Kan een afbeelding zijn van hond

Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.

This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.

Carl Sagan Space GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

X Files Ufo GIF by SeeRoswell.com

1990: Petit-Rechain, Belgium triangle UFO photograph - Think AboutIts

Ufo Pentagon GIF

ufo abduction GIF by Ski Mask The Slump God

Flying Sci-Fi GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

Season 3 Ufo GIF by Paramount+

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    The purpose of  this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and  free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category.
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    Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.

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    UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
    UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
    In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog. Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch... Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels. MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen. MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity... Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com. Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal. Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP. ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
    14-12-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.A Mysterious and Frightening Account of a UFO and a Human Mutilation

    A Mysterious and Frightening Account of a UFO and a Human Mutilation

    One of the weirdest and most enduring facets of the UFO phenomenon is that of the mysterious mutilations of cattle and other livestock that have turned up in UFO hotspots all over the world. The state of these corpses really runs the gamut of the odd, with carcasses variously found with parts of the body excised with surgical precision, drained completely of blood, missing vital organs, and often reported as showing little to no sign of scavenger activity, decomposition, or even flies buzzing about. Reported throughout the world, the cattle mutilation phenomenon has become a major feature upon the landscape of UFO and alien weirdness, baffling investigators for decades, and although there have been many attempts to explain it all away it remains stubbornly lodged away within the lore. Among these there are occasionally cases that prove to be even weirder than most, and which show that cattle and animals are not the only target of the spooky UFO mutilation anomaly.

    The bizarre case that we will be looking at here can supposedly be found buried within the body of reports compiled during a short-lived U.S. Air Force project and precursor to the more famous Project Blue Book, called Project Grudge. Taking over from a Project Sign, Project Grudge sought to investigate unidentified flying objects and aerial phenomena in an attempt to reach an unbiased consensus on it all using a scientific approach and standard intelligence procedures. For a project supposedly meant to be unbiased and to be looking for answers, it mostly ended up taking the stubborn approach that none of this was caused in any way by alien forces or extraterrestrial intelligences, and for the most part treated the UFO phenomenon as a whole as absurd, devolving into what one Dr. Michael D. Swords would describe as “an exercise of derision and sloppy filing.” They actively tried to pigeonhole all UFO reports into the mold of mundane phenomena, such as misidentified clouds, stars, aerial phenomena such as sun dogs, conventional aircraft, planetary phenomena such as Venus, swamp gas, and “misinterpretation of various conventional objects,” as well as lies, hoaxes, and mass hysteria, you name it, as long as it wasn’t aliens, no matter how inexplicable the case might seem and usually with very little actual investigation done to back up these claims. They were known as being active debunkers of the UFO phenomena rather than truth seekers, all culminating with the official Project Grudge conclusion:

    There is no evidence that objects reported upon are the result of an advanced scientific foreign development; and, therefore they constitute no direct threat to the national security. In view of this, it is recommended that the investigation and study of reports of unidentified flying objects be reduced in scope. Headquarters AMC Air Material Command will continue to investigate reports in which realistic technical applications are clearly indicated. It is apparent that further study along present lines would only confirm the findings presented herein. It is further recommended that pertinent collection directives be revised to reflect the contemplated change in policy.

    The 600 page Grudge Report would be full of wild debunking, and after operating from February to December of 1949 Project Grudge would be dissolved to make way for Project Blue Book. Yet although Project Grudge is all mostly seen as an exercise in spite towards UFOs and the people who think there is more to them, there are some exceptions. One of these is a top secret alleged document called “Project Grudge Report 13,” which the military denies exists, but which purportedly contains a report on the time an Air Force sergeant apparently became a human victim of the mutilation phenomenon.

    The spooky case allegedly involves two men, an Air Force sergeant Jonathan P. Lovette and Major William Cunningham, who were assigned to the White Sands missile testing grounds near Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. In March of 1956, the two were out in the desert tracking down debris that had fallen during a recent rocket test. As they picked through the desolate landscape looking for fragments and pieces, they separated, and at some point Cunningham heard a loud, sharp scream from Lovette from over a dune. The Major ran to see what had happened, and found something beyond rational explanation, indeed beyond anything he could have imagined.

    Upon crossing the dune, Cunningham alleged that he found Lovette being dragged across the sand by a “long, serpentine arm,” like a tendril of some sort, that was wrapped around his legs and yanking him towards a large silver disc nearby. Cunningham was too shocked to react, and as he looked on in horror that bizarre tentacle reportedly pulled the Sergeant into the bowels of the UFO, which then silently shot up into the starry sky. Throughout all of this the only sound was Lovette’s screams of panic and pain. As soon as the UFO was gone and he had regained his senses, Cunningham then ran all the way back to the jeep and frantically radioed for help. It would turn out that radar operators had picked up an anomalous signature at around the same time as the strange encounter, and a thorough search of the area found no sign of Lovette despite scouring the area for miles. It was as if he had just vanished into thin air. It would not be until three days later that his fate would become known, and push the whole thing further into the realms of the weird.

    White Sands Missile Range

    It was after three days of frantic searching that Lovette’s body would be found around 10 miles from where he had disappeared. The corpse was nude, and found to have been sitting out there in the desert for perhaps 24 to 48 hours, despite the fact he had been missing for three days. However, the strangest thing of all was that the corpse had been gruesomely mutilated in a most unusual way. Lovette’s tongue had been cleanly removed with surgical precision, his eyes had been taken out, his internal organs were missing, and both his anus and genitals had been cleanly detached from the body, all of it done with expert skill. There was also the unsettling fact that the body was missing all of its blood, with not even a single drop remaining, yet coroners would find that there was no collapse of the veins that would be expected with such a draining. How had his body come to be in such a state and what connection did it have to Cunningham’s claims of UFOs and tentacles? No one really knows, and the mysterious Project Grudge Report 13 gives no answers.

    It is all a pretty wild and spectacular story that has gone on to be much discussed in ufology circles to this day, but there is little in the way of concrete verification for any of it. It is supposedly from one of the still classified reports within the Grudge Report, which itself really does exist and has even declassified some information, but which also still holds its secrets. For instance, there are declassified reports 1 to 12, as well as 14, but as for “Report 13,” it is mostly only known through insiders who claim to have read it, in particular a man named William Cooper. Cooper claimed that he had been in charge of analyzing an annotated version of Grudge Report 13 in the early 1970s, and leaked the report out. This was somewhat corroborated by a former Green Beret captain by the name of William English, who also claims to have seen the mysterious report and gave the same information from it. These two men would insist that it was all true, but there has never been any official substantiation, nor even any confirmation or denial concerning whether Report 13 exists or not. In the end, there is no way to know, and we are left to wonder just what happened out at that remote desert location, if anything at all.

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

     

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    14-12-2020 om 18:51 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Alien life 'unlikely' on Proxima b: Closest Earth-like planet is bombarded with deadly levels of 'sterilising' radiation, study finds

    Alien life 'unlikely' on Proxima b: Closest Earth-like planet is bombarded with deadly levels of 'sterilising' radiation, study finds

    • Astronomers observed radio bursts and solar flares from Proxima Centauri 
    • This is our nearest stellar neighbour at just 4.2 light years form the Earth
    • It is a small red dwarf star with two planets including a rocky Earth-like world 
    • As it is so small the habitable zone where liquid water could flow is close to the star and researchers found planets in the zone were bombarded by radiation 

    The presence of alien life existing on other worlds, including our nearest Earth-like planet, Proxima b, is less likely than previously thought, experts have found. 

    A study reveals the rocky planet, which is just 4.2 light years away and exists in the habitable zone of its star, is being constantly hit with deadly radiation. 

    It orbits the red-dwarf star Proxima Centauri and previous research has found it could be home to liquid water and therefore able to support life.

    But the new research from astronomers at the University of Sydney shows red dwarf stars like Proxima Centauri regularly belch out huge amounts of ionising radiation in via solar flares and radio bursts which would kill all life. 

    Proxima b is likely within this danger zone and is probably showered by the sterilising particles, researchers say.  

    Pictured, a not-to-scale representation of how far away Proxima B is from Earth compared to Voyager 1, the farthest man-made object which was launched in 1977

    Pictured, a not-to-scale representation of how far away Proxima B is from Earth compared to Voyager 1, the farthest man-made object which was launched in 1977 

    Astronomers from the University of Sydney observed solar flares and radio bursts from nearby star Proxima Centauri to study the impact on planets in its system

    The red dwarf star is our closest stellar neighbour and is cooler than the Sun, therefore its so-called habitable zone is a closer to its fiery surface.

    As a consequence of this, Proxima B is berated with radiation, making life unlikely.  

    Red dwarf stars are the most common in the Milky Way, accounting for about 85 per cent of the 100 billion stars in our galaxy compared to 7 per cent of Sun-like stars.

    It is unlikely life will form on planets orbiting these plentiful but small stars - although that still leaves billions of Sun-like stars that could have life-hosting worlds. 

    Australian researchers created the first weather forecast for our nearest celestial neighbour to better understand the impact of a close orbit on the chance of life. 

    Unfortunately, the reports from Proxima Centauri are not promising for 'finding life as we know it.' 

    Habitable zones closer than Earth's are unlikely to be home to any form of life and therefore, Proxima Centauri, and any other stars smaller than our sun, are likely at the centre of barren solar systems.   

    Study leader Dr Andrew Zic, of Macquarie University, Sydney, said: 'Astronomers have recently found there are two "Earth-like" rocky planets around Proxima Centauri, one within the "habitable zone" where any water could be in liquid form.' 

    'But given Proxima Centauri is a cool, small red-dwarf star, it means this habitable zone is very close to the star - much closer in than Mercury is to our Sun.

    'What our research shows is this makes the planets very vulnerable to dangerous ionising radiation that could effectively sterilise them.'

    Artist's rendering of Proxima Centauri system. Portrayed on the right, Proxima c orbits in about 5.2 years around its host star. The system comprises also the smaller Proxima b, on the left, discovered in 2016 that orbits in the 'habitable zone' closer than Mercury is to the Sun

    Artist's rendering of Proxima Centauri system. Portrayed on the right, Proxima c orbits in about 5.2 years around its host star. The system comprises also the smaller Proxima b, on the left, discovered in 2016 that orbits in the 'habitable zone' closer than Mercury is to the Sun

    Proxima B's discovery four years ago generated huge excitement as it suggested alien life might be right on our doorstep - astronomically speaking.

    These exoplanets are 25 trillion miles, or 4.2 light years, from Earth and would therefore take thousands of years to get there using current technology.

    NASA Voyager 1 is the farthest man-made spacecraft from Earth after its 5 September 5,  1977 launch. Travelling at the speed of light, it would take just 21 hours, four minutes and 22 seconds to catch up to it.   

    However, there are ideas being worked on that could see tiny spacecraft sent using lasers at 20 per cent of the speed of light, rapidly speeding up the potential travel time. If these were ever successfully manufactured, humans could send a craft to Proxima b with a travel time of just 21 years.  

    But this discovery means the possibility of travelling to Proxima b to find a second home, or pre-existing life, is remote.  

    'It seems likely the galaxy's most common stars - red dwarfs - won't be great places to find life as we know it,' explained Dr Zic.

    'Our own Sun regularly emits hot clouds of ionised particles during what we call 'coronal mass ejections.

    'But given the Sun is much hotter than Proxima Centauri and other red-dwarf stars, our "habitable zone" is far from the Sun's surface, meaning the Earth is a relatively long way from these events.

    'Further, the Earth has a very powerful planetary magnetic field that shields us from these intense blasts of solar plasma.'

    In this image from the Hubble Space Telescope is our relative neighbour Proxima Centauri, a low mass star in the triple-star Alpha Centauri system. Proxima Centauri is not visible to the naked eye due to its small size - eight times smaller than the Sun

    In this image from the Hubble Space Telescope is our relative neighbour Proxima Centauri, a low mass star in the triple-star Alpha Centauri system. Proxima Centauri is not visible to the naked eye due to its small size - eight times smaller than the Sun

    Lead author Andrew Zic at the GMRT radio telescope in India which was a number of instruments used to detect the solar flares directly from Proxima Centauri

    Lead author Andrew Zic at the GMRT radio telescope in India which was a number of instruments used to detect the solar flares directly from Proxima Centauri

    There are now more than 4,000 known exoplanets - those revolving around stars beyond the solar system. This has boosted hopes of finding extraterrestrial life.  

    The findings published in The Astrophysical Journal were based on observational data from space and land based telescopes that captured the phenomenon in 'amazing detail.'

    They show planets around these stars are likely to be showered with stellar flares and plasma ejections on a regular basis, according to the researchers.

    PROXIMA CENTAURI: OUR NEAREST STELLAR NEIGHBOUR 

    Proxima Centauri is a small, low-mass red dwarf star located 4.244 light-years from our Sun.

    It is smaller than the Sun by about eight times and much cooler.

    The star was first discovered in 1915 by Scottish astronomer Robert Innes and is the nearest-known star to the sun.

    Proxima Centauri forms a third member of the Alpha Centauri triple star system, along with Rigil Kentaurus and Toliman.

    Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to Earth, its angular diameter – around one-seventh the diameter of our sun – can be measured directly. 

    There are two known planets orbiting the small star - Proxima b and c.

    Due to its relative proximity it could be the first target for mission to another star using tiny satellites propelled at 20 per cent the speed of light. 

    It suggests they suffer strong atmospheric erosion - leaving them exposed to very intense X-rays and ultraviolet radiation.

    Dr Zic said: 'Red dwarf radio bursts might happen for different reasons than on the Sun, where they are usually associated with coronal mass ejections.

    'But it's highly likely there are similar events associated with the stellar flares and radio bursts we have seen in this study.'

    Coronal mass ejections are hugely energetic expulsions of ionised plasma and radiation leaving the stellar atmosphere.

    Co-author Dr Bruce Gendre, of Western Australia University, said: 'Understanding space weather is critical for understanding how our own planet biosphere evolved - but also for what the future is.'

    Magnetic fields like Earth's have never been identified around an exoplanet - and finding them could prove tricky.

    Dr Zic said: 'But even if there were magnetic fields, given the stellar proximity of habitable zone planets around red dwarf stars, this might not be enough to protect them.'

    The Proxima Centauri observations were taken with the CSIRO’s Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope in Western Australia, the Zadko Telescope at the University of Western Australia and a suite of other instruments. 

    Professor Tara Murphy from the University of Sydney said the data was incredible and allowed them to view the stellar flare from Proxima Centauri over its full evolution in 'amazing detail'.

    'Most importantly, we can see polarised light, which is a signature of these events. It’s a bit like looking at the star with sunglasses on.'

    When ASKAP is fully operational it may be possible to observe similar events on other nearby stars to get a greater insight into space weather. 

    'The findings have been published in The Astrophysical Journal.  

    Scientists study the atmosphere of distant exoplanets using enormous space satellites like Hubble

    Distant stars and their orbiting planets often have conditions unlike anything we see in our atmosphere. 

    To understand these new world's, and what they are made of, scientists need to be able to detect what their atmospheres consist of.  

    They often do this by using a telescope similar to Nasa's Hubble Telescope.

    These enormous satellites scan the sky and lock on to exoplanets that Nasa think may be of interest. 

    Here, the sensors on board perform different forms of analysis. 

    One of the most important and useful is called absorption spectroscopy. 

    This form of analysis measures the light that is coming out of a planet's atmosphere. 

    Every gas absorbs a slightly different wavelength of light, and when this happens a black line appears on a complete spectrum. 

    These lines correspond to a very specific molecule, which indicates it's presence on the planet. 

    They are often called Fraunhofer lines after the German astronomer and physicist that first discovered them in 1814.

    By combining all the different wavelengths of lights, scientists can determine all the chemicals that make up the atmosphere of a planet. 

    The key is that what is missing, provides the clues to find out what is present.  

    It is vitally important that this is done by space telescopes, as the atmosphere of Earth would then interfere. 

    Absorption from chemicals in our atmosphere would skew the sample, which is why it is important to study the light before it has had chance to reach Earth. 

    This is often used to look for helium, sodium and even oxygen in alien atmospheres.  

    This diagram shows how light passing from a star and through the atmosphere of an exoplanet produces Fraunhofer lines indicating the presence of key compounds such as sodium or helium 

    This diagram shows how light passing from a star and through the atmosphere of an exoplanet produces Fraunhofer lines indicating the presence of key compounds such as sodium or helium 

    14-12-2020 om 18:02 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Little Green Men: From Real Cases to Jokes

    Little Green Men: From Real Cases to Jokes

    Today’s article is focused on nothing less than Little Green Men. We’ve all heard of the term, but do such things really exist? Beyond any shadow of a doubt, at all, one of the most bizarre of all encounters with such strange creatures occurred at Juminda, Estonia, at some point in the late 1930s; the exact date being unclear. According to an investigation undertaken by acclaimed and renowned UFO expert, Jacques Vallee, two witnesses encountered a small – approximately three-feet-tall – humanoid creature with brown-green skin and [italics mine] which had distinct frog-like characteristics. Its eyes were slit-like, as was its mouth. And it appeared to be not at all accustomed to walking on land; its awkward gait made that abundantly clear, and particularly so when it caught sight of the pair and made good its escape. While it outran its pursuers, it did so in a very odd, near-drunken-like state.

    A similar state of affairs occurred in the heart of woodland at Orland Park, Illinois, on September 24, 1951. The man who witnessed something both remarkable and disturbing was a steelworker named Harrison Bailey. As he walked through the park, Bailey was suddenly plagued by a burning sensation to his neck, which was accompanied by a sense of cramp in his neck, too. Sensing he was being watched, Bailey quickly swung around. He found himself confronted by a grey-colored object of a large size that was described as being “whirlwind”-like in shape. Things then became decidedly weird: Bailey felt groggy, confused, and almost in a dream-like state. And then nothing. His next memory was vague, but revolved around being surrounded by a large group of eighteen-inch-high humanoids that resembled frogs. They asked bizarre questions, such as where he was from and where he was going. All that Bailey could focus on was the fact that he felt somewhat paralyzed and unable to move properly. The unsettling feeling soon wore off, however, and Bailey was left to make his stumbling, slightly out of it, way back home.

    Now, we come to a bit of humor. Now and again (like most Fortean writers, I’m sure), I get some distinctly odd stuff sent to me – including this photo of an alleged green alien, which I received some time around 1994. Frankly, to me, it looks like a badly-created combination of (A) something made for a low-budget sci-fi movie; and (B) Donald Duck. And, below this photo you’ll find another, equally weird picture. The thing it shows is, of course, green. What else?

    No, don’t get too excited, the picture below is not evidence of one of Mac Tonnies’ elusive Extraterrestrial-Cryptoterrestrials! Nor does it validate the wild, underground tales of Richard Shaver and the diabolical Deros! It’s a photo that was sent to me around 1997 or 1998, and, in reality is just a life-sized model that can be found in a certain, famous series of caves in England, and which is meant to offer a bit of “sword-and-sorcery”-style entertainment to those who visit the caves in question. But what was interesting was the intricately woven yarn that accompanied the picture when it was mailed to me. I forget the precise details now, but it all revolved around the claim that intelligent, sword-wielding, dwarfish man-beasts – originally from another world (aliens, in other words) – were roaming the many and varied caves that exist deep below the British Isles. The letter ran to 2 or 3 pages and was an entertaining piece of hokum written in a definitively atmospheric, Lovecraftian style. But, if you too are ever on the receiving end of this particular photo and its accompanying letter, just enjoy it for what it is: a piece of man-made entertainment, coupled with the written ravings of someone with – apparently – a good imagination, but way too much times on their hands, and nothing else!

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    14-12-2020 om 18:01 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Possible Alien Life on Other Planets is Becoming Less Likely

    Possible Alien Life on Other Planets is Becoming Less Likely

    According to a new study, experts now are saying that it is “unlikely” that there is life on Proxima b. Proxima Centauri is a small red dwarf star that is located 4.2 light-years away from us. It is approximately eight times smaller than our sun and a lot colder. Proxima b and c are the two known planets that are orbiting the star.

    It has been previously suggested that Proxima b may contain liquid water and could possibly support alien life. However, astronomers from the University of Sydney are now claiming that alien life on other planets, such as Proxima b, is becoming less and less likely. They said that even though Proxima b is in the habitable zone of its star, it is being hit with constant radiation.

    In order to get to this conclusion, the Australian researchers analyzed data obtained from the CSIRO’s Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope in Western Australia, the Zadko Telescope at the University of Western Australia, as well as other equipment. They created a weather forecast for the planet but the results indicated that finding life there was not promising.

    Dr. Andrew Zic, who is from Macquarie University, Sydney, and the leader of the study, explained this further, “Astronomers have recently found there are two ‘Earth-like’ rocky planets around Proxima Centauri, one within the ‘habitable zone’ where any water could be in liquid form.” “But given Proxima Centauri is a cool, small red-dwarf star, it means this habitable zone is very close to the star – much closer than Mercury is to our Sun.” “What our research shows is this makes the planets very vulnerable to dangerous ionizing radiation that could effectively sterilize them.” (Pictures can be seen here.)

    Dr. Zic went on to explain, “Our own Sun regularly emits hot clouds of ionized particles during what we call ‘coronal mass ejections’.” “But given the Sun is much hotter than Proxima Centauri and other red-dwarf stars, our ‘habitable zone’ is far from the Sun’s surface, meaning the Earth is a relatively long way from these events.” “Further, the Earth has a very powerful planetary magnetic field that shields us from these intense blasts of solar plasma.”

    But even if these exoplanets did have a magnetic field like Earth’s, since they are so close to their host star, it may not be enough to protect them against the damaging radiation. And since Proxima b is only 4.2 light-years away from us, it would still take us thousands of years to actually get there to explore the planet based on our current technology. Whether there are walking/talking extraterrestrials or other forms of life like microorganisms, plants, etc…, we won’t know for a while.

    While experts are suggesting that alien life is becoming less likely on Proxima b and other planets, it still doesn’t explain all of the UFO sightings throughout the years by very credible witnesses such as Jesse Marcel whose private journal on the Roswell crash had recently been discussed by his grandsons. I can’t help but wonder if we aren’t alone in the universe, where are these aliens hiding out?

    Their research was published in The Astrophysical Journal where it can be read in full.

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    14-12-2020 om 17:35 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The Strange Mystery of the Enigmalith

    De bronafbeelding bekijken

    The Strange Mystery of the Enigmalith

    Throughout history there have been mysterious artifacts that have defied understanding for years. Every once in a while a strange object will seemingly show up that challenges what we think we know, be that impossible fossils, strange devices lost to the mists of time, and others. One such mysterious discovery is what is claimed to be a modern, advanced device buried within ancient rock, which has managed to be discussed and debated to this day.

    De bronafbeelding bekijken

    The year was 1998, and electrical engineer John. J. Williams was allegedly out hiking in the mountain wilderness somewhere in North America on an otherwise normal day. The location has never been explicitly named, but Williams has insisted that it was “far from human settlements, industrial complexes, airports, factories, and electronic or nuclear plants.” As he walked along, he noticed an oddly shaped rock jutting out of the ground, and after digging it out he could see that it was ancient granite, and embedded within it was what appeared to be a modern, 3-pin electrical plug, measuring about 8 mm in diameter; the pins of the device about 3 mm high. Curious, Williams tried to pull the plug out, but found to his astonishment that it seemed to be melded to the very rock itself, which seemed truly odd considering that the rock itself would have been absolutely ancient.

    John. J. Williams

    According to Williams, the rock would be found to be composed of of granite, quartz and feldspar, estimated as being at least 100,000 years old. He claims that he had the anomalous object within it examined by an engineer and geologist, who could not discern what material it was made of, and found that the apparent electrical component seemed to show no evidence of having been soldered, welded, or glued into place, and that it additionally demonstrated a weak magnetic attraction. X-ray scans of the rock would supposedly show that the device extended to an opaque internal structure within the stone, and there were also found melted blobs of a metallic-like material around the periphery of the plug. Furthermore, it was purportedly deemed that whatever the “plug” was, it seemingly impossibly existed before the very formation of the rock itself. Williams would call the mysterious device the “Enigmalith,” which is a combination of the words “enigma” and “monolith,” and so a rather strange mystery would emerge. How did this obviously artificial object get fused into strata that was tens of thousands of years old? That depends a lot on who you ask.

    According to Williams himself, this is obvious evidence for an advanced ancient civilization or alternatively aliens. However, others are not so sure. There are a lot of red flags about this discovery that have been brought up, not the least of which is that Williams has always refused to divulge exactly where he found it, claiming that this is to prevent people from trouncing about ruining a site where there could be other miraculous discoveries. There is also the fact that it has never been formally studied as far as we know, despite his claims that it has been thoroughly examined by geologists and engineers. Who were these researchers and what are their credentials? Williams doesn’t say. He does say that he is perfectly willing to let others study it, but he has a laundry list of often unreasonable demands that need to be met before he allows this, such as that he be always present and that the device never leave his site, reserving the right to abort the analysis whenever he sees fit. This has put anyone off of studying it at all, which Williams has constantly lamented, saying:

    I was hoping against hope that with all of this substantial coverage, a scientific exploration team would have emerged by now, or at least Hollywood and the major presses would have gotten involved so that additional huge boost in publicity would have pressured the scientific community to also get involved – hopefully before the dig site becomes much more trampled on that it already is. I have not been able to get a single New Mexico scientist or skeptic to even take a look at my rock – apparently, they are all a bunch of PC-controlled chickens – so much for science credibility in New Mexico.

    Williams has even gone so far as to offer $100 dollars cash to anyone who can prove that it is a fake, which seems to ignore the fact that the burden of proof lies with the one making the claims, not the other way around. Perhaps the biggest strike against this purported “revolutionary discovery” is that it seems that Williams is a major publicity hound and is definitely looking to make a buck off the finding. For one, he charges $19 dollars on his site just for the privilege of having access to the full CD Rom of over 150 photographs of the thing and detailed descriptions of it, and you can buy the rock itself on the site for the bargain basement fee of just $500,000. You can technically access all of the CD Rom for free, as long as you match the criteria that he describes as follows:

    If you want the CDROM for free as full compensation for your efforts on my behalf, you must first justify it by proving to me: (1) That you are a member of the media or an author, and that you are doing a story that will substantially include my rock and contain my webpage address; (2) That you are a bonafide scientist, engineer or professional fortean phenomena researcher or commentator, and that you are interested in evaluating my rock, and/or putting together and/or becoming a part of a scientific team to evaluate my rock and/or to dig the site; (3) That you wish to become a benefactor and will at this time irrevocably and without any qualifications or reservations pledge and obligate at least $1,000 to a non-profit organization, trust, LLC or corporation that I expect to later set-up for the research and exploration relevant to my rock and related fortean phenomena.

    There are also heavily plugged books and manuals you can buy on it all. Indeed, much of Williams’ online presence seems to be devoted to drumming up publicity for and making money from his find, which definitely raises some eyebrows. He also just happens to have a site devoted to selling books on subjects such as mind control, computer hacking, electronic security, cheating your utility provider, among others. The main skeptical idea is that this is an obvious elaborate hoax and money-making scheme, and that this electrical engineer has managed to fit an electrical component into porous rock that he claims to be solid granite. We can’t even be sure what kind of rock it is since no one has really taken a good look at it besides the scientists he claims have seen it. Regardless, the Enigmalith has become much discussed and debated on UFO and paranormal forums and websites, and it has continued to be thought of as potentially real. Whether the Enigmalith is real or not, it is a very strange story indeed, and no matter what you think it still continues to be discussed. Is is a genuine archeological oddity or something else? Who knows?

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    14-12-2020 om 17:29 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Secret Space Whistleblower Reveals Technologies Used To Make Superhuman Soldiers and Advanced Tech

    Secret Space Whistleblower Reveals Technologies Used To Make Superhuman Soldiers and Advanced Tech

    Whistleblower Jason reveals some of the incredible technologies used in the secret space program combat deployments. From the simplest to the strangest, we cannot begin to image what is currently being used in secret operations. He explains the different types of flying vehiles used as well as advanced drones during missions. Jason also talks about the powerful computer technology that assists and guides them that provides almost superhuman capabilities.

    Whistleblower Jason Rice discusses the incredible advanced technologies utilized during his tour of duty with the Secret Space Program. Jason talks about the level of technological sophistication of his battle dress uniform and weaponry. He reveals technical details of the suits he wore into combat and the various weapons he carried.

    The capabilities of these are far in advance of what we currently know, with the exception of certain special access programs. Jason reveals certain operations when he was tasked to engage other lifeforms which possess strange technologies.

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

    14-12-2020 om 15:50 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:MYSTERIES , Complot Theories, ed ( EN, FR, NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.NASA Whistleblower Discloses Ancient Lunar Cities and E.T. Bases

    NASA Whistleblower Discloses Ancient Lunar Cities and E.T. Bases

    Researchers often find themselves debating whether or not humans have actually set foot upon the moon. However, there is one man that might hold the evidence needed to end the lunar landing debate, and that is Ken Johnston. Ken refused to follow orders to destroy the original photographs from the Apollo missions, where evidence lies of structures scattered across the luna surface.

    He has also amassed a collection of images which can prove that the lunar landings were real, along with the images of extraterrestrial bases.

    RELATED VIDEOS , selected and  posted by peter2011

    https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

    14-12-2020 om 15:38 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.TicTac UFO Seen From Plane Over Boston, Massachusetts On 9-6-2019, MUFON, UFO Sighting News.

    TicTac UFO Seen From Plane Over Boston, Massachusetts On 9-6-2019, MUFON, UFO Sighting News.


    Date of sighting: 9-6-2019
    Location of sighting: Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    Source: MUFON #112705
     
    Wow, just watching this video is very exciting. Imagine looking out the window of the jet and noticing a tictac UFO matching speed with you. Absolutely fantastic, and as I have said before, aliens are highly interested in all the latest technology, and since planes fly 95% less than they once did, the chance of seeing a UFO thus has increased dramatically! 100% proof that aliens are closely watching and monitoring the human race. 
    Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
    Eyewitness states: 
    I was looking out of the plane window as I flew from Boston to Florida on 9.6.2019 at 7:27 pm. As I looked out the window I noticed a silver tic tac like object hovering/matching the flight of the plane. It was strange to me because it didn’t look like anything else I’ve ever seen out of a plane window nor have I ever noticed an object to maintain parallel height and motion with a plane like this did while emitting no exhaust/plume behind it. Other planes whiz by in the distance and are gone from view quickly—this was not like that. I took the videos with my phone at 7:28-7:32 pm. I have since shown the videos to many friends and family who have all conceded it is a difficult object to explain.
    After hearing more and more come out about tic tac like ufos I figured it would be worth it to submit in case it is in fact a UFO. It is a perfect shape and truly does not look like a plane or anything else. It is a silver smooth tic. 

    https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    14-12-2020 om 15:14 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Guy Spots Silver Cylinder Over Oshawa, Canada On Nov 27, 2020, UFO Sighting News, MUFON.

    Guy Spots Silver Cylinder Over Oshawa, Canada On Nov 27, 2020, UFO Sighting News, MUFON.

    Date of sighting: Nov 27, 2020
    Location of sighting: Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
    Source: MUFON #112703
     
    Guys, this is some outstanding raw footage of a UFO over Oshawa, Canada a few weeks ago. The guy runs to try to continue recording it and I see the object is rotating slowly. At one point 1:01 into the video the object appears bigger and round shape with a solid object in its center. Very strange, must pause video to see that. Perhaps it was only partly cloaked and we were actually seeing just a 10% of the UFO throughout most the video. Very interesting and 100% proof that aliens are flying low over our cities scanning how the public deals with Covid19.
    Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 
     
    Eyewitness states: 
    I was driving north on Simcoe street in oshawa, when I spotted this ufo, I pulled into a plaza and started recording, it was amazing, I have been a ufo believer since I was 15 and I couldn't believe my eyes, I finally seen one and I'm 57 now , it was worth the wait!!!

    https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    14-12-2020 om 15:08 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Strange Objects Flying Through Our Sky

    Strange Objects Flying Through Our Sky

    Strange objects flying through our sky and possible UFO fleet caught on ISS cam. 

    Case 1: December 8, 2020 
    Glowing anomaly changes from rectangular to circular shape over Three Folks, Montana 
    This object was not in a hurry as I observed it for well over 30 min. watching the entire time for possible wings, blades, sound, speed, direction, color change The object was stationary for a long period of time, than moved extremely slowly SE and upwards until out of sight with altitude. mufon 
    Case 2: December 11, 2020 
    Square-like UFO hovering over Washington DC 
    The witness was sitting in tree stand facing southeast deer hunting. At 5:38 pm cst he noticed a light overhead traveling east then the light changed direction to southeast. The light continued moving southeast for about 36 seconds before going out. mufon 
    Case 3: December 12, 2020 
    Flying sphere recorded on old tv show called Martial Law 
    It was recorded by professional tv camera on the old tv show called Martial Law. Season 1 episode 17 about 32 minutes into the show. A perfect sphere just appears in the sky flying with directional changes then flies off the top of the screen. mufon 
    Case 4: December 8, 2020 
    Possible UFO fleet captured on ISS cam 
      

    http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

    14-12-2020 om 14:53 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Motionless Cube-Shaped UFO Found in Leaked Government Photo

    Motionless Cube-Shaped UFO Found in Leaked Government Photo

    An image reportedly circulated among intelligence agencies in the U.S. shows what seems to be unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), the Pentagon term for UFOs. The U.S. officials described the object in the picture as a silver cube object.

    The leaked image dates back to 2018 from an intelligence report of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF), the Department of Defense (DoD) official unit investigating UAP sightings.

    Check out this amazing book about the top 10 UFO cases in the history.

    Get your’s on Amazon: Top 10 UFO Sightings: Best Cases: Aliens are visiting us

    The Pentagon approved the formation of the task force in August, the first on record government UFO program since a 2000s-era unit lost its funding in 2012. However, multiple sources confirmed that the original UFO program remained active in secrecy after its shutdown. The UATPF has reportedly briefed military officials and the government on UAP-related matters for the last two years. The newly surfaced photo appeared in a report from the task force during that time.

    According to The Debrief correspondent Tim McMillan, a defense official, who has access to the UAPTF’s intelligence reports, leaked the photo’s existence. Three other government officials affirmed with McMillan that the image comes from a 2018 task force report shared on a secure network utilized by the U.S. Intelligence Community.

    A military pilot flying over the Atlantic Ocean on the U.S. East Coast reportedly encountered the object in 2018 and snapped a photo of it using their cell phone. Judging on the angle of the shot, it looked like a backseat weapon system operator on a F/A-18F Super Hornet snapped the picture of the object, which McMillan describes as “inverted” and “bell-shaped” with “ridges or other protrusions along its lateral edges that extends toward its base.

    A GPS dropsonde may look like the UFO, but McMillan points out that he confirms with an atmospheric researcher that the actual dropsonde does not appear in the picture. The dropsonde is a square-cone parachute dropped by an aircraft but no aircraft above the UFO in the controversial photo.

    Two defense officials tell McMillan that the object in question may not be a research balloon too. According to McMillan, the pilots who encountered the UFO said that the object was completely motionless and apparently unaffected by ambient air currents, unlike a research balloon under the same conditions.

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by  peter2011

    https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    14-12-2020 om 14:29 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Cigar-shaped UFO filmed from a plane from Massachusetts to Florida

    Cigar-shaped UFO filmed from a plane from Massachusetts to Florida

    This tic tac UFO activity was filmed up in the clouds on a flight from Boston, Massachusetts to Florida. This happened back in September 2019 but it was just published on MUFON today.

    Witness report: 

    I was looking out of the plane window as I flew from Boston to Florida on 9.6.2019 at 7:27 pm. As I looked out the window I noticed a silver tic tac like object hovering/matching the flight of the plane. It was strange to me because it didn’t look like anything else I’ve ever seen out of a plane window nor have I ever noticed an object to maintain parallel height and motion with a plane like this did while emitting no exhaust/plume behind it. Other planes whiz by in the distance and are gone from view quickly—this was not like that. I took a series of 3 videos with my phone from 7:28-7:32 pm. I have since shown the videos to many friends and family who have all conceded it is a difficult object to explain.

    After hearing more and more come out about tic tac like ufos I figured it would be worth it to submit in case it is in fact a UFO. It is a perfect shape and truly does not look like a plane or anything else. It is a silver smooth tic tac. I looked up other sightings from this date online and saw one submitted by a man in Clayville NY with two orbs that look similar. I am not sure where we were in air space at the time during the flight when these videos were taken. Will I be notified of the findings/analysis? Many thanks for your time!

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    14-12-2020 om 14:20 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Is this the dawn of Skynet-style machines? Robot that can 'imagine itself' and became self-aware is built by scientists

    Is this the dawn of Skynet-style machines? Robot that can 'imagine itself' and became self-aware is built by scientists

    • Initially, the machine behaved like a 'babbling infant', moving randomly
    • It grasped objects with 100 per cent accuracy after 35 hours training
    • Experts believe the advance is a giant step towards self-aware machines

    A robot able to 'imagine' itself has been created in a step towards the self-aware robots envisioned in the Terminator movies. 

    Skynet and other sci-fi machines are able to learn and decipher from scratch but real-world robots have yet to master this art. 

    Now, scientists have managed to create a machine that can learn without prior programming via 'deep learning'. 

    After an initial 24 hours of behaving like a 'babbling infant' it was able to grasp objects from specific locations and drop them with 100 per cent accuracy thanks to 35 hours of training. 

    Even when relying entirely on its internal self model - the machine's 'imagination' - the robot was able to complete the pick-and-place task with a 44 per cent success rate. 

    Intelligent? After 35 hours of training, the 'self model' helped the robot grasp objects from specific locations and drop them in a receptacle with 100 per cent accuracy

    Intelligent? After 35 hours of training, the 'self model' helped the robot grasp objects from specific locations and drop them in a receptacle with 100 per cent accuracy

    The device consists of a jointed artificial arm and grasping 'hand' similar to those used in numerous production plants. 

    What makes this robot different to thousands of others is that it knows that is what it is. 

    US scientists gave it the ability to 'imagine itself' using a process of self-simulation. 

    Professor Hod Lipson, director of the Creative Machines Lab at the University of Columbia, New York - where the research was conducted, said: 'If we want robots to become independent, to adapt quickly to scenarios unforeseen by their creators, then it's essential that they learn to simulate themselves. 

    'While our robot's ability to imagine itself is still crude compared to humans, we believe that this ability is on the path to machine self-awareness.' 

    At the start of the study, the robot had no idea what shape it was, whether a spider, a snake or an arm. 

    To begin with, it behaved like a 'babbling infant', moving randomly while attempting various tasks. 

    Within about a day of intensive 'deep learning', the robot built up an internal picture of its structure and abilities.  

    PhD student Robert Kwiatkowski, another member of the team, said: 'That's like trying to pick up a glass of water with your eyes closed, a process difficult even for humans.' 

    Risk factor: Eerily, the scientists say they are aware of the potential dangers involved in giving robots the gift of self-awareness

    Risk factor: Eerily, the scientists say they are aware of the potential dangers involved in giving robots the gift of self-awareness

    Other tasks included writing text on a board using a marker. 

    To test whether the robot could detect damage to itself, the scientists replaced part of its body with a deformed version. The machine was able to recognise the change and work around it, with little loss of performance. 

    Self-aware robots may shed new light on the age-old mystery of consciousness, said Pressor Lipson. He added: 'Philosophers, psychologists, and cognitive scientists have been pondering the nature of self-awareness for millennia, but have made relatively little progress. 

    'We still cloak our lack of understanding with subjective terms like 'canvas of reality', but robots now force us to translate these vague notions into concrete algorithms and mechanisms.' 

    Self-aware robots and computers running amok or threatening the human race have been a rich source of material for sci-fi novels and films. 

    The scientists say they are aware of the potential dangers involved in giving robots the gift of self-awareness. 

    Writing in the journal Science Robotics, they warn: 'Self-awareness will lead to more resilient and adaptive systems, but also implies some loss of control. It's a powerful technology, but it should be handled with care.' 

    HOW WILL ROBOTS CHANGE THE WORKPLACE BY 2022?

    The World Economic Forum has unveiled its latest predictions for the future of jobs.

    Its 2018 report surveyed executives representing 15 million employees in 20 economies.

    The non-profit expects robots, AI and other forms of automation to drastically change the workplace within the next four years.

    By 2022:

    Jobs predicted to be displaced: 75 million

    Jobs predicted to be created: 133 million 

    Share of workforce requiring re-/upskilling: 54 per cent

    Companies expecting to cut permanent workforce: 50 per cent

    Companies expecting to hire specialist contractors: 48 per cent

    Companies expecting to grow workforce: 38 per cent

    Companies expecting automation to grow workforce: 28 per cent

    14-12-2020 om 00:30 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.MIT ENGINEERS BUILT AN AI THAT DESIGN ITS OWN ROBOTS

    MIT ENGINEERS BUILT AN AI THAT DESIGN ITS OWN ROBOTS

    MIT Engineers Built an AI That Design Its Own Robots

    MIT

    Robotception

    As the latest bit of evidence that humanity has learned nothing from the “Terminator” franchise, we present RoboGrammer — an AI algorithm that can design its own robot bodies.

    Thankfully, RoboGrammer still needs a helping hand from humanity, ExtremeTech reports, and it can’t manufacture anything on its own, so a machine uprising remains unlikely. But the MIT-built algorithm is particularly adept at designing the ideal body for a given set of conditions, making it a valuable tool for roboticists in need of some fresh ideas.

    Nature-Inspired

    The MIT engineers tested out RoboGrammer in a virtual environment where its creations had to traverse specific terrains like slippery floors or sets of stairs.

    On its first try, RoboGrammer built mostly nonsensical robots out of the virtual parts it was given.

    But with a little human guidance — the engineers took inspiration from real-world arthropods — the algorithm was able to optimize its body for the task at hand. For instance, the algorithm built a lizard-like body for smooth terrain, and then made its body more rigid when it had to cross gaps in the floor. For an icy surface, it designed a walrus-like body that pulled itself forward with two arms and then slid.

    Fresh Eyes

    Project leader and MIT computer scientist Allan Zhao told ExtremeTech that RoboGrammer may not be able to design all the nuts and bolts of a complete robot, but it can give human engineers ideas for how to approach a certain robotics project from a new angle rather than building the same old design.

    “When you think of building a robot that needs to cross various terrains, you immediately jump to a quadruped,” Zhao told the site.

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://futurism.com/the-byte }

    14-12-2020 om 00:19 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
    13-12-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Do ETs and UFOs found in Apache Indian cave paintings prove ancient ALIENS visited Earth?

    Do ETs and UFOs found in Apache Indian cave paintings prove ancient ALIENS visited Earth?

    Ancient-Aliens

    Getty*YouTube

    Can you see aliens and UFOs in this Native American rock art?

    The theory says out of this world beings are depicted in ancient artwork across the globe including by the Egyptians, South Americans and Aborigines in Australia.

    Some also claim that due to unanswered questions about how monuments like Stonehenge in Wiltshire, the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, and a 1,000-year-old interlocking stone fortress outside the Inca capital of Cusco in Peru were built, they could have been aided by the advanced technology of visiting aliens.

    In Peru, the 800 long and straight Nazca Lines, which feature 300 geometric shapes and 70 figures of animals, are another creation of wonder linked to ancient ETs.

    Several American Indian tribes have also long referred to spiritual and friendly “star people” or “star beings” visiting their ancestors in flying craft and passing on their knowledge.

    The Hopi, from Arizona, talk of “flying shields” in the third stage of the world.

    They say we are currently in the fourth stage.

    They also refer to “ant people”, that appear similar to the traditional image of an ET in rock carvings, who led their ancestors to safety.

    The Zuni people from New Mexico talk of ancestors who came from the sky in their belief system.

    A Native American cave drawing at Legends Rock in Wyoming, USA, is said by many to depict an alien-like figure.

    The site contains more than 280 petroglyphs, some of which are thought to date back 10,000 years.

    One UFO hunter posted online: “Have you see this stuff? What are they? Why would Native Americans be sticking in aliens and spaceships in their art of they hadn’t seen them… and they are not the only ones who did it if you look at the hieroglyphics and other stuff!!”

    Another ancient drawing near Christina Lake in British Columbia, Canada, depicts a white disc with black wings hovering above four humans.

    A rock painting at Cayuse Creek in Idaho shows a rocket-like object with smoke and flame trailing behind it and a humanoid figure inside the rocket.

    And, cave paintings date as far as 5,000 BC in the Sego Canyon area of Utah by Anasazi and Fremont Native Americans show strange beings with large eyes and craniums, Dailystar.co.uk reports.

    Richard Wagamese, of the Wabaseemoong First People in Ontario near the US-Canada border, said: “My people tell of Star People who came to us many generations ago.

    “The Star People brought spiritual teachings and stories and maps of the cosmos and they offered these freely.

    “They were kind, loving and set a great example.

    “When they left us, my people say there was a loneliness like no other.”

    Author Stephane Wuttunee, who is from the Cree first nations in Canada, said that growing up he often heard of distant relations and Star People living among the stars.

    He said: “In all honesty, the only time I was exposed to aliens per se was when I would go to the outhouse and read the Weekly World News or National Enquirer.

    “It wasn’t until my later teens that I discovered that people from the dominant cultures were talking about the same people as my elders did, though each side’s sense of perception of these people seemed radically different from one another.”

    However, sceptics say that ancient art also includes depictions of dragons and other mythical creatures, and this does not mean they existed.

    They also argue that humans were often depicted in weird and wonderful ways in rock and other historic art work.

    http://amaznews.com/ }

    13-12-2020 om 23:56 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.How Mars brine could produce breathable air and fuel for a colony

    How Mars brine could produce breathable air and fuel for a colony

    We absolutely need this if we're to ever establish a colony on the Red Planet.

    13-12-2020 om 23:44 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.We're as good as it gets: Intelligent life is extremely UNLIKELY to exist anywhere else in the universe because it took a series of miracles for humans to evolve, say scientists

    We're as good as it gets: Intelligent life is extremely UNLIKELY to exist anywhere else in the universe because it took a series of miracles for humans to evolve, say scientists

    • Oxford researchers outline the various evolutionary steps to human existence 
    • These steps take longer than a planet is actually habitable before its star dies 
    • What's happened on Earth is unlikely typical of what happens on other planets

    Statisticians say the evolution of intelligent life is 'exceptionally rare', and that human-like civilisations are extremely unlikely to exist on other planets. 

    In a new paper, Oxford researchers theorise that, for life to evolve in the same way elsewhere in the universe, it would take longer than the whole of Earth's projected lifespan. 

    Evolution on Earth from the Big Bang up until the current day has involved a series of what they call 'evolutionary transitions' that were helped by chance. 

    These include the emergence of primitive life from non-living matter (known as abiogenesis) and eukaryotic life (with cells that have a nucleus enclosed), the evolution of sexual reproduction, multicellularity, and intelligence itself.   

    If intelligent life does exist on other planets, it would need to have gone through a series of comparable evolutionary transitions.   

    Intelligent life in the Universe is exceptionally rare, assuming that intelligent life elsewhere requires analogous evolutionary transitions, scientist say. Pictured, an artists's impression of an Earth-like planet in another galaxy

    Intelligent life in the Universe is exceptionally rare, assuming that intelligent life elsewhere requires analogous evolutionary transitions, scientist say. Pictured, an artists's impression of an Earth-like planet in another galaxy

    TRANSITIONS THAT LED TO LIFE ON EARTH

    Abiogenesis

    The emergence of primitive life from non-living matter between 3.5 billion and 4.1 billion years ago.

    Eukaryogenesis

    Emergence of eukaryotic cells (those with cells that have a nucleus enclosed) around 1.8 billion years ago.

    Evolution of sexual reproduction

    Emergence of male and female cells, as indicated by fossils of red algae around 1.2 billion years ago.

    Multicellularity

    Emergence of organisms made up of more than one cell around 1 billion years ago.

    Arrival of Homo sapiens 

    Evolved from earlier ape-like ancestors around 200,000 years ago 

    Intelligence

    Oldest artwork discovered in caves dates back around 80,000 years. 

    Language

    Studies of unique calls  or 'phonemes' suggest human language evolved between 50,000 and 150,000 years ago. 

    'It took approximately 4.5 billion years for a series of evolutionary transitions resulting in intelligent life to unfold on Earth,' the experts, from Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute, say in their paper

    'In another billion years, the increasing luminosity of the Sun will make Earth uninhabitable for complex life. 

    'Together with the dispersed timing of key evolutionary transitions and plausible priors, one can conclude that the expected transition times likely exceed the lifetime of Earth, perhaps by many orders of magnitude. 

    'In turn, this suggests that intelligent life is likely to be exceptionally rare.'

    The researchers used a special statistical technique called a 'Bayesian analysis' to determine the probability of events in Earth's history – a 'chain of multiple evolutionary transitions' – happening elsewhere.

    'Our methods were basically statistics,' Dr Anders Sandberg at the Future of Humanity Institute told MailOnline.  

    'We made use of the assumption that what happened on Earth is typical for what happens on other planets – not the exact times, but that there are some tricky steps life needs to get through in sequence to produce intelligent observers.'

    For example, eukaryotes – organisms with a nucleus – needed more than a billion years ago to emerge from their nucleus-less prokaryotic predecessors.

    This was a far less probable event than the development of multicellular life, which is thought to have originated independently over 40 times in nature. 

    The fact that some transitions occurred only once in Earth's history suggests a remarkable stroke of luck that resulted in intelligent Earthlings today. 

    Eukaryotic life - with cells that have a nucleus enclosed - took over a billion years to emerge from prokaryotic precursors. Pictured, cell of a eukaryote

    Eukaryotic life - with cells that have a nucleus enclosed - took over a billion years to emerge from prokaryotic precursors. Pictured, cell of a eukaryote

    The team quote American evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, who said that if the 'tape of life' were to be rerun, 'the chance becomes vanishingly small that anything like human intelligence' would occur. 

    'What we added was a statistical approach that allows us to get estimates of just how unlikely the steps could be,' Dr Sandberg told MailOnline.

    'We feed in data about when things happened on Earth and a guess of how many steps there were, and in return we get the most likely levels of difficulty.

    '[These] turn out to indicate that, yes, we are an unlikely planet.' 

    Arriving at the opposite conclusion – that life in the universe isn't rare at all – would require evidence for much earlier transitions than the ones that occurred on Earth, or multiple instances of transitions.  

    The classic version of this argument stems from the work of Australian theoretical physicist Brandon Carter, who sought to explain why intelligent life emerged so late in Earth's history. 

    It is unknown how abundant extraterrestrial life is, or whether such life might be complex or intelligent

    It is unknown how abundant extraterrestrial life is, or whether such life might be complex or intelligent 

    Earth is 4.5 billion years old and in another billion years, the increasing luminosity of the Sun will likely destroy Earth's ability to support complex life, due to increased surface temperatures. 

    But humans – including our human-like ape ancestors that walked on two legs – have only existed on Earth for about the last 6 million years.

    Homo sapiens, meanwhile, arrived around 200,000 years ago.

    '[Carter] pointed out that there is no reason to think the tricky steps on average may take much more time than planets remain habitable,' Dr Sandberg said.   

    'There might well be entirely different kinds of life and minds but they are likely as hard (or harder) to evolve than us.'

    Dr Sandberg added that the new study fits into what one could call 'armchair astrobiology' as it deals with probabilities. 

    'Just because we got our results doesn't mean it is a waste of time to look at the actual universe,' he said. 

    'Data will always trump ever so careful reasoning and statistics.'

    WHAT IS THE FERMI PARADOX?

    The Fermi Paradox questions why, given the estimated 200bn-400bn stars and at least 100bn planets in our galaxy, there have been no signs of alien life. 

    The contradiction is named after its creator, Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.

    He first posed the question back in 1950.

    Fermi believed it was too extraordinary that a single extraterrestrial signal or engineering project has yet to be detected in the universe — despite its immense vastness. 

    Fermi concluded there must a barrier that limits the rise of intelligent, self-aware, technologically advanced space-colonising civilisations.

    This barrier is sometimes referred to as the 'Great Filter'.

    Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s. It explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billions planets in our galaxy

    Italian physicist Enrico Fermi devised the so-called Fermi Paradox in the 1950s. It explores why there is no sign of alien life, despite the 100 billions planets in our galaxy

    If the main obstacle preventing the colonisation of other planets is not in our past, then the barrier that will stop humanity's prospects of reaching other worlds must lie in our future, scientists have theorised.  

    Professor Brian Cox believes the advances in science and engineering required by a civilisation to start conquering the stars ultimately lead to its destruction.

     He said: 'One solution to the Fermi paradox is that it is not possible to run a world that has the power to destroy itself and that needs global collaborative solutions to prevent that.

    ‘It may be that the growth of science and engineering inevitably outstrips the development of political expertise, leading to disaster.'

    Other possible explanations for the Fermi Paradox include that no other intelligent species have arisen in the universe, intelligent alien species are out there — but lack the necessary technology to communicate with Earth.

    Some believe that the distances between intelligent civilsations are too great to allow any kind of two-way communication.

    If two worlds are separated by several thousand light-years, it's possible that one or both civilisation will be extinct before a dialogue can be established. 

    The so-called Zoo hypothesis claims intelligent alien life is out there, but deliberately avoids any contact with life on Earth to allow its natural evolution. 

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    13-12-2020 om 23:25 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Enormous Ancient Building Identified Beneath Monte Albán’s Main Plaza
    Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Source: WitR /Adobe Stock
    Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico.
    Source: WitR /Adobe Stock

    Enormous Ancient Building Identified Beneath Monte Albán’s Main Plaza

    Researchers in Mexico have discovered a vast ancient building buried beneath the Main Plaza at the ancient capital of Monte Albán.

    Monte Albán is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán Municipality, in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca, approximately 9 km (5.59 miles) west of Oaxaca City. Representing one of the first developed cities in pre-Hispanic Mexico, this expansive civic-ceremonial center was situated on top of an artificially levelled ridge about 1,940 meters (6,364 ft.) above mean sea level and it rises 400 meters (1,312 ft.) from the valley floor.

    Over the years, archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of artificial terraces and dozens of mounds concealing lost architecture that completely covered the entire ridgeline. Now, buried beneath the surface of Monte Albán’s Main Plaza researchers from the University of Oklahoma recently scanned and identified a hitherto unknown ritualistic building.

    Reappraising the Monte Albán Plaza

    Monte Albán was founded in 500 BC and became a powerful regional capital with many impressive stone buildings featuring a highly developed artistic style and written language system. The Main Plaza at Monte Albán was built, expanded upon, and remodeled over 1,000 years - before the site’s eventual demise around 850 AD. The ancient metropolis was partially excavated in the 1930s and the newly discovered building is similar to the temples discovered back then, which evidence suggested were used ritually, for burning incense , making offerings, and bloodletting.

    Monte Albán. (Dr. Marc Levine)

    Monte Albán.

    Dr. Marc Levine )

    This new discovery was made by Dr. Marc Levine, assistant curator of archaeology at the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences . Using ground-penetrating radar, electrical resistance, and gradiometry to locate the structure, the researcher told KFOR that everything at this site “is deeply symbolic.” Furthermore, the intrepid explorer added that this new discovery “changes our understanding of the history of the Main Plaza and how it was organized and used.”

    A Site Worth its Weight in Gold, Culturally

    For almost a century, researchers have studied and investigated many of the stone buildings located around the Main Plaza at Monte Albán, which is deemed so important to modern Mexican culture that the site is featured on the country’s 20 peso note. However, the actual plaza itself has now been analyzed. Professor Levine says that to put the building in context we can look towards the “National Mall in Washington, D.C.” What he means by this is that every monument and every building on that mall has “a significance and was thought over, carefully planned and oriented in a certain way.” And the same goes for Monte Albán, according to the researcher.

    Using ground penetrating radar at Monte Albán. (Dr. Marc Levine)

    Using ground penetrating radar at Monte Albán.

    Dr. Marc Levine )

    To lift the lost building from its time capsule the OU team used drones to digitally map the entirety of Monte Albán’s Main Plaza and its surrounding structures and high resolution 3-D images revealed the sizes of all of the buried buildings. Levine estimates his team will spend the next two years analyzing all of their data to complete their study of the plaza. Their ultimate goal is to calculate how much work was involved in creating the site.

    Ancient Mexican Vs Egyptian Pyramids

    Since the creation of Lidar scanning technology, Mexico’s ancient secrets have been slowly revealed. For example, in July this year, the Guardian announced a mind blowing discovery at Aguada Fénix , near the Guatemalan border in Mexico’s Tabasco state. Scientists using an aerial remote-sensing method “discovered the largest and oldest-known structure built by the ancient Maya civilization – a colossal rectangular elevated platform built between 1000 and 800 BC.” Unlike Mexico’s other pyramids , this one was constructed with clay and earth, but like all of them, it was used for mass public rituals.

    This massive ancient structure measures 1,400 meters, almost a mile long, by 400 meters (a quarter-mile) wide, it stood 10 to 15 meters (33 to 50 ft.) high, and it is estimated that its total volume exceeded ancient Egypt’s Great Pyramid of Giza . Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza was built 1,500 years earlier and as such it has become the outright winner so far as the most talked about pyramid in the world, but it isn't the biggest pyramid by a long shot.

    The greatest of all Great Pyramids is the Great Pyramid of Cholula , an ancient Aztec temple in Puebla, Mexico, with a base four times larger than Giza's, and nearly twice the volume. What we can derive from the size and number of the Mexican pyramids is, if the building of pyramids was indeed an act of prestige by powerful, semi-divine rulers, than the regality and control held by kings in Mexico made the Pharaohs of Egypt look like mere landlords.

    The Great Pyramid of Cholula. (juancramosgonzalez /Adobe Stock)

    The Great Pyramid of Cholula. 

    (juancramosgonzalez /Adobe Stock)

    • Top Image: Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. 
    • Source: WitR /Adobe Stock

    By Ashley Cowie

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://www.ancient-origins.net/general }

    13-12-2020 om 22:58 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Runaway stars may create the mysterious ultraviolet glow around some galaxies

    Runaway stars may create the mysterious ultraviolet glow around some galaxies

    The bright, young stars are located in regions where gas is too tenuous for new stars to form

    M83 galaxy

    M83, a barred spiral galaxy located 15 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Hydra, emits ultraviolet light well beyond its visible disk of stars (seen here), in places where the hot young stars that produce such radiation shouldn’t form.

    NASA/ESO/VLT/SCIENCE SOURCE

    By 

    Hot blue stars kicked out of their cradles may explain a mysterious ultraviolet glow that surrounds the disks of many spiral galaxies.

    A new computer simulation demonstrates that these runaway stars can populate the vast expanses beyond a galaxy’s visible disk (SN: 3/23/20). These distant regions have gas that is too warm and tenuous to make new stars, yet young stars nevertheless exist there.

    “It’s a big problem for classical star formation theory,” says Eric Andersson, an astrophysicist at Lund Observatory in Sweden.

    The mystery of the far-flung young stars has persisted for some time. In 2003, NASA launched the Galaxy Evolution Explorer space telescope, which surprised astronomers by discovering diffuse far-ultraviolet light in the hinterlands of nearby spiral and irregular galaxies (SN: 2/15/05). Unlike ordinary ultraviolet radiation, far-ultraviolet light has such a short wavelength that most of it doesn’t penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere.

    Stars that emit profuse amounts of this energetic radiation are hot, blue and usually much more massive than the sun. These stars don’t live long, so they must have formed recently. But the gas on the galactic outskirts isn’t cold and dense enough to collapse and create new stars.

    Andersson and his colleagues propose a solution to the paradox: Many of these far-out far-ultraviolet-emitting stars weren’t born where they are now. Instead, they arose closer to the galaxy’s center and ran away from their homes.

    The researchers conducted a computer simulation to model the motion of massive stars in a spiral galaxy. Some of the runaway stars in the simulation dart across thousands of light-years of space to take up residence beyond the visible edge of the galaxy’s disk, thereby explaining the far-ultraviolet light there, the researchers report online at arXiv.org on October 22.

    The Milky Way has many of these runaway stars. A star can become a runaway when other massive stars fling it away through their gravity. Or, if the star orbits close to a massive star that explodes, the surviving star races away at the same speed it had been dashing around its companion. Most runaway stars are hot and blue, radiating just the type of far-ultraviolet light seen beyond the visible edges of galactic disks.

    Mark Krumholz, an astronomer at the Australian National University in Canberra, calls the idea “a plausible explanation.” He also offers a way to test it: by exploiting the properties of different types of massive stars.

    The rarest and most massive blue stars are so hot they ionize hydrogen gas, causing it to emit red light as electrons settle back into position around protons. But these very massive stars don’t live long, so any that reside on a galaxy’s outskirts must have been born there. After all, the stars didn’t have time to travel from elsewhere in the galaxy during their brief lives.

    In contrast, less massive blue stars live longer and therefore could have reached the galactic periphery from elsewhere during their lifetimes. If the ratio of far-ultraviolet light to red light from ionized gas is much greater beyond the galaxy’s visible edge than in its disk, Krumholz says, that would suggest much of the far-ultraviolet glow in the exurbs does indeed come from runaway stars.

    https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

    13-12-2020 om 21:57 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Betelgeuse went dark, but didn’t go supernova. What happened?

    Betelgeuse went dark, but didn’t go supernova. What happened?

    The bright star’s great dimming may have been a big dust burp

    clouds of dust surrounding the red supergiant star Betelgeuse

    What look like dramatic flames are actually clouds of dust surrounding the red supergiant star Betelgeuse, as photographed in infrared light by the Very Large Telescope in Chile. The black disk blocks the star’s bright light to allow the dust plumes to show. Betelgeuse itself, photographed by the SPHERE instrument in Chile, is superimposed in the center of the black disk.

    ESO, PIERRE KERVELLA, M. MONTARGÈS ET AL

    By 

    Astrophysicist Miguel Montargès has a clear memory of the moment the stars became real places to him. He was 7 or 8 years old, looking up from the garden of his parents’ apartment in the south of France. A huge, red star winked in the night. The young space fan connected the star to a map he had studied in an astronomy magazine and realized he knew its name: Betelgeuse.

    Something shifted for him. That star was no longer an anonymous speck floating in a vast uncharted sea. It was a destination, with a name.

    “I thought, wow, for the first time … I can name a star,” he says. The realization was life-changing.

    Since then, Montargès, now at the Paris Observatory, has written his Ph.D. thesis and about a dozen papers about Betelgeuse. He considers the star an old friend, observing it many times a year, for work and for fun. He says good-bye every May when the star slips behind the sun from the perspective of Earth, and says hello again in August when the star comes back.

    So in late 2019, when the bright star suddenly dimmed for no apparent reason, Montargès was a little alarmed. Some people speculated that Betelgeuse was about to explode in a brilliant supernova that would outshine the full moon. Astronomers know the star is old and its days are numbered, but Montargès wasn’t ready to see it go.

    “It’s my favorite star,” he says. “I don’t want it to die.”

    Other researchers, though, were eager to watch Betelgeuse explode in real time. Supernovas mark the violent deaths of stars that are at least eight times as massive as the sun (SN: 11/7/20, p. 20). But astronomers still don’t know what would signal that one is about to blow. The outbursts sprinkle interstellar space with elements that ultimately form the bulk of planets and people — carbon, oxygen, iron (SN: 2/18/17, p. 24). So the question of how supernovas occur is a question of our own origins.

    But the explosions are rare — astronomers estimate that one occurs in our galaxy just a few times a century. The last one spotted nearby, SN 1987A, was more than 33 years ago in a neighboring galaxy (SN: 2/18/17, p. 20). Betelgeuse is just one of the many aging, massive stars — called red supergiants — that could go supernova at any moment. But as one of the closest and brightest, Betelgeuse is the one that space enthusiasts know best.

    So when the star started acting strangely at the end of last year, Montargès and a small band of Betelgeuse diehards aimed every telescope they could at the dimming giant. Over the following months, the star returned to its usual brightness, and the excitement over an imminent supernova faded. But the flurry of data collected in the rush to figure out what was happening might help answer a different long-standing question: How do massive, old stars send their planet-building star stuff into the cosmos even before they explode?

    Orion’s shoulder

    If you’ve looked up at the stars during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, you’ve probably seen Betelgeuse, whether you realized it or not. The star is the second brightest in the constellation Orion, marking the hunter’s left shoulder from our perspective.

    And it’s huge. Estimates for Betelgeuse’s vital statistics vary, but if it sat at the center of our solar system, the star would fill much of the space between the sun and Jupiter. At about 15 to 20 times as massive as the sun, somewhere between 750 and 1,000 times its diameter and just about 550 light-years from Earth, Betelgeuse is typically between the sixth- and seventh-brightest star in the sky.

    Betelgeuse’s brightness varies, even under normal circumstances. Its outer layers are a bubbling cauldron of hot gas and plasma. As hot material rises to the surface, the star brightens; as material falls toward the core, the star dims. That convection cycle puts Betelgeuse on a semiregular dimmer switch that fluctuates roughly every 400 days or so. The star’s brightness also varies about every six years, though astronomers don’t know why.

    What they do know is that Betelgeuse is running out of time. It’s less than 10 million years old, a youngster compared with the roughly 4.6-billion–year-old sun. But because Betelgeuse is so massive and burns through its fuel so quickly, it’s already in the final life stage of a red supergiant. Someday in the not too distant future, the star won’t be able to support its own weight — it will collapse in on itself and rebound in a supernova.

    “We know one day it’s going to die and explode,” says Emily Levesque, an astrophysicist at the University of Washington in Seattle. But no one knows when. “In astronomical terms, ‘one day’ means sometime in the next 200,000 years.”

    In October 2019, Betelgeuse started dimming, which wasn’t too strange in and of itself. The change fit within the normal 400ish-day cycle, says astronomer Edward Guinan of Villanova University in Pennsylvania, who has been tracking Betelgeuse’s cycles of brightness since the 1980s.

    But by Christmas, Betelgeuse was the dimmest it had been in the 100-plus years that astronomers have measured it. And the dimming continued all the way through February.

    Guinan was one of the first to sound the alarm. On December 7, and again on December 23, he and colleagues posted a bulletin on The Astronomer’s Telegram website announcing the star’s “fainting” and encouraging fellow astronomers to take a look.

    There was no reason to think that the dimming was a harbinger of a supernova. “I never said it was going to be one,” Guinan says. But because these explosions are so rare, astronomers don’t know what the signals of an imminent supernova are. Dimming could be one of them.

    That report of odd behavior was all astronomers and amateur space enthusiasts needed to hear. Online, the story caught fire.

    “On Twitter, it was hysterical,” says Andrea Dupree, an astrophysicist at the Harvard & Smithsonian’s Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. She recalls seeing one tweet suggesting that the explosion was going to happen that night, with the hashtag #HIDE. “Where am I going to hide? Under my desk?” (When Betelgeuse finally explodes, it probably won’t hurt life on Earth — it’s a safe distance away.)

    Most astronomers didn’t really believe that Betelgeuse’s end was nigh, even as they rushed to schedule telescope time. But some got caught up in the excitement.

    “I don’t expect it to blow,” Guinan recalls thinking. “But I don’t want to blink.” He signed up for phone alerts from telescopes that detect invisible particles called neutrinos and ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves. A detection of either one might be an early sign of a supernova. He found himself outside at 1 a.m. in January after a report of gravitational waves from the direction of Orion. “It was cloudy, but I thought I might see a brightening,” he says. “I’ve gotten crazy about it.”

    Others were believers too, until their data cast doubt on the notion.

    “I thought it might,” says astrophysicist Thavisha Dharmawardena of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. “We knew there were other explanations, and we might have to look into it. But we know Betelgeuse is an old star, close to the end of its life. It was exciting.”

    Two camps

    Once the star started returning to its usual brightness in mid-February, talk of an imminent supernova faded. A paper published in the Oct. 10 Astrophysical Journal boosted confidence in Betelgeuse’s longevity, suggesting that the star is just at the beginning of its old age and has at least 100,000 years to go before it explodes. But what was it up to, if it was not on the verge of exploding?

    As results from telescopes all over the world and in space flooded in, most astronomers have fallen into two camps. One says Betelgeuse’s dimming was caused by a cloud of dust coughed out by the star itself, blocking its glow. The other camp isn’t sure what the explanation is, but says “no” to the dust speculation.

    an illustration showing Betelgeuse sneezing out a burst of gas and dust

    One explanation for why Betelgeuse went dark in 2019 is that the star sneezed out a burst of gas and dust (illustrated, left), which condensed into a dark cloud. That cloud blocked the star’s face from the perspective of Earth (right).
    NASA, ESA, E. WHEATLEY/STSCI

    If the dust theory proves true, it could have profound implications for the origins of complex chemistry, planets and even life in the universe. Red supergiants are surrounded by diffuse clouds of gas and dust that are full of elements that are forged only in stars — and those clouds form before the star explodes. Even before they die, supergiants seem to bequeath material to the next generation of stars.

    “The carbon, oxygen in our body, it’s coming from there — from the supernova and from the clouds around dying stars,” Montargès says. But it’s not clear how those elements escape the stars in the first place. “We have no idea,” he says.

    Montargès hoped studying Betelgeuse’s dimming would let scientists see that process in action.

    In December 2019, he and colleagues took an image of Betelgeuse in visible light with the SPHERE instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile. That image showed that, yes, Betelgeuse was much dimmer than it had been 11 months earlier — but only the star’s bottom half. Perhaps an asymmetrical dust cloud was to blame.

    Observations from February 15, 2020, seem to support that idea (SN: 4/11/20, p. 6). Levesque and Philip Massey of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., compared the February observations with similar ones from 2004. The star’s temperature hadn’t dropped as much as would be expected if the dimming was from something intrinsic to the star, like its convection cycles, the pair reported in the March 10 Astrophysical Journal Letters.

    That left dust as a reasonable explanation. “We know Betelgeuse sheds mass and produces dust around itself,” Levesque says. “Dust could have come toward us, cooled and temporarily blocked the light.”

    Dark cloud

    A strong vote for dust came from Dupree, who was watching Betelgeuse with the Hubble Space Telescope. Like Guinan, she has a decades-long relationship with Betelgeuse. In 1996, she and colleague Ronald Gilliland looked at Betelgeuse with Hubble to make the first real image of any star other than the sun. Most stars are too far and too faint to show up as anything but a point. Betelgeuse is one of the few stars whose surface can be seen as a two-dimensional disk — a real place.

    By the end of 2019, Dupree was observing Betelgeuse with Hubble several times a year. She had assembled an international team of researchers she calls the MOB, for Months of Betelgeuse, to observe the star frequently in a variety of wavelengths of light.

    The goal was the same as Montargès’: to answer fundamental questions about how Betelgeuse, and perhaps other red supergiants, lose material. The MOB had baseline observations from before the dimming and already had Hubble time scheduled to track the star’s brightness cycles.

    Those observations showed that in January and March 2019, Betelgeuse looked “perfectly normal,” Dupree says. But from September through November, just before the dimming event, the star gave out more ultraviolet light — up to four or five times its usual UV brightness — over its southern hemisphere.

    The temperature and electron density in that region went up, too. And material seemed to be moving outward, away from the star and toward Earth.

    Dupree and colleagues’ theory of what happened, reported in the Aug. 10 Astrophysical Journal, is that one of the giant bubbles of hot plasma always churning in the star’s outer layers rose to the edge of the star’s atmosphere and escaped, sending huge amounts of material flowing into interstellar space. That could be one way that red supergiants shed material before exploding.

    Once it had fled the star, that hot stuff cooled, condensed into dust and floated in front of Betelgeuse for several months. As the dust cleared, Betelgeuse appeared brighter again.

    “It seems to us that what we saw with the ultraviolet is kind of the smoking gun,” Dupree says. “This material moved on out, condensed and formed this dark, dark dust cloud.”

    Paul Hertz, director of NASA’s astrophysics division, shared the Hubble results in a NASA online town hall meeting on September 10 as if it were the final answer. “Mystery solved,” he said. “Not gonna supernova anytime soon.”

    Cycles and spots

    Maybe not — but that doesn’t mean dust explains the dimming.

    In the July 1 Astrophysical Journal Letters, Dharmawardena and colleagues published observations of Betelgeuse that ran counter to the dust explanation. Her team used the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii in January, February and March to look at Betelgeuse in submillimeter wavelengths of light. “If we think it’s a dust cloud, the submillimeter is the perfect wavelength to look at,” she says.

    Dust should have made Betelgeuse look brighter in those wavelengths, as floating grains absorbed and reemitted starlight. But it didn’t. If anything, the star dimmed slightly. “Our first thought was that we’d done something wrong — everyone in the community expected it to be dust,” she says. But “the fact that it didn’t increase or stay constant in the submillimeter was pretty much a dead giveaway that it’s not dust.”

    Infrared observations with the airborne SOFIA telescope should have found the glowing signature of dust too, if it existed. “It never showed up,” Guinan says. “I don’t think it’s dust.”

    Instead, Guinan thinks the dimming may have been part of Betelgeuse’s natural convection cycle. The star’s outer atmosphere constantly pulsates and “breathes” in and out as enormous bubbles of hot plasma rise to the surface and sink down again. “It’s driven by the internal core of the star,” he says. “You have hot blobs rising up, they cool, they get more dense, they fall back.”

    Multiple cycles syncing up could explain why the 2019 dimming was so extreme. Guinan and colleagues analyzed about 180 years of observations of Betelgeuse, dating back to astronomer John Herschel’s 1839 discovery that the star’s brightness varies. Guinan’s group found that, in addition to the roughly six-year and 400-day cycles, Betelgeuse might have a third, smaller cycle of about 187 days. It looks like all three cycles might have hit their brightness nadirs at the same time in late 2019, Guinan says.

    Or maybe the darkness in the southern hemisphere that Montargès’ team saw with SPHERE was an enormous star spot, Dharmawardena offers. In the sun’s case, those dark splotches, called sunspots, mark the sites of magnetic activity on the surface. Betelgeuse is one of a handful of stars on which star spots have been directly seen.

    But to cause Betelgeuse’s dimming, a star spot would have to be enormous. Typical star spots cover about 20 to 30 percent of a star’s surface, Dharmawardena says. This one would need to cover at least half, maybe up to 70 percent.

    “That’s rare,” Dharmawardena admits. “But so is this kind of dimming.”

    Pandemic disruptions

    Analyses are still coming in. But just as Betelgeuse was returning to its normal brightness, the COVID-19 pandemic hit.

    “We were hoping to have a lot more data,” Dharmawardena says.

    A few observations came in right under the wire. The SOFIA observations were made on one of the last flights before the pandemic grounded the plane that carries the telescope. And Montargès took another look with SPHERE just days before its observatory shut down in mid-March.

    an image of Betelgeuse from STEREO

    In mid-July 2020, astronomers announced that STEREO, a sun-watching spacecraft, had seen signs that the star Betelgeuse was beginning to dim yet again.
    HI/STEREO/NASA

    But one of Montargès’ most hoped-for results may never come. Eager to solve the dust versus not-dust mystery, his plan was to combine two kinds of observations: making a 2-D picture of the whole star’s disk, like Dupree did with Hubble in the ’90s, but in longer wavelengths such as infrared or submillimeter, like Dharmawardena’s images from early 2020. That way, you could differentiate the dust from the star, he reasoned.

    Only one observatory can do both at once: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or ALMA, in Chile. Montargès had planned to ask to observe Betelgeuse with ALMA in June and July, when the winter skies in the Southern Hemisphere are most free of turbulence. But ALMA closed in March and was still closed in September.

    “When I realized ALMA will not get the time in June, I thought … we are never going to solve it,” he says. “We may never be completely certain, because of COVID.”

    Any other star

    Montargès and his colleagues have submitted their analysis of the SPHERE pictures from March for publication. Though he’s not yet willing to share the results, he thinks they could pull the two camps together.

    Ultimately, if Betelgeuse did cough out a cloud of dust last year, it could teach us about the origins of life in the universe, Montargès says. If the dust camp is even partially right, Betelgeuse’s dimming may have been the first time humans have watched the seeds of life being launched into the cosmos.

    In the meantime, he’s relieved to see his favorite star shining bright again. “I must admit that since [last] December, since this whole stuff started, every time I see it, I am like, phew, it’s still there,” he says.

    People keep asking him if he would like ​Betelgeuse to go supernova so he can study it. “I would like another star to go supernova,” he says. “Antares, I don’t care about it; it can explode anytime. But not Betelgeuse.”

    https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

    13-12-2020 om 21:45 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART


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