We’ve Now Seen Planet-Forming Disks Around Hundreds of Young Stars. What Do They Tell Us?

Is our Solar System comparable to other solar systems? What do other systems look like? We know from exoplanet studies that many other systems have hot Jupiters, massive gas giants that orbit extremely close to their stars. Is that normal, and our Solar System is the outlier?

One way of addressing these questions is to study the planet-forming disks around young stars to see how they evolve. But studying a large sample of these systems is the only way to get an answer. So that’s what a group of astronomers did when they surveyed 873 protoplanetary disks.

Mass is the critical piece in a new study into planet-forming disks. The disk’s mass determines how much matter is available to form planets. By measuring the disks’ mass around young stars, astronomers can constrain the total mass of planets that might form there and get one step closer to understanding solar system architecture.

The new study is “Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA): I. Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks.” It’s published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, and the lead author is Sierk van Terwisga, a scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany.

“Up to now, we didn’t know for sure which properties dominate the evolution of planet-forming disks around young stars,” van Terwisga said in a press release. “Our new results now indicate that in environments without any relevant external influence, the observed disk mass available for forming new planets only depends on the age of the star-disk system.”

The dust mass not only tells astronomers the mass of planets that might form from a disk. Depending on the disk’s age, it could also tell astronomers what planets have already formed.

But other factors affect disk mass too, and those factors vary from disk to disk. Things like stellar wind and irradiation from nearby stars outside the disk can also affect mass. So how were the researchers able to isolate those effects in such a large sample?

They focused on a well-known region of protoplanetary disks called the Orion A cloud, which is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex (OMCC). The OMCC is about 1350 light-years away and home to the well-studied Orion Nebula, a feature even backyard astronomers can see.

Álvaro Hacar is a co-author of the study and a scientist at the University of Vienna, Austria. “Orion A provided us with an unprecedented large sample size of more than 870 disks around young stars,” Hacar said. “It was crucial to be able to look for small variations in the disk mass depending on age and even on the local environments inside the cloud.”

This is a good sample because all disks belong to the same cloud. That means their chemistry is uniform, and they all have the same history. The nearby Orion Nebular Cluster (ONC) hosts some massive stars that could affect other disks, so the team rejected any disks in Orion A closer than 13 light-years to the ONC.

Measuring the mass of all these disks was tricky. The team used the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) to observe the dust. ALMA can be tuned to different wavelengths, so the team observed the young disks at a 1.2 mm wavelength. At that wavelength, the dust is bright, but the star is dim, which helps eliminate the effect of the star in each disk. Since observing at 1.2 mm makes the observations insensitive to objects larger than a few mm—for example, planets that have already formed—the team’s measurements measured only dust available to form new planets.

Measuring dust without interference from stars was one hurdle, but the researchers faced another one: data.

A detailed survey of almost 900 protoplanetary disks creates a lot of data, and all that data has to be processed before it has any collective meaning. If the team had relied on existing methods, it would have taken about six months to process all that data. Instead, they developed their own method to handle the data using parallel processing. What would’ve taken months took less than one day. “Our new approach improved the processing speed by a factor of 900,” co-author Raymond Oonk said.

When they processed the data, the researchers found that most of the disks held only 2.2 Earth masses of dust. Only 20 of the almost 900 disks held enough dust for 100 or more Earths. “In order to look for variations, we have dissected the Orion A cloud and analyzed these regions separately. Thanks to the hundreds of disks, the sub-samples were still sufficiently large to yield statistically meaningful results,” van Terwisga explained.

The researchers found some variability in disk dust mass in different regions of Orion A, but the variations were minimal. The age effect can account for the variations, according to the authors. As disks age, the disk mass declines, and clusters of disks the same age have the same mass distribution. “We must stress that the differences between these clusters, which are located far from each other on the sky, are small and not highly significant relative to each other and to the field, even in the most extreme cases,” the authors write in their paper.

 { https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

13-05-2022 om 01:18 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers Finally Catch a Nova Detonating on a White Dwarf as it's Happening

On July 7, 2020, the X-ray instrument eROSITA captured an astronomical event that – until then – had only been theorized and never seen. It saw the detonation of a nova on a white dwarf star, which produced a so-called fireball explosion of X-rays.

“It was to some extent a fortunate coincidence, really,” said Ole König from Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), who led the team of scientists who have published a new paper on the discovery. “These X-ray flashes last only a few hours and are almost impossible to predict, but the observational instrument must be pointed directly at the explosion at exactly the right time.”

A white dwarf is a small, very dense star that forms when a low-mass star uses up all its fuel. Typically, white dwarfs are the size of a planet. Sometimes these dead stars flare back to life in a super-hot explosion and produce a fireball of X-ray radiation, and then it gradually returns to its original brightness. As opposed to a supernova, which is an explosion of a star where most of the material is ejected from the star, a nova does not eject much mass of the star and can occur several times in the life of a white dwarf.

“These so-called novae do happen all the time but detecting them during the very first moments when most of the X-ray emission is produced is really hard,” said Dr. Victor Doroshenko from Tübingen University, also part of the research team. “Not only the short duration of a flash is a challenge, but also the fact that the spectrum of emitted X-rays is very soft.  Soft X-rays are not very energetic and easily absorbed by interstellar medium, so we cannot see very far in this band, which limits the number of observable objects, be it a nova or ordinary star. Telescopes are normally designed to be most effective in harder X-rays where absorption is less important, and that’s exactly the reason why they would miss an event like this!” 

eROSITA is the primary instrument on-board the Russian-German Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission, which – like the James Webb Space Telescope – is in a halo orbit around the second Lagrange point. It has been in space since 2019 is conducting the first all-sky survey in the medium energy X-ray range (up to 10 keV).

The existence of a ‘fireball’ phase immediately after the runaway fusion nova event has been theorized for 30 years. Scientists predicted it should be observable as a short, bright and soft X-ray flash before the nova becomes visible in the optical range. The trick to seeing it, as König said, is to have your telescope pointed at the right place at the right time.

In their paper, published in Nature, the team said that no X-ray source was detected 4?hours on either side of when the visible flash was detected, which constrains the duration of the flash to shorter than 8?hours.

The nova happened on YZ Reticuli, also known as Nova Reticuli 2020, which was a naked eye nova in the constellation Reticulum discovered on July 15, 2020. Previously it was known as a VY Sculptoris type object with the designation MGAB-V207. Nova Reticuli 2020 was spotted by veteran comet hunter Robert McNaught from Coonabarabran, Australia. It was visible in the southern hemisphere for several days, and just barely visible to the naked eye.  

“The physical origin of X-ray emission coming from white dwarf atmospheres is relatively well understood, and we can model their spectra from first principles and in exquisite detail,” said Dr. Valery Suleimanov, also from Tübingen University. “Comparison of models with observations allows then to learn basic properties of these objects such as weight, size, or chemical composition.”

“The problem in this particular case,” added Doroshenko, “was, however, that, after 30 years with no photons we suddenly had too many, which distorted the spectral response of eROSITA, which was designed to detect millions of very faint objects rather than one but very bright.”

Since these novae run out of fuel very quickly, they cool rapidly and the X-ray radiation be-comes weaker until it eventually becomes visible light. Since these novae are only visible after the X-ray flash, it is very difficult to predict such outbreaks and it is mainly down to chance when they hit the X-ray detectors. The visible light reached Earth 12 hours after the eROSITA detection, when it was first observed by McNaught.

“A seemingly bright star then appeared, which was actually the visible light from the explosion, and so bright that it could be seen on the night sky by the bare eye,” said König. “We were really lucky.”

Sources:

• Paper in Nature
• Press release from Tübingen University

The post Astronomers Finally Catch a Nova Detonating on a White Dwarf as it’s Happening appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/155881/astronomers-finally-catch-a-nova-detonating-on-a-white-dwarf-as-its-happening/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

13-05-2022 om 00:26 geschreven door peter  

This is it! Meet the Supermassive Black Hole at the Heart of the Milky Way

On April 10^th, 2019, the international consortium known as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) announced the first-ever image of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). The image showed the bright disk surrounding the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy (aka. Virgo A). In 2021, they followed up on this by acquiring an image of the core region of the Centaurus A galaxy and the radio jet emanating from it. Earlier this month, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) announced that the EHT would be sharing the results from its latest campaign – observations of Sagittarius A*!

This supermassive black hole resides at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, roughly 27,000 light-years from Earth, 44 million km (27.34 million mi) in diameter, and has a mass of 4.31 million Suns. The campaign’s results were shared in an ESO press release and a series of live-streamed press conferences worldwide, including the ESO Headquarters in Munich, Germany. The team’s results (which were shared in six papers) were also published today in a special issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Since the 1970s, astronomers have speculated about the existence of SMBHs, which were believed to be why massive galaxies had such energetic core regions. Also known as Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), or “quasars,” these regions are known to temporarily outshine all of the stars contained in their disks. In some cases, jets of superheated material (relativistic jets) have also been found emanating from them at a fraction of the speed of light.

The study of SMBHs has led to new theories about how galaxies formed and evolved in our Universe and has allowed astronomers to test the laws of physics under the most extreme conditions (i.e., Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity). Until 2019 the study of these massive black holes was confined to observing their effect on the surrounding environment. In particular, astronomers have noted how the gravitational forces of SMBHs cause gas and dust to fall in around their outer edges (the Event Horizon).

This matter is then accelerated to relativistic speed and slowly be accreted onto the faces of the black hole, releasing the tremendous amounts of energy that allow AGNs to outshine their galactic disks. However, visualizing these massive objects in telescopes is extremely difficult because they are nestled within the tightly packed group of stars at the galaxy’s center (aka. the “galactic bulge”), which produces a tremendous amount of light interference.

But thanks to a technique known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), where telescopes worldwide combine light to achieve high-resolution imaging, astronomers at the EHT Collaboration created a virtual telescope with an aperture equivalent in size to the Earth. When concentrated on an object that is difficult to resolve, this telescope can gather light over time and reconstruct an image of what it looks like (similar to a long exposure time with a camera).

This allowed the EHT team to image the bright Event Horizon around the M87 supermassive black hole (M87*) for the first time and has led to new insights on several other SMBHs. For example, the EHT also observed Sgr A* on multiple nights in 2017 and collected data for several hours straight. The latest image shows the Event Horizon of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A* for short) and is the first definitive evidence of this SMBHs existence.

Geoffrey Bower, an EHT Project Scientist from the Academia Sinica’s Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, spoke of the results in an ESO press release. “We were stunned by how well the size of the ring agreed with predictions from Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity,” he said. “These unprecedented observations have greatly improved our understanding of what happens at the very center of our galaxy and offer new insights on how these giant black holes interact with their surroundings.”

As noted, the EHT Collaboration is an international effort that includes facilities worldwide, which includes the ESO’s Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) in northern Chile. ESO Director General Xavier Barcons was also part of the press conference and expressed his support for the Collaboration and its latest results.

“It is very exciting for ESO to have been playing such an important role in unraveling the mysteries of black holes, and of Sgr A* in particular, over so many years,” he said. “ESO not only contributed to the EHT observations through the ALMA and APEX facilities but also enabled, with its other observatories in Chile, some of the previous breakthrough observations of the Galactic center.”

While the image of Sagittarius A* looks remarkably similar to M87*, there are some significant differences between the two. For one, our galaxy’s SMBH is more than a thousand times smaller and less massive than M87* – about 6.5 billion times as massive as our Sun. However, the edges of both black holes look very similar, which the team concludes is the result of General Relativity governing these objects up close. At the same time, differences seen further away are due to differences in the material surrounding them.

Furthermore, imaging Sgr A* was far more difficult than imaging M87*, despite being much closer to Earth. As EHT scientist Chi-kwan Chan, from the Steward Observatory and the University of Arizona Data Science Institute (UoA DSI), explained:

“The gas in the vicinity of the black holes moves at the same speed – nearly as fast as light – around both Sgr A* and M87*. But where gas takes days to weeks to orbit the larger M87*, in the much smaller Sgr A* it completes an orbit in mere minutes. This means the brightness and pattern of the gas around Sgr A* were changing rapidly as the EHT Collaboration was observing it – a bit like trying to take a clear picture of a puppy quickly chasing its tail.” 

In short, M87* was a steadier target than Sgr A*, where nearly all of the images acquired looked the same because its rapid velocity created the appearance of uniformity. In contrast, the images of Sgr A* the team extracted were markedly different, owing to the slower velocity of matter in the accretion disk. The EHT researchers had to develop new tools to account for this and provide an average of all the different images.

To achieve this, the team worked rigorously for five years, using supercomputers to combine and analyze their data and creating an unprecedented library of simulated black holes to compare with the observations. Because of this,s scientists will now have images of two black holes with very different sizes and offers, which offers opportunities to test the laws of physics under different domains. Scientists have already begun to use the data to test theories and models of how gas behaves around SMBHs.

While this process is not yet well-understood, it is thought to play a key role in the formation and evolution of galaxies. Said EHT scientist Keiichi Asada from the Academia Sinica’s Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics in Taipei:

“Now we can study the differences between these two supermassive black holes to gain valuable new clues about how this important process works. We have images for two black holes – one at the large end and one at the small end of supermassive black holes in the Universe – so we can go a lot further in testing how gravity behaves in these extreme environments than ever before.”  

The results of the EHT Collaboration’s observation campaign (contained in six studies) were also shared in a special issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Whereas the first paper presents a summary of their overall findings, papers II, III, and IV demonstrate how the lower mass and shorter dynamical scale of Sgr A* led to complexity with the imaging and data analysis. In Paper V, researchers combine the EHT results with extensive multi-wavelength constraints to explore the accretion and outflow physics of Sgr A*.

In Paper VI, researchers present infrared measurements of stellar orbits around Sgr A* to constrain the mass, distance, and ring diameter of Sgr A* to approximately 1% accuracy, enabling precision explorations of gravitational physics. Additional papers not performed by the EHT collaboration are also provided that address the possibility of dynamical VLBI imaging, a new analysis of the data obtained by the 2017 campaign, evaluating simulated images of black holes, and black-hole image reconstruction.

These results were made possible thanks to the over 300 scientists and 80 institutions worldwide that make up the EHT Collaboration. These include the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) on the summit of Manua Kea, Hawaii; the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) in California; the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), and the ARO Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) in Arizona; and the Gran Telescopio Milimétrico Alfonso Serrano in Mexico.

Beyond North America, there’s also the NSF’s South Pole Telescope (SPT) at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, and the Institute Radioastronomie Millimetrique‘s (IRAM) 30-meter telescope and NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) radio telescopes in Spain and France. Additional support is provided by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Germany, which relies on its supercomputer to combine EHT data from multiple observatories.

• Further Reading: ESO

The post This is it! Meet the Supermassive Black Hole at the Heart of the Milky Way appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/155874/this-is-it-meet-the-supermassive-black-hole-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 23:57 geschreven door peter  

US Drone X-47B Held By China Military! Google Earth Map! Video, UFO Sighting News.

Hit subscribe please. 30°37'21.39"N 103°32'57.35"E

Date of discovery: May 11, 2022

Location of discovery: China

 

Guys I found this on Google map the other day and made this video about it. I found two different aircraft there and I also found five military trucks which carry ballistic nuclear missiles. This is so small of an area that I would say it covered less than half a mile. Still the drone they have is very similar to the US Navy X-47B. Also there is a J-20 military jet there. No UFO or alien involved, but I really thought this was something strange. 

 

Please forgive the video, my mic broke the day before, so I am waiting on a new one tomorrow. 

Thanks, 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter011

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 22:43 geschreven door peter  

The photographs analyzed here was taken by Mast Camera (Mastcam) onboard NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Sol 3466 (2022-05-07 07:58:16 UTC) and Mast Camera (Mastcam) onboard NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Sol 3466 (2022-05-07 07:59:02 UTC). 

The anomalies featured here look like typical entranceways cut into a rockface or slope you would find here on Earth, e.g. in Egypt. 

In the one it looks like there is a ramp leading up to and into the entranceway, there seems to be a perfect straight edge frame and possibly cracked plaster on the inside wall. 

I speculate the first anomaly to be a couple of meters tall. There also seems to be an object to the bottom right of the opening which may have covered the opening. 

In the second anomaly we see similar right angles and straight edges (One side seems to reveal a wall or slab of uniform thickness as well as a peculiar dark like running diagonally across the opening).

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 21:11 geschreven door peter  

Deep Intel from the Pentagon’s New UFO Report

In this episode, Ward discusses details from the latest UFO report from DIA.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-05-2022 om 18:52 geschreven door peter  

12-05-2022 om 01:55 geschreven door peter  

The 100 year UFO ET Cover Up – Timeline of events, people and organizations

Dan Willis served with the US Navy where he first encountered evidence of a UFO/ET coverup in 1969. He was among a select group of 20 insiders/whistleblowers who came forward to share their testimony about the coverup in the famous May 2001 Disclosure Project press conference held in Washington DC. 

In this interview, Dan covers his background, participation in the Disclosure Project, and his timeline of the UFO extraterrestrial cover up dating back to 1922. Key events discussed include Maria Orsic, the Third Reich’s flying saucer program, Temporal War, Antarctica, Operation Highjump, President Eisenhower’s meetings and agreements, and how these relate to current events.

Source: https://exopolitics.org/​

{ https://helenastales.weebly.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 01:41 geschreven door peter  

Russian cosmonaut: “Aliens exist, it’s no secret”

Zack White

Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko is sure that aliens exist, which is confirmed by the stories of his colleagues who saw UFOs

Although he did not encounter alien creatures, the Russian astronaut admitted that “it’s no secret that they exist.” Kornienko said on a television program:

“I didn’t see aliens, but I’m sure they exist. I was just unlucky.”

Kornienko said: “If the universe is infinite, then it would be presumptuous to suspect or think that we are the only ones. In addition, there is such a science as ufology. This has been confirmed by both our American colleagues and ours.”

At the same time, Mikhail Kornienko unknowingly revealed a little-known fact about the existence of a special USSR program called «Grid», which studied UFOs.

Most citizens were unaware of it due to its “top secret” status.

The secret program became known due to the fact that the topic of investigation of anomalous phenomena was considered from the point of view of its influence on the army and the work of military equipment.

The impetus for the creation of a special program for the study of UFOs was the so-called “Petrozavodsk Phenomenon” in September 1977, when a huge jellyfish-like object was seen in the sky over Petrozavodsk in Russia.

«The ‘Grid’ program was financed with state money. However, its members weren’t the most communicative people, so all we know is a vague description of ‘Grid’ activities.”

The slightest mention of UFOs or aliens in the media was criticized by the KGB, which is why the authors of the studies could not publish their scientific developments.

Then the program changed its name to “Galaxy MO”, and later received another “Horizon MO”, but the tasks remained the same – the study of UFOs.

Unfortunately, all of the Grid materials sold for several thousand US dollars.

The buyer was the CIA, which received materials on 400 of the most mysterious cases of military collisions of Soviet aircraft with UFOs.

But, as Kornienko explained, some information about the work of scientists in the framework of the «Grid» program was still leaked to the press.

“They, as a rule, did not publicize their research. And I know them because a lot of the information has been leaked to the media. It’s not a big secret that this show was real. They found something, systematized and summarized something.

 

{ https://mysteriousociety.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 01:22 geschreven door peter  

Martian Dust is Starting to Darken Ingenuity’s Solar Panels

Like every solar-panel-powered vehicle on Mars, maintaining electrical power always becomes an issue at some point in the mission. Last week, mission controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory lost contact with the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter. While they were able to re-establish communications, which is done through the Perseverance rover, engineers know that keeping Ingenuity’s batteries charged is going to be increasingly difficult as the dark winter is on the way to Jezero Crater.

The engineering team had to do some trouble-shooting to figure out the issue, but they reported that the communications dropout on May 3, Sol 427 of the Perseverance rover’s mission at Mars, “was a result of the solar-powered helicopter entering a low-power state, potentially due to the seasonal increase in the amount of dust in the Martian atmosphere and lower temperatures as winter approaches.”

The amount of dust on the solar panels diminishes the amount of sunlight hitting the solar array, reducing Ingenuity’s ability to recharge its six lithium-ion batteries. When the battery pack’s state of charge dropped below a lower limit, the helicopter’s field-programmable gate array (FPGA) – basically the operating computer — was powered down.

Even though Ingenuity flies through the air – and one would anticipate the dust would fly off the helicopter — dust on Mars is different from dust on Earth. Martian dust is electrostatically charged, so it clings to the solar panel’s glass. While many have said every solar powered vehicle on Mars should have a little whisk broom on its robotic arm or something like wiper blades to brush off the dust, engineers have said that would be difficult. The dust is also very gritty, and by trying to wipe it off, the solar panels could get scratched, damaging the panels and making the power problem even worse.

“We have always known that Martian winter and dust storm season would present new challenges for Ingenuity, specifically colder sols, an increase in atmospheric dust, and more frequent dust storms,” said Ingenuity Team Lead Teddy Tzanetos, in a press release. “Every flight and every mile of distance flown beyond our original 30-sol mission has pushed the spacecraft to its limits each and every sol on Mars.”

Ingenuity – the little 1.8 kg (4 pound) helicopter that has flown her way into our spacey hearts — became the first powered aircraft to operate on another world, making its first flight on April 19, 2021. The original mission plan was to make five experimental test flights over a span of 30 Martian days (sols). But Ingenuity has flown 28 times, covering 6.9 kilometers (4.2 miles).  

With less sunlight, the batteries did not charge sufficiently and the FPGA lost power during the cold of night. The FPGA manages Ingenuity’s operational state, switching the other avionics elements on and off as needed to maximize power conservation. It also operates the heaters that enable the helicopter to survive frigid Martian nights, maintains precise spacecraft time, and controls when the helicopter is scheduled to wake up for communications sessions with Perseverance.

Ingenuity’s heaters are key to keeping electronics and other components within operational temperatures. As the FPGA turned off, its internal clock reset. JPL said that when the Sun rose the next morning and the solar array began to charge the batteries, the helicopter’s clock was no longer in sync with the clock aboard the rover. Essentially, when Ingenuity thought it was time to contact Perseverance, the rover’s base station wasn’t listening.

As Eric Berger from Ars Technica points out, while Ingenuity was initially viewed as an add-on demonstration mission, it has grown into much than that, and has become a scout for Perseverance, checking out the path ahead.

But when the team lost contact with the helicopter, the decision was made to halt all of Perseverance’s ongoing science activities for a full day to just sit there and listen intently for Ingenuity’s call. Former rover driver Scott Maxwell tweeted out how endearing and heartfelt that feels:

And now, with ‘ingenuity’ of the helicopter and rover teams, they have come up with a plan to keep Ingenuity warm and operating.

They will try to help the helicopter’s battery accumulate enough of a charge during the next few sols so that it could support all necessary spacecraft systems during the cold Martian night. They uplinked new commands to Ingenuity which lowers the point at which the helicopter energizes its heaters from when the battery falls below 5 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 15 degrees Celsius) to minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 40 degrees Celsius).  The helicopter then shuts down quickly, rather than consuming the battery charge with the heaters. The team hopes this strategy will allow the battery to retain whatever charge it collected during the day. The Ingenuity engineers hope that after several days of the helicopter’s array soaking in the limited sunlight, the battery will have reached a point where the spacecraft can return to normal operations.

But there are some unknowns if this will work. Ingenuity has several off-the-shelf parts that weren’t designed for the cold of Martian winter.

“Our top priority is to maintain communications with Ingenuity in the next few sols, but even then, we know that there will be significant challenges ahead,” said Tzanetos. “I could not be prouder of our team’s performance over the last year, let alone our aircraft’s incredible achievements on Mars. We are hopeful that we can accumulate battery charge in order to return to nominal operations and continue our mission into the weeks ahead.”

The post Martian Dust is Starting to Darken Ingenuity’s Solar Panels appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/155864/martian-dust-is-starting-to-darken-ingenuitys-solar-panel/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

12-05-2022 om 00:28 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

11-05-2022 om 23:39 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

11-05-2022 om 23:22 geschreven door peter  

Ancient Tomb Entrance On Mars, Link To Egypt? Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: May 10, 2022

Location of discovery: Mars

NASA 1: 

• https://mars.nasa.gov/raw_images/1064629/?site=msl

NASA 2: 

• https://mars.nasa.gov/raw_images/1064628/?site=msl

Hey, as you already know, I like checking the Mars rover photos on a daily basis and something strange caught my eye. A doorway!

 

Mars has so much proof of ancient alien life on it. Look at these recent photos taken by the rover this week. Two photos show a doorway into the hillside. The entrance looks very similar to the ancient Egyptian entrances in Vally of the Kings in Egypt. This doorway is about two X the size of the people I have reported finding on Mars over the last decade...which vary from 8 inches to 12 inches tall. With so much concrete evidence (no pun intended) I don't know how archeologists could deny such things. I mean, archeologists became what they are for the passion they have at cracking the mystery of life at different stages. Mars...is proof of life so early it goes beyond anything the Earth has to offer. 100% proof that ancient intelligent species once lived and thrived on Mars. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

11-05-2022 om 22:44 geschreven door peter  

On the evening of May 7, 2022 a rare red sky appeared in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. The local meteorological bureau of Zhoushan said that the red glow was simply the result of light, likely from fishing boats, reflecting of off low level clouds. 

A blogger said that in 1770, there was a bloody sky for nine days in many countries. In 2017, Japanese scientists published a paper in Astrophysics express, believing that the bloody sky event in 1770 was caused by large-scale solar activity. 

If it was the case of lights of fisher boats reflecting off low level clouds, then that should happen much more often and people would know and recognize it, but that is not the case here. 

I think the red glow is more something like the 1770 event or it could be a test of some sort of (space) weapon. 

An odd detail is that magnetic elements fell from the sky after the red glow which can be seen in the following video; it is clear that they cover it up for some reason.

     

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

11-05-2022 om 21:37 geschreven door peter  

Tic-Tac / Walnut like UFO Hovering Over South Beach, Miami | 10 May 2022

Here’s one interesting footage of a bright UFO hovering above South Beach in Miami, Florida on 10th May 2022.

What do you think about it?

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

11-05-2022 om 21:20 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

Black Circular UFO Passing The Moon Spotted By Amateur Astronomer In Colombia. May 8, 2022

This object was spotted durning one of Ruben Ariza livestreams from his home in Armenia in Quindío, Colombia on May 8, 2022. In the footage we can see this UFO fly into view leaving Ruben in absolute joy at this sighting. As the craft passes the moon it seems to be casting a shadow on the moon's surface.

Thanks to Ruben Ariza for his diligent work and sharing his work with the world..

• https://www.facebook.com/ruben.ariza.144

To view the original footage: Start at 3:50 mark of this livestream:

• https://www.facebook.com/ruben.ariza....

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

11-05-2022 om 20:40 geschreven door peter  

Mars' Carbon Dioxide Glaciers are on the Move

In 1666, famed Italian astronomer and mathematician Giovanni Cassini (the man who discovered four of Saturn’s largest moons) observed the Martian polar ice caps for the first time. However, it was not until the late-18th century, when Sir William Herschel recorded his own observations, that the connection to Earth’s own ice caps was established. In his subsequent treatise, “On the remarkable appearances at the polar regions on the planet Mars” (1784), noted how the southern cap grew and shrunk due to seasonal changes.

With the development of modern telescopes and robotic explorers, scientists have learned a great deal more about these polar deposits. In 2011, they learned that unlike the northermost ice sheet, the southern cap is largely composed of frozen carbon dioxide (aka. “dry ice”). According to new research led by the Planetary Science Institute (PSI), glaciers of carbon dioxide ice have been moving and carving features in the southern polar region for more than 600,000 years – and are on the move right now!

The research team was led by Isaac Smith, a former PSI research scientist and an assistant professor of Earth and Space Science at York University in Toronto (where he also holds a Canada Research Chair in Planetary Science). He was joined by geologists, glaciologists, and engineers from the PSI, York University, the Institute of Low-Temperature Science and Arctic Research Center at Hokkaido University in Japan, and the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

The presence of carbon dioxide glaciers in Mars’ southern polar region was first confirmed in 2011 by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Along with data obtained by the ESA’s Mars Express, scientists noted that they were flowing like glaciers of water ice do here on Earth, based on the surface features they carved in their wake. As Smith described in a recent PSI press release:

“Approximately 600,000 years ago, CO₂ ice started forming at the Martian south pole. Due to climate cycles, the ice has increased in volume and mass several times, interrupted by periods of mass loss through sublimation. If the ice had never flowed, then it would mostly be where it was originally deposited, and the thickest ice would only be about 45 meters thick. Instead, because it flowed downhill into basins and spiral troughs – curvilinear basins – where it ponded, it was able to form deposits reaching one kilometer thick.”

These observations also showed that the portion of the ice cap composed of water ice appears to be stationary, remaining at high altitudes. In previous research, which Smith helped contribute to while still with the PSI, scientists investigated the strength properties (aka. flow laws) of the carbon dioxide glaciers to determine why this was happening. Their results indicated that under the types of conditions that exist around the southern polar region, carbon dioxide ice flows were almost 100 times faster than water ice glaciers.

For this, they concluded that the CO2 ice behaves like glaciers here on Earth, which makes the slow-moving water ice cap appear stationary. “The glaciers have enough mass that if sublimated, they would double the atmospheric pressure of the planet,” Smith added, citing a 2018 paper by Than Putzig, a PSI Senior Scientist and co-author on this paper. “The longest glacier is about 200 kilometers long and about 40 kilometers across. These are big!”

For this study, Smith and his colleagues relied on the NASA Ice Sheet and Sea-Level System Model (ISSM) to model the glacier’s movements. When adapted for conditions on the surface of Mars and with CO2, they found that typical methods were not moving the carbon dioxide glaciers. They found that while the activity is ongoing, the flow rates peaked about 400,000 years ago when the deposition was at its greatest. Since their ice is currently decreasing in mass, said Smith, the flow rate of the glaciers is currently in a “slow period”:

“Atmospheric deposition would put the ice in a pattern we don’t see. It would be much more evenly spread and thinner. What the glacier interpretation provides is a mechanism to move the ice from high places, into the lower basins that are also at lower [latitudes].

“If atmospheric deposition were the only process acting on the ice, then most of it would be found at the highest latitude and highest elevation. That’s just not the case. The ice is flowing downhill into basins, much like water flows downhill into lakes. Only glacial flow can explain the distribution we found in 2018.” 

This work is bolstered by additional research performed by Smith and his team, which identified several surface features that are very good analogs for features seen on terrestrial glaciers. These include topographic profiles, crevasses, and compression ridges, which provided a basis to compare with their adapted-ISSM models. These findings could also inform future planetary surveys and point towards more “Earth-like” glacier activity.

To date, Earth, Mars, and Pluto are the only bodies in the Solar System known to have actively flowing ice, ranging from water ice and CO₂ to frozen nitrogen. But there are many other icy bodies in the Solar System, including the larger satellites that orbit Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, and the growing number of smaller planets discovered in the Kuiper Belt. Many of these same bodies experience regular exchanges between their interiors and surfaces (endogenic resurfacing, cryovolcanism, etc.).

Many of these bodies will likely have glaciers of their own composed of substances like carbon monoxide, ammonia, and methane, which could behave in even more exotic ways! In the coming years, scientists will be able to test these theories thanks to missions like the Europa Clipper and the Enceladus Orbiter, which will explore two major satellites that have interior oceans and may even support life. The dynamics of their icy surfaces could provide additional evidence of how these moons formed and evolved.

The paper that describes their findings recently appeared in the journal JGR Planets, a publication overseen by the American Geological Union (AGU).

• Further Reading: PSI

The post Mars’ Carbon Dioxide Glaciers are on the Move appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/155766/mars-carbon-dioxide-glaciers-are-on-the-move/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

11-05-2022 om 01:41 geschreven door peter  

• Video emerged showing the sky above the city of Zhoushan turned an eerie red

• The Chinese port city close to Shanghai sparked fears of an Armageddon

• Local media said the discoloured sky was caused by unusual light refraction 

By TOM BROWN FOR MAILONLINE

Video from the Chinese port-city of Zhoushan neighbouring Shanghai shows the sky turned blood-red under thick layers of fog.

Panic could be heard in the voices of the residents as they recorded the discoloured horizon, stirring apocalyptic fears.

The crimson sky was most prominent by the port, prompting worries that a fire had got out of control.

The red sky became a top trending topics on China's Twitter-like social media, Sina Weibo, attracting more than 150 million views.

On Douyin, China's version of TikTok, users called the red sky a bad omen over China's handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, resurgent in neighbouring Shanghai.

One user said it means: 'Accidents will happen', with another adding. 'I started to stock up on supplies.'

But local media explained the strange weather phenomena was not a sign of Armageddon but in fact a result of light refraction.

Blood red sky blankets city near Shanghai sparking Armageddon fears. The crimson sky was most prominent by the port, prompting worries that a fire had got out of control

Fish are videoed writhing by the port as the red light illuminates the city. The lighting may have come from a fishing boat that was harvesting Pacific saury, according to local media quoting China Aquatic Products Zhoushan Marine Fisheries

The rare weather phenomena attracted millions of views on Chinese social media, trending on Sina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter, and attracting more than 150 million views. Local media explained the strange weather phenomena was not a sign of Armageddon but in fact a result of light refraction

'When weather conditions are good, more water in the atmosphere forms aerosols which refract and scatter the light of fishing boats and create the red sky seen by the public,' said the staff of the Zhoushan Meteorological Bureau, according to the Global Times.

The lighting may have come from a fishing boat that was harvesting Pacific saury, according to local media quoting China Aquatic Products Zhoushan Marine Fisheries Co, which owns the boat.

Online sleuths said particulate matter from the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption, found to be the largest volcanic explosion in the 21st century so far, could also have contributed to the light refraction. 

RELATED ARTICLES

• Stunning images from around the world… all taken on a PHONE:...
• People pause to take SELFIES in front of their burning homes...
• Iceland volcano erupts for the first time in 6,000 years...
• Dramatic footage shows huge 'fire twister' spiraling in the...

Historians recently uncovered documents from 1770 from China, Korea and Japan, where eye-witnesses reported the skies turning an eerie red.

Researchers told Live Science that geomagnetic storms, caused by solar eruptions hitting the earth's magnetosphere, might have caused the event.

Chinese state media said solar and geomagnetic activity on Saturday was calm and there were no significant anomalies in solar activity, discrediting the notion that a geomagnetic and solar storm may have turned the sky red in Zhoushan.

During the Carrington Event of 1859, the most intense geomagnetic storm recorded in history, electrical currents in the atmosphere zapped telegraph wires and caused paper to catch fire.

A similar geomagnetic storm today would damage power grids across the world, leaving millions without light or electricity.

Read more:

• Massive Geomagnetic Storm Turned the Skies Red in Ancient China | Live Science
• E China's rare red sky caused by the refraction of lights from fishing boats: local meteorologist - Global Times
• Blood red sky near Shanghai sparks Armageddon fear - Daily Star

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

10-05-2022 om 23:47 geschreven door peter  

Zetas Suggest Blood Red Sky In China And Saskatchewan Canada Is Result Of Nibiru's Approach!!

Zetas Suggest Blood Red Sky In China And Saskatchewan Canada Is Result Of Nibiru’s Approach!!

Blood red sky blankets city near Shanghai sparking Armageddon fear. Surely Nibiru related. [and from another] https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/blood-red-sky-near-shanghai-26906122 [and from another] Hello Nancy and the Zetas. What will be the comments on this? In the Chinese urban district of Zhoushan, it seems that the apocalypse has begun. [and from another] The sky turned blood red, and so far no one can name the cause of this phenomenon. [and from another] Saskatchewan, Canada: Yorkton sky this evening (Sunday) 5/8/2022, it was so red it looked like it was on fire, and 15 mins later it was gone. Never seen it so bright. Laurie Steele shared image. [and from another] https://t.me/ZetaTalk_Followers/13686

Red skies were noted after Nibiru arrived in the inner Solar System in 2003. These were either ignored by the establishment or claimed to be pollution, even when rust red fell on the white snow of Siberia and blood colored water in bird baths tested positive for iron oxide. Nibiru and its wafting tail are drawing closer to the Earth, and of course this will result in more intense blood red skies. The public knows this is an End Times sign, thus constant denial by the establishment will only enrage the public. Thus the establishment will just fall silent.

• https://zetatalk.com/ning/31ma2022.htm

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

10-05-2022 om 23:18 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious Red Sky Over Zhoushan, China May 7, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: May 7, 2022

Location of sighting: Zhoushan, China

China gov says its caused by fishing boats, but thats a lie, otherwise we would see red skies 365 days a years. There is a mass lockdown in that area for the last few weeks, possible cure in rocket spread to the masses? But my theory is its sun ejection, since magnetic dust has been found on cars in the area. One photo does show a glowing object in the sky over the city, so a UFO can't be ruled out. The object has a glow of its own. It may even be a meteorite that exploded higher up in the atmosphere, spreading its magnetic reflective metallic dust across the sky. Dust that was seen on cars and said to be magnetic. Most meteorites are magnetic to some degree. 

 

Strangely enough, I have a friend from Taiwan in shanghai right now.  She said the entire city is under covid lock down and its hard to get any fresh food. The food they get is old and moldy. Maybe China is using a rocket explosion full of some experimental covid cure to hit the entire area? Just a thought...so many possibilities, we must consider them all. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

  

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

10-05-2022 om 22:17 geschreven door peter