The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
20-06-2022
Diamond looking UFO over Morro Bay, California TODAY
Diamond looking UFO over Morro Bay, California TODAY
This bright unidentified flying object was filmed over Morro Bay, CA today (19th June 2022).
Witness report:
Thought it was a Father’s Day ballon at first then noticed how bright light reflected from object. Object seemed to elevate in altitude and was nearly impossible to find in sky until light reflected from surface.
Hey check this out. Two long metallic objects are seen on Mars sticking out off a huge rock. NASA tries to say these are metallic minerals that are visible due to the rock around them wearing away from windblown sand. However that is not the case here. What we see are two metal arms sticking out of an actual alien under that rock. I believe if you lift up this huge rock, you will find the remainder of the creature. I think something threw this huge rock on purpose to kill the alien creature attacking it. This creature has an exoskeleton...an outer skeleton like an insect would have. Thus, this is an intelligent insect species that was attacking and was killed here.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
NASA States:
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover spotted these finger-like rocks with its Mast Camera, or Mastcam, on May 15, 2022, the 3,474th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. These likely formed as groundwater trickled through rock in the ancient past, depositing mineral cements over time; many years later, when the rock was exposed to the atmosphere, wind eroded the softer material around the cemented portions. The rocks were found on Mount Sharp, the 3-mile-tall (5-kilometer-tall) mountain that Curiosity has been climbing since 2014.
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UFO Creates Wormhole In Sky Over Salem, Wisconsin, USA June 19, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Creates Wormhole In Sky Over Salem, Wisconsin, USA June 19, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Below the UFO is enlarged and has added shadow to bring out the detail of the UFO.
Date of sighting:June 19, 2022
Location of sighting: Salem, Wisconsin, USA
Email report
This UFO created a glowing ring around it in the night sky which may have been a cloud, or caused by its propulsion system slowing down or speeding up to quickly...revealing the wormhole it came from or was about to shoot into. Wisconsin in near the great lakes, which is a hotspot for UFO activity and is known for having incredible depth to them...which aliens love for making their bases deep under the lakes floor to stay out of the prying eyes of humans.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
Looked like a moving star. Stopped then created a smoking ring and kept moving. Saw what looked like a moving star. It was moving then stopped for a second and saw a beam come from center and split into into two that went outward to make a partial circle and created a smoke ring and the object kept moving in almost a zig zag pattern.
Glowing Craft Seen Over Saint Michaels, Maryland On June 18, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Glowing Craft Seen Over Saint Michaels, Maryland On June 18, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: June 18, 2022
Location of sighting: Saint Michaels, Maryland, USA Email report
Hey this just in. An eyewitness in Maryland saw a glowing craft with three lights on holding position in the sky, then shooting away. The craft was silent as it moved. UFOs come in all shapes, sizes and colors. But one thing they all have in common, they leave us stunned after we see them. It changes us forever, changes how we see the world around us, changes how we see our own existence and that of the universe. We live in an amazing place and time.
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
A large object, with 3 lights (non pulsating) appeared stationary, then began moving west/south-west in a very slow pace, before disappearing. Total observation time was under a minute. Lights may have simply turned off or object moved due South, where lights were no longer visible, however the lights were so bright, we should have been able to still make something out. It did not make noise. It did not have the traditional red or green starboard and port airline lights. 3 large solid lights only.
China has claimed that it may have received a message from an alien civilisation using its $180 million Sky Eye telescope, according to reports.
Sky Eye, a 1,640-foot-diameter telescope based in China's Guizhou province, has detected unusual electromagnetic signals that scientists claim could have alien origins.
The news was revealed in a report by Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China's Ministry of Science and Technology, based in Beijing.
But according to Bloomberg, Science and Technology Daily deleted the report shortly after it was posted, although it's uncertain why.
China claims to have received a message from an alien civilisation, mysterious radio signals suggest (file photo)
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, also known as FAST or Sky Eye, is based in a natural basin in Guizhou
The FAST telescope
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, also known as FAST or Sky Eye, is a telescope in Guizhou, China.
With a diameter of 500 meters (1,640 feet), it's the world's largest full dish radio telescope.
It's based in the Dawodang depression, a natural basin in Guizhou.
It was launched in September 2020 specifically to search for alien life and potentially habitable exoplanets – planets outside our solar system.
'Sky Eye telescope may have picked up signs of life beyond Earth, according to a report by the state-backed Science and Technology Daily, which then appeared to have deleted the report and posts about the discovery,' Bloomberg says.
'The news had already started trending on social network Weibo and was picked up by other media outlets, including state-run ones.'
The Science and Technology Daily report cited Zhang Tonjie, chief scientist of an extraterrestrial civilization search team co-founded by Beijing Normal University, the National Astronomical Observatory of China and the University of California, Berkeley.
The team detected two sets of suspicious signals in 2020 while processing data collected in 2019, and found another suspicious signal in 2022 while observing exoplanets – planets outside our solar system.
Zhang said the suspicious signals could also be some kind of radio interference, so further investigation is required.
MailOnline has contacted the National Astronomical Observatory of China for comment.
Currently, no life beyond Earth has ever been found, but this does not mean that the universe is lifeless other than on Earth, according to NASA.
The US space agency says: 'While no clear signs of life have ever been detected, the possibility of extraterrestrial biology – the scientific logic that supports it – has grown increasingly plausible.'
Due to its size, Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope, also known as FAST or Sky Eye, has one of the best chances of discovering alien life.
It was launched in September 2020 specifically to search interstellar communication signals that suggest alien life and potentially habitable exoplanets.
As its official name suggests, FAST has a diameter of 500 meters (1,640 feet), making it the world’s largest full dish radio telescope.
The dish-like telescope, as large as 30 football fields, costed 1.2 billion yuan (about $180 million)
Engineers work at the control centre for the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) on February 3, 2021 in Pingtang County, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province of China
It's able to scan twice the sky area covered by the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the previous record holder for the largest single-aperture radio telescope in the world.
FAST can deliver readings between three and five times more sensitive than those from Arecibo Observatory, which is why scientists have been hopeful the telescope could lead to a breakthrough in the search for alien life.
A 65-person village was destroyed before construction of FAST began, and more than 9,000 people in the surrounding countryside were forced to relocate to create a three-mile radius around the telescope without any electromagnetic interference.
According to government officials, each person was given the equivalent of $1,800 in compensation for the relocation.
ALIEN LIFE MAY BE TOO SCARED OF 'DANGEROUS' HUMANS, EXPERT CLAIMS
Sci-fi films and TV shows have routinely depicted a brutal race of aliens visiting Earth in their spaceships and enslaving unfortunate Earthlings.
But according to one expert, extraterrestrial life may actually be too scared of 'dangerous' and 'violent' humans to want to come here.
Dr Gordon Gallup, a biopsychologist at the University of Albany, argues that humans are 'dangerous, violent and ceaselessly engage in endless bloody conflicts and war'.
As an example, Dr Gallup cites 'the total destruction of the highly advanced Aztec and Inca civilizations' and the subsequent genocide of the native people, their temples and buildings destroyed and their wealth and natural resources stolen.
For this reason, aliens with the technological capability of making a visit to Earth – if they exist – are likely inclined to stay away for fear of death and genocide, according to Dr Gallup.
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China claims to have caught signals from extraterrestrial civilizations
China claims to have caught signals from extraterrestrial civilizations
China’s Sky Eye
As shown in a report by the country Science and Technology Daily, China’s gigantic Sky Eye observatory may have picked up signals of alien civilizations. The news and posts about this finding subsequently appeared to be erased.
The world’s largest radio telescope, Sky Eye, had detected narrow-band electromagnetic signals, which were different from those previously captured, according to the report, which quotes Zhang Tonjie, chief scientist of an extraterrestrial civilization search team co-founded by Beijing Normal University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ National Astronomical Observatory, and also the University of California, Berkeley.
However, the news already had gained traction on the social network Weibo and was picked up by several other media outlets, including government ones, it is unclear why the study was evidently taken offline by the Science and Technology Daily, the official newspaper of China’s science and technology ministry.
Sky Eye, which has a diameter of 500 meters (1,640 feet) and is located in China’s southwestern Guizhou region, formally commenced a search for alien life in September 2020. According to the paper, the team discovered two sets of suspicious signals in 2020 while processing data acquired in 2019, and another suspect signal in 2022 from observation data of exoplanet targets.
According to Zhang, China’s Sky Eye is particularly sensitive to the low-frequency radio band and plays a crucial role in the hunt for extraterrestrial civilizations.
However, the odd signals might possibly be radio interference, requiring additional research, he warned.
In this Exopolitics Today interview, Laura Eisenhower, the great granddaughter of President ‘Ike’ Eisenhower, discusses how she got involved in UFO and esoteric related topics. She discusses her family background and the meetings Ike had with different extraterrestrial groups, especially with Valiant Thor.
Laura explains how Ike was betrayed by the MJ-12 Group which made agreements with a negative extraterrestrial group without his approval that led to him being on the verge of authorizing the US Army to invade Area 51 to take control of classified extraterrestrial projects. She also explains an attempt by the Deep State/Cabal to recruit her to go to Mars 2006, where she would have been prevented from taking part in the great awakening happening right now on Earth. Laura shares her many insights into metaphysics, astrology, key figures in her spiritual work, and humanity’s great awakening.
A Rare Repeating Fast Radio Burst Gives Astronomers a Chance to Study These Mysterious Objects
A Rare Repeating Fast Radio Burst Gives Astronomers a Chance to Study These Mysterious Objects
Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are among the most mysterious astronomical phenomena facing astronomers today. While hundreds of bursts have been detected since the first-ever recorded detection of an FRB in 2007 – the Lorimer Burst – astronomers are still unsure what causes them. Even more mysterious, some have occasionally been found to be repeating in nature, which has fueled speculation that they may not be natural in origin (i.e., possible alien transmissions?). Astronomers are naturally very excited whenever a repeating FRB is found, as it gives them the chance to examine them closer.
In a recent survey, an international team of scientists used three major telescopes worldwide to study a repeating FRB (known as FRB 190520) that was first observed in 2019. According to their observations, this particular FRB is not just a repeating source from a compact object but a persistent one that emits low-level bursts of radio waves between larger ones. These findings raise new questions about the nature of these mysterious objects and how they can be used as tools to probe the space between stars and galaxies.
FRBs are short-lived, intense blasts of radio energy that typically last for a few milliseconds and are never heard from again. The first FRB was detected in 2007 by Duncan Lorimer, an astronomer at West Virginia University (hence the name “Lorimer Burst “) and several hundred have been detected ever since. Whereas most FRBs detected have been one-off events, a few have been repeating in nature and have even been traced back to their sources.
Because of these efforts, astronomers have found a strong link between repeating FRBs and magnetars, a highly-magnetized type of neutron star. Combined with global coordination efforts, astronomers have gathered a huge amount of data on these transient objects to the point that their transient nature is no longer impeding research into them.
Two of a Kind
FRB 190520 was first noticed by scientists at China’s FAST array on May 20th, 2019, after sifting through data obtained in November of that year. Follow-up observations conducted with FAST immediately afterward showed that this source was repeating in nature. In 2020, observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) pinpoint the object’s location, while visible-light observations with the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii showed that this placed it in the outskirts of a dwarf galaxy nearly 3 billion light-years from Earth.
The data obtained with the VLA also determined that the object constantly emits weaker radio waves between bursts. These observations provided the first information about the environment and distance of an FRB, which constituted a major breakthrough in the study of these objects. However, the combination of repeating bursts and persistent radio emissions from a compact region meant that this discovery was only the second of its kind. As Caltech astronomer (and study co-author) Casey Law explained, the only other object of this kind was FRB 121102, which was spotted in 2016.
“These characteristics make this one look a lot like the very first FRB whose position was determined — also by the VLA — back in 2016,” she said. “Now we have two like this, and that brings up some important questions.” The differences between these two sources and all others detected to date strengthen the possibility that there may be two distinct types of FRBs, something astronomers have long suspected.
Possible Explanations
The team proposed that these results could indicate one of two things. First, there’s the possibility that there may be different mechanisms producing the two types of FRBs observed (single events and repeating) or that the objects producing them may be at different stages in their evolution. As noted, the leading candidates for FRBs are thought to be neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields – called magnetars. But after examining FRB 190520, they came to the tentative conclusion that it may be a “newborn” neutron star.
Essentially, this means that the neutron star is still surrounded by dense clouds of dust and gas, which are the remains of the star’s outer layers that were ejected when it went supernova. The presence of this material, they claim, would explain the effect the source’s radio waves had on the surrounding environment. Like pulsars, FRBs affect the dust and gas that lies between star systems and galaxies, which astronomers can study to learn more about the material. For instance, when radio waves pass through space containing free electrons, higher-frequency waves travel faster than low-frequency waves.
The region of FRB 190520 with the VLA image of the Fast Radio Burst alternating between the object bursting and not bursting. Credit: Niu, et al.; Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF; CFHT
This effect is known as “dispersion” and can be measured to determine the density of electrons in interstellar or intergalactic space. In instances where the density of electrons in the intervening space is known, FRBs can also be used to determine the distance between a source and Earth. When the team attempted to make distance measurements based on the dispersion effect FRB 190520 had on the surrounding gas and dust, the results indicated a distance of roughly 8 to 9.5 billion light-years. However, independent measurements based on the source’s Doppler shift produced an estimate of almost 3 billion light-years.
This explanation has multiple implications for the study of FRBs. For one, it demonstrates that repeating bursts could be characteristic of younger neutron stars and that these FRBs dwindle with age as the gas and dust clouds surrounding them dissipate. Second, it raises questions about how useful FRBs could be in determining the distances between celestial objects and the density of the space between them. Said Aggarwal:
“This means that there is a lot of material near the FRB that would confuse any attempt to use it to measure the gas between galaxies. If that’s the case with others, then we can’t count on using FRBs as cosmic yardsticks.”
While it is clear that many questions remain about the sources and mechanisms of Fast Radio Bursts, the progress being made in this field is astounding. Only fifteen years ago, astronomers had observed one for the first time and didn’t realize they came in two distinct forms. Today, FRBs are being detected and tracked by the hundreds, and astronomers are getting closer to determining the key characteristics of both types. In this sense, the field of FRB research is right up there with research into Gravitational Waves (GW), infrared astronomy, exoplanet studies, astrobiology, and others that are progressing by leaps and bounds!
Crashed Extraterrestrial Vehicle Retrieval Manual in Governmental The Majestic Documents: Origins and Impact Today
Crashed Extraterrestrial Vehicle Retrieval Manual in Governmental The Majestic Documents: Origins and Impact Today
Dr. Robert Wood and Ryan Wood have been investigating leaked Majestic Documents since 1994 when the former was given a leaked copy of an apparent official document used by military personnel for retrieval operations of crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft. Dr. Wood had only a year earlier retired from a 43 year career with McDonnell Douglas/Douglas Aircraft company as an aerospace scientist on projects such as the Project Nike anti-missile defense system. He was helped in his document investigation by his son Ryan – who currently runs an alternative energy company. After a rigorous forensic investigation they concluded the SOM document was authentic. Over the subsequent years the Woods team have investigated many official documents that have security classifications such as MAJIC, MJ-12, MAJESTIC, JEHOVAH, and UMBRA.
Dr. Robert Wood and Ryan Wood have been investigating leaked Majestic Documents since 1994 when the former was given a leaked copy of an apparent official document used by military personnel for retrieval operations of crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft. Dr. Wood had only a year earlier retired from a 43 year career with McDonnell Douglas/Douglas Aircraft company as an aerospace scientist on projects such as the Project Nike anti-missile defense system. He was helped in his document investigation by his son Ryan – who currently runs an alternative energy company. After a rigorous forensic investigation they concluded the SOM document was authentic.
Over the subsequent years the Woods team have investigated many official documents that have security classifications such as MAJIC, MJ-12, MAJESTIC, JEHOVAH, and UMBRA. These have been compiled on a website created by Ryan called MajesticDocuments.com. He cited many Majestic Documents in his groundbreaking 2005 book, Majic Eyes Only, where he examined 74 crash retrieval cases.
In their first joint interview with Dr. Michael Salla, the Woods discuss how they got involved in researching the Majestic Documents, the contents of key documents for understanding UFO history. Especially significant was their research into the Burned Memo document which they concluded is linked to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy for his efforts to declassify the UFO topic.
These have been compiled on a website created by Ryan called MajesticDocuments.com. He cited many Majestic Documents in his groundbreaking 2005 book, Majic Eyes Only, where he examined 74 crash retrieval cases. In their first joint interview with Dr. Michael Salla, the Woods discuss how they got involved in researching the Majestic Documents, the contents of key documents for understanding UFO history. Especially significant was their research into the Burned Memo document which they concluded is linked to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy for his efforts to declassify the UFO topic. More information about Dr. Robert Wood and Ryan Wood is available at MajesticDocuments.com
Strange Disney Movie Proves In 1959 They Were Able To Move a Hurricane!
Strange Disney Movie Proves In 1959 They Were Able To Move a Hurricane!
In 1959 They Were Able To Move a Hurricane! A Walt Disney Presentation? BEOFRE we look to ‘Space Force’ lets analyze our past. Can you handle the truth? Examine the Past, Before we move Forward. #SpaceForce #Nasa #Dorian2019
The Banned Disney UFO Documentary: Alien Encounters From New Tomorrowland
The Banned Disney UFO Documentary: Alien Encounters From New Tomorrowland
“Alien Encounters From New Tomorrowland” BANNED DISNEY UFO DOCUMENTARY In March of 1995, without warning, Disney aired a family special. the documentary was so controversial that it was pulled from the airwaves and banned from ever being shown again. Robert Urich, the legendary Jim Street in S.W.A.T. (1975), is the host of this voyage around the UFO’s and its mystery.
From New Tomorrowland, in Disneyland, Urich talks about UFO, contacts, evidence of it arrives, abductions, military documents, and other things that surround this controversial thematic. From the 30′s years ahead, the UFOs always have been there very close to us, every day, every time. Exist the aliens?,in truth, they come to planet Earth? Could it be a fiction created by the military?
And the last and most important question: if they exist, would they will be our friends…or our enemies? Written by Chockys
NASA Lies Again Announcing Formation of Committee To Investigate UFOs! UFO Sighting News.
NASA Lies Again Announcing Formation of Committee To Investigate UFOs! UFO Sighting News.
NASA was created on July 29, 1958 in order to hide the existence of aliens from the public. Yeah its different than you thought, but its 100% true.
This week NASA announced that its assembling a team to research the possibility of UFOs existing. Thats like asking a lion to kindly watch over and protect your baby lamb for a few days while you are away. The truth is NASA will create the UFO committee the same way and purpose that NASA itself was created for...to hide the truth about the existence of aliens from the public, but all the while drop feeding worthless scientific facts to the public which is meant to appease the curiosity of the public.
I can give you a list of ten astronauts who each say they saw a UFO and give you word for word what they say about it. So if you want to go and believe a fake committee that is being created to discredit and disinform the public about the truth, go right ahead. However for over 64 years NASA has lived up to its public nickname, Never A Straight Answer.
There is one and only one way for the truth to come out. For the public to hunt it down, grab it, and drag it out into the public square for all to see (Social Media). Only the public can reveal the truth, only the public has the trust of other people. The other countries around the world lost trust in America after the fake moon landings to make the USA appear as a world power...which by the way, are listed as fakes in lots of student history books worldwide.
Hey, I found this huge wall that crosses the right side of the south pole on Mars. The wall measures 250km long and about 45km tall. The ruler to get those measurements are on the bottom of the photo, placed there by NASA so you know its accurate. There are also a lot of other structures, a city, some 30km alien ships in craters, some square bases in craters and more. So many things in this photo, but understand, it was colorful, but I changed the photo into black and white so that I could see the structures better. Otherwise, it would be impossible to see.
In a ten minute video, I revealed more than NASA did in the last 50 years! Do you still believe NASA offering to help research UFOs is a true offer of help from them? Because if you do, then I got a 30km aliens ship on Mars I want to sell you.
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Space Relic Uncovered at UFO Crash Site
Space Relic Uncovered at UFO Crash Site
Ancient Astronaut Theorists travel to central New Mexico to examine a UFO crash site related to Roswell, in this clip from Season 15, “The Relics of Roswell.”
Civilizations Don’t Even Need Space Ships to Migrate From Star System to Star System
Civilizations Don’t Even Need Space Ships to Migrate From Star System to Star System
In about 5 billion years, the Sun will leave themain sequence and become a red giant. It’ll expand and transform into a glowering, malevolent ball and consume and destroy Mercury, Venus, Earth, and probably Mars. Can humanity survive the Sun’s red giant phase? Extraterrestrial Civilizations (ETCs) may have already faced this existential threat.
Could they have survived it by migrating to another star system without the use of spaceships?
Universe Today readers are well-versed in the difficulties of interstellar travel. Our nearest neighbouring solar system is the Alpha Centauri system. If humanity had to flee an existential threat in our Solar System, and if we could identify a planetary home in Alpha Centauri, it would still take us over four years to get there—if we could travel at the speed of light!
It still takes us five years to get an orbiter to Jupiter at our technological stage. There’s lots of talk about generation starships, where humans could live for generations while en route to a distant habitable planet. Those ships don’t need to reach anywhere near the speed of light; instead, entire generations of humans would live and die on a journey to another star that takes hundreds or thousands of years. It’s fun to think about but pure fantasy at this point.
This is an image of the Nauvoo generation ship from “The Expanse.” Generation ships are the stuff of science fiction, for now. Image Credit: Legendary Television Distribution.
Is there another way we, or other civilizations, could escape our doomed homes?
The author of a new research article in the International Journal of Astrobiology says that ETCs may not need starships to escape existential threats and travel to another star system. They could instead use free-floating planets, also known as rogue planets. The article is “Migrating extraterrestrial civilizations and interstellar colonization: implications for SETI and SETA.” The author is Irina Romanovskaya. Romanovskaya is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Houston Community College.
“I propose that extraterrestrial civilizations may use free-floating planets as interstellar transportation to reach, explore and colonize planetary systems,” Romanovskaya writes. And when it comes to the search for other civilizations, these efforts could leave technosignatures and artifacts. “I propose possible technosignatures and artifacts that may be produced by extraterrestrial civilizations using free-floating planets for interstellar migration and interstellar colonization, as well as strategies for the search for their technosignatures and artifacts,” she said.
It’s possible that rogue planets, either in the Milky Way or some of the other hundreds of billions of galaxies, carry their own life with them in subsurface oceans kept warm by radiogenic decay. Then if they meet a star and become gravitationally bound, that life has effectively used a rogue planet to transport itself, hopefully, to somewhere more hospitable. So why couldn’t a civilization mimic that?
We think of free-floating planets as dark, cold, and inhospitable. And they are unless they have warm subsurface oceans. But they also offer some advantages. “Free-floating planets can provide constant surface gravity, large amounts of space and resources,” Romanovskaya writes. “Free-floating planets with surface and subsurface oceans can provide water as a consumable resource and for protection from space radiation.”
An advanced civilization could also engineer the planet for an even greater advantage by steering it and developing energy sources. Romanovskaya suggests that if we’re on the verge of using controlled fusion, then advanced civilizations might already be using it, which could change a frigid rogue planet into something that could support life.
The author outlines four scenarios where ETCs could take advantage of rogue planets.
The first scenario involves a rogue planet that happens to pass by the homeworld of an ETC. How often that might occur is tied to the number of rogue planets in general. So far, we don’t know how many there are, but there are certainly some. In 2021, a team of researchers announced the discovery of between 70 and 170 rogue planets, each the size of Jupiter, in one region of the Milky Way. And in 2020, one study suggested there could be as many as 50 billion of them in our galaxy.
Where do they all come from? Most are likely ejected from their solar systems due to gravitational events, but some may form via accretion as stars do.
Another source of rogue planets is our Solar System’s Oort Cloud. If other systems also have a cloud of objects like this, they can be an abundant source of rogue planets ejected by stellar activity. Romanovskaya writes: “Stars with 1–7 times solar mass undergoing the post-main-sequence evolution, as well as a supernova from a 7–20 times solar mass progenitor, can eject Oort-cloud objects from their systems so that such objects become unbound from their host stars.”
But how often can an ETC, or our civilization, expect a rogue planet to come close enough to hitchhike on? A 2015 study showed that the binary star W0720 (Scholz’s star) passed through our Solar System’s Oort Cloud about 70,000 years ago. While that was a star and not a planet, it shows that objects pass relatively close by. If the studies that predict billions of free-floating planets are correct, then some of them likely passed close by, or right through, the Oort Cloud long before we had the means to detect them.
The Oort Cloud is a long way away, but a sufficiently advanced civilization could have the capability to see a rogue planet approaching and go out and meet it.µ
Zooming out; the inner solar system (upper left), the outer solar system (upper right), the orbit of Sedna (lower right) and the inner edge of the Oort cloud (lower left). Image credit: NASA
The second scenario involves using technology to steer a rogue planet closer to a civilization’s home. With sufficient technology, they could choose an object from their own Oort Cloud—assuming they have one—and use a propulsion system to direct it towards a safe orbit near their planet. With sufficient lead time, they could adapt the object to their needs, for example, by building underground shelters and other infrastructure. Maybe, with adequate technology, they could alter or create an atmosphere.
The third scenario is similar to the second one. It also involves an object from the civilization’s outer Solar System. Romanovskaya uses the dwarf planet Sedna in our Solar System as an example. Sedna has a highly eccentric orbit that takes it from 76 AUs from the Sun to 937 AU in about 11,000 years. With sufficient technology and lead time, an object like Sedna could be turned into an escape ship. The author notes that “Civilizations capable of doing so would be advanced civilizations that already have their planetary systems explored to the distances of at least 60 AU from their host stars.”
Artist’s conception of Sedna, a dwarf planet in the solar system that only gets within 76 astronomical units (Earth-sun distances) of our Sun. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
There are lots of potential problems. Bringing a dwarf planet from the distant reaches of the Solar System into the inner Solar System could disrupt the orbits of other planets, leading to all sorts of hazards. But the dangers are mitigated if a civilization around a post-main sequence star has already migrated outward with the changing habitable zone. Romanovskaya discusses the energy needed and the timing required in more detail in her article.
The fourth scenario also involves objects like Sedna. When a star leaves the main sequence and expands, there’s a critical distance where objects will be ejected from the system rather than remain gravitationally bound to the dying star. If an ETC could accurately determine when these objects would be ejected as rogue planets, they could prepare it beforehand and ride it out of the dying solar system. That could be extraordinarily perilous, as periods of violent mass loss from the star creates an enormous hazard.
Three rings of ejected gas sail away from an aging star named V Hydrae, seen in this false-colour radio image from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in Chile. Image Credit: ALMA
In all of these scenarios, the rogue planet or other body isn’t a permanent home; it’s a lifeboat. “For all the above scenarios, free-floating planets may not serve as a permanent means of escape from existential threats,” the author explains. “Because of the waning heat production in their interior, such planets eventually fail to sustain oceans of liquid water (if such oceans exist).”
Free-floating planets are also isolated and have fewer resources than planets in a solar system. There are no asteroids to mine, for example, and no free solar energy. There are no seasons and no night and day. There are no plants, animals, or even bacteria. They’re simply a means to an end. “Therefore, instead of making free-floating planets their permanent homes, extraterrestrial civilizations would use the free-floating planets as interstellar transportation to reach and colonize other planetary systems,” writes Romanovskaya.
In her article, Professor Romanovskaya speculates where this could lead. She envisions a civilization that does this more than once, not to escape a dying star but to spread throughout a galaxy and colonize it. “In this way, the parent-civilization may create unique and autonomous daughter-civilizations inhabiting different planets, moons or regions of space.”
“A civilization of Cosmic Hitchhikers would act as a ‘parent-civilization’ spreading the seeds of ‘daughter-civilizations’ in the form of its colonies in planetary systems,” she writes. “This applies to both biological and post-biological species.”
Artist’s rendering of an Earth-sized rogue planet approaching a star. Credit: Christine Pulliam (CfA)
Humanity is only in the early stages of protecting ourselves from catastrophic asteroid impacts, and we can’t yet manage our planet’s climate with any degree of stability. So thinking about using rogue planets to keep humanity alive seems pretty far-fetched. But Romanovskaya’s research isn’t about us; it’s about detecting other civilizations.
All of this activity could create technosignatures and artifacts that signified the presence of an ETC. The research article outlines what they might be and how we could detect them. Rogue planets used as lifeboats could create technosignatures like electromagnetic emissions or other phenomena.
An ETC could use solar sails to control a rogue planet or use them on a spaceship launched from a rogue planet once they have reached their destination. In either case, solar sails produce a technosignature: cyclotron radiation. Maneuvering either a spacecraft or a rogue planet with solar sails would produce “… cyclotron radiation caused by the interaction of the interstellar medium with the magnetic sail.”
Infrared emissions could be another technosignature emitted as waste heat by an ETC on a rogue planet. An excessive amount of infrared or unnatural changes in the amount of infrared could be detected as a technosignature. Infrared could be emitted unevenly across the planet’s surface, indicating underlying engineering or technology. An unusual mix of different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy could also be a technosignature.
The atmosphere itself, if one existed, could also hold technosignatures. Depending on what was observed, it could contain evidence of terraforming.
For now, astronomers don’t know how many rogue planets there are or if they’re concentrated in some areas of the galaxy. We’re at the starting line when it comes to figuring these things out. But soon, we may get a better idea.
The Vera Rubin Observatory should see first light by 2023. This powerful observatory will image the entire available sky every few nights, and it’ll do it in fine detail. It houses the largest digital camera ever made: a 3.2 gigabyte CCD.
In Chile, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is under construction at Cerro Pachon. This image shows construction progress in late 2019. The VCO should be able to spot rogue planets that approach our Solar System. Image Credit: Wil O’Mullaine/LSST CC BY-SA 4.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62504391
The Vera Rubin will be especially good at detecting transients, that is, anything that changes position or brightness in a couple of days. It’ll have a good chance of spotting any interlopers like rogue planets that might approach our Solar System.
There’s a strong possibility that some of those rogue planets will exhibit unusual emissions or puzzling phenomena. Scientists will probably puzzle over them as they did over Oumuamua.
Maybe another civilization more advanced than us has already faced an existential threat from their dying star. Maybe they made a Herculean effort to capture a rogue planet and engineer it to suit their needs. Maybe they’ve already boarded it and launched it towards a distant, stable, long-lived yellow star, with rocky planets in its habitable zone. Maybe they’re wondering if there’s any life at their destination and how they might be received after their long journey.
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INTERSTELLAIR REIZEN ZONDER STERRENSCHIP: ALIENS DOEN HET MISSCHIEN!
INTERSTELLAIR REIZEN ZONDER STERRENSCHIP: ALIENS DOEN HET MISSCHIEN!
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Mogelijk reizen aliens niet met sterrenschepen, maar op complete, maar eenzame planeten door de interstellaire ruimte.
Met dat idee komt professor Irina Mullins in het International Journal of Astrobiology op de proppen. “Ik stel voor dat buitenaardse beschavingen ook gebruik kunnen maken van weesplaneten (planeten die niet gebonden zijn aan een ster, maar eenzaam door de ruimte dwalen, red.) als interstellaire transportmiddelen om andere planetaire systemen te bereiken, verkennen en koloniseren.” Dat lijkt misschien een beetje vergezocht, maar er zit een fascinerende gedachtengang achter die ook weer heel interessante implicaties kent. Bijvoorbeeld voor onze zoektocht naar buitenaards leven.
Op reis Aliens kunnen verschillende redenen hebben om hun thuisplaneten te verlaten. Uit nieuwsgierigheid bijvoorbeeld: omdat ze benieuwd zijn naar wat er buiten hun eigen stelsel te vinden is. Of uit noodzaak: omdat een existentiële dreiging – ziekte, klimaatverandering, oorlog, een stervende moederster, etc. – hen dwingt om uit hun vertrouwde omgeving weg te vluchten. Met name in het laatste scenario lopen (ook geavanceerde) aliens echter waarschijnlijk al snel tegen problemen aan, zo schrijft Mullins. “Ze zouden waarschijnlijk op serieuze of onoverkoombare problemen stuiten wanneer ze een ruimtevaartuig willen gebruiken om grote populaties over interstellaire afstanden te transporteren.”
Weesplaneet Het zette Mullins aan het denken. Want hoe zouden geavanceerde beschavingen zich anders kunnen verplaatsen? “En toen bedacht ik dat buitenaardse beschavingen een lift konden krijgen van weesplaneten die door hun planetaire systeem trekken,” zo vertelt ze aan Scientias.nl.
Meeliften op zo’n weesplaneet heeft verschillende voordelen ten opzichte van een sterrenschip. “Weesplaneten kunnen constant zwaartekracht, maar ook veel ruimte en grondstoffen bieden,” zo schrijft Mullins. Denk onder meer aan water aan of net onder het oppervlak van weesplaneten: aliens kunnen het consumeren of gebruiken – bijvoorbeeld door een onderzees habitat te creëren – om zich te beschermen tegen eventuele gevaarlijke straling afkomstig uit de ruimte.
Een lift vinden Maar om mee te kunnen liften op zo’n weesplaneet – en gebruik te kunnen maken van alles wat zo’n planeet te bieden heeft – moet je er natuurlijk eerst wel op zien te komen. Dat kan op verschillende manieren, zo schrijft Mullins. Zo kunnen aliens simpelweg wachten tot zo’n weesplaneet door hun planetaire systeem reist. “Wetenschappelijke studies suggereren dat het aantal weesplaneten weleens groter kan zijn dan het aantal sterren in de Melkweg. Dat vergroot de kans dat weesplaneten door de buitenste regionen van planetaire systemen reizen.” Wanneer aliens die buitenste regionen van hun stelsel gekoloniseerd hebben, hoeven ze met hun ruimtevaartuigen maar een kleine afstand te overbruggen om zo’n passerende weesplaneet te koloniseren.
Heft in eigen hand Het nadeel van die aanpak is natuurlijk wel dat je maar af moet wachten wanneer zo’n weesplaneet op komt dagen. En dat is zeker in het geval van een existentiële dreiging niet ideaal, zo erkent Mullins. Geavanceerde beschavingen kunnen het heft dan ook in eigen hand nemen en op zoek gaan naar een nabije weesplaneet en de koers daarvan aanpassen. “Geavanceerde buitenaardse beschavingen kunnen ook technologieën gebruiken om passerende weesplaneten richting hun planetaire systeem te sturen, zodat hun soort naar de passerende weesplaneet kan reizen.”
Een weesplaneet maken Een andere mogelijkheid is dat aliens naar een (dwerg)planeet in hun eigen planetaire stelsel reizen en deze vervolgens losmaken van de invloed van de moederster, zodat de planeet transformeert tot weesplaneet. “Ze (de aliens, red.) kunnen dan geavanceerde aandrijfsystemen en zwaartekrachtsslingers gebruiken om Sedna-achtige objecten (Sedna is een dwergplaneet aan de rand van ons zonnestelsel, red.) uit hun eigen planetaire systemen te slingeren.” Het is een aanpak die echter alleen voor de geavanceerdere buitenaardse beschavingen is weggelegd. “Met de aandrijfsystemen die daarvoor nodig zijn, zouden de aliens eeuwen voorlopen op onze ruimtetechnologie.”
Een duwtje van de moederster Dwergplaneten kunnen overigens ook door de moederster zelf uit hun planetaire systemen worden gegooid. En wel wanneer zo’n moederster stervende is en transformeert tot een rode reus of supernova. In dat geval is er voor eventuele aliens in het hart van het planetaire stelsel overigens genoeg reden om zich uit de voeten te maken. In theorie zouden ze daarbij relatief dicht bij huis over kunnen stappen op een object met een zeer excentrische (ovaalvormige) baan. Dat object voert ze dan naar de buitenste regionen van hun planetaire stelsel waar ze over kunnen stappen op een dwergplaneet die dan in een later stadium door de stervende moederster uit het planetaire systeem wordt geslingerd en zo een weesplaneet wordt.
Transportmiddel, geen thuis In sommige van de hierboven beschreven scenario’s zijn geavanceerde aandrijfsystemen nodig, in andere niet. Maar in alle scenario’s is het resultaat hetzelfde: de buitenaardse beschavingen eindigen op een planeet die eenzaam door de ruimte dwaalt. Zo’n planeet moeten we echt zien als een alternatief voor het interstellaire sterrenschip en niet als een nieuw thuis, zo benadrukt Miller. Want weesplaneten zijn op lange termijn weinig gastvrij. “Door de afnemende hitteproductie in hun binnenste zullen zulke planeten er niet in slagen om hun met vloeibaar water gevulde oceanen (als die er zijn) te handhaven. Daarnaast hebben weesplaneten minder grondstoffen te bieden dan planetaire systemen. Daarom zouden buitenaardse beschavingen ze ook niet tot hun permanente thuis maken, maar enkel gebruiken als een interstellair transportmiddel waarmee andere planetaire systemen bereikt en gekoloniseerd kunnen worden.”
Sturen Eenmaal op zo’n weesplaneet is het natuurlijk wel zaak dat de aliens uiteindelijk bij een nieuw thuis aanmeren. “Aliens kunnen hun weesplaneet in de interstellaire ruimte sturen door gebruik te maken van aandrijftechnologieën, wellicht aangevuld met zwaartekrachtsslingers,” vertelt Mullins aan Scientias.nl. “Of ze moeten gewoon wachten tot hun weesplaneet een ander planetair systeem op eigen houtje weet te bereiken.”
Aanneembaar scenario? Of aliens zich werkelijk – hun weesplaneet al dan niet bijsturend waar nodig – door het universum verplaatsen, blijft natuurlijk gissen. Maar voor Mullins is het zeker geen ondenkbaar scenario. “Wetenschappelijke studies vertellen ons dat het onmogelijk is om schepen te bouwen waarmee complete beschavingen tussen de sterren kunnen reizen,” zo vertelt ze aan Scientias.nl. “We weten dat sterren sterven als ze ouder worden. We weten dat mensen instinctief hun hachje willen redden en andere beschavingen zouden er ook zo in kunnen staan. Dus wanneer hun moedersterren stervende zijn, zullen geavanceerde intelligente soorten zoeken naar ontsnappingsmogelijkheden. Omdat grote sterrenschepen geen optie zijn, zullen ze naar andere methoden zoeken.” En weesplaneten – of door de aliens tot weesplaneet gemaakte dwergplaneten – zijn dan een logische optie. “Weesplaneten met al hun grondstoffen en oceanen gevuld met water, bieden alles wat buitenaardse wezens tijdens hun interstellaire reizen nodig hebben.”
Op zoek Voor Mullins zijn aliens die meeliften op een weesplaneet dus een reële mogelijkheid. En wat haar betreft, vullen we onze zoektocht naar intelligent buitenaards leven (ook wel aangeduid als SETI) spoedig aan met een zoektocht naar migrerend intelligent leven (Mullins noemt dat: SMETI). “Wetenschappers zoeken traditioneel naar technosignaturen (sporen van buitenaardse technologieën die hinten op de aanwezigheid van intelligent leven, red.) in de leefbare zone van planetaire systemen met daarin een ster die vergelijkbaar of kleiner is dan onze zon. Dat zijn aantrekkelijke plaatsen voor leven. Maar na zestig jaar zoeken hebben we nog steeds niets gevonden. Sommige wetenschappers denken dan ook dat naarmate buitenaardse beschavingen geavanceerder worden, deze hun technologieën zo gebruiken dat ze meer opgaan in hun omgeving en op interstellaire afstanden lastiger detecteerbaar worden.” Maar wanneer zo’n beschaving (noodgedwongen) koers zet naar andere planetaire systemen, moeten er technologieën gebruikt worden die een stuk opvallender zijn en daarmee zou het ook iets gemakkelijker moeten zijn om die aliens op te zoeken.
Alleen moeten we dan wel op een andere plek gaan zoeken; niet nabij zonachtige sterren, maar bijvoorbeeld juist aan de rand van planetaire systemen, alwaar aliens wellicht bezig zijn om een dwergplaneet los te maken van de moederster of juist wachten op een langs scherende weesplaneet. Daarnaast zouden ook door sterren ingevangen weesplaneten goede plaatsen kunnen zijn om op zoek te gaan naar sporen van leven. Net als de omgeving van stervende sterren; daar kunnen zomaar op een dwerg- of weesplaneet gevluchte aliens worden aangetroffen, zo is de gedachte. Het maakt de traditionele zoektocht naar buitenaards leven niet overbodig, zo benadrukt Mullins, maar kan gezien worden als een aanvulling daarop. “Ik zou willen zeggen dat mijn onderzoeksartikel een oproep is om het SETI-programma uit te breiden.”
Ten slotte kan het onderzoek ook implicaties hebben voor ons mensen, want Mullins presenteert een vorm van transport die niet alleen interessant kan zijn voor eventuele aliens, maar waar ook wij (of beter gezegd: ons nageslacht) bij gebaat zou kunnen zijn. “Net als buitenaardse wezens kan de mensheid weesplaneten gebruiken om andere planetaire systemen te bereiken,” stelt Mullins. “Dat zou dan wel iets voor de verre toekomst zijn; wanneer onze ruimtevaarttechnologie veel verder ontwikkeld is.”
Hubble-telescoop ontdekt geïsoleerd en op drift geslagen zwart gat in ons Melkwegstelsel
Naar schatting ‘dwalen’ er zo’n 100 miljoen zwarte gaten rond in ons Melkwegstelsel, maar gezien zwarte gaten geen licht uitzenden, is het extreem moeilijk om ze op te sporen. Dat er nu eentje gevonden werd dat zich met een snelheid van 150.000 kilometer per uur - volledig geïsoleerd - voortbeweegt doorheen ons sterrenstelsel, is vrij uniek.
Het was de Hubble-telescoop van het Amerikaanse en Europese ruimtevaartagentschap NASA en ESA, die het zwarte gat kon detecteren. Deze telescoop heeft al wat prestaties op zijn naam staan, maar slaagt er nu ook voor het eerst in om een (geïsoleerd) zwart gat te vinden dat niet vergezeld wordt door een ster die er rond cirkelt.
Hoe het zwarte gat gevonden werd? Twee onafhankelijke Amerikaanse onderzoeksteams ontdekten dat de ruimte rond het zwarte gat enigszins vervormd was - opnieuw een onzichtbaar verschijnsel. Het licht van een verre ster werd door deze vervormde ruimte echter ook lichtjes afgebogen, en dat is wél waarneembaar. Door de afwijkingen in het licht van deze ster te meten, konden de astronomen enkele eigenschappen van het zwarte gat achterhalen.
Het zwarte gat in kwestie bevindt zich op zo’n 5.000 lichtjaren - de afstand die licht in een periode van één jaar aflegt in een vacuüm - van de aarde. Dat is wel een eindje. Op basis van hun bevindingen schatten astronomen dat het dichtstbijzijnde zwarte gat zo’n 80 jaar van onze aardbol verwijderd is. De dichtstbijzijnde ster is dan weer vier jaar van ons verwijderd. Het licht dat deze ster ‘s nachts geeft, brandde eigenlijk vier jaar geleden al.
Sterrenverslinders
Een zwart gat is wat overblijft na de explosie van een ster, een ster die zwaarder is dan de zon. Tijdens zo’n explosie produceert de ster eventjes zoveel licht als het hele sterrenstelsel waartoe het behoort. Om daarna voor eeuwig zwart te worden. Daarom werden zwarte gaten voor 1964 ‘bevroren sterren’ genoemd. Verder nog wordt de kern van de explosie zo compact dat een zwart gat ontstaat. Omdat er niets aan de zwarte gaten kan ontsnappen - er kan alleen maar wat invallen – groeien ze doorheen de tijd in massa. Zo werd er in september 2019 nog een ster geregistreerd die door zo’n superzwaar zwart gat aan flarden werd gescheurd.
Ook licht ontsnapt niet aan zwarte gaten, in welke golflengte dan ook. Vandaar de naam “zwart gat”. Het object zelf is niet te zien, alleen de straling eromheen.
Astronomen ontdekken snelgroeiend zwart gat dat elke seconde het equivalent van onze aarde opslokt
Astronomen hebben het snelst groeiende zwart gat van de laatste negen miljard jaar ontdekt, zo heeft de Australian National University (ANU) bekendgemaakt. Geen wonder dat het zo snel groeit, het zou elke seconde het equivalent van maar liefst een hele aardbol opslokken.
Het zwarte gat is immens groot, heeft de massa van drie miljard zonnen en het slokt nog elke seconde andere hemellichamen op, aldus het door astronomen van de ANU geleid internationaal team dat het object vond. Volgens hoofdonderzoeker Christopher Onken (ANU) gaat het om een “zeer langverwachte, alsook onverwachte speld in de hooiberg”.
Het zwart gat heeft een visuele magnitude van 14,5. Het is volgens het onderzoeksteam 500 keer groter dan het zwarte gat in ons sterrenstelsel. Iemand met een degelijke telescoop op een donkere plaats moet het gemakkelijk kunnen zien.
Co-auteur Christian Wolf noemde het recordbrekende object een "buitenbeentje. Wij hebben er vrij veel vertrouwen in dat dit record niet zal worden gebroken. Er is eigenlijk geen ruimte meer over voor zulke immense objecten om zich te verschuilen."
“Nu willen we weten waarom dit zwarte gat zo anders is - is er iets catastrofaal gebeurd? Misschien zijn twee grote sterrenstelsels met elkaar in botsing gekomen en is daarbij een heleboel materiaal naar het zwarte gat geleid om het te voeden”, besluit Onken.
Sterrenverslinders
Een zwart gat is wat overblijft na de explosie van een ster, een ster die zwaarder is dan de zon. Tijdens zo’n explosie produceert de ster eventjes zoveel licht als het hele sterrenstelsel waartoe het behoort. Om daarna voor eeuwig zwart te worden. Daarom werden zwarte gaten voor 1964 ‘bevroren sterren’ genoemd. Verder nog wordt de kern van de explosie zo compact dat een zwart gat ontstaat. Omdat er niets aan de zwarte gaten kan ontsnappen - er kan alleen maar wat invallen – groeien ze doorheen de tijd in massa.
Ook licht ontsnapt niet aan zwarte gaten, in welke golflengte dan ook. Vandaar de naam “zwart gat”. Het object zelf is niet te zien, alleen de straling eromheen.
HERBEKIJK
Astronomers capture 1st image of Milky Way's black hole | World Latest News | WION
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What do black holes sound like? NASA releases recording of black hole in distant galaxy
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This is What the Metal Asteroid Psyche Might Look Like
This is What the Metal Asteroid Psyche Might Look Like
If you wanted to do a forensic study of the Solar System, you might head for the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. That’s where you can find ancient rocks from the Solar System’s early days. Out there in the cold vacuum of space, far from the Sun, asteroids are largely untouched by space weathering. Space scientists sometimes refer to asteroids—and their meteorite fragments that fall to Earth—as time capsules because of the evidence they hold.
The asteroid Psyche is especially interesting, and NASA is sending a mission to investigate the unusual chunk of rock. In advance of that mission, a team of researchers combined observations of Psyche from an array of telescopes and constructed a map of the asteroid’s surface.
Astronomers divide asteroids into three categories. Carbonaceous or C-type asteroids are the most common type. They make up about 75% of known asteroids and contain large amounts of carbon. The carbon makes them dark, and they have low albedoes. Silicaceous or S-type asteroids are the second most common type. They make up about 17% of known asteroids and are mostly made of iron and magnesium silicates.
Metal or M-type asteroids are the rarest types of asteroids and make up about 8% of known asteroids. They appear to contain more metal than the other asteroid types, and scientists think they’re the source of iron meteorites that fall to Earth. M-type meteorites were one of the earliest sources of iron in human history.
King Tut was buried with an iron dagger made from an M-type meteorite. Image: Daniela Comelli/Polytechnic University of Milan
Psyche (16 Psyche) is an M-type asteroid. It’s also called a dwarf planet because it’s about 220 kilometres (140 mi) in diameter. It’s referred to as 16 Psyche because it was the 16th minor planet discovered. (Larger asteroids like Psyche are also known as minor planets.) Psyche is sometimes called the ‘Gold-mine asteroid’ because of the wealth of iron and nickel it contains. Though to be clear, nobody thinks it’s rich in gold.
Visible light images of Psyche don’t tell us much. The European Southern Observatory’s VLT captured some pictures of the asteroid, but they didn’t reveal any detail.
The Very Large Telescope captured this image of 16 Psyche in August 2019. Image Credit: By ESO/Vernazza et al./MISTRAL algorithm (ONERA/CNRS) – Cropped from Kalliope and Psyche, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=111158926
Psyche’s history is a history of uncertainty. For a long time, astronomers thought it was the exposed iron core of a much larger body. In this hypothesis, a powerful collision or series of collisions stripped away the body’s crust and mantle. The larger body would’ve been fully differentiated and measured something like 500 km (310 miles) in diameter. With the crust and mantle gone, only the iron-rich core remained.
That idea fell out of favour as time passed and astronomers continued observing it. Evidence showed that it wasn’t dense enough to be solid iron and is likely porous.
Other researchers suggested that Psyche was disrupted somehow and then re-accreted as a mix of metals and silicates. One study indicated that Psyche isn’t as metal-rich as thought and is more of a rubble pile. In that scenario, collisions with more common C-type asteroids deposited a layer of carbon and other materials onto Psyche’s surface.
The most exotic idea behind Psyche’s origins is the Ferro-volcanic idea. A 2019 study presented evidence that Psyche was once a molten blob. In that scenario, the outer layers cooled and formed stress cracks, and the buoyant molten core erupted as iron volcanoes.
This graphic of 16 Psyche is from a 2021 study. It’s a smoothed, contour-filled optical albedo map with labelled topographical and albedo features. It shows some of the asteroid’s surface features like the depressions Eros, Foxtrot, and Panthia. Names with question marks are indeterminate features. The three blurred white spots are optical bright spots, and the white circles are radar echo centers. Image Credit: Michael K. Shepard et al., Asteroid 16 Psyche: Shape, Features, and Global Map (2021), figure 10. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/abfdba#psjabfdbaf9, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113172869
The only way to find out for sure what Psyche is is to go and look at it. So that’s what NASA is doing.
The mission is called Psyche and is scheduled for launch sometime in Fall 2022. The spacecraft will rely on solar-electric propulsion and a gravity-assist maneuver with Mars to arrive at Psyche in 2026. It’ll spend 21 months studying the asteroid and will follow four separate orbital paths, each successive one closer than the previous. As it moves closer to the asteroid, it’ll focus on different scientific objectives.
A team of researchers constructed a new map of Psyche’s surface to help prepare for the mission. The map is in a paper published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. The title is “The Heterogeneous Surface of Asteroid (16) Psyche,” and the lead author is Saverio Cambioni from MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS).
“Psyche’s surface is very heterogeneous,” Cambioni said in a press release. “It’s an evolved surface, and these maps confirm that metal-rich asteroids are interesting enigmatic worlds. It’s another reason to look forward to the Psyche mission going to the asteroid.”
In this study, the authors used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to better look at 16 Psyche. ALMA is a radio telescope composed of 66 high-precision antennae. The separate antennae operate together as an interferometer with a high resolution. ALMA operates at wavelengths sensitive to the temperature and some electric properties of materials on Psyche’s surface.
“The signals of the ALMA antennas can be combined into a synthetic signal that’s equivalent to a telescope with a diameter of 16 kilometres (10 miles),” said co-author Katherine de Kleer, an assistant professor of planetary science and astronomy at Caltech. “The larger the telescope, the higher the resolution.”
The new map is based on two types of measurements. One is thermal inertia, which is how long a material takes to reach the temperature of its environment. Higher thermal inertia means it takes longer.
The second is the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant describes how well a material conducts heat, electricity, or sound. A material with a low dielectric constant conducts poorly and is a good insulator and vice versa.
The researchers took the ALMA observations of thermal inertia and dielectric constant and ran hundreds of simulations to see which combinations of materials could explain them. “We ran these simulations area by area so we could catch differences in surface properties,” Cambioni says.
Pure iron has an infinite dielectric constant. By measuring the dielectric constant on Psyche, the researchers could map the surface and locate regions richer in iron. Iron also has high thermal inertia because it’s so dense. So combining thermal inertia and dielectric constant measurements gives a good idea of which surface regions on Psyche are rich in iron and other metals.
This figure from the study shows the thermal inertia (L) and dielectric constant (R) of 16 Psyche’s surface as measured by ALMA. Image Credit: Cambioni et al. 2022.
The researchers call a curious feature on Psyche the Bravo-Golf region. That region has a systematically lower thermal inertia than the highland regions. The Bravo-Golf region is the depression just to the right of the asteroid’s prime meridian in the image below.
This figure from the paper combines thermal inertia with elevation. The low-elevation Bravo-Golf region is visible. Image Credit: Cambioni et al. 2022.
Why does a low-elevation area have lower thermal inertia? Other studies show that the region is also radar-bright. Why is that? The researchers came up with three possibilities.
The lowlands could be metal-rich but covered with fine, porous regolith that lowers their thermal inertia compared to the highlands covered in coarser regolith. Thermal inertial increases with particle size. In this scenario, finer-grained regolith would’ve pooled in the lowlands.
“Ponds of fine-grained materials have been seen on small asteroids, whose gravity is low enough for impacts to shake the surface and cause finer materials to pool,” Cambioni said. “But Psyche is a large body, so if fine-grained materials accumulated on the bottom of the depression, this is interesting and somewhat mysterious.”
The second hypothesis is that the surface material covering the lowlands is more porous than the highlands. Thermal inertia decreases as rock porosity increases. Impact fractures could make the lowlands more porous too.
The third hypothesis is that the lowlands have more silicate-rich materials than the highlands, giving them a lower dielectric constant than some areas of the highlands. The idea is that the Bravo-Golf depression could’ve been formed by an impact with a silicate-rich impactor and left silicate-rich residue behind.
This figure from the study illustrates the three scenarios that might explain the low-thermal-inertia detected in the Bravo-Golf region. Image Credit: Cambioni et al. 2022.
Overall, the study shows that 16 Psyche’s surface is covered in a large variety of materials. It also adds to other evidence showing that the asteroid is metal-rich, though the abundance of metals and silicates varies significantly in different regions. It also suggests that the asteroid might be a remnant core of a differentiated body that lost its mantle and crust long ago. “In conclusion, we provide evidence that Psyche is a metal-rich asteroid whose surface is heterogeneous, shows both metal and silicate materials, and appears evolved by impacts,” the authors conclude.
Simone Marchi is a staff scientist at the Southwest Research Institute and a co-investigator on NASA’s Psyche mission. Marchi wasn’t involved in this study but commented on its significance in a press release. “These data show that Psyche’s surface is heterogeneous, with possible remarkable variations in composition. One of the primary goals of the Psyche mission is to study the composition of the asteroid surface using its gamma rays and neutron spectrometer, and a colour imager. So, the possible presence of compositional heterogeneities is something that the Psyche Science Team is eager to study more.”
This animation from the paper shows thermal inertia on 16 Psyche’s surface. The low-elevation Bravo-Golf region is of particular interest. Credit: Cambioni et al. 2022.
It’ll be up to NASA’s Psyche mission to confirm these findings more rigorously.
But sending a spacecraft all the way to Psyche to understand it in more detail is about more than just Psyche itself.
If Psyche is the remnant core of a rocky, differentiated planetesimal, it’ll reveal something about our planet and how differentiated bodies form. Will it contain some of the same light elements that we expect are in Earth’s core? Earth’s core isn’t dense enough to be pure iron and nickel. Scientists think it contains lighter elements like sulphur, silicon, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen.
The Psyche mission will also determine whether the asteroid formed under conditions more oxidizing or more reducing than Earth’s core. That will tell us more about the solar nebula and the protoplanetary disk.
People sometimes refer to Psyche as the Gold Mine Asteroid because it’s so metal-rich. An object its size would contain an enormous amount of iron, though that value is unlikely to be realized or accessible any time soon.
But if knowledge is as valuable as iron, then 16 Psyche might still be a gold mine.
Andromeda Tore Apart and Consumed a Neighbor Galaxy
Andromeda Tore Apart and Consumed a Neighbor Galaxy
Things may seem quiet and peaceful in the Andromeda Galaxy when you gaze at it in the sky. However, if you know what to look for, there’s evidence of a violent rumble in this galaxy’s past. That’s the takeaway from research by Ivanna Escala, an astronomer at Carnegie Institution for Science in Pasadena. She found telltale clues for a merger a few billion years ago. That’s when Andromeda actively cannibalized another galaxy.
Collisions between galaxies create tidal artifacts with all sorts of shapes. This new work from Ivanna Escala found conclusive evidence that Andromeda’s Northeast, West, and Southeast shelfs and Giant Stellar Stream are the result of a collision with another galaxy. Studying these tidal features can teach us about how galaxies grow and evolve over time as they accrete new material. This composite image of 12 galaxy mergers is courtesy of NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University), K. Noll (STScI), and J. Westphal (Caltech).
Mergers Make Galaxies
When galaxies collide (and wouldn’t that be a great movie title?), they basically gobble up material from whatever is around—the galaxies themselves, globular clusters, nebulae, whatever’s in the way. They also shove material around rather violently at times. That produces profound disturbances in the wake of the collision. If you look at the sites of galaxy clashes, you can find knots of star birth, for example. They boil up as material is compressed and shocked by the forces of the collision into active star formation regions.
Collisional Pileups
It also creates stellar associations called tidal features. They can look like streams or arcing shells of stars moving along in the wake of the collision. Sometimes they create “pileups” that look like ripples (or arcs of ripples) similar to when you toss a rock into a pond. If you know how to interpret those clues, you can figure out something about the collisions that caused them.
That’s what Escala and her team did. “The remnants of each crash can be identified by studying the movement of the stars and their chemical compositions,” she explained. “Together this information serves as a kind of fingerprint that identifies stars that joined a galaxy in a collision.”
Diving into Andromeda’s Past
The Andromeda Galaxy is about 10 billion years old. By comparison, the Milky Way Galaxy is about 13.6 billion years old. Like most other galaxies, Andromeda grew by multiple collisions with smaller protogalaxies and subsequent mergers with larger ones. The Milky Way is currently gobbling up at least one dwarf galaxy and also formed by mergers.
The trick to figuring out the merger history is, as any crime scene detective knows, buried in the details. Astronomers look at the chemical components of stars and figure out which are native to the galaxy and which are not. Stellar motions can reveal intruders. If the merger is particularly violent, streams of stars and gas and dust will form observable features.
Digging Into Andromeda’s Stars
Escala and her collaborators looked deep into Andromeda at a feature called the Northeast Shelf. They analyzed 556 red giant branch stars within it. “We performed the first detailed characterization of the chemical composition and geometric motion of the stars in this region of our neighboring galaxy, demonstrating conclusively that the NE shelf is a tidal shell predominately composed of debris from the aftermath of a collision,” Escala explained during a press conference at the American Astronomical Society Meeting in Pasadena, CA.
This image shows NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope images of a small part of the giant stellar stream of the Andromeda Galaxy. The stream is a long structure thought to be the remains of a companion galaxy torn apart by the Andromeda Galaxy’s gravity and engulfed in it. By studying details of the stars in the stream, astronomers can determine the chemistry and ages of the stars in each part of the Andromeda Galaxy.
They also showed that this ledge is part of a multi-shell system, along with the galaxy’s west and southeast shelves. The material in these regions is consistent with that of Andromeda’s Giant Stellar Stream, created during the recent large collisions. It’s likely that all those tidal features could have come from the same source. “Our results are in line with modeling that predicted the Giant Stellar Stream is the first loop of material from a collision and the NE shelf is the second layer wrap-around,” Escala concluded. The wrap-around she mentions points toward multiple encounters during the collision/cannibalization event.
Gravitational interactions at the time shaped the streams. The analysis done by Escala and her team is an important step toward confirming predictions about this galaxy’s violent past. Collisions are an important part of that history. More evidence about these actions gives a deeper understanding of the many features left behind long after the merger ends.
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