Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
27-03-2022
The Mystery Helicopters: Unidentified Military Aircraft and Their Possible UFO Connections
The Mystery Helicopters: Unidentified Military Aircraft and Their Possible UFO Connections
The year 1973 remains significant in the history of UFO studies for being a year where some of the most widely discussed and controversial incidents ever to have occurred were logged. From the alleged abductions of Charles Hickson and Calvin Parker at Pascagoula, Mississippi, to the famous “Coyne Incident” involving a near midair collision between a U.S. Air Force Huey helicopter and an oblong-shaped UFO, 1973 presented several incidents that remain among ufology’s best-known cases.
Nineteen-seventy-three was also the year that the phenomenon known as cattle mutilation began to rise into public awareness. However, a tangent subject that once received significant attention for its apparent relationship to the mutilation reports involves sightings of “mystery helicopters,” the origins of which remain undetermined.
“As mutilation reports exploded across the Midwest and West in 1975, the number of ‘mystery helicopter’ reports also increased in many areas,” read an entry by Scott H. Colborn in the Fortean Research Journal in 1989. “This helicopter/mutilation concurrence has continued throughout the past decade,” Colborn wrote. “We have concentrated much of our attention on the ‘mystery helicopters’ because we suspect that if we can acquire some concrete answers illuminating the role of these helicopters, we will be much closer to an understanding of the mutilation phenomena as a whole.”
According to Colborn, by the end of the 1980s, there were “well over 200 accounts of mystery helicopters near or at or in the vicinity of mutilation sites.” While he acknowledged that some of the reports had merely been “innocent flyovers” that were unrelated to the animal mutilations occurring nearby, there were nonetheless “too many reports of helicopters that harass herds of livestock, spotlighting cattle, chasing ground observers and even landing in pastures.”
More ominously, as Colborn noted, some of the incidents involved multiple helicopters numbering anywhere from five to seven of the aircraft all in the same vicinity. “People have been paced and chased down country roads. Deputies have pulled into pastures to watch unlit choppers rise and quickly fly away.”
In 1975, the cases involving purported “mystery helicopters” began to escalate, particularly in states like Colorado. According to Colborn, farmers in the eastern part of the state that year were so wary of the helicopter sightings that they were “ready to shoot down anything resembling a chopper,” resulting in a temporary grounding of all known and accounted-for helicopter flights in the region.
Elsewhere in New Mexico, the issue was similarly tense, and even led to the FAA launching a probe into the mystery helicopters. However, once a National Guard helicopter was stationed at the Clayton, New Mexico airport with instructions to chase any unidentified helicopters that were reported in the area, the sightings seemingly stopped for a time.
“We do not know the results of the FAA investigations,” Colborn wrote, “as they have since denied having any knowledge or information about it.”
“Perhaps they found a reason not to announce their findings,” he added.
Strange helicopters of unknown origin hadn’t been exclusive to the areas where cattle mutilations were occurring. During several incidents involving aerial incursions that occurred at U.S. Air Force missile launch sites along the northern tier during the mid-1970s, military personnel occasionally described seeing what appeared to be craft with lighting arrangements that most closely resembled helicopters, rather than exotic-looking aircraft.
In 1975, missile sites that included Loring, Wurtsmith, and Minot Air Force Bases on the nights or early mornings of October 27, 29, and 31, and again on the nights of November 7, 8, 9, and 19 were host to sightings of what many servicemen described as helicopters. However, after probing by The National Enquirer, an official U.S. Air Force response stated that the “helicopter assumption was based on the sound and light perceptions of the eyewitnesses,” and that there had been no overflights at these bases that the Air Force managed to identify as helicopters.
Strange helicopters were also reported during the famous Cash-Landrum UFO incident that occurred in December, 1980 near Daton, Texas. Witnesses Betty Cash and Vicky Landrum described seeing a large number of helicopters that appeared to pursue (or possibly escort away) a large, hovering diamond-shaped aircraft which produced hot jets of flame from its base. In the days and weeks following the sighting, the witnesses developed an array of medical conditions that they believed to have been related to the object they observed. Despite persistent inquiries made with the U.S. Air Force, the source of the helicopter sightings that coincided with Cash and Landrum’s observation of a UFO was never determined.
Some of the helicopters observed by Cash and Landrum in December, 1980, reportedly resembled the CH-47 Chinook with its distinctive twin-blade configuration
(Credit: Unsplash)
As to the possible origins of these mystery aircraft, Colborn presented several theories, which included:
1) The objects resembling helicopters were actually UFOs which merely resembled more conventional military aircraft (or were perhaps intentionally disguised to look like them) but instead shared a common origin with other more exotic craft.
2) The mystery helicopters might originate from some private, non governmental organization or agency, which might include a corporate or even a cult group. Other possibilities Colborn proposed were secret societies, paramilitary groups, or an “international cabal of industrialists, energy czars or similar manipulators.”
3) The helicopters might be part of a U.S. government group, which for clandestine reasons may have been involved in operations that included surveillance of high security installations, and even cattle mutilations, possibly as part of a “massive chemical-biological warfare (CBW) experiment.”
4) Alternatively, the mystery helicopters might have origins from within the U.S. government, but rather than playing an active role in the cattle mutilations, their purpose might have been part of a secret investigation of these incidents.
5) Another possibility is that rather than merely investigating cattle mutilations, the helicopters were being operated by an investigative group or agency within the U.S. government which had a much firmer grasp on the problem than the public does.
As Colborn proposed of this fifth possibility, this hypothetical U.S. government group could know “much more than ‘civilians’ do,” adding that the mystery helicopters “are of military origin” and that the government of theUnited States “possesses a very substantial amount of knowledge about the mutilators, their means and motives.”
“The government may be attempting to persuade mutilation investigators and the populace as a whole that perhaps the military might be behind at least some mutilations, a diversion away from the real truth,” according to Colborn, who noted the apparent presence of “implied a prior knowledge” in some cattle mutilation cases, “which enable the helicopters to arrive around the time of a mutilation.”
Even after the passing of several decades, the “mystery helicopters” of the 1970s and 80s remain mysterious. It seems hard to imagine that their presence represents anything but the clandestine efforts of one or more U.S. government agencies, although their proximity to UFO incidents, as well as overflights of high-security installations, and even apparent relationship to the ongoing cattle mutilation mystery also represents one of the more ominous unresolved questions about the modern UFO mystery.
The Dyatlov Pass incident happened in 1959, but the deaths of nine Russian hikers in the northern Ural Mountains under mysterious circumstances still baffles investigators and defies solution. From a violent wind to secret military testing to an avalanche to aliens to a KGB killing to a Yeti – the possible explanations have gone from the sublime to the ridiculous and many in-between. However, one has stood out … and this week a video was presented showing then strongest evidence yet that the Dyatlov Incident was caused by …
“The direct evidence from the Dyatlov Pass area obtained in those expeditions confirms that the region is avalanche prone and that slopes above the location where Igor Dyatlov and his group pitched their tent are steep enough for avalanches to release. Independent research by Russian snow and climate scientists supported assumptions and the main results of our slab avalanche modeling.”
The nine individuals who lost their lives at Dyatlov Pass in 1959.
Alexander Puzrin, a professor of geotechnical engineering at ETH Zurich, and Johan Gaume, head of the Snow and Avalanche Simulation Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, have been the leading proponents of the slab avalanche cause since last year when their first paper on the subject was published in Communications Earth & Environment. Slab avalanches get their name from situations where a slab-like layer of snow pushed by winds forms on top of a weaker layer, causing pressure to be built up and small fractures to form – fractures that need only a small trigger – like a tent post being hammered – to release the slab to slid down a slope, even a not-so-steep one. In their new follow-up to that study, published in the same journal and in an article in Vice, Puzrin and Gaume describe three expeditions to the infamous location, including one just two months ago when professional mountain guides Oleg Demyanenko and Dmitriy Borisov witnessed and recorded video of slab avalanches.
“The initially favorable weather conditions quickly deteriorated, with wind and temperatures becoming similar to those on the night of the 1959 tragedy. Several times, the 300-kg snowmobiles and their drivers were overturned by wind gusts. Visibility became extremely poor. And then, when after a few failed attempts the two mountain guides approached their destination, the visibility briefly improved and revealed traces of two snow slab avalanches.”
Still photos of the videos are included in the study and shown in a documentary video, which is fortunate because
Demyanenko and Borisov watched as the evidence of the avalanches disappeared under snowfall less than an hour later. This explains why the Dyatlov rescue team could not find signs of an avalanche three weeks after the incident. It also shows why no one believes in slab avalanches … unless they see them for themselves. The study admits that the conditions were slighting different on February 1st, 1959.
“Nevertheless, the area is clearly avalanche prone, and the avalanche danger on the night of February 1st, 1959 was real.”
No avalanche is a good avalanche
Their first study concluded that the slab avalanche cause was “plausible.” Now, Puzrin and Gaume have visual evidence of similar slab avalanches causing similar destruction under similar circumstances with similar disappearances. They plan to continue building the case that the Dyatlov Group was killed by slab avalanches.
These are Star Dunes on Mars, Formed When the Wind Comes From Many Different Directions
These are Star Dunes on Mars, Formed When the Wind Comes From Many Different Directions
Missions to Mars are expensive, even orbiters. They’re there to do science, not take pretty pictures. But sometimes Mars’ beauty is captured inadvertently, usually with some science mixed in.
That’s the case with this picture of star dunes captured by the HiRISE camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
In most regions on Mars, winds blow in a prevailing direction. It’s the same here on Earth. So most dunes appear as waves, oriented perpendicularly to the wind direction. One common type of dune is Barchan dunes and they have two “horns” that face downwind.
Barchan Dunes are formed in prevailing winds. Image Credit: unknown. CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=571880
But star dunes are different. They form in winds that shift direction. They’re comparatively rare—on Earth, only about 8.5% of dunes are star dunes.
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has an almost-famous instrument called HiRISE – High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment. Universe Today is full of HiRISE images. HiRISE wasn’t looking for star dunes when it captured this image in 2010. It was examining a crater in Mars’ Tyrrhena Terra region, looking at the geologic aspects of possible clays detected with the MRO’s CRISM instrument.
The happy accident shows how much geologic diversity Mars has on display.
Mars’s geologic diversity is stunning. The HiRISE camera does a great job of capturing that diversity, like in this image of star dunes in a crater in the Tyrrhena Terra. Image Credit: NASA/JPL/ UArizona
Star dunes are more common on Mars than they are on Earth because of all the impact craters. The wind swirls around crater rims and comes from many directions before it reaches the sand inside the dune. All that activity shapes the sand into a beautiful pattern.
The Victoria Crater might be Mars’ most famous crater, thanks to this gorgeous image. It shows how star dunes tend to form in craters because of the shifting winds. Image Credit: NASA/HiRISE/UofA
The image of star dunes in the crater in the Tyrrhena Terra is just a small part of the entire HiRISE image. You can see the whole image here. Check it out.
Multiple Mysterious objects Sightings Over Las Vegas Leave Locals Confused
Multiple Mysterious objects Sightings Over Las Vegas Leave Locals Confused
Multiple Mysterious objects Sightings Over Las Vegas Leave Locals Confused
Las Vegas has always been a bit of a hot spot for UFO sightings, but over the past few weeks there has been more than the usual activity in the sky above Sin City. Recently, a homeowner captured what they say may be a fleet of Objects darting about in the Nevada sky.
The footage, reportedly captured on the homeowner’s doorbell camera, sped up for brevity one would assume, shows several bright objects appearing in the sky, moving very rapidly at times while staying completely still at others. The objects are flying really low and close the the tops of the houses,” he wrote. “Most public and military jets have rules that prevent them from flying this low, so I don’t think those are military jets.” Waring added, “It’s also a well known fact that in Las Vegas, is Nellis USAF base. And the US military gave an allotment of land to the TALL WHITES, a species of alien that lives to be 800 years old. They were given land behind the old firing range behind Nellis AFB. They used the land to create underground bases, where their UFOs do not inform the USAF of their comings and goings.” Two days later, on March 21, another video taken in Las Vegas purports to show another UFO flying in the sky above Trump Tower.
RIP Jordan Maxwell on Secret Societies, Ancient Symbolism and ETs - Coast to Coast Radio
RIP Jordan Maxwell on Secret Societies, Ancient Symbolism and ETs - Coast to Coast Radio
COAST TO COAST AM – Jordan Maxwell (1940 – 2022) Audio Tribute: Investigative reporter and author, Jordan Maxwell (1940 – 2022) interwove a variety of topics that included ufology, secret societies, ancient symbology, and occult religion. He suggested that many UFO witnesses are “marginalized” because the US government may have made a deal with ETs, in which they would put down reports and help the aliens stay incognito. Maxwell also mentioned that he had access to off-the-record video footage in which former astronaut Gordon Cooper revealed that he had worked with an ET whose ship had crashed in Mexico. Secret societies are a “powerful influence in the world today,” noted Maxwell, and yet some of the most hidden powerful people are actually “puppets of a higher power,” namely a group of ETs who co-mingle and exert control on the human family, he said.
Jordan Maxwell continues as a preeminent researcher and independent scholar in the field of occult/religious philosophy. His interest in these subjects began as far back as 1959. He served for three and a half years as the Religion Editor of Truth Seeker Magazine, America’s oldest Freethought Journal (since 1873). His work exploring the hidden foundations of Western religions and secret societies creates enthusiastic responses from audiences around the world.
He has conducted dozens of intensive seminars, hosted his own radio talk shows, guested on more than 600 radio shows, and written, produced and appeared in numerous television shows and documentaries (including three 2-hour specials for the CBS TV network, as well as the internationally acclaimed 5-part Ancient Mystery Series – all devoted to understanding ancient religions and their pervasive influence on world affairs today).
His work on the subject of secret societies, both ancient and modern, and their symbols, has fascinated audiences around the world for decades. Considering the rapidly moving events of today, and the very real part that hidden religious agendas play in our modern war-torn world, he feels these controversial subjects are not only interesting to explore, but too important to ignore! His extraordinary presentations includes documents and photographs seldom seen elsewhere.
An eyewitness in India took this 45 second video of crowds of people looking upward in astonishment at a UFO ring flying overhead. The object was a perfect circle and did not appear to be made of smoke. The craft is very high up and because it was cloaked, we could not see the body of the craft, however because of the overcast day and static electricity in the air, it creates a ring around the UFO that the aliens had not planed on happening. I'm sure the aliens were wondering how the hell the people below them were seeing them? You see, even aliens make mistakes.
Ancient Alien Symbol Found In Algeria, Google Earth, UFO Sighting News.
Ancient Alien Symbol Found In Algeria, Google Earth, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: March 26, 2022
Location of discovery: 29°14'25"N 7°02'11"W
Now I have long believed that ancient aliens had left signs for us to find on our own map. They left symbols to be found and one day interpreted to reveal to humanity that many intelligent alien species have been here and will come back. The symbols are often familiar shapes, even faces or like the Amazon river...entire sentences written in their own alien language and made...into a river! But...what does it say? Thats the important question that needs answering. This five star symbol (Pentagram) has a lot of different meaning on Earth. To different cultures it means different things. The five sided star has been the symbol of Jerusalem since 300BCE, its meant to symbolize justice, mercy and wisdom. This is 100% proof that ancient aliens left signs for us to find.
Jellyfish Life Form Passes Astronaut during Space Walk, March 23, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Jellyfish Life Form Passes Astronaut during Space Walk, March 23, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 23, 2022
Location of sighting: International Space Station
During a spacewalk a few days ago, a strange jellyfish like UFO passed by the astronauts. The object passes behind them and looks to have an aura all around it. It also has a lumpy shape, similar to that of a jellyfish. This is not a UFO so much as an entity. A living creature found only in space. Just as animals live underwater, there are creatures which can live in space. For instance, about ten years ago, Russian astronauts were cleaning the space station solar panels and found that there were huge plankton growing on the solar panels...thriving, eating, breading on the panels, using the suns energy. There was not one, but thousands and the Russians said they were bigger than normal plankton...so they sound very healthy to me. Thus...if one animal species could exist in space...its only stands to reason...there are others too.
The OLDEST Civilisation in the Americas: The Pyramid City of Caral, Peru | Ancient Architects
Not everybody knows that there is a magnificent lost pyramid city in the heart of Peru, a city that dates back to the same time at the Giza pyramids of Egypt. Yes, the magnificent ancient city of Caral dates back to 2,627 BC and is known as the Mother City of South America by some archaeologists.
For over a century archaeologists were searching for such a mother city and this large settlement, located 120 miles north of Lima, is one of the most ancient of the Americas, home of the Norte Chico civilisation. It was declared a UNESCO world heritage site back in 2009.
It was occupied between the 26th and 20th centuries BC and was described by excavators as the oldest urban centre in the Americas, but since its discovery in 1948, other ancient sites such as Bandurria in Peru have challenged this title.
Astonishingly, it was found in pristine condition and nothing had been built over it since the city was deserted. It would have been home to more than 3,000 people, with an elaborate complex of temples, an amphitheatre and ordinary houses covering 370 acres of land. There are plazas and residential buildings, and of course pyramids.
Watch this new Ancient Architects video to find out more about this truly fascinating lost civilisation, to see the incredible architecture, archaeological finds and the giant geoglyph associated with Caral.
All images are taken from Google Images for educational purposes only.
NEW Scientific Mission to Explore the Great Pyramid of Egypt | Ancient Architects
We all remember the news from November 2017 when the ScanPyramids project announced the discovery of a Big Void inside the Great Pyramid of Egypt, located above the Grand Gallery and being either straight or inclined.
The news permeated the international media and I think everybody with an interest in Ancient Egypt was excited. It was the second major cavity located inside the pyramid using cosmic muon science.
Not long after the announcement of the big void, pictures were released of a robotic blimp that could be used to explore the void via an endoscopic camera, but now, nearly 5 years later, nothing has materialised. We still don’t know what the voids are or what’s inside.
Now, a new team of scientists plan to scan the Great Pyramid in what is called ‘The Exploring the Great Pyramid Mission’. They plan to field a very large muon telescope system that will be transformational with respect to the field of cosmic-ray muon imaging. The system will be 100 times more sensitive that the equipment that was used between 2015 and 2017.
Watch this video to learn more about this new scientific mission to explore the Great Pyramid and click on the links below for more detail information.
All images are taken from Google Images and the below sources for educational purposes only. Please subscribe to Ancient Architects, Like the video and please leave a comment below.
Ancient Hall of Records found in Romania kept secret since 2003
Ancient Hall of Records found in Romania kept secret since 2003
In 2002, the Pentagon was running several military and geo desic programmes using satellites based on the above technology. The satellite spotted a particular structure located inside the Bucegi mountains.
In 2003, an amazing discovery was made of a large anomaly inside the Bucegi Mountains of Romania. A high level Italian Freemason was the first to alert a top secret paranormal unit of the Romanian intelligence service about the discovery made by US ground penetrating radar.
The discovery of a very large hemisphere or dome-shaped structure inside the mountain set off a complex set of geopolitical maneuvers that involved Romania being fast tracked into NATO for "its protection." All this happened around the same time a similar anomaly was found in Iraq making it an unknown factor in the US-led invasion.
Inside the mysterious structure was a fabulous repository of ancient information, a veritable Noah's ark of forgotten knowledge and genetics stored holographically. This ancient Hall of Records was built by a tall race of giants or human-looking extraterrestrials.
The Romanian "Hall of Records" has been involved in a complex geopolitical struggle between the Pentagon, Romanian government, and senior Freemasons vying to either release or suppress information coming out into the public arena.
There are 4 primary tunnels and further sub tunnels that lead to deeper and bigger places.
In these tunnels you will find rooms, huge rooms, with huge tables and stone chairs for people much taller than us. These rooms were created 50,000 years ago and each is connected to each other, protected by an energy source which activates all as one is activated.
The projection room contains all our history and can be replayed visually.
There are five tables on each side of the room. On some of them are different objects that appear to be technical tools. From many of them descending to the ground, are a lot of white, translucent wires which gather into rectangular boxes of shiny, silver material. The boxes are placed directly onto the ground. The cables are extremely flexible and lightweight and light pulses can be seen circulating along their length.
When approaching any of the tables, a holographic projection activates showing aspects of a particular scientific field. The three dimensional images are perfect and very large, with a height of almost two and a half meters.
The projections run by themselves but at the same time they are interactive and depend on one who interacts with the tables by touching their surfaces.
Climbing on a specially brought tripod the table surfaces can be seen. They are covered with a film of a dark glassy material. The film is divided into several large square bounded by straight lines, forming a kind of grid. At one table the subject is biology and the projected image are of plants and animals, some completely unknown.
Tapping one of the squares, the hologram shows the structure of the human body. It develops holographic images of various areas of the body that always rotate. Other squares show projections of other beings, on other celestial bodies. By tapping simultaneously two different squares, a complex scientific analysis shows the DNA of both beings and possibilities of compatibility between them.
In this interview, Peter Moon, famed author of the Montauk book series, discusses the Transylvania book series which he began editing and publishing in 2009. He explains how he first got involved through his time travel research on the Montauk Project. He has subsequently regularly traveled to Romania and been able to confirm key aspects of the story.
Strange UFO filmed over Kirtland AFB by the Air Force guy 2022
Strange UFO filmed over Kirtland AFB by the Air Force guy 2022
This strange unidentified flying object was seen and recorded in the sky above Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico on 7th January 2022.
Witness report:
Let me start this off by saying that I’m in the Air Force and I’m pretty knowledgeable in regards to what our aircraft look like. For example, I work on the 130’s here and they do not have red and white lights, let alone alternating strobe-like lights. In fact, to my understanding, most if not all airplanes today have red and green wingtip lights and typically don’t alternate in the fashion shown here. As far as the video goes, I saw this thing just hovering right above where our entry/exit gate is at, probably 7,000-8,000 ft up. It was not moving, and no sound was being generated at all(the video sound is just cars/wind).
After filming this, I walked to my car while glancing back at it occasionally. It was about a 45 second-1 minute walk to my car in the parking lot, and when I got to my car I pulled my phone out to take another video, but it was gone and I happened to glance over at the mountains to see one of the lights disappear. Mind you, that would’ve had to have been travelling well over 1,700 mph to reach those mountains in the time it took me to walk to me car.
Again, no noise, it was just hovering a few seconds prior, and the lights threw me off. This could very well be some crazy fighter that I’m not aware of. If anyone has any ideas please comment.
New Radio Images of Bizarre “Odd Radio Circles” Which are Vastly Bigger Than the Milky Way
New Radio Images of Bizarre “Odd Radio Circles” Which are Vastly Bigger Than the Milky Way
In radio astronomy, circle-shaped objects are fairly common. Since diffuse ionized gas often emits radio light, objects such as supernova remnants, planetary nebulae, and even star-forming regions can create circular arcs of diffuse gas. But in 2019 astronomers began to discover radio circles they couldn’t explain, in part because they are so large.
Known as Odd Radio Circles, or ORCs, they are roughly a million light-years across, which is about ten times wider than the Milky Way. Observations show that ORCs are centered around an elliptical galaxy, which suggests a galactic connection. It has been suggested that ORCs are formed by shock waves triggered by a powerful event such as a gamma-ray burst or fast radio burst, but given the size of ORCs, these events would need to have been triggered very far in the past. And shock waves can typically be seen in other wavelengths such as infrared and x-rays, but ORCs are only seen in radio light.
But a new study suggests other possible origins. Using the MeerKAT radio telescope, the team captured new data from one of the six confirmed ORCs, creating the highest resolution image so far. This revealed ring structures not previously seen. The team also measured the polarization of light from the ORC, which helped them narrow down possible causes.
The first ORC image (left) and this latest image (right). Credit: The EMU team, using ASKAP and MeerKAT radio continuum data
Based on the observations, the light is consistent with that of synchrotron radiation. This occurs when charged particles are caught within a magnetic field. As the particles spiral along magnetic field lines, they emit a faint radio light. This often occurs with diffuse plasma, and it suggests a spherical shell gas was pushed away from the galaxy either through a rapid period of star production or the merger of supermassive black holes.
Another interesting possibility is that ORCs are formed by the galaxy’s supermassive black hole directly. Active galactic black holes, or active galactic nuclei (AGNs) as they are commonly known, often cause jets of material to stream away from the black hole at nearly the speed of light. Over time these can create vast radio lobes, where long-ejected plasma glows in radio light. One idea is that ORCs are caused by radio lobes oriented along our line of sight. Rather than seeing ejected plasma as a lobe, we would see it as glowing radio arcs.
While this study has narrowed down the possible explanations for ORCs, there isn’t one clear solution. But the team is undertaking further studies to look for more clues. And when future radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) are completed, were are bound to discover even more ORCs.
Astronomers See the Wreckage Where Planets Crashed Into Each Other in a Distant Star System
Astronomers See the Wreckage Where Planets Crashed Into Each Other in a Distant Star System
Our Solar System was born in chaos. Collisions shaped and built the Earth and the other planets, and even delivered the building blocks of life. Without things smashing into each other, we might not be here.
Thankfully, most of the collisions are in the past, and now our Solar System is a relatively calm place. But frequent collisions still occur in other younger solar systems, and astronomers can see the aftermath.
The aftermath of a collision is an opportunity to learn something about planet formation. When a collision between distant objects occurs, astronomers train their telescopes on it to figure out what happened. Astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope and other facilities to track the aftermath of a collision around a young star named HD 166191.
“By looking at dusty debris disks around young stars, we can essentially look back in time and see the processes that may have shaped our own solar system.”
Kate Su, study lead author, University of Arizona.
HD 166191 is a ten million-year-old star about 330 light-years from the Sun. It’s caught astronomers’ attention because it’s a protoplanetary disk transitioning to a debris disk. Years of observations showed a post-collision debris cloud passing in front of the star, giving scientists a novel look at collisions and their aftermath.
“By looking at dusty debris disks around young stars, we can essentially look back in time and see the processes that may have shaped our solar system,” Su said in a press release.
The team of astronomers started watching HD 166191 back in 2015. They observed the young solar system more than 100 times between 2015 and 2019. The system is too young to have fully-grown planets, but planetesimals and maybe even dwarf planets are bound to be orbiting the star. Unfortunately, they’re too small and distant to see in telescopes.
But planetesimals are the building blocks of planets. And those blocks don’t accrete in an orderly fashion. Instead, they crash into each other, sometimes shattering into smaller chunks, sometimes melding together to eventually form larger rocky planets.
Those collisions produce dust clouds that are visible in infrared. Energy from the star strikes the dust and emits infrared light. And that’s what the team saw in their observations with Spitzer. In 2018, the team observed a marked increase in brightness at HD 166191. The increase suggests that the amount of dust around the star increased dramatically. “The large-scale infrared brightening obviously points to a huge increase in the debris emission…” the authors write.”
Over the years, the researchers watched as a debris cloud from the collision transited in front of its star. They calculated the size of the objects that collided, when the collision occurred, and the speed of the impact. They also watched how quickly the debris cloud dispersed.
Their observations showed that the debris cloud was elongated. They also showed that the cloud was larger than the star, covering about three times more area. But the increase in infrared light in 2018 suggested something else. It indicated that only a small portion of the debris cloud passed directly in front of the star and that the dust cloud had to be much larger. According to their research, it had to cover an area hundreds of times larger than the star. That’s the only explanation for all that infrared light.
To produce that much dust, the objects in the collisions had to be as large as dwarf planets. The most well-known dwarf planet in our Solar System is Vesta, which NASA’s Dawn mission visited in 2011. The astronomers behind this study say that the objects that collided around HD 166191 were about the same size as Vesta, about 530 km (330 miles) in diameter. “The amount and rapidity of the increase in the infrared flux requires a catastrophic event, such as a collision between two large bodies (?500 km in diameter) occurring in the terrestrial zone,” the authors write in their paper.
Artist’s concept of the Dawn spacecraft arriving at Vesta. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The collision generated a lot of heat and some of the material was vapourized. Like balls on a pool table, the impact generated a chain-reaction of smaller collisions between debris and other orbiting rocky objects. The cascade of multiple collisions in mid-2018 explains the large amount of dust and the increase in infrared energy. “Simulations indicate a substantial rate of fragment collisions rapidly following the impact disruption of asteroid-sized bodies, which would expedite the initiation of an intense collisional cascade,” the paper states. “This intense activity is further highlighted by detecting a star-size dust clump, passing in front of the star, in the midst of its infrared brightening.”
Two things happened in the following months: the dust cloud expanded and became more translucent. The dust and the rocky debris from the collision were dispersing around the solar system. By the time 2019 rolled around, observations showed that the dust cloud that transited in front of the star was no longer visible, but the amount of dust in the system had doubled.
These observations are valuable to scientists who study solar systems and planets. Planet formation is largely hidden from view. Young solar systems are dusty places to begin with, and only certain observatories can pierce the veil of dust. Thanks to observatories like ALMA, we can see the lanes carved in the dust around young solar systems as planets form and sweep up the dust.
Image of the HL Tau planet-forming disk (not part of this study) taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array. Astronomers think that the dark lanes are where planets are forming. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)
“Learning about the outcome of collisions in these systems, we may also get a better idea of how frequently rocky planets form around other stars,” said study lead author Kate Su.
Astronomers will keep watching HD 166191 to see how the system develops. Astronomers think that it’s transitioning from a protoplanetary disk to a debris disk. The star itself isn’t accreting any more material. The excessive infrared emissions suggest that the system is still dusty, but the star has dissipated much of the gas left over from star formation via photoevaporation.
“Theoretical simulations indicate that the very existence of terrestrial planets depends on the collisional merging of planetary embryos and oligarchs,” the paper says. This collisional merging generally happens during the first 200 million years after the protoplanetary disks have cleared out much of the remnant gas from the star formation. “Large-scale collisions among planetesimals and planetary embryos in the terrestrial-planet region are expected to be common after the dissipation of the gas in a protoplanetary disk, a stage we think HD 166191 is in,” the authors write.
In our Solar System there were probably dozens of Moon-sized to Mars-sized rocky bodies in the inner Solar System. Astronomers think that the Moon formed when a protoplanet named Theia collided with the Earth. There were probably many more collisions, and the architecture of the inner Solar System is the result of that process.
But astronomers are stuck playing forensics in our Solar System. They have to study distant systems like HD 166191 to see any of this occurring.
“The system’s evolutionary state (right after the dispersal of its gas-rich disk) makes it extremely valuable to learn about the process of terrestrial-planet formation and planetary architecture through future observations,” the paper explains.
What’s next for HD 166191? In their paper’s conclusion the authors write that “… we might be witnessing the early giant impact phase in assembling terrestrial planets in the inner zone.” Or the activity they’re seeing in the young system “… might be triggered by perturbation from nearby, unseen planet-mass objects, creating orbit-crossing collisions in the existing asteroid population.” Or the migration of a giant planet might be involved.
Young dusty systems undergo a lot of change, and only further observations will tell the tale. “The transient nature of extremely dusty systems further illustrates the importance of continuous monitoring. Future observations of this unique system would further shed light into our understanding of terrestrial-planet formation and overall assembling planetary architecture,” they conclude.
In 2014, the Japanese Space Agency JAXA launched the Hayabusa 2 spacecraft to visit asteroid Ryugu. It arrived at the asteroid in June 2018 and studied it from orbit for over a year. Hayabusa 2 even dispatched four rovers to the asteroid’s surface. After departing, it flew past Earth in December 2020, dropping off a sample of Ryugu.
Of all the scientific results from that impressive mission, the most interesting one might be this: Asteroid Ryugu might not be an asteroid. It might be the remnant of a comet.
The Hayabusa 2 mission showed that asteroid Ryugu is a rubble pile asteroid. Instead of being one large, monolithic chunk of rock, it’s a conglomeration of smaller rocks. Like some other asteroids, it’s shaped like a spinning top. The asteroid’s rapid rotation forged it into this shape.
The authors say that “A widely accepted formation scenario for Ryugu is a catastrophic collision between larger asteroids and the subsequent slow gravitational accumulation of collisional debris.”
Hayabusa 2’s Optical Navigation Camera-T captured this image of Ryugu from an altitude of about 64m. On September 21, 2018, it took the photo at around 13:04 JST. This is the highest resolution photograph obtained of the surface of Ryugu. Credit: JAXA
A lot of Hyabusa 2’s evidence supported the idea that Ryugu is an asteroid, which astronomers assumed was the case since its discovery in 1999. But one thing stood out among the evidence that didn’t fit with the asteroid definition: Ryugu has a high concentration of organic matter.
If Ryugu is a rubble pile asteroid created from the collision of two smaller asteroids, then why does it have so much concentrated organic matter?
That question is at the heart of a new study published in The Astronomical Journal Letters titled “The Asteroid 162173 Ryugu: a Cometary Origin.” The lead author is Associate Professor Hitoshi Miura of Nagoya City University.
In their paper, the authors say that not only might Ryugu be the remnant of a comet, but similar rubble-pile asteroids might also be former comets. Astronomers call these objects Comet Asteroid Transition (CAT) objects.
Comets form in the distant cold reaches of the Solar System. Unlike asteroids, which are all rock, comets are icy and contain rock and frozen volatiles. The volatiles are mostly water ice, but comets also contain frozen carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and carbon monoxide. Astronomers sometimes call them “dirty snowballs.” Comets also have an unbound atmosphere. When they approach the Sun, the warmth melts some volatiles creating the atmosphere, and they sublimate into space. The atmosphere contains dust as well as volatile gases.
But after passing close to the Sun many times, some comets have lost all their volatiles to space. What’s left is just rock. Those are sometimes called extinct comets.
This figure from the study shows how a comet can transition to an asteroid. (a) shows the comet nucleus containing water-ice and rock. (b) shows the ice sublimating from the outer layer as the comet enters the inner Solar System. (c) shows rocky debris accumulating on the surface and forming a porous mantle. (d) shows how the comet transforms into an asteroid after the remaining volatiles sublimate and escape through the porous mantle. Image Credit: Miura et al. 2022
If Ryugu is indeed a former comet, can that account for Ryugu’s characteristics?
Ryugu rotates rapidly, which could stem from its previous life as a comet. “Ice sublimation causes the comet’s nucleus to lose mass and shrink, which increases its speed of rotation,” said lead author Miura in a press release. “As a result of this spin-up, the cometary nucleus may acquire the rotational speed required to form a spinning-top shape.”
Asteroid Ryugu has a spinning-top shape due to its rotation. The rotation has shaped the asteroid over a long period of time, including creating the equatorial ridge called Ryujin Dorsum. Asteroid Bennu is also a spinning-top asteroid. Image Credit: By ISAS/JAXA, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87828813
According to Dr. Miura, the extinct comet hypothesis can also explain the high organic matter content. The organic molecules detected include CO, CO2, methanol, carbonyl sulphide, formaldehyde, formic acid, methane, and cyanate. “Additionally, the icy components of comets are thought to contain organic matter generated in the interstellar medium. These organic materials would be deposited on the rocky debris left behind as the ice sublimates.”
Comets like Ryugu have the same organics as carbonaceous chondrite asteroids, but they’re concentrated on the surface. “The local concentration may account for the extremely high organic content inferred from albedo,” the paper states.
The research team tested their hypothesis with numerical simulations. They calculated how long it would take for Ryugu to lose all its volatiles and become a rocky remnant. They also calculated the increase in rotational speed required to shape the asteroid into what it is today.
This figure from the study shows the results of the team’s numerical simulations. (a) shows the sizes of the initial cometary nucleus and the time required for it to diminish to Ryugu’s present size. (b) shows the spin-up of the cometary nucleus after shrinkage due to water ice sublimation. Image Credit: Miura et al. 2022.
“Our calculation suggests that Ryugu was once a comet and active for the first several 10 kyr and spent the rest of its dynamic lifetime as a rubble-pile asteroid,” the study says. “This scenario is consistent with the dynamical evolution of modern comets in the solar system.”
This study focuses on asteroids with three characteristics: spinning top-shaped, rubble-pile composition/morphology, and high concentration of organics. The results show that Ryugu and similar asteroids are comet-asteroid transition objects (CATs). “CATs are small objects that were once active comets but have become extinct and apparently indistinguishable from asteroids,” explains Dr. Miura. “Due to their similarities with both comets and asteroids, CATs could provide new insights into our solar system.”
An artist’s illustration of NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft approaching asteroid Bennu with its sampling instrument extended. Image Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona
Hayabusa 2 returned its Ryugu samples to Earth, and another mission will soon do the same. NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft visited asteroid Bennu, an asteroid very similar to Ryugu, and will return its samples to Earth in 2023. Analysis of these samples should confirm whether Ryugu and Bennu are asteroids or CATs.
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara - Published March 2022
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara - Published March 2022
Ancient Map Shows the Lost City of Atlantis is the Eye of the Sahara – Published March 2022
“For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known.”
Atlantis is a fictional island mentioned in an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato’s works Timaeus and Critias, wherein it represents the antagonist naval power that besieges “Ancient Athens”, the pseudo-historic embodiment of Plato’s ideal state in The Republic. In the story, Athens repels the Atlantean attack unlike any other nation of the known world, supposedly bearing witness to the superiority of Plato’s concept of a state. The story concludes with Atlantis falling out of favor with the deities and submerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Wikipedia
Sydney businessman and ex-RAF officer Richard Tambling is interviewed by the ABC’s Frank Bennett about his new book ‘Flying Saucers – Where Do They Come From?’ This episode of ‘This Day Tonight’ aired on ABC Television on 9 November 1967.
RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
RELATED VIDEO, NL uitgekozen en gepost door peter2011
Astronomers Admit: We Were Wrong—100 Billion Habitable Earth-Like Planets In Our Galaxy Alone
Astronomers Admit: We Were Wrong—100 Billion Habitable Earth-Like Planets In Our Galaxy Alone
byMirza Newton
Estimates by astronomers indicate that there could be more than 100 BILLION Earth-like worlds in the Milky Way that could be home to life. Think that’s a big number?
According to astronomers, there are roughly 500 billion galaxies in the known universe, which means there are around 50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (5×1022) habitable planets. That’s of course if there’s just ONE universe.
In fact, just inside our own Milky Way Galaxy experts now believe are some 400 BILLION STARS, but this number may seem small as some astrophysicists believe that stars in our galaxy could figure the TRILLION. This means that the Milky Way alone could be home to more than 100 BILLION planets.
However, since astronomers aren’t able to see our galaxy from the outside, they can’t really know for sure the number of planets the Milky Way is home to. They can only provide estimates.
To do this, experts calculate our galaxy’s mass and calculate how much of that mass is composed of stars. Based on these calculations scientists believe our galaxy is home to at least 400 billion stars, but as I mentioned above, this number could drastically rise.
Furthermore, if we take a look at what NASA has to say, well find out how the space agency believes there are at least 1,500 planets located within 50 light years from Earth. These conclusions are based on observations taken over a period of six years by the PLANET—Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork—collaboration, founded in 1995. The study concluded that there are way more Earth-sized planets than Jupiter-sized worlds.
In 2013, Dr. Phil Yock, from the department of physics at the University of Auckland said how: “Kepler finds Earth-sized planets that are quite close to their host stars, and astronomers estimate that there are around 17 billion such planets in the Milky Way.
These worlds are hotter than our planet, although some could be of a comparable temperature (and could, therefore, be habitable) if they are orbiting a cool star called a red dwarf.”
“Our proposal is to measure the number of Earth-mass planets orbiting stars at distances typically twice the Sun-Earth distance. Our planets will, therefore, be cooler than the Earth. By interpolating between the Kepler and MOA results, we should obtain a good estimate of the number of Earth-like, habitable planets in the Milky Way. We predict a number in the order of 100 billion. Of course, it will be a long way from measuring this number to actually finding inhabited planets, but it will be a step along the way.”
The number seems to be increasing every year, which is kinda cool.
If we take a peek at the recent data provided by the Kepler space mission, we’ll find how astronomers believe approximately 40 BILLION Earth-sized planets orbiting habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs in the Milky Way galaxy alone.
Since NASA’s Kepler was launched in 2009, the space telescope has discovered a total of 4,034 potential alien planets, of which 2,335 are verified exoplanets. Interestingly, some astronomers say that around 11 billion planets may be orbiting Sun-like Stars, while other believe this number is more like 100 billion.
In 2017 NASA made great progress in the search for alien planets. Their most noteworthy discovery was the solar system Trappist-1, home to SEVEN Earth-like planets who may even be home to alien life. This particular solar system is very important.
In June of 2017, NASA revealed a statement saying that they had discovered ten new planets outside of our solar system that are very likely of similar size and temperature as Earth and may even have life developed on their surface.
In 2015, scientists were puzzled when the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft discovered abundant molecular oxygen bursting from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). How could a comet emit oxygen, let alone in abundance? This discovery led researchers to reconsider everything they had known about the chemical history of the solar system and how it formed.
A new study published in Nature Astronomy casts a very different light on previous studies regarding why 67P seems to have so much oxygen, and suggests the comet has two internal reservoirs that make it seem like there's more oxygen than is actually there.
"It's kind of an illusion," said Dr. Adrienn Luspay-Kuti, lead author of the study. "In reality, the comet doesn't have this high oxygen abundance, at least not as far as its formation goes, but it has accumulated oxygen that gets trapped in the upper layers of the comet, which then gets released all at once."
Image Credit: European Space Agency (ESA)/Rosetta/NAVCAM - CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
While molecular oxygen (two oxygen atoms doubly linked to each other) is very common on Earth, the exact opposite occurs throughout the universe. When the Rosetta spacecraft found oxygen literally pouring out of 67P, however, this caused all of these longstanding theories turned on its head and made scientists question the validity of studies that came before since nobody had seen oxygen in a comet up until then.
Like all scientists, Dr. Luspay-Kuti and her team were skeptical of these findings. Knowing that comets rotate they experience “seasons” like on Earth, the team examined the molecular data on short- and long-time periods just before the comet's southern hemisphere entered summer and then again just as its summer ended. The study proposes the comet's oxygen doesn't come from water but from two reservoirs: one made of oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide deep inside the comet's rocky nucleus, and a shallower pocket closer to the surface where oxygen chemically combines with water ice molecules.
"This isn't just one explanation: It's the explanation because there is no other possibility," said Dr. Olivier Mousis, a planetary scientist from France's Aix-Marseille Université and a study co-author. "If oxygen were just coming from the surface, you wouldn't see these trends observed by Rosetta."
The major implication, he said, is that it means comet 67P's oxygen is, in fact, oxygen that accreted at the beginning of the solar system. It's just that it's only a fraction of what people had thought.
Comet 67P and Rosetta
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by Kiev astronomers Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko from examining a photograph of comet 32P/Comas Solá and observed another comet-like object in the plate image. Upon returning to Kiev, Churyumov studied the plate very carefully and realized they had in fact discovered a new comet.Launched in March 2004, the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission was the first to rendezvous with a comet, the first to follow a comet on its orbit around the Sun, and the first to deploy a lander to a comet's surface. During its two-year science mission at 67P, Rosetta’s key findings included the discovery of water vapor in comet 67P/G-C (vapor that is significantly different from that found on Earth), the detection of both molecular nitrogen and molecular oxygen for the first time at a comet, the existence of exposed water ice on the comet’s surface, and the discovery of amino acid glycine (commonly found in proteins) and phosphorus (a component of DNA and cell membranes) in the comet. It also demonstrated the first landing on a comet’s surface, as the Philae lander touched down on 67P in November 2014, sending back incredible images of the surface. The mission ended on September 30, 2016, when the Rosetta spacecraft impacted 67P.
Compilation of the brightest outbursts seen at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
Record-breaking supernova manages to “X-ray” the entire Universe
Record-breaking supernova manages to “X-ray” the entire Universe
The first supernova ever discovered through its X-rays has an enormously powerful engine at its core. It's unlike anything ever seen.
An event like AT2018cow, now known as either FBOTs or Cow-like events, is thought to be the result of a breakout shock from a cocooned supernova. With five such events now discovered, the hunt is on to uncover precisely what causes them, as well as what makes them so unique.
Every once in a while, a stellar cataclysm occurs in our Universe, bringing the life of a star to an end. The most common type of cataclysm is a core-collapse supernova, where a massive star’s interior implodes, leading to a runaway fusion reaction and a tremendous explosion, where the energy emitted by the star can briefly shine billions of times brighter than a typical star. And yet, it’s the rarer types of stellar cataclysms — superluminous supernovae, hypernovae, tidal disruptions events, and even more exotic explosions — that can shine brighter than anything else we have observed.
In 2018, a new class of explosions was seen for the first time: the “Cow” class. Detected automatically by a facility that monitors the sky for unexpected brightening (or faintening) events, its randomly generated name came out at AT2018cow, where the last three letters happened to spell an actual word. Today, it’s the prototype for a novel class of explosions that occur throughout the Universe. Another event in the same “Cow” class of objects was recently discovered: the first one detected not by its visible light signatures, but by its spectacular X-ray brightening. Known as AT2020mrf, it literally bathed the Universe in X-rays for billions of light-years, including us.
Here’s the science behind what happened.
This cutaway showcases the various regions of the surface and interior of the Sun, including the core, which is where nuclear fusion occurs. As time goes on, the region of the core where nuclear fusion takes place expands, causing the Sun’s energy output to increase. A similar process occurs in the interior of all stars.
As they go through their life cycles, stars transform mass into energy through the process of nuclear fusion. By smashing light atomic nuclei together under tremendous pressures and temperatures, they can trigger the formation of heavier atomic nuclei. If you were to put the total masses of the pre-fusion nuclei and the post-fusion nuclei on a scale, you’d find that the ones produced by fusion were slightly less massive than the ones that went into the reaction.
Where did that mass go? It gets transformed into energy through Einstein’s most famous equation: E = mc2.
When AT2018cow was first seen, it appeared simply as a rapidly brightening, high-temperature event: like a supernova, but with some unusual features to it. Some of those features include:
the copious detection of iron
an extremely luminous brightening in ultraviolet wavelengths
approximately ten times the intrinsic brightness of a normal supernova
brightness across all wavelengths of light, from X-ray down to the radio
evidence that it was surrounded by very dense material, with a tremendously fast shockwave moving through it
For quite a while, this was puzzlingly difficult to explain.
The one explanation for the event AT2018cow that ticks all the boxes is a cocooned supernova that undergoes a shock breakout. Although many details remain to be worked out in this scenario, the same explanation remains consistent with all five known Cow-like events.
However, by synthesizing a wide variety of observations from many different observatories, a consistent picture began to emerge. One candidate explanation was that it came from a tidal disruption event, where stars are torn apart through gravitational interactions with a massive yet compact object. However, the long-term nature of the X-rays suggested that a remnant was left behind to power it, eliminating that as a potential explanation. Instead, perhaps it was a supernova after all — albeit one that was in an unusual environment, shrouded by a dense cocoon-like structure of gas.
With that realization, the pieces fell into place. If there were a cocoon of gas surrounding a star that was reaching the end of its life, then:
an initial supernova would shock the surrounding cocoon
the material would heat to exceedingly high temperatures
the injected energy would cause a “breakout” event, creating the extreme brightness, the rapid increase in luminosity, and the ultra-fast shock wave
the remnant of the supernova, like a neutron star, would continue to inject energy for long periods of time after the initial explosion
This new class of objects are now known not exclusively as “Cow” class objects, but rather as FBOTs: Fast Blue Optical Transients.
This image shows the supernova remnant of SN 1987a in six different wavelengths of light. Even though it’s been 35 years since this explosion occurred, and even though it’s right here in our own backyard, the material around the central engine has not cleared enough to expose the stellar remnant. For contrast, Cow-like objects have their cores exposed almost immediately.
What makes an explosion a Fast Blue Optical Transient? There must be a rapid increase in brightness; that’s the “fast” part. You have to have lots of energy in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum; that’s the “blue” part. It has to have a large brightness increase in the visible light portion of the spectrum; that’s the “optical” part. And it needs to have a time variation in its overall energy output, where it rises, increases to a maximum, and then decreases and fades away; that’s the “transient” part.
In fact, there are entire observatories that specialize in making observations of transient objects, where they image the same part of the sky over and over again. They then perform, in an automated fashion, a differential calculation, only looking for changes in the sky from one moment to the next. Only if something has brightened, faintened, newly appeared, newly disappeared, or has otherwise changed somehow — in position or color, for instance — is it “flagged” as a candidate for a transient event. Almost all of our automated transient searches, however, are restricted to being performed in visible light.
The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope at Mt. Palomar is where the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) takes its data from. Even though it’s only a 48″ (1.3 meter) telescope, its wide field of view and rapid observing speed allows it to discover optical changes in the night sky that practically every other observatory cannot find.
That’s part of what makes this newest event, AT2020mrf, so spectacular. It was first found in July of 2020 not by any of the transient facilities explicitly built and designed to find these optical events, but rather by a completely different type of observatory: an X-ray telescope known as the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) telescope. This X-ray telescope is unique among all the X-ray observatories we have operating today for numerous reasons, but the most spectacular is that it is the only one that plans on imaging the entire sky numerous times over.
The Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma telescope completed its first full survey of the sky in June 2020, and quickly embarked on its second sweep — of a planned eight — immediately thereafter. The whole point of surveying the sky over and over again is, once again, to look for changes, as they signify an astronomical event of interest. In July 2020, right at the start of that second sweep, something fascinating emerged; an entirely new source of X-ray light — where none had been previously just six months prior — had not only emerged, but was incredibly bright.
The location of AT2020mrf is seen here in images from the eROSITA X-ray telescope. The right panel shows the detection of a new source between July 21 and July 24, 2020. The left panel shows that the source was not there six months earlier.
How bright was it? The original “Cow” event, AT2018cow had a large and significant X-ray brightness for a supernova. That of AT2020mrf was 20 times brighter in that X-ray light. In addition, both of these events had a substantial but erratic variability in their X-ray brightness, varying rapidly on timescales of less than a day.
It was enough to make the astronomers studying it wonder: Was it possible that this new event was also a FBOT? If so, there should have been an optical transient at precisely the same location. They combed back through the data of the Zwicky Transient Facility to see what was there.
Sure enough, 35 days before the SRG telescope found the remarkable X-ray brightening, an optical brightening had occurred, just as it had for other FBOT events, including the Cow. It possessed other features that made it a remarkably interesting object in its own right, including:
a very high temperature of around 20,000 K
significant emission features that indicate a very high speed, of around 10% the speed of light (much faster than a normal supernova’s of 2-3% the speed of light)
a bright set of radio emissions
Perhaps most interestingly, the fact that it belongs to a very small, low-mass, dwarf galaxy: one with a mass of only 100 million stars, or less than 0.1% the mass of our Milky Way.
This graph shows the masses and star formation rates of the host galaxies where all five FBOT events that have been recorded were discovered. All of them are much lower in both mass and brightness than our own Milky Way.
(Credit: Y. Yao et al., ApJ submitted, 2021; arXiv:2112.00751)
This event, AT2020mrf, is now the fifth event to meet all the criteria for an FBOT, and somehow all five of them have occurred in dwarf galaxies that are forming new stars. This is one of those observed phenomena that make astronomers collectively scratch their heads and note, “that’s funny,” because we have no modern explanation for it.
So, what do you do if you’re a scientist presented with a mystery that you can’t explain, from an object located about 2 billion light-years away?
You take the most sensitive telescopes you can in whatever wavelengths of light you think might hold interesting information and you continue to observe the event, hoping to learn more about its nature and its origins from the clues that reveal themselves over long periods of time. Armed with the knowledge that they had discovered a potentially unique Fast Blue Optical Transient, a team of scientists led by first author Yuhan Yao of Caltech applied for, and received, observing time on NASA’s Chandra X-ray telescope to follow-up on this object. Even though that time didn’t arrive until June 2021, it was well worth the wait.
The X-ray emissions of the newest and most powerful Cow-like event, AT2020mrf, is shown with red stars. The first observation was taken with the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma observatory, while the latter two were taken with the Chandra X-ray observatory. Note how much greater these energies are than all the other Cow-like events, in black, orange, and purple, this event has proven to be.
(Credit: Y. Yao et al., ApJ submitted, 2021; arXiv:2112.00751)
Some 328 days after the explosion began, NASA’s Chandra X-ray telescope pointed its eyes at this object ~2 billion light-years away. Remarkably, within its first six hours of observation, Chandra saw 29 individual X-ray photons coming from this one object: a remarkably large number. Over a second six-hour observation window, it discovered another 10 X-ray photons. Those two observations, taken nearly a year after the initial explosion occurred, indicate a number of remarkable facts:
The X-ray flux coming from this object must be absolutely enormous; some 200 times as luminous in X-ray light as AT2018cow was at a comparable time in its evolution.
The X-rays make it, by far, the most luminous Cow-like supernova ever seen in the X-ray.
It demonstrates the diversity of Fast Blue Optical Transients, while still supporting the cocooned-supernova breakout model of FBOTs.
It shows that even a full year after the supposed supernova first occurred, the rapid X-ray variability on a timescale of ~1 day or less still remains.
The only way the X-ray flux could remain this large this long after a supernova explosion is if it’s powered by a still-active central engine, which the authors have speculated might be either an accreting black hole or an extremely rapidly spinning, highly magnetized neutron star: a millisecond magnetar.
This artistâs impression shows a supernova and associated gamma-ray burst driven by a rapidly spinning neutron star with a very strong magnetic field â an exotic object known as a magnetar. It’s thought that Cow-like events, or fast blue optical transients, are also powered by either an accreting black hole or a millisecond magnetar like this one, but don’t produce gamma-ray bursts, but rather X-rays, along with them.
Even with all of this, we have to lament what we’re lacking: the ability to monitor events like this continuously, across the sky, in a variety of wavelengths, with high resolution. We only have a series of measurements of its optical brightness at low resolution and low sensitivity, as the drawback of large-area transient surveys is that it trades sensitivity and resolution for speed. We have no X-ray data from the initial brightening, as we only happened to observe this region some 35 to 37 days after the initial brightness peaked, and we don’t have data in between the SRG observation and the Chandra X-ray observations: a gap of nearly 300 days.
We know that the X-ray emissions have dropped off but we don’t know how they decayed. We know that there was both hydrogen and helium in the AT2018cow event but we don’t know whether hydrogen and helium were present or absent in this one, as it’s already too late to make those critical follow-up observations. And we don’t know whether the substantial, record-breaking X-ray emissions that were first seen by SRG — again, more than a month after the optical brightness peaked — actually represents the true peak of emissions or was truly an even brighter event than we were able to observe.
In a normal supernova, at left, there’s plenty of surrounding material preventing the core from becoming exposed, even years or decades after the explosion first occurs. However, with a Cow-like supernova, the copious material surrounding the stellar core is broken apart, exposing the core in short order.
At the end of the day, this newfound object seems to raise more questions than it answers. In Yao’s own words:
“When I saw the Chandra data, I didn’t believe the analysis at first. I reran the analysis several times. This is the brightest Cow supernova seen to date in X-rays. […] In Cow-like events, we still don’t know why the central engine is so active, but it probably has something to do with the type of the progenitor star being different from normal explosions.”
Normally, when stars are on the path to going supernova, they expel large amounts of material and then, when the core implodes, the injected energy has to propagate through that material, shocking it, rebounding, etc., delaying the arrival of the initial light by hours. But with these FBOTs, or Cow-like events, the central cores of those ripped-apart stars are rapidly exposed with the surrounding debris cleared away. Nobody knows why. They’re only found in star-forming regions around dwarf galaxies and we don’t understand why that’s the case. And even though AT2020mrf looks very similar to the original Cow, AT2018cow, in optical wavelengths, it’s scores to hundreds of times intrinsically brighter in the X-rays.
Interview between Dr. Ethan Siegel and then-PhD candidate and now-doctor Anna Ho, one of the scientists who first discovered, analyzed, and characterized the first such event in this new class: AT2018cow. (Credit: E. Siegel)
Whatever the resolution to this puzzle is, the only way we’ll uncover it is by discovering and more thoroughly examining even more of these events. With more advanced all-sky X-ray surveys on the way, our best bet, as always, is by conducting a more comprehensive suite of scientific investigations. That’s the only way we can truly, reliably learn precisely what’s out there in the Universe.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
Druk op onderstaande knop om je bestand , jouw artikel naar mij te verzenden. INDIEN HET DE MOEITE WAARD IS, PLAATS IK HET OP DE BLOG ONDER DIVERSEN MET JOUW NAAM...
Druk op onderstaande knop om een berichtje achter te laten in mijn gastenboek
Alvast bedankt voor al jouw bezoekjes en jouw reacties. Nog een prettige dag verder!!!
Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
(1).jpg)
