the UFO theories. Here is what the American intelligence had to say about the explosion.
Declassified CIA Document Suggests Tunguska Explosion Was UFO
Tunguska site as seen on Google Earth. Credit: Google
A few weeks ago, the CIA declassified several thousand old documents, once again, thanks to the efforts of the Black Vault. You can see the entire new collection of files here.
One particular document caught my attention as it discussed the possibility that the Tunguska event was in fact caused by UFOs. Before this collection of documents, I guess nobody had known that the CIA had made their own investigation decades ago.
Anyhow, the two pages describe one particular research on the Tunguska event from the 1960s by the Soviet Union. It addresses the “history” of UFO sightings but emphasizes the Tunguska explosion as the most remarkable UFO phenomenon in history.
The focal point of this declassified document are a couple of sentences that describe the flight of the Tunguska meteorite. Based on the analysis of observations from all around the Soviet territory and additional research, it is believed that the Tunguska object carried out a maneuver as it was falling down from the sky.
The CIA file continues with the authors’ opinion that if the government confirms that the Tunguska explosion was a UFO, it would pose a variety of new major problems worldwide. The author expresses his worries that if the existence of aliens is confirmed, it would bring chaos and calamity.
The document ends with a call to action that all claims about UFOs connected to the Tunguska explosion should be discarded and forgotten. According to the author, research should be strictly scientific and there is no place for anything extraordinary.
All in all, the declassified CIA document does not confirm that it was a UFO but it does not discard this option. Unfortunately, it was never officially confirmed that the Tunguska meteorite carried out a maneuver but based on this document, it is clear that somebody in the CIA believed in this version. You can read the entire document here.
In the end, will we ever learn the truth? If the CIA or any other intelligence found out something more, it is clearly being hidden. But what did they find when there were no remains? Furthermore, the Tunguska explosion happened long before the advanced technology of today. All researchers have to work with are the eye-witness reports from 100 years ago and 2200 square kilometers of destroyed forests.
The Tunguska explosion was just one of the many extraordinary phenomena that occurred in 1908 but these other events are a subject for another time. Will experts ever find an answer? I personally doubt it.
Sources:
• Atkinson, N. (2015, December 25). Scientist claims UFO collided WITH TUNGUSKA meteorite to SAVE EARTH. • Bressan, D. (2019, July 01). For almost 100 years, Scientists puzzled over The Tunguska event. • Greenewald, J. (2021, February 16). UFOs: The Central intelligence Agency (CIA) Collection. • Maybe there is NO UFO [PDF]. • NASA. (n.d.). The tunguska impact–100 years later. • The Physics Arxiv. (2020, October 09). Tunguska explosion in 1908 caused by asteroid grazing Earth. • Science X. (2004, August 10). Researchers say Tunguska event was an ufo CRASH: Debris of alien Spaceship found. • Selyukh, A., & Wadelton, B. (2019, June 29). Was this mysterious blast caused by aliens?
Has AI Already Discovered Alien Life? An In-Depth Scientific Analysis
Has AI Already Discovered Alien Life? An In-Depth Scientific Analysis
The question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) has already discovered alien life is both fascinating and complex. It touches on the current capabilities of AI, the methods used in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and the interpretation of recent scientific findings. While there is no definitive evidence that AI has confirmed the existence of alien life, recent technological advancements suggest that AI plays a crucial role in ongoing efforts to detect extraterrestrial organisms or signals. This analysis explores the current state of AI in astrobiology, the indirect evidence it has helped uncover, and the prospects for future discoveries.
The Role of AI in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force across numerous scientific disciplines, notably in astrophysics and astrobiology, which are central to the quest for discovering extraterrestrial life. Its advanced capabilities to analyze enormous datasets, recognize complex patterns, and generate predictive insights have significantly enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of space exploration efforts. Traditionally, scientists relied heavily on manual analysis of data, a process that was often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and limited in scope due to human capacity constraints. However, with the advent of AI technologies, researchers are now able to process and interpret vast amounts of data generated from modern telescopes, space probes, and other observational instruments with remarkable speed and accuracy.
In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), AI plays a pivotal role. One of its primary applications is in the analysis of radio signals captured from space. Projects such as Breakthrough Listen leverage sophisticated machine learning algorithms to scan petabytes of radio data for anomalies or patterns that could suggest the presence of intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations. These algorithms are trained to distinguish between natural cosmic phenomena and potential artificial signals, drastically increasing the likelihood of detecting meaningful signals amidst the noise. Moreover, AI models can adapt and improve over time, learning from new data to refine their detection capabilities.
Beyond radio signals, AI is extensively used in analyzing images obtained from space telescopes and planetary exploration missions. These images often contain subtle indicators—biosignatures—that may point to the existence of life or conditions suitable for life. Machine learning algorithms can efficiently identify these biosignatures by recognizing chemical compositions, physical structures, or atmospheric patterns that are indicative of biological activity. For example, AI techniques are employed to analyze spectral data to detect specific molecules such as oxygen, methane, or water vapor, which are considered key markers of potential habitability.
Furthermore, AI's role extends to simulations and modeling of extraterrestrial environments. By creating virtual models of planets, moons, or exoplanets, scientists can better understand the conditions that might support life and prioritize targets for future exploration. AI-driven data analysis accelerates hypothesis testing and helps in making informed decisions about where to focus observational resources.
In summary, AI has revolutionized the search for extraterrestrial life by enabling the rapid processing and interpretation of complex, massive datasets. Its ability to identify subtle signals, recognize biosignatures, and simulate extraterrestrial environments makes it an indispensable tool in humanity’s ongoing quest to answer one of the most profound questions: Are we alone in the universe?
AI and the Detection of Exoplanets and Biosignatures
One of the most exciting and promising areas in the scientific search for extraterrestrial life involves the detection and analysis of exoplanets—planets that orbit stars outside our solar system. Over the past decade, missions like NASA's Kepler and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) have revolutionized our understanding of the universe by discovering thousands of exoplanets. Many of these planets are situated within their stars' habitable zones, the regions where conditions might be right for liquid water to exist—a key ingredient for life as we know it. These discoveries have ignited imaginations worldwide, and artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable tool in sifting through the vast amounts of data generated by these missions.
AI algorithms excel at analyzing the enormous datasets collected by space telescopes. They can identify the subtle dips in stellar brightness caused by a planet passing in front of its star—a method known as the transit technique. Traditional analysis methods are time-consuming and sometimes prone to false positives, but machine learning models can rapidly and accurately detect potential exoplanets, flagging the most promising candidates for further observation. For example, AI systems have been used to confirm the existence of planets such as Kepler-452b, often dubbed "Earth's cousin," which resides in its star's habitable zone.
Beyond merely detecting exoplanets, AI also plays a critical role in analyzing the atmospheres of these distant worlds. With the advent of powerful space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, scientists now obtain detailed atmospheric spectra—light signatures that reveal the chemical composition of a planet's atmosphere. The presence of certain molecules, such as oxygen, methane, or ozone, could be potential biosignatures—indicators that life might exist there. However, these signals are often faint and embedded within noisy data, making their detection challenging.
Machine learning models are adept at teasing out these faint signals by recognizing patterns and distinguishing genuine biosignatures from background noise. For example, AI can identify spectral features consistent with oxygen and methane coexisting—a combination that on Earth is strongly associated with biological activity. By rapidly analyzing spectral data, AI helps scientists prioritize exoplanets like Proxima Centauri b or the recently discovered Kepler-442b as prime candidates for further study.
In the realm of exoplanetary science, some planets stand out as particularly intriguing candidates for potential alien life. Imagine a super-Earth orbiting within the habitable zone of a red dwarf star, with a thick atmosphere rich in organic molecules. Such a planet might host a biosphere similar to early Earth, complete with microbial life that thrives in its alien environment. Alternatively, astronomers have hypothesized the existence of exoplanets like Kepler-62f, which could harbor life forms resembling simple, multicellular organisms or even more complex, alien species.
In some thought experiments, scientists consider exoplanets covered with oceans teeming with life—perhaps similar to Earth's deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems—where unique alien life forms could exist. For instance, on a planet named Epsilon Eridani b, scientists speculate about the presence of silicon-based life forms or even creatures with bioluminescent features, adapted to the planet's dim, methane-rich atmosphere. These hypothetical aliens might resemble luminous, filter-feeding organisms or intelligent, octopus-like beings capable of utilizing the planet’s organic molecules.
While the detection of biosignatures does not yet confirm the existence of extraterrestrial life, it serves as a vital step toward understanding where life might emerge beyond Earth. AI continues to advance our capabilities by enabling more precise and faster analysis of enormous datasets, narrowing down the list of promising worlds. Each potential biosignature detected deepens the mystery and fuels future explorations, bringing us closer to answering the age-old question: Are we alone in the universe?
In conclusion, the combination of cutting-edge space telescopes and sophisticated AI analysis is transforming our approach to astrobiology. As technology progresses, we may soon identify worlds that show clear signs of life—or even find evidence of complex, alien ecosystems. The search for extraterrestrial life is no longer just a matter of chance; it is becoming a systematic, data-driven quest that might one day reveal astonishing truths about our universe and our place within it.
Have AI Systems Confirmed Alien Life?
To date, no artificial intelligence (AI) system has provided definitive proof of extraterrestrial organisms or signals. The search for alien life remains one of the most profound scientific quests, and while AI has played a significant supportive role, it has not yet achieved a concrete breakthrough. Over the years, one of the most famous signals detected was the "Wow! signal" in 1977, a strong narrowband radio signal observed by astronomer Jerry Ehman. Despite extensive follow-up investigations, this signal remains unexplained and has not been confirmed as originating from an extraterrestrial source. It is often regarded as an intriguing anomaly rather than concrete evidence of alien life.
Modern AI algorithms, with their advanced data processing capabilities, have significantly enhanced our ability to analyze vast amounts of astronomical data. These systems can sift through signals from space more efficiently than humans alone, helping to identify potential biosignatures or unusual phenomena that warrant further study. Although AI has yet to identify unambiguous signs of extraterrestrial biology, it has contributed indirectly by reducing the number of false positives and highlighting promising candidates for future investigation.
In addition, AI techniques have been instrumental in the discovery of new exoplanets—planets orbiting stars outside our solar system—and in analyzing atmospheric data for potential biosignatures, such as specific gases that could indicate biological activity. These advances are crucial because they help scientists narrow down the search and focus on the most promising targets. The development of machine learning models has also improved the interpretation of complex data from telescopes and space missions, making it easier to detect subtle signals that might otherwise go unnoticed.
While AI has yet to confirm the existence of alien life, its role in expanding our understanding of the universe is undeniable. As technology advances and our observational capabilities improve, AI will likely continue to be a vital tool in the ongoing search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Should alien life exist and be detectable, AI’s ability to analyze and interpret astronomical data will be instrumental in making that groundbreaking discovery.
Indirect Evidence and the Fermi Paradox
The Fermi Paradox raises a fundamental question about our universe: given the immense size of the cosmos, filled with billions of stars and potentially even more planets capable of supporting life, why have we not yet found definitive evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations? Despite the high probability of other intelligent life forms existing somewhere out there, our current observations remain silent. This paradox has spurred extensive scientific debate and exploration, especially with the advent of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. AI's role in addressing this paradox is multifaceted, encompassing both enhancing our detection capabilities and deepening our understanding of the statistical likelihood of alien life.
One significant way AI contributes is through improving the analysis of signals received from space. Traditional methods rely heavily on human interpretation and predefined algorithms, which may overlook subtle patterns or anomalies. AI systems, particularly machine learning algorithms, can process vast datasets much more efficiently and detect faint or complex signals that might indicate the presence of extraterrestrial intelligence. For example, AI can analyze radio signals or optical data for unusual patterns, frequency shifts, or non-random structures that could suggest artificial origin. By doing so, AI increases the probability of identifying potential signs of alien technology, even if they are faint or disguised within noise.
Furthermore, AI plays a crucial role in interpreting the absence of signals or biosignatures. The lack of any detectable communication or biological markers from distant planets and stars leads scientists to consider hypotheses like the "Great Filter." This concept suggests that there exists a stage in evolutionary development that most civilizations fail to pass through, effectively preventing them from becoming detectable or long-lasting. AI's analytical power allows researchers to model various scenarios and assess the probability that such filters exist. For instance, by analyzing the likelihood of life emerging on habitable planets, the development of intelligence, or the technological survivability of civilizations, AI helps quantify the "rare Earth" hypothesis versus the possibility of common extraterrestrial life.
Moreover, AI might someday assist in discovering more subtle, indirect signs of alien life that are not immediately obvious. These could include unusual chemical compositions in planetary atmospheres, unexplained physical phenomena, or anomalies in stellar behavior. Using sophisticated pattern recognition techniques, AI could identify these anomalies across vast datasets collected from telescopes, space probes, or other observational platforms. For example, AI algorithms could detect irregularities in atmospheric spectra indicating industrial pollution or artificial modifications, or recognize unusual stellar brightness fluctuations hinting at megastructures like Dyson spheres.
In summary, artificial intelligence significantly enhances both our capacity to detect direct signals and our understanding of the broader statistical and probabilistic context of extraterrestrial life. By analyzing incomplete or ambiguous data more effectively and exploring hypotheses like the Great Filter, AI provides valuable insights into one of humanity’s most profound questions: are we truly alone in the universe? As AI continues to advance, it holds the promise of bringing us closer to answering this enduring mystery.
Future Prospects: Could AI Discover Alien Life Soon?
While artificial intelligence (AI) has not yet provided definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life, its potential to revolutionize the search for alien organisms is vast and promising. As space exploration missions become increasingly sophisticated, AI systems are set to play a crucial role in analyzing the enormous volumes of data generated by telescopes, space probes, and planetary rovers. These AI-powered instruments are capable of processing data in real time, allowing scientists to identify subtle biosignatures—indicators of life—more efficiently than ever before.
Upcoming missions, such as those targeting Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and exoplanets orbiting distant stars, will be equipped with advanced AI systems designed to detect signs of habitability and life. These systems can analyze atmospheric compositions, surface mineralogy, and other environmental factors to pinpoint potential biosignatures with heightened accuracy. The development of deep learning algorithms and neural networks further enhances this capability, enabling detection algorithms to become more sensitive and specific, reducing false positives and negatives.
In addition to data analysis, AI can assist in the design of experiments tailored to detect extraterrestrial life, optimizing the placement and types of sensors used in space missions. It can interpret ambiguous or incomplete data, offering hypotheses and guiding subsequent investigations. Moreover, AI models can simulate complex alien ecosystems or the formation of biosignatures under different environmental conditions, providing valuable insights into what signs of life might look like on planets and moons vastly different from Earth.
As AI technology continues to evolve and integrates more deeply with space exploration initiatives, the overall efficiency and accuracy of detecting alien life are expected to improve significantly. These advancements could lead to groundbreaking discoveries in the not-too-distant future, potentially answering one of humanity’s most profound questions: Are we alone in the universe? The synergy between AI and space exploration holds the promise of unlocking the secrets of life beyond our planet, bringing us closer to confirming whether extraterrestrial organisms exist elsewhere in the cosmos.
Ethical and Scientific Considerations
The prospect of discovering alien life—be it microbial organisms or intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations—raises profound ethical and scientific questions that must be carefully addressed. One of the foremost concerns is how humanity should respond if artificial intelligence (AI) systems detect potential signs of extraterrestrial life. Should we immediately pursue further investigation to understand these findings better, or should we adopt a cautious approach to prevent unintended negative consequences? For example, rushing to contact or interact with alien entities might lead to cultural contamination, where human knowledge and influence could adversely affect any existing extraterrestrial societies or ecosystems. Additionally, there is the risk of biological contamination, where accidental transfer of Earth microbes could harm extraterrestrial environments or vice versa, potentially violating planetary protection protocols.
From an ethical standpoint, researchers and policymakers must consider the potential implications of discovering and possibly communicating with alien life forms. This involves weighing the scientific benefits of exploration against the moral responsibility to avoid harm—both to extraterrestrial ecosystems and to humanity itself. Decisions must be guided by international agreements and scientific consensus, ensuring that exploration is conducted responsibly and with respect for potential extraterrestrial life.
On the scientific front, the emphasis is on rigorous validation of all findings. AI's capacity to analyze vast datasets rapidly makes it an invaluable tool for identifying potential signs of extraterrestrial life, such as unusual atmospheric signatures or anomalies in astronomical data. However, AI-generated results require careful verification to rule out false positives caused by noise, instrumental errors, or misinterpretations. This entails cross-validation with independent datasets, manual review by experts, and adherence to established scientific protocols. Only through meticulous verification can the scientific community confidently confirm the presence of extraterrestrial life and avoid premature conclusions that could mislead public understanding or scientific progress.
In summary, the discovery of alien life involves complex ethical considerations about contamination, communication, and responsibility, alongside scientific challenges related to data validation. Addressing these issues requires a collaborative, cautious approach that balances scientific curiosity with ethical integrity, ensuring that humanity’s exploration of the cosmos proceeds responsibly and thoughtfully.
A view of Titan taken by ESA’s Huygens lander as it descended to its surface
Conclusion
In summary, although no artificial intelligence (AI) system has yet definitively confirmed the existence of extraterrestrial life, AI has significantly enhanced our capacity to explore this profound question. By leveraging advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques, AI enables scientists to analyze enormous volumes of astronomical data more efficiently and accurately than ever before. This includes sifting through data collected from telescopes, space missions, and other observational tools to identify potential signs of life, such as biosignatures—specific chemical or biological indicators that suggest biological activity. AI's ability to recognize subtle patterns and anomalies in complex datasets allows researchers to pinpoint promising targets for further study, thereby optimizing the allocation of limited resources and observational time.
Moreover, AI contributes to the development of sophisticated models that simulate planetary environments, helping scientists assess habitability and predict where life might exist beyond Earth. These advancements not only accelerate discoveries but also open new avenues for exploration, such as analyzing exoplanet atmospheres for potential signs of life or identifying moons and planets with conditions suitable for life as we know it. Looking ahead, the future promises even greater capabilities as AI continues to evolve, integrating with emerging technologies like quantum computing and autonomous robotic explorers. These innovations could enable real-time analysis and decision-making during space missions, bringing us closer to answering the age-old question: are we truly alone in the universe? Ultimately, while AI has not yet provided definitive proof of extraterrestrial life, it remains an invaluable tool in humanity’s ongoing quest to understand our place in the cosmos, offering hope and excitement for future discovery.
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14-06-2025 om 21:46
geschreven door peter
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Alien Signal Detected Under Antarctica: Proof of Hidden Base! UFO UAP Sighting News.
Alien Signal Detected Under Antarctica: Proof of Hidden Base! UFO UAP Sighting News.
Something absolutely wild is going on beneath the Antarctic ice...and it’s not just physics gone rogue. According to Penn State’s ANITA balloon experiment, mysterious radio pulses are emerging from roughly 30° below the horizon...basically coming up from under the ice shelf, as if something buried deep down is beaming them outward. Now, ANITA is made to hunt cosmic rays and neutrinos...particles that, if they came from below, would have to pass through thousands of kilometers of solid Earth before hitting the detector. That’s practically impossible under known physics and the scientist states that; the signals should have vanished long before then. Yet here they are: bright, steep, and unstoppable.
So what gives? Scientists are baffled. ANITA’s team admits these can’t be neutrinos and they’ve ruled out reflections and background noise via rigorous simulations and comparisons with other observatories (like IceCube and Pierre Auger), which saw nothing matching. The more exotic particle theories are all on the table...but none fully explain a beam shooting straight through rock and ice that somehow still punches through to a balloon flying at 40 km altitude. The next-gen PUEO mission may detect more of these anomalies...but right now, this is signal-level stuff that screams intentional.
Which brings me to the only explanation that holds any strange gravity: an alien base. Think about it...if some intelligence were hiding under Antarctica, deep in ice, broadcasting signals outward, this is exactly what we’d detect. Not random noise, not natural geophysics, not neutrinos...but radio pulses cut at a perfect angle, defying physics models because they weren’t made by Earth physics. We’ve got a transmitter, it’s directional, it’s powerful...and it’s coming from beneath the ice. Until ANITA or PUEO finds a terrestrial source, it’s time to ask: what if this is their beacon, not ours?
That is nonsense! Neutrinos can indeed go through miles of rock to punch through to a high altitude balloon, after travelling through billion miles of space, even. That's what neutrinos do, and that is why neutrino detectors have to be placed inside thick rock caves (as neutrinos are the few particles with mass small enough to pass through rock to reach the detectors down there). It's certainly a more likely story than jumping to "It has to be an alien base that for some reason would have been placed under there and started broadcasting signals all of a sudden". Stop inventing just-so stories and use some common sense. Just because the particles have yet to be identified doesn't mean it has to be aliens. FFS! This kind of gullible nonsense gives UFO research a bad name. Grrr.
Nikola Tesla Death Ray On A USAF Bunker Being Used In Area 51 Near A Pyramid! UFO UAP Sighting News.
Nikola Tesla Death Ray On A USAF Bunker Being Used In Area 51 Near A Pyramid! UFO UAP Sighting News.
Date of discovery: June 11, 2025
Location of discovery: Area 51, Nevada
Source: Google Earth map
I was checking out area 51 and I noticed some interesting things...but one stood out the most. There is a Tesla Death Ray weapon on top of this USAF underground bunker! As most people know, Nicola Teslas apartment was raided by the FBI after he died in 1943 and all his blueprints of the death ray and other weapons including his UFO blueprints all vanished. But its clear that the USAF has create his death ray sometime after his death in 1943 probably created in 1947...the year of the Roswell UFO crash, and they may have used this weapon to shoot down the Roswell UFO, which eventually traveled a few hundred miles away to New Mexico. This...is more than an amazing discovery, this is the first ever video of the US military Death Ray.
High-Speed UFO Caught Over Grand Canyon in Split-Second Footage
High-Speed UFO Caught Over Grand Canyon in Split-Second Footage
Some time ago, while visiting the Grand Canyon in Arizona, a photographer captured several short video clips of the landscape. In one of those clips, an unusual anomaly was discovered.
The original footage is only 1.9 seconds long, but within that moment, something remarkable was caught on camera. An unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP) flashed across the frame, visible for less than a second, only noticeable when the video was paused and analyzed frame by frame.
The object was moving at an astonishing speed, covering an estimated two to three miles in under a second, far beyond the capabilities of any conventional aircraft, drone, or helicopter.
This isn’t the first time such anomalous flying objects have been observed. Their characteristics defy comparison with known aerial technology.
Some skeptics have proposed that the object might have been a rock thrown into the canyon from behind the camera. However, that explanation seems unlikely. Most people can only throw objects at speeds of 10 to 20 meters per second (approximately 22 to 45 mph). The velocity of this object far exceeded that range, and its near-invisibility in the unedited video suggests it was moving much faster.
Astronomers have uncovered a new extreme in the universe's catalog of violent phenomena — a class of cosmic explosions so powerful that they rank among the most energetic events since the Big Bang.
These rare, ultra-luminous events were observed in the centers of tree distant galaxies, where supermassive black holes lit up as they tore apart massive stars that strayed too close. Unlike typical stellar explosions, which brighten and fade within weeks after dramatic bursts of energy, these cosmic beacons took months to reach peak brightness and remained visible for years. Scientists have now classified these events as extreme nuclear transients (ENTs).
One such event, named Gaia18cdj, released as much energy in a year as 100 suns would emit over their entire lifetimes.
"Off the bat, there was an indication that we were looking at something pretty extreme in terms of the energy," Jason Hinkle, now an astronomer at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who identified the flares while sifting through data from the now-retired Gaia space telescope, told Live Science.
What makes ENTs stand out is not just their immense energy but also their longevity, Hinkle said. Their sustained brightness enables them to be seen across vast cosmic distances — much farther than typical stellar explosions — giving astronomers a rare opportunity to probe the distant, early universe.
"We're pushing the upper bounds of what we understand to be the most energetic environments of the universe," study co-author Anna Payne, a staff scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Maryland, said in a NASA statement.
The events, described in a study published June 4 in the journal Science Advances, provide scientists with a powerful new tool to study the earliest, most distant black holes and how they evolved alongside their host galaxies.
A new class of cataclysm
In 2020, Hinkle noticed a couple of unusually bright and long-lasting flares while analyzing data from the Gaia telescope, which monitored the sky for changes in light from distant stars and galaxies. The two flares were originally recorded in 2016 and 2018.
Then, in 2023, a third, strikingly similar event was detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility, nicknamed "Barbie" or "Scary Barbie" for its catalog ID ZTF20abrbeie. The discovery helped confirm that these flares weren't isolated anomalies and instead represent a new class of powerful cosmic explosions, Hinkle said.
"It kind of all clicked together," he said. "There was this admittedly rare but very exciting class of extreme nuclear transients."
To pin down the identity of these mysterious outbursts, the researchers coordinated observations using a network of observatories, including NASA's now-retired NEOWISE asteroid hunter, which helped map the dust surrounding each black hole, offering clues about their environments.
Meanwhile, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory helped confirm that these events weren't caused by supernovas or other known astrophysical processes, the study noted. The observatory's data showed that the outbursts emitted most of their energy in ultraviolet (UV) light, and the way the X-ray, UV, and optical light brightened and faded over time created a distinctive light curve. That pattern — like a cosmic fingerprint — matched what astronomers would expect from a black hole tearing a star apart, confirming that the outbursts were linked to supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies.
Now, with three confirmed cases, astronomers hope to use the data as a guide for upcoming surveys to identify more flares that fit the ENT profile — and in doing so, uncover quiescent, distant black holes that would otherwise remain hidden.
One key mission that could help spot ENTs is NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, slated for launch in early 2027 — though its progress has been clouded by budget concerns. With its powerful infrared sensitivity, it could detect dozens of ENTs from more than 12 billion years ago. Additional discoveries are expected from ground-based observations from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which will scan vast regions of the sky with unprecedented depth and resolution.
Hinkle suspects these upcoming surveys could not only catalog more ENTs but also uncover variations and diversity within this new class of cosmic explosions.
"Nature likes to be tricky," he said. "What is the periphery that we haven't actually explored yet?"
De Verborgen Stad Onder de Piramides: Een Fascinerende Theorie
De Verborgen Stad Onder de Piramides: Een Fascinerende Theorie
De piramides van Egypte, vooral de Grote Piramide van Gizeh, blijven tot op de dag van vandaag een bron van mysterie en fascinatie voor archeologen, historici en avonturiers. Naast hun indrukwekkende architectuur en historische betekenis, bestaan er geruchten en theorieën die suggereren dat er onder deze iconische monumenten een verborgen stad of ondergrondse structuur zou kunnen liggen. Een van de meest intrigerende theorieën is die van een ondergrondse stad onder de piramides, die mogelijk eeuwenlang verborgen is gebleven. In dit artikel duiken we dieper in deze fascinerende theorie en de bewijzen die eraan ten grondslag liggen.
De oorsprong van de theorie
De oorsprong van de theorie over een verborgen stad onder de piramides ligt in de waarnemingen en speculaties van 19e-eeuwse ontdekkingsreizigers en archeologen. Tijdens hun expedities in Egypte stuitten zij op complexe ondergrondse structuren en tunnels die aanvankelijk als natuurlijke formaties werden beschouwd, maar later als menselijke bouwwerken werden geïdentificeerd. Deze vondsten wekten nieuwsgierigheid en leidden tot de hypothese dat de oude Egyptenaren mogelijk uitgebreide ondergrondse netwerken hadden aangelegd voor religieuze, administratieve of beveiligingsdoeleinden.
In de loop der jaren werden er ook oude teksten en inscripties gevonden die mogelijk verwijzingen bevatten naar verborgen ruimtes of geheime kamers. Sommige onderzoekers vermoeden dat deze ondergrondse constructies dienden als opslagplaatsen voor waardevolle artefacten of als geheime locaties voor rituelen. Daarnaast speelden de grote mysteries rondom de bouwtechnieken en het doel van de piramides een rol bij het ontstaan van deze theorie.
Recente archeologische opgravingen en technologieën, zoals ground-penetrating radar en 3D-scans, hebben de interesse in ondergrondse structuren verder versterkt. Zo werden er in de buurt van de piramides van Gizeh ondergrondse tunnels en kamers ontdekt die mogelijk deel uitmaken van een groter, nog onontdekt complex. Hoewel bewijs voor een volledige ondergrondse stad nog ontbreekt, blijven deze bevindingen de theorie over een verborgen ondergrondse wereld onder de piramides ondersteunen en inspireren tot verder onderzoek
Kunstenaarsherinterpretatie van de vermeende verborgen stad die onder de piramides van Gizeh zou liggen,
TRT World
Bewijzen en ontdekkingen
Hoewel er tot op heden geen definitief bewijs is voor een volledige ondergrondse stad onder de piramides van Gizeh, zijn er verschillende interessante vondsten en aanwijzingen die de mogelijkheid ondersteunen dat er meer onder de oppervlakte ligt dan tot nu toe bekend is. Deze bevindingen wekken de nieuwsgierigheid van archeologen en onderzoekers en dragen bij aan de mystiek rondom de oude Egyptische bouwwerken.
Ondergrondse tunnels en kamers
Een van de meest veelbelovende ontdekkingen werd gedaan in 2017 door een Chinees archeologisch team. Tijdens hun onderzoek onder de Grote Piramide van Gizeh gebruikten ze geavanceerde technologieën zoals grondradar en seismisch onderzoek. Uit deze technieken bleek dat er een netwerk van tunnels en kamers onder de piramide aanwezig is, waarvan sommige nog niet volledig zijn onderzocht. Deze ruimtes kunnen mogelijk dienen als opslagplaatsen, rituele kamers of zelfs als ontsnappingsroutes voor de farao’s en priesters. Het feit dat delen van deze ondergrondse structuren nog niet volledig zijn onderzocht, laat ruimte voor verdere ontdekkingen. Sommige onderzoekers speculeren dat er onder de piramide wellicht een heel ondergronds complex ligt dat nog niet in kaart is gebracht, wat de theorie versterkt dat er een verborgen ondergrondse stad of uitgebreide structuren onder de piramide kunnen liggen.
Geofysisch onderzoek
Naast archeologisch onderzoek wordt er ook veel gebruik gemaakt van geofysische technieken om ondergrondse structuren te detecteren. Hierbij wordt gebruik gemaakt van grondradar, elektromagnetische inductie en seismische metingen. Deze methoden hebben anomalieën en structuren aangewezen die niet overeenkomen met de bekendste bouwwerken van de piramides. Sommige van deze anomalieën kunnen wijzen op gangen, kamers of tunnels die nog niet zichtbaar zijn op het oppervlak. Onderzoekers geloven dat deze ondergrondse routes mogelijk dienden voor rituelen, opslag of als ontsnappingswegen. Een interessant aspect is dat sommige van deze structuren zich op strategische locaties bevinden, bijvoorbeeld onder de tempelcomplexen of nabij de piramide zelf. Dit geeft aan dat ze mogelijk een speciale functies hadden in het oude Egypte.
Sporen van oude constructies
Naast technologische bewijzen verwijzen ook oude teksten, kaarten en legendes naar ondergrondse ruimtes en tunnels in de omgeving van de piramides. Sommige oude Egyptische inscripties en grafteksten spreken over ondergrondse gangen en verborgen kamers die door de farao’s of priesters gebruikt werden. Daarnaast bestaat er een oude kaart uit de 19e eeuw die schematisch ondergrondse structuren rondom de piramides toont, al is de betrouwbaarheid hiervan niet volledig vastgesteld. Hoewel de exacte locatie en functie van deze ondergrondse constructies vaak onduidelijk blijven, ondersteunen ze de theorie dat de oude Egyptenaren mogelijk uitgebreide ondergrondse netwerken hadden aangelegd voor rituelen, opslag of verdediging.
Samenvatting
De verzameling van deze bewijzen en ontdekkingen wijst erop dat er onder de piramides van Gizeh mogelijk meer ligt dan slechts de bekende bouwwerken. De ondergrondse tunnels, kamers en anomalieën die met moderne technologieën worden aangetoond, vormen een fascinerend puzzelstuk in het begrijpen van de oude Egyptische cultuur en architectuur. Hoewel er nog geen sluitend bewijs is voor een volledige ondergrondse stad, suggereren deze ontdekkingen dat de ondergrondse wereld onder de piramides complex en mogelijk zeer groot is. Toekomstig archeologisch onderzoek en technologische innovaties kunnen mogelijk nog meer verborgen structuren aan het licht brengen, waardoor we een beter beeld krijgen van de mysterieuze ondergrondse netwerken die mogelijk door de oude Egyptenaren zijn aangelegd. De voortdurende zoektocht naar deze ondergrondse wereld blijft een boeiend hoofdstuk in de archeologie en de geschiedenis van het oude Egypte.
Waarom zou er een ondergrondse stad zijn?
De vraag waarom er een ondergrondse stad of complex zou bestaan onder de oude Egyptische piramides is een intrigerende en complexe kwestie die al decennia lang wetenschappers, archeologen en onderzoekers bezighoudt. De ondergrondse structuren, die soms worden aangeduid als ‘ondergrondse steden’, ‘kamers’, tunnels of geheime gangen, roepen vele vragen op over hun functie, oorsprong en betekenis. In dit essay worden de belangrijkste theorieën en mogelijke motieven besproken, ondersteund door archeologische bevindingen, historische context en wetenschappelijke analyses.
Religieuze en rituele doeleinden Een van de meest gangbare theorieën is dat de ondergrondse structuren bedoeld waren voor religieuze en rituele doeleinden. In de oude Egyptische cultuur speelde de dood en het hiernamaals een centrale rol, en veel structuren waren ontworpen om de overgang van de farao’s en belangrijke figuren naar het hiernamaals te faciliteren.
a. Begraafplaatsen voor farao’s en elite: Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat de ondergrondse complexen dienden als grafkamers of crypte-achtige ruimtes waar farao’s en hoge priesters werden begraven. De piramides zelf worden vaak gezien als monumenten voor de farao’s, maar de ondergrondse kamers zouden extra ondergrondse grafkamers kunnen zijn, bedoeld om de farao’s te beschermen tegen plundering en kwaadwillende geesten. Deze ondergrondse ruimtes zouden ook kunnen dienen als opslagplaatsen voor de spullen die de overledene nodig had in het hiernamaals, zoals voedsel, voorwerpen en symbolische artefacten.
b. Rituele centra en ceremonies: Daarnaast zouden de ondergrondse ruimtes dienen voor religieuze rituelen die gericht waren op de verering van goden zoals Osiris, Anubis en Hathor. De ondergrondse gangen zouden symbolisch de overgang tussen de wereld van de levenden en die van de doden vertegenwoordigen, en rituelen mogelijk gemaakt hebben die de ziel van de overledene konden begeleiden. Sommige theorieën suggereren dat deze ondergrondse kamers ook fungeren als plekken voor geheime ceremonies die niet voor het grote publiek bestemd waren, en dat ze een belangrijke rol speelden in de voorbereiding op de reis naar het hiernamaals.
c. Verborgen betekenis en symboliek: De ondergrondse structuren kunnen ook een symbolische betekenis hebben, zoals het vertegenwoordigen van de onderwereld of de ‘Duat’ (de Egyptische onderwereld). De complexiteit en het labyrintachtige karakter van sommige ondergrondse netwerken zouden de reis van de zielen door de onderwereld kunnen symboliseren, en zo de spirituele reis van de overledene ondersteunen. Deze symboliek zou ook kunnen verwijzen naar een dieper esoterisch inzicht dat de oude Egyptenaren hadden over de kosmos en de overgang tussen leven en dood.
Veiligheid en geheimhouding Een andere belangrijke reden voor de constructie van ondergrondse complexen was de behoefte aan veiligheid en geheimhouding. In een samenleving waar waardevolle artefacten, hiërarchische documenten en religieuze relikwieën werden bewaard, was bescherming tegen diefstal, plundering of ongewenste bezoekers van groot belang.
a. Opslagplaatsen voor waardevolle artefacten: De ondergrondse ruimtes konden dienen als geheime opslagplaatsen voor juwelen, goud, religieuze voorwerpen en hiërarchische documenten. Het gebruik van ondergrondse tunnels en kamertjes maakte het mogelijk om deze schatten te beschermen tegen gravende buitenaars en plunderaars.Door ze onder de grond te plaatsen, werden ze minder zichtbaar en moeilijker te vinden voor indringers, wat het risico op diefstal aanzienlijk verkleinde.
b. Schuilplaatsen en schermutselingen: In tijden van conflicten of bedreigingen konden ondergrondse gangen en kamers dienen als schuilplaatsen voor belangrijke functionarissen, priesters of zelfs de farao zelf. Het ondergronds netwerk bood een veilige haven waar men kon ontsnappen of zich kon verbergen. Deze ondergrondse complexen zouden ook kunnen functioneren als geheime bunkers of schuilplaatsen tijdens aanvallen of invallen door vijandige groepen.
c. Geheime doorgangen en routes: Het bestaan van geheime doorgangen onder de piramides en andere bouwwerken zou ook strategisch kunnen zijn geweest, bijvoorbeeld voor het discreet verplaatsen van mensen of voor rituelen die niet openbaar mochten zijn. Sommige onderzoekers vermoeden dat ondergrondse tunnels mogelijk dienden als ontsnappingsroutes of geheime routes tussen verschillende tempelcomplexen, waardoor de Egyptenaren in tijden van nood snel konden vluchten of belangrijke personen konden verplaatsen zonder dat dit werd opgemerkt.
Wetenschappelijke en technische kennis De constructie van uitgebreide ondergrondse netwerken en structuren wijst mogelijk op een geavanceerde technische en hydrologische kennis van de oude Egyptenaren.
a. Hydrologie en waterbeheer: De oude Egyptenaren hadden uitgebreide kennis van waterbeheer, vooral rondom de Nijl. Het is mogelijk dat ondergrondse tunnels en kamers werden gebouwd om water te controleren, te verzamelen of te beheren, vooral in tijden van droogte of overstroming. Sommige theorieën suggereren dat ondergrondse waterreservoirs of kanalen onderdeel waren van het complexe watersysteem dat de regio beheerde. Het gebruik van ondergrondse waterbakken, sluizen en afwateringssystemen zou hebben geholpen om het land vruchtbaar te houden en overstromingen te voorkomen.
b. Bouwtechnieken en materialen: De ondergrondse structuren getuigen van technische vaardigheden, zoals het gebruik van speciale stenen, cement en technieken om gangen stabiel te houden. Het feit dat men in staat was om ondergrondse kamers te bouwen die vele eeuwen standhielden, wijst op een geavanceerde kennis van ondergrondse bouwtechnieken en stabiliseringsmethoden. Het gebruik van trilplaatstechnieken, holle stenen en waterdichtingstechnieken zou hebben bijgedragen aan de duurzaamheid van deze ondergrondse constructies. Daarnaast was het waarschijnlijk dat de oude Egyptenaren experimenteerden met verschillende bouwmaterialen en methoden om de integriteit van deze netwerken te waarborgen, vooral in het vochtige ondergrondse milieu.
c. Geotechnische kennis:Het bouwen van uitgebreide ondergrondse netwerken vereiste een diepgaand begrip van de geologie en de eigenschappen van de bodem. De oude Egyptenaren zouden inzicht hebben gehad in de draagkracht van verschillende bodemsoorten, drainage en de stabiliteit van ondergrondse structuren. Het feit dat zij dergelijke complexe systemen konden ontwerpen en onderhouden, wijst op een geavanceerde kennis van geotechniek en bodemmechanica.
d. Astronomische en geometrische kennis: Sommige ondergrondse structuren zijn mogelijk afgestemd op astronomische of geometrische principes, zoals het aligneren van tunnels met sterrenbeelden of specifieke astronomische gebeurtenissen. Dit zou kunnen betekenen dat de oude Egyptenaren een geavanceerd begrip hadden van geometrie en astronomie, wat hen in staat stelde om ondergrondse netwerken te koppelen aan religieuze of astronomische symboliek.
e. Doel en gebruik:Hoewel sommige ondergrondse structuren nog niet volledig begrepen worden, suggereren theorieën dat ze mogelijk dienden voor rituele doeleinden, opslag van waardevolle goederen, geheime communicatie of als schuilplaatsen. Het gebruik van dergelijke ondergrondse netwerken weerspiegelt een hoog niveau van planning en organisatie binnen de oude Egyptische samenleving.
Egyptoloog Zahi Hawass is een van de strengste critici van de hypothese dat er een stad onder de piramides van Gizeh ligt, Egypte, 8 januari 2025.
(APPhoto/Khaled Elfiqi)
Kortom, de constructie en het ontwerp van deze ondergrondse netwerken tonen aan dat de oude Egyptenaren beschikten over een zeer geavanceerde combinatie van hydrologische, bouwkundige, geotechnische en astronomische kennis. Deze expertise stelde hen in staat om complexe, duurzame systemen te ontwikkelen die niet alleen functioneel waren, maar mogelijk ook symbolisch of ritueel van aard.
Volgens critici is het onmogelijk om door de rotsen heen te kijken die de piramides van Gizeh vormen.
(Khaled Desouki/Pool via AP)
Controverse en skeptische geluiden
Hoewel de theorie over een verborgen stad onder de piramides van Egypte bijzonder intrigerend is en veel nieuwsgierigheid opwekt, wordt deze niet breed geaccepteerd binnen de mainstream wetenschappelijke gemeenschap. De voornaamste reden hiervoor is het ontbreken van onweerlegbaar bewijs dat daadwerkelijk wijst op een uitgebreide ondergrondse structuur of een vergeten stad. Archeologen en Egyptologen wijzen erop dat veel van de beweringen gebaseerd zijn op interpretaties van anomalieën en ondergrondse waarnemingen die niet altijd eenduidig te verklaren zijn.
Een van de meest gehoorde kritieken is dat de zogenaamde 'ondergrondse kamers' of 'doorgangen' vaak ontstaan door natuurlijke geologische processen. De regio rondom Gizeh, waar de piramides liggen, bestaat uit kalksteen en sedimentgesteenten die door miljoenen jaren van natuurlijke erosie en aardbevingen kunnen leiden tot scheuren en holtes. Sommige onderzoekers stellen dat de waargenomen anomalieën eenvoudig natuurlijke formaties zijn, zonder dat hier menselijke bouwkundige activiteiten aan ten grondslag liggen.
Daarnaast is er het probleem van de interpretatie van technische gegevens. Bijvoorbeeld, bepaalde radar- en seismische scans die worden aangevoerd als bewijs voor ondergrondse structuren, kunnen ook worden verklaard door natuurlijke verschillen in de samenstelling van de ondergrond. Het is niet altijd mogelijk om met de beschikbare technologieën met volledige zekerheid te concluderen dat de gevonden structuren door mensen gemaakt zijn of dat ze een architectonisch plan vertegenwoordigen.
Ook wordt betoogd dat de verhalen over een verborgen stad onder de piramides vaak worden versterkt door pseudowetenschappelijke theorieën, samenzweringstheorieën en speculatie. Sommige onderzoekers waarschuwen dat deze theorieën de geschiedenis en archeologie ondermijnen door te veel te vertrouwen op interpretaties zonder voldoende bewijs. Ze benadrukken dat de immense leeftijd van de piramides, meer dan 4.500 jaar, en de complexiteit van de bouwtechnieken destijds, al voldoende bewijs bieden voor de ingenieuze vaardigheden van de oude Egyptenaren, zonder dat uit die wetenschap per se een ondergrondse stad hoeft te voort te komen.
Tot slot is er ook kritiek op de manier waarop sommige van deze theorieën worden gepromoot in populaire media en documentaires. Deze brengen vaak sensationele verhalen die niet altijd gebaseerd zijn op gedegen archeologisch onderzoek. Hierdoor ontstaat de indruk dat er sprake zou zijn van een grote geheimenis die nog moet worden ontrafeld, terwijl de meeste experts juist pleiten voor een meer genuanceerde en wetenschappelijk verantwoorde benadering.
Kortom, hoewel de theorie over een verborgen stad onder de piramides fascinerend blijft en veel mensen blijft intrigeren, is het bewijs op dit moment onvoldoende om deze claims serieus te nemen binnen de wetenschappelijke gemeenschap. De controverse blijft bestaan, en verder onderzoek met behulp van geavanceerde technologieën en een kritische blik is noodzakelijk om de waarheid te achterhalen.
Conclusie
De aantrekkingskracht van een ondergrondse stad onder de piramides van Egypte blijft een intrigerend onderwerp dat zowel wetenschappers als liefhebbers fascineert. Verschillende geofysische onderzoeken, zoals seismische scans en grondradarmetingen, hebben aanwijzingen opgeleverd die de mogelijkheid van ondergrondse structuren ondersteunen. Zo zijn er bijvoorbeeld anomalieën gevonden onder de Grote Piramide van Gizeh, die mogelijk wijzen op verborgen gangen of kamers. Daarnaast worden oude teksten en legendes vaak aangehaald om het mysterie te onderbouwen, hoewel er geen sluitend bewijs is dat deze daadwerkelijk verwijzen naar een ondergrondse stad.
Tegelijkertijd blijft het bewijs beperkt en is er nog geen onomstotelijke ontdekking gedaan. Archeologisch onderzoek is complex en kostbaar, en de Egyptische autoriteiten zijn vaak terughoudend vanwege het beschermen van het erfgoed. Toch blijven technologische innovaties, zoals 3D-scanning en geavanceerde detectiemethoden, veelbelovend. Toekomstige expedities en onderzoek kunnen mogelijk de sluier oplichten over deze mysterieuze ondergrondse wereld. Het idee van een verborgen stad onder de piramides prikkelt onze nieuwsgierigheid en zet aan tot verdere exploratie. Uiteindelijk kan deze zoektocht ons niet alleen meer inzicht geven in de bouwtechnieken en functies van de piramides, maar ook in de geschiedenis en cultuur van de oude Egyptenaren. Het blijft een boeiend hoofdstuk in de archeologische en mysterieuze geschiedenis van Egypte.
Researchers have found that ocean acidification entered a "danger zone" in 2020, suggesting increased carbon dioxide levels have caused Earth to breach another planetary boundary.
The new study suggests our planet's oceans are becoming too acidic to remain healthy.
(Image credit: Philip Thurston via Getty Images)
Earth's oceans are in worse condition than scientists thought, with acidity levels so high that our seas may have entered a "danger zone" five years ago, according to a new study.
Humans are inadvertently making the oceans more acidic by releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) through industrial activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. This ocean acidification damages marine ecosystems and threatens human coastal communities that depend on healthy waters for their livelihoods.
Previous research suggested that Earth's oceans were approaching a planetary boundary, or "danger zone," for ocean acidification. Now, in a new study published Monday (June 9) in the journal Global Change Biology, researchers have found that the acidification is even more advanced than previously thought and that our oceans may have entered the danger zone in 2020.
The researchers concluded that by 2020, the average condition of our global oceans was in an uncertainty range of the ocean acidification boundary, so the safety limit may have already been breached. Conditions also appear to be worsening faster in deeper waters than at the surface, according to the study.
"Ocean acidification isn't just an environmental crisis — it's a ticking time bomb for marine ecosystems and coastal economies," Steve Widdicombe, director of science and deputy chief executive at Plymouth Marine Laboratory, a marine research organization involved in the new study, said in a statement. "As our seas increase in acidity, we're witnessing the loss of critical habitats that countless marine species depend on and this, in turn, has major societal and economic implications."
In 2009, researchers proposed nine planetary boundaries that we must avoid breaching to keep Earth healthy. These boundaries set limits for large-scale processes that affect the stability and resilience of our planet. For example, there are boundaries for dangerous levels of climate change, chemical pollution and ocean acidification, among others.
A 2023 study found that we had crossed six of the nine boundaries. The authors of that study didn't think the ocean acidification boundary had been breached at the time, but they noted it was at the margin of its boundary and worsening.
Katherine Richardson, a professor at the Globe Institute at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark who led the 2023 study and was not involved in the new study, told Live Science that she was "not at all surprised" by the new findings.
"We said it was on the edge in our last assessment and, as atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen since then, it is hardly surprising that it should be transgressed now," Richardson said in an email.
What causes ocean acidification?
Ocean acidification is mostly caused by the ocean absorbing CO2. The ocean takes up around 30% of CO2 in the atmosphere, so as human activities pump out CO2, they are forcing more of it into the oceans. CO2 dissolves in the ocean, creating carbonic acid and releasing hydrogen ions. Acidity levels are based on the number of hydrogen ions dissolved in water, so as the ocean absorbs more CO2, it becomes more acidic.
The hydrogen ions bond with carbonate ions in the ocean to form bicarbonate, which reduces the carbonate available to marine life like corals, clams and plankton. These animals need carbonate for their bones, shells and other natural structures, which they make out of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Researchers measure aragonite — one of the soluble forms of CaCO3 — to track ocean acidity levels.
Corals are dying as the oceans become warmer and more acidic. (Image credit: Brett Monroe Garner via Getty Images)
The ocean acidification boundary would be breached when the oceans see a 20% reduction of aragonite compared with preindustrial levels (estimated ocean acidification for 1750 and 1850). The 2023 study estimated that ocean acidification was at 19%, just below the boundary.
The authors of the new study used physical and chemical measurements in the upper ocean and computer models to update and refine previous ocean acidification estimates. They also introduced a margin of error, including uncertainties in both the boundary and the present-day acidification value.
With the new data, the researchers found that at the ocean's surface, the global average acidification level is 17.3% (with a 5% margin of uncertainty) less than preindustrial levels. That estimate is lower than the 2023 estimate but well within the new study's wider boundary region (20% but with a 5.3% margin of uncertainty). The newly estimated acidification levels increased at greater depths, though the margin for error also increased below 330 feet (100 meters), according to the study's data.
Not all of the ocean is acidifying at the same rate. For example, the researchers determined that about 40% of the water at the surface had crossed the boundary, but that estimate rose to 60% for the waters below, down to about 650 feet (200 m).
"Most ocean life doesn't just live at the surface — the waters below are home to many more different types of plants and animals," study lead author Helen Findlay, a biological oceanographer at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, said in the statement. "Since these deeper waters are changing so much, the impacts of ocean acidification could be far worse than we thought."
The Vela Supernova Remnant is one of the closest supernova remnants to Earth. The supernova is about 900 light-years away and exploded about 11,000 years ago. That's right around the time of the Younger Dryas and scientists wonder if the two are related, and if other supernovae triggered other cooling episodes. Image Credit: By (Credit) ESO/TIMER survey - https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2214/, CC BY 4.0
Most scientists agree that supernova explosions have affected Earth's climate, though the details are not all clear. They likely cooled the climate several times in the last several thousand years, just as humanity was becoming established around the world. The evidence is in telescopes and tree rings.
We live in the Quaternary period which spans from 2.58 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary is characterized by climatic and environmental changes, most significantly the Ice Ages. The Quaternary also encompasses human existence and evolution from early hominids to our species.
New research in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society examines the role supernovae explosions played in the Quaternary climatic changes. It's titled "Late Quaternary supernovae in Earth history," and the author is Robert Brakenridge. He's a senior research associate in the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado.
The Late Quaternary is loosely defined as the time period from 50,000 years ago to the present. It featured several abrupt, dramatic changes in Earth's climate. These include the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas, abrupt shifts to a colder climate while the Earth was experiencing a warming trend after the last ice age, at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
There are several ways that SN can cool Earth's climate. They can weaken or destroy Earth's ozone layer, which would allow more UV light to reach the surface. That leads to knock-on effects that can cause cooling. SN also contribute to cooling by degrading atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. The primary way that SN can cool Earth's climate is by increasing the cloud cover.
The idea that supernovae could be responsible for abrupt climate shifts is supported by evidence from tree rings. Trees absorb three isotopes of carbon, carbon-12 (12C), carbon-13 (13C), and carbon-14 (14C). When researchers examine ancient tree rings, they find different ratios of the carbon isotopes in different rings. 12C and 13C are stable isotopes, while 14C isn't. 14C is created continuously in the upper atmosphere all of the time.
When supernovae explode, they send high-speed energetic particles outward in all directions. When some reach Earth, they collide with nitrogen in the atmosphere and generate 14C. Because of this, the atmospheric level of 14C spikes when a nearby supernova (in astronomical terms) explodes.
Tree rings can be dated, and when scientists date tree rings with raised levels of 14C, it indicates that a supernovae explosion occurred somewhere nearby at a specific time.
It's not that cut and dried, however, and not all researchers agree that we can link tree rings with supernovae. Miyaki events also create a burst of 14C that can be identified in tree rings, but they're caused by the Sun. However, the the idea that supernovae could be responsible for 14C and climate shifts won't go away.
“We have abrupt environmental changes in Earth’s history. That’s solid, we see these changes,” study author Brakenridge said. “So, what caused them?”
The question rings out as we try to understand our own history and what the future might hold for Earth.
“When nearby supernovae occur in the future, the radiation could have a pretty dramatic effect on human society,” he said. “We have to find out if indeed they caused environmental changes in the past.”
Tree rings and carbon-14 are only part of the story. The other part is told by our powerful telescopes that search the heavens. When stars explode as supernovae, they don't just simply disappear. They leave behind remnants, an expanding shock wave of dead star material and swept up interstellar medium that's lit up by the explosion and depending on the type of supernova, a white dwarf.
Supernova remnants (SNR) are some of Nature's most dazzling displays. The most well-known one is probably the Crab Nebula, the remnant from the 1054 supernova. The crab nebula was the first astronomical object successfully linked with a historical supernova.
The Crab Nebula is the remnant from the 1054 AD supernova. Ancient astronomers in China and other places observed the explosion at the time and recorded it.
Image Credit: By NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University) - Public Domain
As our telescopes have grown in power, scientists have learned a lot about the radiation that comes from supernovae. The struggle is to understand exactly how the radiation interacted with Earth and affected its climate. There's no clear picture of how far away SN can be and still affect Earth.
"All known Late Quaternary SNRs are much further away than the solar system neighbourhood," the author writes in his research. "SNe at distances of >0.1 kpc have sometimes been considered too remote to affect Earth's biosphere and atmosphere." Brakenridge explains that this conclusion is based on catastrophic effects rather than significant effects. "Such a criterion is not appropriate for Late Quaternary time, as there is no known global extinction event comparable to, for example, those in the late Ordovician and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary," he explains, mentioning two of Earth's major extinctions.
"Instead, there is abundant evidence of global climate changes of lesser magnitude and also major mammalian extinction events," Brakenridge explains. "It is thus not possible with present knowledge to rule out SNe at a few 0.1 kpc as causing significant effects observable in Late Quaternary records."
In this research, Brakenridge created a new model of how SN radiation affects the planet's atmosphere.
No SN are affecting Earth right now, so Brakenridge tested the model the only way he can: with tree rings. He examined tree rings over the last 15,000 years and found 11 carbon spikes. Eventually, he determined that four supernovae could have affected Earth's climate during the Late Quaternary.
“The events that we know of, here on earth, are at the right time and the right intensity,” Brakenridge said.
The Hoinga SNR closely aligns with the Older Dryas abrupt cooling about 14,000 years ago.
The Hoinga SNR may be linked to the Earth's Older Dryas abrupt cooling period.
Image Credit: Team New Horizons/Australia Telescope National Facility.
The Vela SNR is associated with the Younger Dryas cooling about 12,000 years ago.
The Vela SNR may be linked to Earth's Younger Dryas cooling period.
Image Credit: By (Credit) ESO/TIMER survey
- https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2214/, CC BY 4.0
Two other C14 events, the largest of the Holocene, at about 9,000 and 7,000 years ago, are also closely aligned with nearby SNR.
The Older and Younger Dryas affected our human ancestors, who were struggling to survive. The Younger Dryas was particularly difficult for humans, who saw a significant population decrease during this time. We may be buffered from similar climatic changes by technology, but these types of rapid climate shifts could be catastrophic for civilization as we know it.
Tree rings and telescopes aren't the only evidence showing how SN could've affected Earth. There's also sediments, ice cores, and other evidence. The challenging part is to piece all of it together and understand how the past played out.
The other challenge is to look around and us and determine what nearby stars may be about to explode, and what threat they might pose to the climate. It's possible that we could be thrust back into a difficult survival situation like our ancestors were.
“As we learn more about our nearby neighboring stars, the capability for prediction is actually there,” Brakenridge said. “It will take more modeling and observation from astrophysicists to fully understand Earth’s exposure to such events.”
TR3B Craft Flying Over On June 3, 2025, Alien or Military? UFO UAP Drone Sighting Breaking News.
TR3B Craft Flying Over On June 3, 2025, Alien or Military? UFO UAP Drone Sighting Breaking News.
Date of sighting: June 3, 2025
Location of sighting: Toronto, Canada
Source: X Chrissy Newton
This is amazing! Check out this video captured by writer and podcaster, Chrissy Newton on X, specifically went to the scene afterward to conduct an on-site investigation. She concluded that it was unlikely to be a light from the crane boom. She wrote on X (formerly Twitter): “I went to the location in Toronto where the UAP was recently spotted. There is a crane nearby, but it's too low to be the object seen in the video. I went around 11 p.m., and the weather conditions were similar to when the video was filmed, to make a fair comparison. So far, the object in the video doesn’t appear to be CGI or AI-generated, at least based on. This is a 100% alien, if it was military, it would not be hovering over a major city. Alien tech at its best.
Haunted Undergrounds, Lost Civilizations, and Secret Rail Networks: The Mysteries and Terrors of the Subterranean World!
Marcus Lowth
Haunted Undergrounds, Lost Civilizations, and Secret Rail Networks: The Mysteries and Terrors of the Subterranean World!
There are many haunted and indeed haunting locations above the ground around the planet, each offering its own unique blend of spooky goings-on and bone-chilling accounts. There are, though, just as many such locations beneath the ground. When we venture into these subterranean lairs, we find the levels of terror and fright are taken up a notch or two, leaving those who experience these underground encounters with unsettling and disturbing tales to tell.
Perhaps a good place to start our look at haunting – and quite possibly haunted – locations would be with one of the oldest rail networks in the world, the London Underground, which is also claimed by many people to be one of the most haunted locations on the planet, and when we explore just some of these claims and accounts, it is easy to see why. If we look at Piccadilly Station (arguably one of the most well-known in the world), we can find reports of strange Morse-code-like bangs, as if someone is attempting to communicate from beyond the veil. There are also reports of phantom footsteps being heard, as well as strange noises similar to large doors being slammed shut at the Elephant and Castle underground station. One of the most thought-provoking ghosts to haunt the London Underground can be found at Covent Garden, where the spirit of actor William Terriss (who was murdered where the station stands today in 1897) has been seen multiple times wearing a Victorian-style hat and cloak.
Without a doubt, though, one of the most disturbing underground stations of the London Underground is Liverpool Street Station, where multiple strange entities and ghostly figures have been witnessed, with some of these figures even being captured on the station’s CCTV system, and multiple passengers over the years reporting seeing a man wearing overalls walking up and down the platform before disappearing right in front of them.
One of the most disturbing ghosts of Liverpool Street Station is that of a woman who was once a patient at Bedlam Hospital, which once stood on the land Liverpool Street Station resides on today. Many people have reported hearing her bone-chilling screams coming from the tunnels of the station, perhaps resonating with research that suggests when she was a patient at the hospital (thought to be during the 1780s), she was desperately mistreated (something the hospital in question was said to have a reputation for). Furthermore, according to local legend, during her lifetime, she often clung to an old coin as some kind of comfort blanket, physically attacking anyone who tried to take it from her. However, following her death, the coin was removed from her grip, and she was buried without it, as such, her spirit wanders the tunnels of the station, seemingly desperately in search of her most prized and likely only possession.
Just one reason put forward to explain the abundance of ghostly activity at his particular station is that it appears to have been built on what was once a mass grave, most likely from the Black Death era, following the discovery of over 3000 skeletal remains in 2015.
If we turn our attention to London’s East End, we will find Bethnal Green Underground Station, another location that is said to be a hive of strange goings-on. According to many people, strange cries are often heard echoing around the station, with some researchers suggesting these cries come from those who used the tunnels during German bombing missions of the Second World War. In part, because this part of London was poverty-stricken and overpopulated, many residents would find themselves packed into this underground station, often dangerously.
This danger was realized on the evening of March 3rd, 1943, as residents around Bethnal Green station hurriedly made their way underground to escape the German bombs falling around them. One of those making their way deep under the ground was a young woman who was carrying her baby and bedding for warmth. However, as she made her way down the almost completely dark staircase, she tripped, causing a woman behind her, who was also carrying a young child, to fall over her. This had a knock-on effect as more and more people tripped over them. Within seconds, a pile-up of almost 300 bodies had ensued, with 173 eventually being confirmed to have lost their lives, mostly from being crushed or from lack of oxygen.
Reports of the strange cries coming from the station began in the years that followed. There is, though, one particular account that stands out from the rest. One evening in 1981, a station employee was working late on paperwork when he heard the sound of several children crying. As he had locked the station himself, he knew he was the only person there, so the sounds were not only unsettling for him, but they were perplexing. To begin with, he assumed the sounds must be coming into the station from outside, and he did his best to ignore them. The sounds began to increase in volume, however, and then came the sudden sounds of multiple women screaming. At this point, he got up from his desk and ran to the ticket area. There wasn’t, however, anyone there. After around 15 minutes, the sounds suddenly died down and then ceased altogether.
Commuters and employees alike have also reported unsettling screams coming from the tunnels of Farringdon Underground Station, screams which have seemingly been traced to a 13-year-old girl who was murdered and whose body was dumped on the land where the station resides in 1758. The girl in question – Anne Naylor – was an apprentice hat maker who lived in Farringdon at a time when the area was crawling with criminal gangs and general unsavory types. Anne worked for a “sadistic” mother and daughter, who often beat the young girl, as well as forced her to go without food for days at a time. One of these beatings, however, resulted in Anne’s untimely death.
After initially storing the tragic girl’s remains in their attic, the mother and daughter decided to chop up the remains and burn them due to the smell of the decay threatening to expose their crime. However, they soon realized that the smell of burning flesh would also alert authorities to the killing, so they decided to take the remains and dump them near the sewer – the same spot where Farringdon Underground Station sits today. Her remains were discovered a short time later, and despite her death initially being ruled as not suspicious, the mother and daughter – for reasons unknown – turned themselves in and admitted to the killing. Each was hanged shortly after.
Whether the strange screams heard at Farringdon Underground station are Anne Naylor's or not remains open to debate. They do, however, continue to be reported today.
Perhaps what makes the apparent hauntings at the British Museum-Holburn Station unique is that, rather than being the spirit of a local person who died there decades or even centuries ago, they are said to be that of an ancient Egyptian woman.
The British Museum Station opened in the early 1900s, but by 1933, it was replaced by Holborn Station, which was not only just meters away but was also much more modern and passenger-friendly. However, almost immediately, rumors swirled that a secret, or at least, non-publicized line remained open that connected the museum to the new station. It was, according to local legend, along this secret line where many paranormal happenings were reported.
As we mentioned earlier, the most intriguing of these is that of an ancient Egyptian woman named Amun-Ra, after the ancient Egyptian god. The woman’s mummy is said to reside inside the British Museum, with her ghost being seen in this secret tunnel many times, as well as people reported hearing her shrieking in rage. Perhaps of more concern, one account states this ancient Egyptian spirit was even responsible for the disappearance of two women one fateful evening in 1935. On the night in question, the two women simply vanished into thin air somewhere inside the station, and, even more disturbing, on the night of their disappearance, several commuters reported hearing strange, unnerving shrieking sounds coming from the tunnels around the station. In the days that followed, it is claimed that several scratch marks were discovered at the old British Museum Station. Of course, as with most legends, we should be cautious about what is accurate and what is fabricated, not least as there appear to be no newspaper reports of the disappearances, which there surely would have been.
It is, though, interesting to note the fortune, or perhaps more specifically, the misfortune of the person who purchased the mummy in question, Thomas Douglas Murray. Not long after making the purchase and having the mummy shipped to London, Murray was accidentally wounded in a shooting. The wound was such that he had to have his arm amputated. Not long after the mummy arrived in London, two of Murray’s servants who had assisted in its transportation suddenly died. Murray’s bad luck, however, continued once he had arrived back in England, as well as anyone else who had any kind of contact with the mummy. One of these people was Murray’s friend’s sister, who eventually took possession of the mummy so she could have it photographed, which she duly did. However, when the photographer was developing the pictures, he claimed that the face of a “living Egyptian woman” appeared in one of the pictures before his eyes and “stared furiously with an expression of singular malevolence!” The photographer in question, at least according to the legends, died suddenly not long after.
The mummy was eventually donated to the British Museum in the early 1930s – and the strange goings-on continued. Although, once more, there are no official reports or newspaper articles to back it up, it is said that anyone who photographed or sketched the mummy died shortly afterward. Moreover, staff at the museum began to report strange, loud bangs coming from around the building, as well as the sounds of a desperate woman’s cries. Whatever the truth of the matter, these accounts are some of the most unsettling of the London Underground.
While the underground stations of London are undoubtedly some of the most disturbing, there are many others around the world that are worth briefly exploring. If we look at Bisham MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) Station in Singapore, we can find an abundance of strange activity. The reason for this could very well be because the station was built on land that was once home to the Bi Shan Teng cemetery. Reports and accounts of bizarre goings-on began as soon as the station opened in 1987 – reports of unnerving sounds and phantom-like manifestations. Passengers also began reporting hearing footsteps on top of the train carriages, while others claimed to have been grabbed or even pushed by invisible assailants. Perhaps the strangest reports of all, though, came from maintenance workers who worked on the tracks themselves. Many of these workers reported seeing ghostly figures walking along the tracks carrying coffins before disappearing into thin air. There are also multiple reports of a headless figure seen walking on the tracks that also vanishes right in front of shocked onlookers.
Another truly profound underground station is Caobao Road Subway Station in China, specifically, it would seem, Line 1, which not only has many reports of strange activity but is seemingly connected to at least nine deaths. As well as the many strange entities and figures witnessed at the station, many trains inexplicably break down while there, and, much like the reports at the Bisham MRT Station, many commuters have reported being pushed toward the tracks by a pair of invisible hands. Many staff at the station, as well as passengers, have reported hearing the strange and disturbing laughter of a seemingly deranged woman, while multiple people began reporting seeing a young girl dressed in red, only days after a young girl dressed in red had taken her own life at the station. Just what makes this particular station a hub of paranormal activity remains unknown.
One last underground station to explore is the Panteones Metro Station in Mexico City, Mexico. According to reports, many commuters and station staff have reported hearing thunderous banging sounds reverberating around the station, while some people have reported seeing disturbing shadow-type figures that disappear when a person walks towards them. There are also regular reports of unsettling screams heard coming from the tunnels of the station. Similarly to the Bisham MRT Station, the Panteones Metro Station was built very close to an old cemetery, which would, on balance, surely be at least part of the cause of the strange activity reported there.
If we return to the United Kingdom and north of the England-Scotland border, we find another haunting underground location – the underground vaults of Edinburgh’s South Bridge, where some of the most intense paranormal activity in the United Kingdom ever recorded has unfolded.
Although it took almost two decades to build, the South Bridge opened in 1788 and assisted in connecting the rapidly growing population of Edinburgh with the old part of the city. Almost immediately, on both sides of the bridge, businesses soon appeared, many of which used the arches of the bridge as their premises and storerooms, and so, inadvertently creating the vaults. In the book Hidden and Haunted: Underground Edinburgh, Des Brogan wrote that “by the middle of the nineteenth century, these vaulted areas were being used as workshops by many of the people who lived in the tenements”, businesses that ranged from “cobblers, butchers, wine merchants, bookbinders, and jewelers!”
While these businesses and the premises that had been created provided cheap business and even living premises, to begin with, the harsh Scottish winters soon took a toll on the bridge, particularly the vaults in the lower sections, and after years of leaking rainwater, disease and ill health began to spread around the vaults. As this was happening, many of the business owners, while keeping their businesses in the vaults, had moved to other living quarters in better parts of the city, leaving their living quarters empty. These were usually rented out to those who could barely afford better accommodation, and, in some cases, were taken over by squatters. It didn’t take long for the vaults to turn into a ghetto. It was, in part, because of these worsening conditions that the authorities decided to move out the remaining tenants and rehouse them. Following this, the slums quickly slid into criminal lairs, with illegal bars and brothels operating out of the empty space at the vaults. As we might imagine, the vaults quickly became a no-go area for most residents of the city, with many crimes, including murder, taking place there.
Eventually, the vaults were sealed off completely, but in the 1980s, one-time international rugby player Norrie Rowan, whose land was home to some of the vaults, rediscovered them. He immediately went about installing a modern lighting system in the vaults, suspecting that there was a good business opportunity in reopening them to the public. He eventually arranged for a tour company to give guided tours of the morose but intriguing location. It wasn’t long after these tours began that reports of paranormal goings-on began to surface. Des Brogan was one of two guides who took multiple people into the vaults. He stated that if any of those entering the vaults “were at all sensitive to the other world, they would feel very uncomfortable!”
Many people have reported seeing children running through the vaults, while others have reported seeing ominous, shadowy adult figures. There have also been multiple reports of people hearing strange cries and screams coming from within the vaults, and some people have reported being pushed, grabbed, or even scratched by some kind of invisible presence. Of all the strange entities witnessed in the vault, one stands out from the rest.
Sometimes called “The Watcher” a figure known as Mr. Boots appears to be the most terrifying of the strange entities in the vaults, his name a reflection of the knee-length boots he is often seen wearing. The previously mentioned Des Brogan describes this strange figure as being “unkempt and unshaven, and with very bad breath!” Even more interesting, Mr. Boots almost always appears in the same specific location of the vaults. Even more ominous and concerning, according to many paranormal investigators and psychics, in this same room, there is also the presence of a young girl – a young girl that it is claimed Mr. Boots murdered there.
Many mediums have communicated with Mr. Boots, claiming he tells them that all candles brought into the room must be placed on the floor, and never shined directly towards his face. He also states that he is not happy with the many people who come down to the vaults, and often expresses his unhappiness by blowing out the lights in the room, plunging those who are there into complete darkness. Although Mr. Boots is only physically seen in one particular room, his footsteps can be heard throughout the vaults, as can the jangling of his keys as he walks. Even stranger, many people report being pushed or pulled by the menacing entity, and even being told in no uncertain terms to “get out!”
Those who have researched Mr. Boots might have been suggesting that he was likely a watchman or security officer at the vaults, most likely during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, during a time when criminal activity was particularly rife. Whatever the truth is, many people claim to have seen or interacted with him. One tour guide, for example, recalled being in the vaults after all of the guests had left following the tour. The guide was blowing out all of the candles before they left. As he was doing this, though, he suddenly heard the sound of footsteps heading up the corridor in his direction. Several moments later, the footsteps came to a stop right outside the room he was standing in. He stared intensely at the doorway, and although he couldn’t see anything out of the ordinary, he claimed that he could sense someone – or something – staring at him. Then, several moments later, the footsteps started again, heading away from him up the corridor.
On another occasion, another guide was turning out all of the lights following a tour when she suddenly realized there were two she had missed at the end of the corridor. She immediately headed toward them before noticing that they appeared to dim slightly, something which halted her advance immediately. A moment later, to her absolute shock and disbelief, she witnessed a dark figure pass in front of the lights before the glow returned to its bright state.
The United States has long had legends and conspiracies of a vast underground tunnel network existing not only under the country but the entire North American continent. In November 2018, in Ybor City near Tampa, Florida, apparent proof of such tunnel networks was made during a development project in the area. According to a report in The Tampa Bay Times, the tunnels were discovered during construction on the corner of 12th Street and Sixth Avenue. One person who took an immediate interest in the discovery was Dr. Gary Mormino, who stated that the “legendary labyrinth” was likely to have been constructed sometime in the 1800s, before the founding of Ybor City in 1886. Moreover, he claimed they were likely used for smuggling and storing “riches” and also offered that they were likely abandoned for unknown reasons before completion.
Although it was 2018 when this tunnel network was discovered, rumors of their presence go back to at least November 2000, when purposely constructed brick walkways were discovered while laying a streetcar system. It was determined by some that the walkways were, in fact, some kind of drainage system. However, with no official records of such a project existing, these claims were dismissed, and the discovery was all but forgotten about. What we might assume from this is that whoever was behind the drainage system was part of some kind of secret order, or it was constructed long before the founding of Ybor City.
As exciting as the discovery in Ybor City was, just shy of a century earlier on the west coast of the United States, there was a similar discovery of an underground network – and this one was much older. According to an article in the January 29th, 1934 edition of The Los Angeles Times, G. Warren Shufelt discovered the remains of an underground city beneath Los Angeles that was 5000 years old and was inhabited by a race of Lizard People, no less. Further, according to the article, Shufelt had mapped out the entire site using X-ray devices and had even managed to excavate around 200 feet below the ground. Then, despite having granted Shufelt permission to excavate the location, the city of Los Angeles suddenly revoked this. They then sealed up the site, and Shufelt was, perhaps suspiciously, never heard from again. Part of the article stated:
“So firmly does Shufelt and a little staff of assistants believe that a maze of catacombs and priceless golden tablets are to be found beneath downtown Los Angeles that the engineer and his aides have already driven a shaft 250 feet into the ground, the mouth of the shaft being on the old Banning property on North Hill street overlooking Sunset Boulevard, Spring Steet, and North Broadway!”
Shufelt also believed that he would discover several golden tablets in the ancient underground city which would detail the history of the human race on Earth, as well as the history of both the American continents (much of which, remember, was lost during the Spanish invasion of the southern continent, and the lost records of many of the Native American tribes following the Pilgrims arrival in the Northern continent). What made him certain of these finds was information he had been given by a chief from the Hopi Native American tribe in Arizona, information, incidentally, that matched much of his own research.
Further according to Shufelt, the ancient subterranean city had been constructed by an ancient technologically advanced race following a meteor impact that had destroyed many of their cities above the ground (with some claiming the Winslow Crater was the result of this impact). Shortly after, this ancient race began to build the underground lair, using a “chemical solution” to melt away the rock to create tunnels and chambers. It isn’t known exactly who these “lizard people” might have been, but some have suggested they could have been the Anunnaki from ancient Sumerian legends, or, at the very least, some kind of reptilian civilization, perhaps one that remains here on Earth deep under the ground.
In a strange twist to the whole affair, several months before Shufelt began his expedition, well-known psychic, Edith Elden Robinson stated in the American Society for Psychic Research newspaper that a “vast city lay under Los Angeles, with massive tunnels that stretch right out to the coast” that had been “constructed by a vanished race who had needed protection from the air and access to the sea!” Was she describing the same underground location that Shufelt allegedly discovered only months later?
As strange as it might sound, there are numerous tunnel networks that have been discovered in the United States. There are said, for example, to be many such cave and tunnel networks in and around Mount Shasta in California, a location that is awash with legends of strange lights and equally strange creatures. Much the same can be said for Brown Mountain in North Carolina, where, as well as the rumors of intricate tunnel networks in the area, there are regular sightings and reports of bizarre, glowing orbs in and around the mountain.
Without a doubt, some of the strangest and most intriguing underground locations in the United States are the alleged ancient tunnel networks of the Grand Canyon, a location, incidentally, that has a long history of strange, supernatural entities and bizarre energies, as well as a place awash with multiple conspiracy theories. Moreover, there are legends and accounts of bizarre lights and unsettling noises coming from the region and even accounts of timeslip events and temporal anomalies.
Perhaps of particular interest to many people regarding the legends of the Grand Canyon are tales of lost cities and tunnel networks that are said to exist under the ground of this area of natural beauty, just one of which is referred to as the Lost City of Supai, said to only be visible to those who had advanced wisdom and spiritual enlightenment.
There is little doubt that one of the most thought-provoking accounts connected to the Grand Canyon is the 1909 expedition of G.E. Kinkaid, during which it is claimed he discovered physical evidence of the underground remains of a mysterious ancient civilization. The main purpose behind the mission – which was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institute – was to carry out geological surveys so as to document the natural marvels of the canyon. He would, though, discover much more than he bargained for.
According to a report of the expedition in the Arizona Gazette, Kinkaid noticed a cave opening in the rocky walls that lined the water’s edge of the Colorado River. Immediately intrigued, Kinkaid and his team ventured inside the entrance. As they made their way deep into the cave (eventually discovered to extend approximately a mile under the ground), they could see that the walkway was not a natural formation, with distinct and deliberate chisel markings evident. As they ventured inside further, they discovered various chamber-like rooms on either side of the subterranean walkway. Then, around 100 feet from the entrance, Kinkaid found himself in a grand hall that was around 700 feet in length. This chamber was full of ancient relics, including a statue of a figure sitting cross-legged with a lotus flower in each hand, perhaps, as Kinkaid suggested, an ancient deity worshipped by whoever had once called this location home.
Kinkaid and his team explored the network in full, discovering various pieces of pottery and vases as they did so. Kinkaid later estimated that around 50,000 people could have comfortably fit inside the underground network, and also documented that the underground lair had an intricate ventilation system – all, that is, except for one chamber that they discovered at the lowest level. Moreover, all agreed that an ominous “serpent-like odor” came from this chamber, something which convinced them to abandon any thoughts of exploring this particular room, not least as their lamps appeared to have no effect on the darkness inside. Although this room went unexplored, many other rooms didn’t.
As the team ventured through the network, they noted multiple urns and statues, all decorated with ancient Egyptian-style hieroglyphics. Even more remarkable, these same styles of symbols were discovered carved into many of the rocky walls of the tunnel network, as well as into a large stone table. Incidentally, there is no record of any deciphering or translation of these symbols, although it is worth mentioning that there have been discoveries of similar symbols in a cave along another stretch of the Colorado River in southern Arizona.
The most remarkable discovery, however, came in a chamber at the end of the tunnel that was separate from the others. Kinkaid claimed that as soon as he entered this particular room, he could see evidence of meticulous planning and advanced engineering. Moreover, the room was full of large statues that had been intricately carved, multiple copper vessels, as well as various swords and spears. Most astonishing of all, though, was the discovery of several mummies, each of which was remarkably well preserved and each around nine feet in height. Although these mummies were extremely similar to those found in ancient Egypt, they were wrapped in a strange, dark material as opposed to white linen.
These mummies, along with the strange symbols, were not the only potential connection to ancient Egypt. Rumors began to circulate in the years following Kinkaid’s expedition that they had also discovered a large boat in the same style as vessels discovered in ancient Egyptian locations, leading to some researchers into the case in the years since asking if there was some kind of direct connection between to the ancient Egyptian civilization, or even to the Atlanteans.
Of course, underlying this connection is the fact that the apparent civilization that once called the Grand Canyon home (if indeed there was such a civilization) was the fact that they were, technically at least, giants. Were these apparent giants of the Grand Canyon connected to ancient Egypt through trade, or was this evidence of some kind of unrecorded migration? Or, given their literal stature, were these mummies the remains of ancient Egyptian gods who had, for reasons unknown, retreated to what is modern-day North America?
As we might imagine, many are more than skeptical about such claims. There are, though, many things to consider, perhaps not least that Kinkaid, rather than being some kind of rogue explorer, had been commissioned to undertake the expedition by the Smithsonian Institution (although we should note that the organization has always denied such discoveries were made). We might also ask just why Kinkaid would have risked his reputation by making such claims if they weren’t true, and, given Kinkaid’s experience, it is highly unlikely that he had misidentified such findings.
Adding a further twist to the whole affair were the claims in the years that followed that the entrance Kinkaid had discovered had been sealed shut by a mysterious government agency group. If this is true, we might ask, what do such dark agencies fear humanity will learn that requires it to be suppressed? Of course, if there was any truth to such claims, then not only would it suggest that advanced human civilization was on the North American continent long before mainstream academics state, but that such legends of “giants” are also true, both of which would force major rethinks on human history.
There are also apparent connections to ancient Egypt. Is it possible, for example, that the ancient Egyptians made it much further – all the way to North America – than is known? And once there, did they encounter a race of giants – each standing around nine feet tall – and is that where legends of giants stem from? It is worth noting that there have been many alleged discoveries of gigantic remains in North America, many of which have been documented in newspaper articles from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century (with alleged discoveries still happening today, albeit fewer and further between). Or might this potential giant civilization have arrived in Egypt, and then taken certain artifacts back with them? Once more, we might ask, was this giant race seen as “the gods” of ancient Egypt, and if so, what is their origin – are they indigenous to our planet or might they have come here from elsewhere?
Perhaps one of the most intriguing and disturbing underground locations is one alleged to stretch out from deep under Moscow, a product of the Cold War that some insist remains operational today. The location in question is said to reside deep under the Moscow Metro rail network, referred to as Metro-2, and rather than just being one level below the metro system, some researchers have suggested that this secret underground network stretches to 15 levels below the Russian capital.
It is said that this secret rail network was discreetly built at the same time as the public metro system, which, despite plans being in place since the early 1900s, did not start until 1931. According to some sources, many of the workers of the metro system were political opponents of the Stalin regime. There were, though, certain “loyal workers” – often members of the Russian military – who were taken off the project, and directed to another, secret line – Metro 2.
As we might imagine, with such a secretive location, information is sketchy at best. Some believe that the line, while almost certainly built, ceased to be operational upon Stalin’s death. Others, though, believe the work continued for decades, even after the fall of the Soviet Union. One researcher – Yuri Zaitsev – claims there are four main lines to the Metro-2 system, which connect the Federal Security Services to various government departments and buildings, including the government airport at Vnukovo.
Perhaps making such claims of secret rail network existing and still operating deep under Moscow even more intriguing are claims made by the head of the Moscow Metro independent trade union, Yuri Saitsev, in 2008 that there was a “recruiting drive for secret routes” among metro drivers, adding that “entering the midst of these tunnels is only for people with special clearance!” Further details suggest that the trains in operation on the Metro-2 system are “very short”, very often with only one passenger car and operated by an electric battery.
Yuri Saitsev is not the only person to have seemingly confirmed the existence of Metro-2. Also in 2008, Mikhail Poltorani, a former minister under Boris Yeltsin, stated that not only did the secret rail network exist, but that it could “hide a lot of people!” He elaborated that “Metro-2 has branches that go to the suburbs so that the command could move away from the epicenter of a nuclear attack!”
It is also worth our time examining the 1992 book Abyss by Vladimir Gonik, or more specifically, his inspiration for it. The plot of the book is set in an underground bunker in Moscow, although he claimed – after the fall of the Soviet Union, remember – that this plot and the details around it stem directly from information he learned while working for the Soviet Ministry of Defense from the early 1970s to the mid-80s. He stated that it was during this time that the term “Metro-2” began being used, mainly by high-ranking members of the Politburo, as well as high-ranking members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Further details, if we assume Gonik’s claims are accurate, offer that each of these elite, high-ranking members had a personal underground apartment, complete lounge, bathroom, kitchen, and study, with each being large enough to house them and their families.
Another former Soviet minister – Alexander Muzykantskiy – claimed the Metro-2 system was “gigantic” and was “designed to ensure the stable operation of the senior military and political leadership in times of armed conflict, including nuclear conflict!” Oleg Gordievsky, another researcher and Soviet defector, made similar claims, stating that the main secret of the KGB was “a huge underground city. A whole communications network of such facilities!”
Of course, despite the wealth of people offering that the secret rail system exists, most people dismiss such claims as nothing but conspiracy theories, including the Russian authorities themselves. However, there are other reasons to believe that such claims are true, if only in part – and one of these is a “vacant lot” in the south-west district of Moscow, Remenki, and so named, Remenki-43 According to some researchers, in this seemingly abandoned lot, is an entrance to a huge underground bunker said to be able to house up to 15,000 people, and connected to other similar networks by the Metro-2 rail system.
With those claims in mind, it is worth examining other potential entrance and exit points to Metro-2 at other similar, seemingly abandoned buildings. In 1985, for example, five years after it had begun, work suddenly ceased on the would-be state-of-the-art Khovrino Hospital complex, with the site simply being abandoned. Needless to say, the unfinished complex attracted all manner of unsavory characters, including several apparent Satanic cults. One member of a film crew who was there to film a documentary stated that it was “one of the most feared unfinished construction projects on the planet!” It is also rumored, at least by some, to be another secretive entrance to the equally secret underground network.
It is also worth highlighting another abandoned building, the Rossiya Hotel, right in the heart of Moscow, which was demolished in 2006. The hotel had opened in 1967 and was for the sole use of Communist Party officials, and before its construction, an entire section of the city was flattened to the ground to build it. Following its destruction, though, those on the demolition team made some remarkable discoveries, not least an underground tunnel system that led to some kind of nuclear bunker. The person in charge of the destruction of the hotel and the development of the land was Shalva Chigirinsky. He claimed that shortly after they made the discovery, “mysterious agents” arrived at the site. He later claimed in interviews with the media that “some people in plain clothes are not allowing us access to an area where there is a tunnel from the Kremlin!”
Ultimately, it appears if there is any truth in the claims of a secret rail network connecting a vast underground city deep below Moscow and the surrounding areas, then those secrets continue to be covered up today, perhaps, as the powers on the world stage in the mid-2020s are seemingly in flux somewhat, for the same reasons they were during the Cold War of the second half of the twentieth century. There are, though, other claims regarding the strange goings-on in the alleged underground facilities under Moscow, ones that stretch back to the years immediately following the end of the Second World War, and it is to those we will turn our attention to next.
According to Russian UFO researcher Anton Anfalov, in the summer of 1947, as Soviet soldiers began the rebuilding operation of Kyiv (in modern-day Ukraine), a huge, silver object was discovered around 15 feet under the ground. It is not clear if the object had been purposely abandoned or if it had crashed, but Soviet troops soon cordoned off the area, and the object was discreetly transported to Podlipki (now called Korolyev) just outside Moscow. Further according to the report, once Soviet scientists had examined the otherworldly object, they made some remarkable discoveries.
It was determined that, rather than being a top-secret advanced craft of the Americans or the Third Reich, the object had been underground for approximately 5000 years. Moreover, they eventually managed to gain access to the inside of the craft, which contained multiple advanced technological instruments. They also discovered two small chairs in what was presumed to be the cockpit area of the craft, each presumably for the pilots, which must have been much smaller than a typical adult human, around three to four feet tall. Ultimately, it was determined that the craft was “not of terrestrial origin” and was of “non-human manufacture!” Further examination of the craft led scientists to conclude that this section was only the front part of the craft, with the rest either residing under the ground elsewhere or even destroyed at the time of the impact. There were also discoveries of strange inscriptions in the cabin similar to ancient Sanskrit, which led those studying the object to consider whether it was some kind of Vimana documented in ancient Indian texts.
Anfalov continued that scientists even managed to reverse-engineer parts of the technology they discovered in the craft, with which, they managed to greatly upgrade their own rocket and missile systems. Most of this technology was so far advanced that scientists and engineers struggled to understand the vast majority of it. That said, we might ask whether it is a coincidence or not that the Soviet Union managed to launch history’s first satellite only a decade later.
Whatever the truth, in the book The World’s Weirdest Places, Nick Redfern relays the claims of one-time KGB officer, V L Durov, who claimed that not only was the account of a recovered UFO from Kyiv true, but that in 1987, the vehicle was transported to a secret bunker “far below the Kremlin” – almost certainly on the Metro-2 line. Durov elaborated that this was done using a “series of very deep underground rail systems” that had originally been designed to “ferry and protect senior government and military personnel in the event of a nuclear strike on Moscow!”
With this idea of advanced vehicles from another world being stored deep under the ground of modern cities, it is perhaps worth our time returning to the United Kingdom and claims of otherworldly craft residing under the grounds of a stately home in the south of England, specifically, Rudloe Manor near the city of Bath. The property and the ground upon which it sits date back to the times of King Henry III in the 1200s, and progressed through the hands of various lords and nobility until Countess Raben sold the entire estate to the Air Ministry in 1940 to aid with the war effort.
Upon purchasing the grounds, the many underground mining tunnels around the estate were modified by the military to accommodate the building of warplanes underground, safe from German bombing missions. This was the case with many such stately homes around the UK during the early 1940s, however, unlike most of these estates, following the end of the war, Rudloe Manor remained in the hands of the British military, and the reason for this, at least according to some, was because deep below the ground in the tunnel network was the remains of a craft from another world.
Here, it is worth mentioning the claims of the late and respected journalist Dorothy Kilgallen. She claimed as far back as the late 1950s that she had been informed by a “British Official of Cabinet rank” that the British government (through their military) had recovered a crashed UFO shortly after the war, with the futuristic vehicle being stored under Rudloe Manor. Further according to Kilgallen’s source, multiple of the United Kingdom’s top scientists had been involved in reverse-engineering projects on the vehicle that had “come from another world!”
As we might imagine, the British military denied the claims, stating that Kilgallen must have been the victim of a hoax. Coincidentally or not, Kilgallen, who was also investigating the John F. Kennedy assassination, died in suspicious circumstances shortly after making such claims. We should perhaps make of that what we will.
Whatever the truth of the matter, Rudloe Manor remains a place of secrecy today, over three-quarters of a century after the end of the Second World War, surrounded by high-security military fencing. With this in mind, it is perhaps also worth mentioning that the entire Wiltshire region is a hotspot of UFO activity. Might this be because of alleged advanced aerial vehicles being housed underground at Rudloe Manor, with subsequent test flights of reverse-engineered technology taking place from there?
What is known is that Rudloe Manor once acted as the headquarters for the RAF Provost and Security Services (PSS), a covert-type organization that deals with “special security needs” and connects to such organizations as MI5 and MI6. We might imagine, then, that if such an organization has its headquarters on the property, it would make sense to house such a possession as a downed UFO in the same place.
There are also claims that the network below the property stretches down several floors, with bunkers for high-ranking government and military officials, and even the Royal Family. There are even claims from some researchers that other bunkers stretch down even further, although these levels are seemingly off-limits to all but a very select few.
Here, it is worth highlighting the work of Timothy Good, who, in his 1991 book Alien Liaison, claimed that a source who worked for the PSS told him that all UFO reports submitted in the United Kingdom are fed through the PSS at Rudloe Manor. From there, they were sent to a Metropole Building on Northumberland Lane in London before being sent to the relevant department of the Ministry of Defense. Interestingly or not, another UFO researcher, Gordon Creighton, had independently claimed that one of his sources was a former United States intelligence officer who worked out of the very same building on Northumberland Lane. Moreover, declassified files since the release of Alien Liaison have proven Good’s claims to be correct. As a demonstration of the discreet nature of the activities at Rudloe Manor, Good’s source claimed that “the activities of this unit are so secret that fellow investigators serving in the Special Investigations and Counter-Intelligence services are not aware of their activities!”
With all of this in mind, it is also worth examining the activities of the Corsham Computer Centre (CCC), an underground facility in Wiltshire. This “data processing” unit employs around 4000 people, all of whom can only enter and leave the building following strict procedures, and who must have their ID with them at all times. According to some researchers, several tunnels lead from this secretive underground facility directly to the underground facility below Rudloe Manor, with some even calling this network an “underground city!”
There are several discreet entrances to the main underground entrance of the CCC building, including through old mining caves and old railway tunnels. Several people have gained access to the outside of the inner facility through these unorthodox entrances and reported seeing extensive and modern lighting systems, as well as fully tarmacked roads. The 24-hour television news channel Sky News received permission to film at the facility in September 2000. Whether it was an error of judgment on the CCC’s part, during that broadcast, huge ventilation fans similar to jumbo jet engines were visible, as well as some kind of nuclear bunkers and a rail network – and it was this rail network, it is claimed by some, that lead directly to the underground facility at Rudloe Manor. Further, according to other researchers, a huge computer network exists at the CCC, which connects to systems at GCHQ and the NSA, with further suggestions that one of the underground rail networks even leads directly to Westminster and the heart of the British government.
As we can see, then, there is a lot more going on under the ground than many of us might think. Whether it is the ghosts of old rail stations, strange creatures in tunnels and sewer networks, ancient discoveries suppressed by the authorities, or even top-secret subterranean lairs for the world’s elites, deep below the ground holds much fascination, as well as, it would appear, many secrets. Indeed, further study of these fascinating subterranean locations could very well tell us much more about the nature of our collective reality.
NASA's Top 5 Technical Challenges Countdown: #1: Survive the Lunar Night
NASA's Top 5 Technical Challenges Countdown: #1: Survive the Lunar Night
By Paul Sutter
In this series we are exploring NASA's top five challenges as detailed in its Civil Space Shortfall Ranking, which is basically NASA's Christmas wish list. These are the technologies that NASA believes we need to develop if we want to go to space…and stay there.
And finally, after multiple rounds of voting from NASA centers, industry partners, and academic researchers, the highest priority goal we need to accomplish to make all our space dreams come true: surviving the Lunar night.
Now I know this sounds like a low-budget knockoff of Five Nights at Freddy's, but it's the real deal. The Lunar night is no fun at all. For one, it typically lasts two weeks at a time (although there are some peaks that receive sunlight almost permanently, but there are also regions where the sun never strikes at all). For another, temperatures can plummet down to 35 degrees above absolute zero. This is absolutely unprecedented; there is no analogy to anything we have experienced on the Earth. Even in arctic regions, where the Sun can disappear for months at a time, are helped by the fact that we still have an atmosphere that can retain and distribute heat. When the Sun shines on the equator, some of that heat makes it up to the poles. But the Moon has no atmosphere, so the only heat you get is from the Sun. When it's gone, it's gone. This makes nighttime operations are a serious challenge. It's really hard to design electronics, and especially batteries, that can function for long periods of time at low temperatures, because almost all of our battery designs rely on chemical processes to generate electricity – processes that slow down at low temperatures, and all of our electronics are designed to work…you know, on Earth.
There has been some headway in the direction of surviving the lunar night. In early 2024 the Japanese lander SLIM, for Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, also known by the much cooler anime nickname of "Moon Sniper", made history by surviving three lunar nights – that's three four-week cycles of light and darkness. But to survive the nights the lander had to shut down and enter a hibernation state, hoping that its batteries would stay warm enough to power itself back up once daylight hit again.
So while that technically counts as surviving the lunar night, that's not exactly what NASA and its partners had in mind when they ranked this as their number one challenge. We can't just go into low-power sleep mode every two weeks, especially if we're talking about extended human or even robotic activities on the lunar surface.
Surviving the Lunar night means transitioning from a daylight temperature of over a blistering 120 degrees Celsius (or 260 degrees Fahrenheit) all the way down to -240 Celsius at night, which is…negative a lot in Fahrenheit. On the other side of the coin, our own robotics and electronics are going to generate their own heat, anywhere from 5 Watts to 10,000 Watts. We need to efficiently manage that heat and make sure it doesn't warp or destroy other vital components on its way out of the spacecraft, especially when the outside temperatures will vary so much.
What will it take to enable lunar night operations? We need components that can manage those kinds of massive temperature swings and still efficiently operate in frigid conditions. We need systems that can efficiently dump heat in both freezing and boiling outside conditions. We need large solar panels that can absorb energy during the daytime and low-temperature batteries that can continue to supply that power through the night. We can't just have these components specialized to one temperature extreme or the other – they need to be able to handle both.
I see this challenge as the culmination of all the other ones. Surviving the lunar night isn't easy, but it serves as a critical milestone in our advance into space. If we want to survive the lunar night and maintain activities and exploration for those two weeks of darkness, we need to solve the other four challenges. This will be our true test. We can't just content ourselves with literal day-trips or low-power night modes. We have to be able to maintain the same level of activity regardless of the daylight conditions. We need high-powered, capable robotics. We need reliable systems for timing and navigation. We need more sophisticated computers, and most importantly we need a lot of electricity. If we can maintain robotic or crewed activities through lunar night after night, then we will have the technological base we need to create a more robust presence on the Moon and extend even further into the solar system.
It won't be easy. The lunar night is unforgivingly cold, depressingly dark, and depressingly long. But hey, at least we'll get a great view of the stars.
Waren ‘Gods zonen’ en de ‘reuzen’ in Genesis 6 buitenaardse wezens?
Waren ‘Gods zonen’ en de ‘reuzen’ in Genesis 6 buitenaardse wezens?
In het negende hoofdstuk1 van het boek Hoe Bestaat Het! gaan de auteurs in op speculaties rondom de identiteit van ‘Gods zonen’ en de ‘reuzen’ in Genesis 6. Naast het verkennen van de vraag of dit buitenaardse wezens zijn geweest en of de aarde ooit bezocht is door aliens wordt er ook ingegaan op de vraag of er überhaupt wel leven buiten onze planeet kan zijn. Is het eigenlijk wel mogelijk om enorme afstanden door het heelal af te leggen? De antwoorden zullen je misschien wel verbazen!
Het speculeren over buitenaards leven is tientallen jaren lang gevoed door verhalen over vliegende schotels en ontmoetingen met buitenaardse wezens. Sommige mensen beweerden zelfs dat ‘Gods zonen’ en/of de reuzen die in Genesis 6:4 genoemd worden, nephilim in het Hebreeuws, buitenaardse wezens waren. Dit onderwerp komt later in dit hoofdstuk aan de orde.
Seculiere humanisten, zoals wijlen Carl Sagan, hebben hartstochtelijk verkondigd dat naast het leven hier op aarde ook ‘daarboven’ intelligent leven is geëvolueerd. Het geloof in de evolutie van het leven op aarde is een enorme stimulans geweest voor het geloof dat leven ook ergens anders zou kunnen zijn geëvolueerd, zeker gezien de afmetingen van het heelal. Het heeft zeker het geloof in ‘het buitenaardse’ aangemoedigd.
Deze meteoriet is ten onrechte gebruikt om aan te tonen dat er ooit leven op Mars is geweest.
In 1996 werd dit idee aangewakkerd vanuit een heel andere bron. Wetenschappers van de NASA beweerden bewijsmateriaal te hebben gevonden voor eenvoudige levensvormen in een meteoriet die op Antarctica was gevonden. Die meteoriet zou van Mars afkomstig zijn. Sindsdien is het enthousiasme voor dit ‘bewijs’ voor leven in het ‘Marsgesteente’ in wetenschappelijke kringen sterk afgenomen.2,3
De Mars-meteoriet NWA 7034 met onderaan een blokje van 1 kubieke centimeter.
De zogenaamde ‘nanofossielen’ waren waarschijnlijk niet meer dan magnetietdraden en veranderingen die door het experimentele proces zijn ontstaan.4 Ondanks dit alles ontketende deze steen met een gewicht van twee kilo een hevige ‘Marsbevlieging’. Amerikanen, Europeanen, Japanners en Russen werken aan tientallen projecten waarin de komende twintig jaar onze dichtstbijzijnde buurplaneet wordt onderzocht; de kortste afstand van Mars tot de aarde bedraagt ongeveer 78 miljoen kilometer. Intussen blijft het geloof in buitenaardse intelligentie gestaag groeien, met een bijna religieuze gedrevenheid.
De ufo-golf
Hoogleraar John E. Mack, die psychiatrie doceerde aan de Universiteit van Harvard, trok wereldwijd de aandacht met zijn boek ‘Ontmoetingen’ (oorspronkelijke titel: Abduction: Human encounters with aliens). Daarnaast dook er een sensationele film op over wat een autopsie zou zijn op een buitenaards wezen dat zou zijn neergestort in New Mexico, vlak bij de Amerikaanse luchtmachtbasis Roswell. De vage filmbeelden vormden de belangrijkste attractie op het wereldcongres van ufo-aanhangers in 1995 in Düsseldorf, Duitsland. Sindsdien is bekend geworden dat het bij de film ging om niet meer dan een gebrekkige vervalsing.
Een andere belangrijke factor was de succesfilm Independence Day, die gaat over een invasie op aarde door buitenaardse wezens. De film bracht in zijn eerste week meer geld op dan welke eerdere film ook. Dit soort sciencefictionverhalen, vaak met ‘buitenaards leven’ als thema, is tegenwoordig het populairste vermaaksgenre ter wereld. Uit populaire enquêtes blijkt dat wel vier van de vijf mensen geloven in buitenaards leven en het idee dat buitenaardse wezens het doen en laten van de mensen in de gaten houden.5 Wat moeten christenen denken van deze ufo-verhalen?
Wat zegt de Bijbel?
a. De Schrift rept niet van buitenaards bezoek en ‘aliens’ De Bijbel, het geopenbaarde, opgeschreven Woord van God, vertelt ons dat het leven alleen mogelijk is door een proces van schepping. Zelfs al zouden er andere sterrenstelsels zijn met planeten die op de aarde lijken, dan zou daar slechts leven kunnen zijn als de Schepper het had gemaakt. Als God dat zou hebben gedaan, en deze wezens zouden ons ooit komen bezoeken, zou Hij ons daar zeker over hebben ingelicht. Buitenaardse wezens met dergelijke macht en technologische staat zouden op vele manieren superieur kunnen zijn aan de mens. Dit zou het door God aan de mens gegeven mandaat om heerschappij te voeren over de schepping en haar te onderwerpen (Gen. 1:28) ontwrichten.
God heeft ons vrij specifieke details gegeven over de toekomst, bijvoorbeeld over de wederkomst van Jezus, en enkele details over het einde van de wereld. Het heelal zal op een bepaald moment in de toekomst worden opgerold als een boekrol (Jes. 34:4; Openb. 6:14). Als God ergens anders levende wezens had geschapen, zou dit ook automatisch hun verblijfplaats vernietigen. Door de zonde van Adam is de gehele schepping onder de vloek gekomen. Want anders zou het niet nodig zijn voor God om een ‘nieuwe hemel en een nieuwe aarde’ te scheppen. Waarom zou een ander ras van wezens, die geen deel uitmaken van Adams (zondige) nageslacht, hun gedeelte van de geschapen wereld aangetast zien door de vloek? En waarom zouden zij dan deel uitmaken van het herstel dat Jezus, de laatste Adam, zal brengen? Dat zou kant noch wal raken.6 Jezus wordt niet talloze keren gekruisigd en opgewekt op andere planeten. De Bijbel zegt dat Hij ‘der zonde eenmaal’ is gestorven (Rom. 6:10).
Er zijn mensen die beweren dat de nephilim,7 of ‘Gods zonen’, die beiden genoemd worden in Genesis 6:2-4, buitenaardse wezens waren. Dit is een wilde uitschieter van de gangbare8 mening dat ‘Gods zonen’ die met de ‘dochters van de mensen’ trouwden, gevallen engelen waren.
‘Gods zonen’ (Hebreeuws: bene elohim) worden in Job 38:7 duidelijk als engelen aangeduid. De Septuagint (LXX9) vertaalt hier ‘zonen van God’ met ‘engelen van God’. Als we Genesis 6:4 rechttoe rechtaan lezen, staat er feitelijk dat kwaadaardige engelen samenwoonden met vrouwen. De nakomelingen die daaruit voortkwamen werden ‘nephilim’ genoemd, wat letterlijk de ‘gevallenen’ betekent. Hoewel dit een moeilijke passage is, die onze mening over de spirituele dimensie en het lichamelijke aspect van engelen op de proef stelt, is het sterkste argument dat voor deze opvatting pleit het feit dat dit de eenvoudigste verklaring van de tekst is. Daarnaast is er ook vanuit het Nieuwe Testament ondersteuning voor deze uitleg (Jud. 6-7; 2 Petr. 2:4-5; 1 Petr. 3:18-20).10 Er zijn ook mensen die hebben voorgesteld dat het gaat om kwaadaardige engelen die op aarde leefden en mogelijk via demonische macht bezit namen van lichamen van goddeloze mensen. Vervolgens gebruikten ze die lichamen om hun kwaadaardige doel te bereiken, namelijk het voortbrengen van een verdorven generatie mensen (Gen. 6:12).11 Maar voor deze stelling vinden we niet veel onderbouwing in de tekst.
Het is overigens interessant dat het woord nephilim, of reuzen, alleen gebruikt wordt in Genesis 6:4 en Numeri 13:33. In het laatste geval wordt er verwezen naar de nakomelingen van Enak. Dit waren grote mensen, maar wel gewoon mensen. Het is echter waarschijnlijk dat het noemen van de nephilim in dit gedeelte, of het nu om de nakomelingen van Enak ging of om de nephilim van voor de zondvloed, een leugen was van de spionnen om de Israëlieten af te brengen van het voornemen om het beloofde land binnen te trekken. God strafte de spionnen immers later voor het geven van valse getuigenissen (Num. 14:11, 36-37).
Hoewel ‘Gods zonen’ in het Oude Testament uitsluitend wordt gebruikt om naar engelen te verwijzen, worden in Hosea 1:10 met ‘kinderen des levenden Gods’ specifiek de kinderen van Israël bedoeld. De bijbelgeleerde H.C. Leupold heeft gesuggereerd12 dat de ‘zonen van God’ de nakomelingen van Seth waren, de goddelijke lijn die wordt beschreven in Genesis 4:25-5:32. Leupold schreef: ‘Maar wie waren deze “zonen van God”? Zonder enige twijfel de Sethieten…’13
Volgens deze visie raakten de nakomelingen van Seth van het rechte pad en trouwden ze met de ‘dochters van mensen’, waarbij ze hun keuze slechts baseerden op het uiterlijk en geen belang hechtten aan hun godsvrucht. De nephilim waren hun nakomelingen. Anderen hebben tegen deze opvatting bezwaar gemaakt. Ze hebben gesteld dat in de tekst specifiek ‘zonen van Seth’ en ‘dochters van Kaïn’ zou moeten staan. Ook wordt gesteld dat de Sethieten als geheel geen godvruchtige groep konden zijn, omdat bloedverwantschap geen garantie is voor vroomheid en rechtvaardigheid (denk aan de koningen van Israël).14 Nog weer een andere opvatting heeft te maken met het feit dat heersers in het oude Egypte en Mesopotamië15 zichzelf ‘zonen van God’ lieten noemen om hun macht en prestige te vergroten. Dan kunnen de ‘zonen van God’ in Genesis 6 op macht beluste heersers en despoten zijn. In hun honger naar macht en invloed zouden ze vele vrouwen tot zich hebben genomen in polygamie. Door tirannie zijn zij en hun nakomelingen ‘machtige mannen’ geworden (Nimrod wordt in Genesis 10:8 beschreven als een van deze ‘machtigen’). Ongeacht wat de juiste interpretatie is, het is niet nodig om onze toevlucht te zoeken tot fantasierijke ideeën met buitenaardse wezens om dit stuk van de Bijbel te begrijpen.
b. Het doel van de sterren De Bijbel vermeldt verschillende keren waarom de sterren zijn gemaakt. Niet alleen in de bekende Psalm 19, maar in het bijzonder ook in het verslag over de schepping. In Genesis 1:14 lezen we: ‘En God zei: Dat er lichten zijn in het uitspansel des hemels, om scheiding te maken tussen de dag en tussen de nacht; en dat zij zijn tot tekenen en tot gezette tijden, en tot dagen en jaren.’ Dus God heeft de sterren gemaakt voor de mensen op aarde en niet voor een of ander buitenaards ras ergens in de ruimte. Als je daar de scheppingsvolgorde aan toevoegt (de aarde op de eerste dag en de sterren pas op de vierde dag), is het eenvoudig om de nadruk in het bijbelse getuigenis te zien, namelijk dat het doel van de schepping volkomen gericht is op de aarde.
Wetenschap
1. Er is nooit enig contact geweest met een buitenaards wezen In 1900 loofde de Franse Academie voor Wetenschappen een prijs uit van 100.000 Franse francs16 voor de eerste persoon die contact zou maken met een buitenaardse beschaving. De buitenaardse wezens mochten echter niet afkomstig zijn van Mars, want de Academie was ervan overtuigd dat het een vaststaand feit was dat er een beschaving bestond op Mars! Sindsdien is er echter geen enkel spoor van ‘kleine groene mannetjes’ of enige andere vorm van leven gevonden op de planeten, inclusief Mars, die door de mensheid zijn onderzocht. Desondanks denkt een groot aantal astronomen dat, omdat het leven hier verondersteld wordt te zijn geëvolueerd, dit ook het geval zal zijn geweest op een van de vele sterren daarboven. Onderzoekers van het ruimteonderzoeksprogramma SETI (Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence17) van over de hele wereld hebben jarenlang de hemel zonder resultaat afgezocht naar signalen van buitenaardse wezens. Vele jaren is er geluisterd op miljoenen verschillende frequenties, maar is er desondanks niets gehoord wat er ook maar op wijst dat er buitenaards intelligent leven is.
‘Is het waar dat niet een van uw experimenten tekenen van buitenaards leven heeft laten zien?’
2. De omstandigheden moeten ‘precies goed’ zijn Het leven op een planeet kan alleen voortbestaan als aan een aantal zeer strenge voorwaarden wordt voldaan. De afstand van de planeet tot zijn zon moet bijvoorbeeld precies goed zijn, zodat het niet te koud en ook niet te warm is. Om precies te zijn: de temperatuur moet zich bevinden in het kleine temperatuurgebied waarbij vloeibaar water voorkomt. Zelfs als het bestaan van planeten rond andere sterren wordt bevestigd, dan nog is het hoogst onwaarschijnlijk dat er één gevonden wordt die aan alle voorwaarden voldoet. De aanwezigheid van vloeibaar water op zichzelf is volkomen onvoldoende, ondanks de grote opwinding die werd veroorzaakt door de mogelijke ontdekking daarvan op het oppervlak van de Europa, een van de manen van Jupiter. De onwaarschijnlijkheid van leven elders in het heelal spreekt ook tegen de idee dat leven per ongeluk naar de aarde is gedreven of met opzet hiernaartoe is gestuurd door buitenaardse wezens (‘panspermia’ en ‘geleide panspermia’).18
3. Leven kan sowieso niet spontaan ontstaan Zonder intelligente, creatieve input kunnen levenloze chemicaliën zichzelf niet veranderen in levende dingen.19 Het idee dat zij dit wel kunnen, wordt de theorie van het spontane ontstaan (abiogenese) genoemd. Louis Pasteur, de grondlegger van de microbiologie en zelf een creationist, bewees de onjuistheid van deze theorie. Zonder de ongegronde evolutionistische speculaties zou ufo-logie niet die grip hebben op de publieke verbeelding die zij nu heeft.
4. Enorme afstanden Zelfs als we aannemen dat er elders in dit heelal leven voorkomt, lijkt een bezoek van buitenaardse wezens aan de aarde zoals wordt beweerd in de berichten over ufo’s, absoluut onuitvoerbaar of zelfs onmogelijk. De afstanden, en daarmee de waarschijnlijke reistijden, zijn onvoorstelbaar groot.
De dichtstbijzijnde ster ten opzichte van de aarde is Proxima Centauri (α-Centauri C). Deze ster staat op een afstand van 40,7 miljoen kilometer. De Apollo-vluchten deden er drie dagen over om de maan te bereiken. Met die snelheid zou het 870.000 jaar duren om bij de dichtstbijzijnde ster te komen. Het zou natuurlijk mogelijk zijn om (met name onbemande) verkenningsvluchten tot grotere snelheden te versnellen. Als het zou lukken om de ongelofelijke snelheid van één tiende van de lichtsnelheid te bereiken, zou op die snelheid een enkele reis nog steeds 43 jaar duren. Om een dergelijke versnelling te bereiken, zijn enorme hoeveelheden energie nodig. Zelfs een klein ruimtevaartuig van 10 kg zou een hoeveelheid energie nodig hebben die gelijk is aan de hoeveelheid energie die ’s werelds grootste waterkrachtcentrale in vier dagen tijd opwekt (zie kader aan het einde van dit hoofdstuk).
Bovendien zit er in elke kubieke kilometer ruimte een geschatte hoeveelheid van 100.000 stofdeeltjes van silicaten en ijs, die slechts 0,1 gram wegen. Bij dergelijke snelheden zou zelfs een botsing met een dergelijk klein deeltje een ruimtevaartuig kunnen vernietigen.20
Hoe zit het dan met ufo’s?
Wat moeten we dan denken van ufo’s, alles wat daarmee te maken heeft en de hype waarmee ze zijn omgeven? Het Duitse tijdschrift Focus schreef : ‘90% van alle ufo-berichten blijkt onzin te zijn, maar er blijft nog 10% over die niet zo eenvoudig naar de prullenbak kan worden verwezen.’21 Het artikel citeerde ook de volgende uitspraak van de socioloog Gerald Eberlein: ‘Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat vooral mensen zonder binding met een kerkgenootschap, maar die wel zeggen religieus te zijn, ontvankelijk zijn voor het mogelijke bestaan van buitenaardse wezens. Voor hen is de ufo-logie een vervanging voor religie.’22
Soms zijn er echter geloofwaardige getuigen, die vreemde objecten hebben gezien die zelfs lijken op metalen vaartuigen. Vele toonaangevende ufo-onderzoekers zijn het erover eens dat een klein percentage van deze objecten bovennatuurlijke dingen laat zien, die tegen de wetten van de fysica ingaan. Een voorbeeld hiervan is verandering van vorm en de samenvoeging met andere objecten met zeer grote snelheid. De Bijbel gaat wat dieper in op dit onderwerp en laat een andere oorzaak en gevolg zien:
‘Hem, zeg ik, wiens toekomst is naar de werking des satans, in alle kracht, en tekenen, en wonderen der leugen; en in alle verleiding der onrechtvaardigheid in degenen die verloren gaan; daarvoor dat zij de liefde der waarheid niet aangenomen hebben, om zalig te worden. En daarom zal God hun zenden een kracht der dwaling, dat zij de leugen zouden geloven.’ (2 Thess. 2:9-11)23
De Bijbel voorziet in een beschrijving van de werkelijkheid met betrekking tot alle levende zaken. De levende God openbaart Zich als de Drie- Enige – Vader, Zoon en Heilige Geest. In de hemel zijn er de engelen, machtige geschapen wezens, die ook de mensheid op aarde dienen.
Er is ook een ander koninkrijk, dat van de duivel en de demonen.24 In Efeze 2:2 wordt gesproken over de ‘overste van de macht der lucht’, die nu heerst op aarde, en die zich voordoet als ‘een engel des lichts’ (2 Kor. 11:14). De duivel heeft zijn eigen repertoire aan misleidingen, in de vorm van verschillende occulte praktijken en een veelheid aan religieuze riten. Het is best mogelijk dat de meester-misleider achter deze onverklaarbare meldingen van ufo’s zit.25 Per definitie zijn meldingen van ufo’s vaag en niet identificeerbaar. Mensen die Jezus Christus niet kennen, raken snel gefascineerd door allerlei moeilijk te verklaren fenomenen. Voor christenen is het van belang de waarschuwing van Jezus in Matthéüs 24:4 in acht te nemen, namelijk ‘dat u niemand verleide’.26 Wat is het beste middel tegen misleiding? Paulus spoort ons in 2 Timotheüs 2:15 aan Gods Woord te bestuderen, zodat we ‘het Woord van de waarheid’ accuraat kunnen gebruiken.
Geheime bases? Laten overheden zaken in de doofpot verdwijnen?
Veel ufo-enthousiastelingen verspreiden het broodje-aap-verhaal van geheime experimenten van de Amerikaanse overheid op buitenaardse wezens, en meer van dat soort zaken. Het is een idee dat wordt versterkt door films als Independence Day. Is het echter wel zo waarschijnlijk dat dit soort zaken verborgen zou worden als je beseft dat de Amerikaanse regering – daartoe geïnspireerd door atheïsten zoals wijlen Carl Sagan – miljoenen dollars aan belastinggeld heeft uitgegeven om te luisteren of er ‘daarboven’ ook tekenen zijn van intelligent buitenaards leven? Vele andere evolutionistische humanisten geloven, net als Carl Sagan, dat er naast het leven hier op aarde, ‘daarboven’ intelligent leven geëvolueerd moet zijn. Ze zouden alles overhebben voor enig hard bewijs hiervoor. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan alle media-aandacht die is besteed aan ‘Mars-gesteente met leven’, en recentelijk aan de mogelijkheid van water op Mars. Het is hoogst onwaarschijnlijk dat een veel spectaculairder ontdekking tientallen jaren geheimgehouden zou kunnen worden.
De realiteit van interstellair reizen
De volgende berekeningen worden gegeven voor degenen die meer technisch georiënteerd zijn:
De kinetische energie die nodig is om een object te versnellen tot één tiende van de lichtsnelheid (0,1·c) kan met voldoende benadering worden berekend door gebruik te maken van de niet-relativistische formule ½·m·v². Voor een zeer klein onbemand ruimtevaartuig van 10 kg is dat: ½ · 10 kg · (3 · 107 m/s)² = 4,5 · 1015 J. De grootste waterkrachtcentrale van de wereld, Itaipu (geëxploiteerd door Brazilië en Paraguay samen), produceert een gigantisch elektrisch vermogen van 14 Gigawatt. Om een ruimteschip van 10 kg te versnellen tot een snelheid van 0,1·c is de totale elektriciteitsproductie nodig van alle 20 turbines van deze waterkrachtcentrale gedurende 3,7 dagen, er van uitgaande dat er geen verliezen zijn.27 Dat is gelijk aan het volledige elektriciteitsverbruik in Nederland van zowel huishoudens als industrie gedurende bijna vier dagen. Voor een bemand ruimteschip dat meerdere tonnen weegt zou vele malen meer nodig zijn dan er dagelijks in de gehele wereld aan elektriciteit wordt geproduceerd. Voor het ruimtevaartuig dat is gebruikt in de film Independence Day en dat de afmetingen heeft van een flinke stad, zou de energiebehoefte overweldigend zijn. Bovendien zou er ongeveer net zo veel energie nodig zijn om het ruimtevaartuig weer af te remmen. Als een ruimtevaartuig meerdere malen zou moeten versnellen en vertragen zou de benodigde energie nog vele malen groter zijn. Het zou nagenoeg onmogelijk zijn om voldoende brandstof mee te nemen zonder gebruik te maken van een soort antimaterie-aandrijving. Als complete annihilatie – complete omzetting van materie in energie (E=mc²) – mogelijk zou zijn, zou 1 ton antimaterie 1 ton materie kunnen annihileren. Dit zou dan 2000 kg · (3 · 108 m/s)2 = 1,8 · 1020 J opleveren. Dit is absoluut de maximale hoeveelheid energie die geproduceerd kan worden met een dergelijke hoeveelheid brandstof. Een echt ruimtevaartuig zou echter nooit een dergelijk rendement kunnen bereiken.
De kinetische energie van een stofdeeltje met een massa van slechts 0,1 gram, dat inslaat met een snelheid van 0,1·c, berekend in het referentiestelsel van het ruimteschip, is ½ mv², dus ½ · 10-4 kg · (3 · 107 m/s)² = 4,5 · 1010 J. De verbrandingsenergie van TNT is 4520 kJ/kg. Dat betekent dat dit inslaan van een dergelijk klein stofdeeltje, gelijkstaat aan een explosie van ongeveer 10 ton TNT (= 10.000 kg TNT).28
Hoe bestaat het?
Dit artikel is met toestemming overgenomen uit het boek: Batten, D., & Mediagroep In Genesis. (2009). Hoe bestaat het! 60 vragen over schepping, evolutie en de Bijbel (3de editie). De Banier.
Het betreft hoofdstuk 9, ‘Wie waren ‘Gods zonen’ en de ‘reuzen’?’, pagina 169-180.
Delen van dit hoofdstuk zijn gebaseerd op een artikel van W. Gitt, gepubliceerd in: Creation 19(4), 1997, p. 46-48; www.creation.com/article/629. Zie ook R. Grigg, ‘Did life come from outer space?’ in: Creation 22(4), 2000, p.40-43; www.creation.com/article/294. Voor een diepgaande behandeling van dit onderwerp, zie G. Bates, Alien intrusion: ufo’s and the evolution connection, 2004, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, VS.
J.D. Sarfati, 1996. ‘Life on Mars?’ in: Creation 19(1):18-20; J.D. Sarfati, 1996. ‘Life from Mars?’ in: Journal of Creation 10(3):293-296; www.creation.com/mars.
B. Holmes, ‘Death knell for Martian life’, New Scientist 152(2061/2), 1996, p. 4.
Zie anoniem, ‘Another blow to Mars ‘life’ claim.’ Creation 20(2), 1998, p. 8; www.creation.com/focus-202-creation-magazine.
Readers Digest enquête, juli 2005.
Bovendien is het niet logisch dat Jezus gestorven zou zijn voor buitenaardse wezens, omdat Jezus de menselijke gestalte aannam en voor altijd de God-mens, onze Verlosser, zal zijn. Als Hij voor bijvoorbeeld Vulcans verzoening zou moeten brengen, dan zou Hij een Vulcan moeten worden. Het hele doel van de schepping is geconcentreerd op het ras op aarde, waarvan sommigen ooit voor eeuwig Christus’ ‘bruid’ zullen zijn. Jezus Christus zal niet meerdere ‘bruiden’ hebben.
In de meeste Bijbelvertalingen wordt dit vertaald met reuzen.
Deze opvatting is gebruikelijk onder moderne reformatorische theologen, en is gebaseerd op de opvattingen van het Jodendom in de eeuwen tussen het Oude en Nieuwe Testament (bijvoorbeeld in het geschrift 1 Henoch) en op de uitleg in de Vroege Kerk. Calvijn stelt echter in zijn commentaar op Genesis 6:4 dat de nephilim reuzen zijn in de betekenis van heersende tyrannen of mannen van grote lichaamslengte. ‘Gods zonen’ zijn naar zijn overtuiging nakomelingen van Seth, terwijl de ‘dochteren der mensen’ de nakomeling waren van Kaïn. De Statenvertalers hebben zich hierbij aangesloten.
Een Griekse vertaling, in de derde eeuw voor de jaartelling gemaakt in opdracht van Ptolemeus.
Het sterkste argument hiervoor is dat het ontstaan van nageslacht van gevallen engelen en mensen Gods bedoeling met het menselijke geslacht doorkruist. Vernietiging van het menselijke geslacht door een zondvloed is zo veel begrijpelijker dan bij een vermenging van vromen en goddeloze mensen het geval is.
H.M. Morris, The Genesis Record, 1976, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, p. 169.
Dit is de uitleg van Calvijn en de Statenvertalers.
H.C. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis, dl. 1, 1976, Wartburg Press, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 250.
Het is mogelijk dat de mensen door verbintenis met demonische machten bewust streefden om een soort supermensen voort te brengen: ‘geweldigen’, om de vloek over de aarde zo veel mogelijk ongedaan te maken. De nakomelingen hoorden bij het menselijke geslacht. Engelen kunnen in mensengedaante verschijnen, eten en drinken en ook geslachtelijk zijn (Gen. 19:5) (noot toegevoegd aan de Nederlandse vertaling).
Mesopotamië is het gebied tussen het huidige Syrië, Turkije, Iran en Saoedi-Arabië, dat is grofweg Irak en Koeweit
Dit is te vergelijken met een bedrag van ca. € 360.000 (2009).
De Nederlandse vertaling voor SETI is: zoektocht naar buitenaardse intelligentie.
Zie ook www.creation.com/space_life.
Enkele kritische artikelen over de evolutionistische oorsprong van het leven zijn: S.E. Aw, ‘The origin of life: a critique of current scientific models’, Journal of Creation 10(3), 1976, p. 300-314; www.creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/tjv10n3_origin_life.pdf; J.D. Sarfati, ‘Self-replicating enzymes’, Journal of Creation 11(1), 1976., p. 4-6; www.creation.com/ article/1532; C.B. Thaxton e.a., ‘The Mystery of Life’s Origin’, Philosophical Library Inc., New York, 1984. Zie ook de artikelen over de oorsprong van het leven op www.creation. com/origin.
Dit betekent dat er elke afgelegde kilometer een kleine kans is op inslag. Maar bij het afleggen van zulke afstanden is een inslag nagenoeg zeker. In de bijlage worden berekeningen gegeven die de schadelijke gevolgen van stofdeeltjes bij zulke snelheden laten zien.
‘Erdling, Hallo, Ufologie, Focus 45, 1995, p. 254.
L. Vardiman, ‘A conceptual transition model of the atmospheric global circulation following the Genesis Flood’, in: Proceedings of the IIIrd ICC, Pittsburg, 1994, p. 569-579.
De NBV-vertaling zegt het op de volgende manier: ‘De komst van de wetteloze mens is het werk van Satan en gaat gepaard met groot machtsvertoon en valse tekenen en wonderen, en allen die verloren zullen gaan, zal hij met zijn kwaadaardigheid verleiden.Want ze hebben de liefde voor de waarheid, die hen had kunnen redden, niet aanvaard. Daarom treft God hen met verblinding, zodat ze dwalen en de leugen geloven.’
De duivel en zijn kwaadaardige engelen zijn afvallige geschapen wezens. Het koninkrijk van satan zal slechts bestaan zolang God het toestaat
Bekroond journalist en cultexpert William Alnor heeft vele jaren het fenomeen ufo’s bestudeerd. Zijn boek, Ufo’s in the New Age, 1992, Baker Book House, is een weergave van zijn onderzoek, dat heeft geleid tot de conclusie dat sommige ufo-waarnemingen een occulte oorsprong hebben. Gary Bates kwam tot soortgelijke conclusies (zie voetnoot 1).
Het hier gebruikte woord ‘verleiden’, betekent met name ook bedriegen en misleiden.
In werkelijkheid gaat er echter ook veel energie verloren bij de verbranding van de brandstof die het vaartuig moet voortstuwen en bijvoorbeeld door wrijvingskrachten zolang het object zich nog in de dampkring bevindt.
Slechts 500 gram TNT in een koffer in het vrachtruim van een Boeing 747 zou al genoeg zijn om een dergelijk groot vliegtuig op te blazen. Het effect van 10.000 kg is dus catastrofaal.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
That is nonsense! Neutrinos can indeed go through miles of rock to punch through to a high altitude balloon, after travelling through billion miles of space, even. That's what neutrinos do, and that is why neutrino detectors have to be placed inside thick rock caves (as neutrinos are the few particles with mass small enough to pass through rock to reach the detectors down there). It's certainly a more likely story than jumping to "It has to be an alien base that for some reason would have been placed under there and started broadcasting signals all of a sudden". Stop inventing just-so stories and use some common sense. Just because the particles have yet to be identified doesn't mean it has to be aliens. FFS! This kind of gullible nonsense gives UFO research a bad name. Grrr.
ReplyLooks like an orb beside the sun at 4:00 position
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