Kan een afbeelding zijn van hond

Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.

This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.

Carl Sagan Space GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

X Files Ufo GIF by SeeRoswell.com

1990: Petit-Rechain, Belgium triangle UFO photograph - Think AboutIts

Ufo Pentagon GIF

ufo abduction GIF by Ski Mask The Slump God

Flying Sci-Fi GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

Season 3 Ufo GIF by Paramount+

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De bronafbeelding bekijken

De bronafbeelding bekijken

Beste bezoeker, bedankt voor uw bezoek.

Dear visitor, thank you for your visit.

Cher visiteur, je vous remercie de votre visite.

Liebe Besucher, vielen Dank für Ihren Besuch.

Estimado visitante, gracias por su visita.

Gentile visitatore, grazie per la vostra visita.

Inhoud blog
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    The purpose of  this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and  free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category.
    Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
     

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    Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.

    In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!

    In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.

    BEDANKT!!!

    Een interessant adres?
    UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
    UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
    In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog. Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch... Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels. MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen. MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity... Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com. Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal. Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP. ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
    04-02-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Huge greenish anomalies and formation of bright lights moving in space

    Huge greenish anomalies and formation of bright lights moving in space

    On January 19 strange greenish anomalies have been recorded via the ISS live feed app. which you can see Here.



    Now, for the second and a third time, another witnesses using the same ISS live feed app recorded a new group of these strange anomalies and something like a huge formation of bright objects moving next to the greenish anomalies on February 1 and on February 2, 2020.


    What could it be?
    Moon fragments from a possible meteorite impact on the Moon, as some people suggested?
    It seems unlikely.
    So what is going on in space?
      

    http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

    04-02-2020 om 17:25 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Viva Air Pilot Captured Cube-like UFO at High Altitude

    Viva Air Pilot Captured Cube-like UFO at High Altitude

    An airline pilot has shared incredible footage showing a cube-shaped UFO moving across the sky. The cockpit view shows what appears to be a metallic object flying at a hypersonic speed above Columbia, without any visible means of propulsion.

    Reportedly shot by a commercial pilot with Viva Air, the incredible footage shows the cubic object shoot pass the aircraft at a distance.

    When zooms in, the high altitude object resembles a cube and seems to glide down through the clouds like someone is controlling it.

    TikTok user CesarinMP first posted the video before being published on January 31 to YouTube.

    Some viewers of the footage observed the cube UFO resembled a Borg spaceship from the Sci-fi series Star Trek.

    This is not the first time a cube UFO has been spotted as other cubes have been observed before by several witnesses, including NASA.

    In January, UFO enthusiasts were sent into a frenzy after seeing a clip of block-shaped object hovering over Georgia, US. In the short video, the object seems to hang aimlessly in the clear sky and looks to move slowly and steadily.

    In late 2018, NASA’s solar and heliospheric observatory (SOHO) captured an apparent massive cube-shaped object. The UFO appears to have a square shape with trails of gas or smoke following behind as it descends into the star. The mysterious object hung steadily above the clouds for a few minutes and at one point, ejected a red orb. The clip was uploaded to the YouTube account ‘The Tales From Out There.’

    https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    04-02-2020 om 17:12 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Warm water measured below Antarctic glacier

    Warm water measured below Antarctic glacier

    The warm water found flowing under Thwaites Glacier in western Antarctica helps explain its rapid melting. Thwaites is part of what’s described the “weak underbelly” of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Its melting has implications for sea-level rise around the world.

    For the first time, scientists have measured the presence of warm water at a vital point underneath rapidly melting Thwaites Glacier – which the BBC once labeled as Doomsday Glacier – in western Antarctica. With Pine Island and Smith Glaciers, Thwaites is sometimes called the weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. At its surface, it moves at 1.2 miles per year (2 km per year) near its grounding line. The water below it was measured earlier this year, through a small but extremely deep hole drilled in Thwaites Glacier at the point where the bedrock underlying the glacier meets the sea.

    A January 29, 2020, statement from New York University (NYU), which conducted the research, said this finding is:

    … an alarming discovery that points to the cause behind the gradual melting of this ice shelf while also raising concerns about sea-level rise around the globe.

    The recorded warm waters were more than two degrees above freezing.

    Solar halo and sundogs over Antarctic research camp on vast snow field.

    On the way to the Thwaites Glacier research site – at an intermediate camp in West Antarctica (WAIS Divide Camp) – the researchers caught this solar halo, created by ice crystals in the air. The expedition took place in January, during the height of Antarctic summer, a period of 24-hour daylight.

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    The West Antarctic Ice Sheet – whose bed lies well below sea level and whose edges flow into ice shelves that jut out and float on the Amundsen Sea – has been watched carefully for some years. Scientists believe it has the potential to collapse suddenly, raising sea levels around the world. The new measurement of warm water under Thwaites Glacier is just a small piece of the puzzle of this region, one of many studies that have been conducted in recent years, as scientists try to determine the stability of the ice sheet. According to the scientists who conducted this study:

    Thwaites’ demise alone could have significant impact globally.

    It would drain a mass of water that is roughly the size of Great Britain or the state of Florida and currently accounts for approximately 4 percent of global sea-level rise. Some scientists see Thwaites as the most vulnerable and most significant glacier in the world in terms of future global sea-level rise. Its collapse would raise global sea levels by nearly one meter, perhaps overwhelming existing populated areas.

    Two scientists in Antactica, with instruments scattered nearby.

    David Holland and Keith Nicholls led the expedtion to Antarctica in January 2020. Here they are operating a borehole winch to lower a turbulence device into the ocean cavity on Thwaites Glacier.

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    The new measurement was made at the glacier’s grounding zone; that’s the place at which the ice transitions between resting fully on bedrock and floating on the ocean as an ice shelf. The scientists’ measurements were made in early January 2020, after the research team used hot water drilling to create an access hole in the glacier. The hole was not very wide (35 cm or about a foot wide). But it was extremely deep – 600 meters (2,000 feet) deep – or about the depth of 6 1/2 American football fields laid end to end. The researchers then deployed an ocean-sensing device to measure the waters moving below the glacier’s surface. They said:

    This device gauges the turbulence of the water as well as other properties such as temperature. The result of turbulence is the mixing of fresh meltwater from the glacier and salty water from the ocean.

    [The new work] marks the first time that ocean activity beneath the Thwaites Glacier has been accessed through a bore hole and that a scientific instrument measuring underlying ocean turbulence and mixing has been deployed. The hole was opened on January 8 and 9 and the waters beneath the glacier measured January 10 and 11.

    The scientists said they expected the data gathered in the field will enhance scientific understanding of how ocean conditions are affecting the melt rate of Thwaites Glacier. They said:

    When this is combined with ice sheet models it will allow the glacier’s potential sea-level contribution to be more accurately predicted.

    David Holland of NYU – who co-led the expedition to Antarctica – commented:

    Warm waters in this part of the world, as remote as they may seem, should serve as a warning to all of us about the potential dire changes to the planet brought about by climate change. If these waters are causing glacier melt in Antarctica, resulting changes in sea level would be felt in more inhabited parts of the world.

    For more about the project, visit https://thwaitesglacier.org/projects/melt.

    The drill site showing tall drill rigs and a large tent.

    Hot waters drilled an access hole for deployment of turbulence device on Thwaites Glacier.

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    Researchers clearing snow at the drill site.

    Researchers dug out the drill site after a 3-day storm with winds reaching 50 knots (nearly 60 mph). Drifts of snow accumulated up to five feet (1.5 meters).

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    Woman holding a long handle with a round brush at one end.

    NYU graduate student Aurora Basinski took part in the study. Here, she is carrying a turbulence-measuring device to the borehole on Thwaites Glacier.

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    Close-up view of the drill and borer used to carve out the hole.

    A reamer was used to descend through the borehole, to prevent the hole from refreezing.

    Image via David Holland/ NYU.

    • Bottom line: For the first time, scientists have measured the temperature and turbulence of warm water flowing underneath Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica. The glacier is one of several in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet that is known to be melting rapidly, with the potential to cause dramatic sea level rise.
    • Via NYU

    https://earthsky.org/ }

    04-02-2020 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:Diversen (Eng, NL en Fr)
    03-02-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.An impending Milky Way collision is already giving birth to new stars

    An impending Milky Way collision is already giving birth to new stars

    A newly found young star cluster on the outskirts of our Milky Way seems to be made of material from the Magellanic Clouds. It appears the collision between the Clouds and our Milky Way may already be starting.

    Dark blue oval with pinkish blobs and yellowish blobs.

    View larger. | A newly found cluster of young stars (blue stars) sits on the periphery of our Milky Way. The stars in this cluster probably formed from material originating in neighboring dwarf galaxies, called the Magellanic Clouds. Note also the Magellanic Stream, extending almost halfway around the Milky Way.

    Image via D. Nidever/ NASA/ Simons Foundation.

    Since the 1960s and ’70s, radio astronomers have been watching a long trail of gas extending from the Magellanic Clouds, the two famous dwarf galaxies visible in Southern Hemisphere skies. This gas trail is called the Magellanic Stream, and it extends across more than 180 degrees of our sky, almost halfway around the Milky Way. The gas in the Stream, and the Magellanic Clouds themselves, will someday collide with our Milky Way, astronomers say. Now – according to a January 8, 2020, presentation by astronomers at the AAS meeting in Honolulu – it appears that signs of this collision are already in evidence. Collisions and mergers between galaxies create new stars. And astronomers have now found a young star cluster on the outskirts of our Milky Way galaxy, near the Magellanic Stream, in a part of space inhabited by our galaxy’s oldest stars. The astronomers said the stars in this young cluster appear to be made of material from the Magellanic Clouds.

    According to these astronomers:

    The discovery suggests that [the Magellanic Stream] is about half as far from crashing into the Milky Way as previously thought.

    In other words, it suggests our Milky Way’s impending collision with the Magellanic Clouds is already beginning: it’s already birthing new stars.

    Adrian Price-Whelan at the Flatiron Institute’s Center for Computational Astrophysics in New York City led this research. He said the cluster now bears his name: Price-Whelan 1. Price-Whelan and his colleagues presented their findings on January 8 at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Honolulu. The work is published in two parts in the peer-reviewed Astronomical Journalhere and here.

    A visualization of the position of the newly discovered Price-Whelan 1 star cluster (blue points) relative to our Milky Way galaxy (white points). The star cluster probably formed from material from the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (purple points).

    Image via A. Price-Whelan/ J. Hunt/ Simons Foundation.

    These astronomers said in their statement:

    Identifying clusters of stars is tricky because our galaxy is chock-full of the radiant orbs. Some stars may appear to be close together in the sky but actually sit at drastically different distances from Earth. Other stars may temporarily neighbor one another but move on in opposite directions.

    Determining which stars are actually clustered together requires many precise measurements over time.

    In this case, those measurements originated with the amazing Gaia spacecraft, which has already cataloged distances and motions for 1.7 billion Milky Way stars. Price-Whelan searched the Gaia dataset for:

    very blue stars, which are rare in the universe, and identified clumps of stars moving alongside them. After cross-matching with and removing known clusters, one remained.

    The newfound cluster is relatively young at 117 million years old [very young in astronomical terms] and is on the far outskirts of the Milky Way.

    He commented:

    It’s really, really far away. It’s further than any known young stars in the Milky Way, which are typically in the disk. So right away, I was like, ‘Holy smokes, what is this?’

    Milky Way and 2 small glowing oblongs, the Magellanic Clouds, over a lake and some bare trees.

    EarthSky community member Lynton Brown captured this beautiful image of the Milky Way over Taylor’s Lake near Horsham, Australia, on April 22, 2019. The 2 objects on the right are the Magellanic Clouds. Thank you, Lynton!

    The Price-Whelan 1 star cluster’s location near the Magellanic Stream is a clue to these stars’ origin. These astronomers said:

    Gas in the Stream doesn’t contain much metal, unlike gases in the outer reaches of the Milky Way. David Nidever, assistant professor of physics at Montana State University in Bozeman, led an analysis of the metal content of the 27 brightest stars in the cluster.

    Just like the Magellanic Stream, the stars contain meager levels of metal.

    The researchers propose that the cluster formed as gas from the Magellanic Stream passed through the gases surrounding the Milky Way. This pass-through created a drag force that compressed the Magellanic Stream gas. This drag, along with tidal forces from the Milky Way’s gravitational tug, condensed the gas enough to trigger star formation. Over time, the stars zoomed ahead of the surrounding gas and joined the Milky Way.

    The stars’ presence presents a unique opportunity, these astronomers said. They explained:

    Gauging the distance of gas from Earth is tricky and imprecise, so astronomers weren’t sure how far the Magellanic Stream was from reaching the Milky Way. The distance of stars, on the other hand, is comparatively trivial. Using the current positions and movements of stars in the cluster, the researchers predict that the edge of the Magellanic Stream is 90,000 light-years away from the Milky Way. That’s roughly half the distance previously predicted.

    Nidever said:

    If the Magellanic Stream is closer, especially the leading arm closest to our galaxy, then it’s likely to be incorporated into the Milky Way sooner than the current model predicts. Eventually, that gas will turn into new stars in the Milky Way’s disk. Right now, our galaxy is using up gas faster than its being replenished. This extra gas coming in will help us replenish that reservoir and make sure that our galaxy continues to thrive and form new stars.

    The updated distance to the Magellanic Stream will improve models of where the Magellanic Clouds have been and where they’re going, Price-Whelan said.

    He said the improved numbers could even settle a debate over whether the Magellanic Clouds have crossed through the Milky Way before, adding:

    Finding an answer to that question will help astronomers better understand the history and properties of our galaxy.

    Glittery pattern of silver dots, with some blue dots.

    Astronomers have spotted a group of young stars (blue) on the outskirts of the Milky Way. The scientists propose that these stars formed from material from two dwarf galaxies known as the Magellanic Clouds.

    Image via A. Price-Whelan/ Simons Foundation.

    https://earthsky.org/ }

    03-02-2020 om 22:50 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.OTHER PLANETS COULD HAVE EVEN MORE LIFE THAN EARTH DOES, SCIENTISTS SAY

    OTHER PLANETS COULD HAVE EVEN MORE LIFE THAN EARTH DOES, SCIENTISTS SAY

    'This is a surprising conclusion'

    Other worlds could be filled with even more flourishing life than we have on Earth, scientists have said.

    The new study could have significant implications for the way we search for alien life. It also suggests that search could be more likely to find life on exoplanets than we had thought.

    "This is a surprising conclusion", said lead researcher Dr Stephanie Olson. "It shows us that conditions on some exoplanets with favourable ocean circulation patterns could be better suited to support life that is more abundant or more active than life on Earth."

    In recent years, scientists have found huge numbers of exoplanets, or worlds orbiting around stars that are not our own. But they are all very far away – impossible to reach even with the fastest space probes, and difficult even to see in any detail.

    Researchers are working on a variety of ways to learn about those worlds, including telescopes that will be able to "sniff" their atmospheres and learn more about what the planets could be made of. But to understand the information that comes back, scientists need to build detailed and complicated models of how planets form and their climates work.

    By combining those observations with those models, scientists aim to understand which of those distant planets could be home to alien life.

    Now Dr Olson and her team have combined that work to understand the conditions on those exoplanets, which will help inform that search. The work was presented at the Goldschmidt Geochemistry Congress in Barcelona.

    "NASA's search for life in the Universe is focused on so-called Habitable Zone planets, which are worlds that have the potential for liquid water oceans," she said. "But not all oceans are equally hospitable – and some oceans will be better places to live than others due to their global circulation patterns".

    To conduct the study, the team made models of those planets using Nasa software, which allows them to simulate the conditions on those exoplanets. Using that Nasa technology, they were able to create models of the possible climates and oceans that could be on those exoplanets.

    They found that many of them seemed like more hospitable and flourishing places for life than even Earth is. They looked at the process in Earth's oceans that allows life to take root down here – and considered whether that same process could be happening elsewhere in the universe

    "Our work has been aimed at identifying the exoplanet oceans which have the greatest capacity to host globally abundant and active life," said Dr Olson in a statement.

    "Life in Earth's oceans depends on upwelling (upward flow) which returns nutrients from the dark depths of the ocean to the sunlit portions of the ocean where photosynthetic life lives. More upwelling means more nutrient resupply, which means more biological activity.

    "These are the conditions we need to look for on exoplanets".

    By modelling a variety of different exoplanets, the researchers were able to think about which types would be most likely to develop and then sustain life. And they were surprised to find that Earth is not the best kind – and that there may be other worlds out there that are a far better place for life to begin.

    "We have used an ocean circulation model to identify which planets will have the most efficient upwelling and thus offer particularly hospitable oceans," she said. "We found that higher atmospheric density, slower rotation rates, and the presence of continents all yield higher upwelling rates.

    "A further implication is that Earth might not be optimally habitable – and life elsewhere may enjoy a planet that is even more hospitable than our own."

    The work is important because our technology means that we are unable to see everything: there is almost certainly more life than we will ever be able to see, even with the most advanced telescopes and other equipment. That means scientists will need to optimise their search by looking at the planets where life will find it easiest to find a home.

    "We expect oceans to be important in regulating some of the most compelling remotely detectable signs of life on habitable worlds, but our understanding of oceans beyond our solar system is currently very rudimentary," said Chris Reinhard, from the Georgia Institute of Technology, who wasn't involved in the study. "Dr Olson's work represents a significant and exciting step forward in our understanding of exoplanet oceanography."

    The new research could now help inform how new telescopes are built, since we now know what kinds of planets will be best to search for. "Now we know what to look for, so we need to start looking," said Dr Olson.

    https://www.independent.co.uk/ }

    03-02-2020 om 22:31 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Wetenschappers: Op andere planeten is mogelijk veel meer leven dan op aarde

    Wetenschappers: Op andere planeten is mogelijk veel meer leven dan op aarde

    Op andere planeten zou weleens veel meer leven kunnen zijn dan op aarde, denken wetenschappers na een aantal computersimulaties. Hun bevindingen kunnen grote invloed hebben op onze zoektocht naar buitenaards leven.

    De kans dat er leven wordt gevonden op exoplaneten, planeten buiten ons zonnestelsel, neemt toe door de nieuwe studie. “Het is een verrassende conclusie,” zegt hoofdonderzoeker dr. Stephanie Olson tegen The Independent. “Op sommige exoplaneten zijn er oceaancirculatiepatronen, die beter toegerust zijn op leven dan de oceanen op aarde. Daardoor zou er zelfs een rijker en actiever leven kunnen zijn dan hier.”

    De wetenschappelijke consensus is dat oceanen een cruciale rol spelen bij leven op onze en op andere planeten. De afgelopen jaren is er een groot aantal exoplaneten ontdekt, maar ze zijn allemaal te ver weg om te kunnen bereiken of in detail te kunnen bestuderen.

    Voor de studie heeft het onderzoeksteam daarom een aantal modellen ontwikkeld met behulp van software van NASA. Daarmee konden de condities op die exoplaneten worden nagebootst. Zo waren de wetenschappers in staat om mogelijke klimaatmodellen en oceanen te creëren, zoals die op die verre planeten zouden kunnen bestaan.

    Ze ontdekten dat veel planeten beter geschikt waren voor leven dan de aarde. Daartoe onderzochten ze hoe leven zich ontwikkelt diep in de oceanen en of dat proces ook ergens anders in het universum plaats zou kunnen vinden. “Ons werk was erop gericht om planeten te identificeren met oceanen die de grootste capaciteit hebben om actief leven te herbergen,” aldus dr. Olson.

    Ze kwam erachter dat de aarde niet eens het meest geschikt is en dat er andere werelden zijn in het universum die een veel betere plek vormen om leven te beginnen. “De aarde is niet optimaal. Er kan heel goed een planeet zijn waar leven veel makkelijker kan ontstaan dan hier,” klinkt het.

    Bronnen:  

    { https://www.worldunity.me/ }

    03-02-2020 om 22:22 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.2020 Daytime VIDEO! Flying saucer over Leeds, UK

    2020 Daytime VIDEO! Flying saucer over Leeds, UK

    This solid disc-shaped object was seen and filmed in the sky above Leeds, UK on 2nd February 2020.

    Witness report: 

    Sat at home, from the corner of my eye I saw the usual birds flying outside and a black disc like shape started hovering and then floating on a straight path. It was high, above the trees. 

    It was all black, disc shaped and moved with a tilting motion. Travelling in a straight line tilting until I lost sight of it past the window frame I was looking out of. I was shocked, and couldn’t think of what it could be… hoping it wasn’t just a drone or something but it had such a weird shape and movement. It definitely wasn’t a bird, or a weather balloon or a plastic bag.

    https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    03-02-2020 om 22:10 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Experts Drilled Into The Crater That Killed the Dinosaurs And Made An Incredible Discovery - PART I

    Experts Drilled Into The Crater That Killed the Dinosaurs And Made An Incredible Discovery - PART I

    Andrea Marchiano By Andrea Marchiano

    Image: Chris Saulit/Getty Images

    Scientists basically knew what happened here – but the full story that’s emerging beggars belief. The Chicxulub crater marks the point of contact made by an asteroid so enormous that it wiped out an entire planet’s worth of dinosaurs. Yet now experts have dug deep into the massive cavity, and they’ve finally realized precisely what occurred when the space rock actually struck the Earth. What’s more, the team’s findings paint a truly terrifying picture.

    Image: NASA/Getty Images

    Of course, much was already known about the Chicxulub crater. It stretches 93 miles in diameter, for instance, and plunges a stunning 12 miles into the ground. And of all the known impact points on Earth, the crater is the second-largest in the world. Yet even though it appeared about 66 million years ago, its peak ring remains in one piece.

    Image: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

    This particular detail highlights just how stunning the Chicxulub crater – and its long-term preservation – has already proven to be. It’s the only crater on the planet that has its peak ring still intact, in fact. The next available one for scientists to study sits, rather inconveniently, on the moon.

    Image: RONALDO SCHEMIDT/AFP via Getty Images

    Still, all of this information has to do with the crater’s dimensions and exterior features. Now, though, scientists have gone beyond the topical details of the Chicxulub crater. Digging into the expanse, which sits more than half a mile beneath Mexico’s Yucután Peninsula, experts in fact uncovered the impact that an up to 50-mile-wide asteroid had on the planet.

    Image: ANDRZEJ WOJCICKI/Getty Images

    To put the findings in context, though, it’s worth understanding a little about the crater’s background. So the Chicxulub crater derives its name from the nearby Mexican town of the same name. And experts estimate that an asteroid or comet, ranging in size from 6.8 to 50.3 miles in diameter, smashed into the Earth at this very spot.

    Image: Eric Lafforgue/Art In All Of Us/Corbis via Getty Images

    It’s hard to imagine such a massive piece of space debris hurtling in the direction of our planet. But perhaps even more stunning is the abyss it left behind; the Chicxulub crater has an estimated diameter of 93 miles. For reference, that’s just 1.6 miles shorter than the drive between New York City and Philadelphia.

    Image: George R. Caron/Charles Levy

    Experts have been able to calculate the strength with which the space rock smashed into the Earth, too. In fact, they estimate that the asteroid or comet had 21 to 921 billion times as much energy as the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II. Even the Soviet Union’s Tsar Bomba – the strongest human-made explosive to ever detonate – couldn’t compare. The Solar System body also released 100 million times the energy of Tsar Bomba upon impact.

    Image: Júlio Reis

    So with that much power hitting the Earth, the size of the Chicxulub crater makes sense. It’s not just its width that’s extra-large, either; the crater reaches depths of up to 18.6 miles into the planet. These dimensions make the Chicxulub crater the second-largest impact crater on Earth, just behind the one near Vredefort in South Africa.

    Image: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

    But the Chicxulub crater has one feature that no other known crater on Earth has: it’s a peak ring crater. This means that the impact site has no single central peak. Instead, the crater has a circle-shaped plateau encompassing its center. The rim of the crater encircles this ring, but it sits at a distance from the center.

    Image: Matt Aust | star-trails.de/Getty Images

    Marine geophysicist Sean P. S. Gulick explained to The New York Times in 2016 just how rare the peak ring feature is. He said, “Chicxulub is the only crater on Earth with an intact peak ring that we can go sample… It’s ground zero of the Cretaceous extinction event.”

    Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech

    And yet scientists haven’t necessarily rushed to dig into the Chicxulub crater. That was partly due to the fact that the massive hole appeared approximately 66 million years ago. So over time, rock and water filled in the void and eventually more than half a mile of sedimentary rock covered the crater.


    Image: shotbydave/Getty Images

    Also, scientists didn’t discover the Chicxulub crater until relatively recently – especially considering that it has been around for millions of years. It wasn’t until 1978, in fact, that geophysicists Glen Penfield and Antonio Camargo stumbled upon the crater. And they weren’t even looking for the asteroid impact site when they discovered it; the pair were searching for petroleum.

    Image: USGS

    So Penfield and Camargo took to the skies to complete a magnetic survey that mapped any potential drilling locations beneath the Gulf of Mexico. As he pored over the resulting data, though, Penfield noted something particularly extraordinary: a 40-mile-wide “underwater arc” with impeccable symmetry.

    Image: NASA/Getty Images

    Such a strange discovery inspired Penfield to dig deeper. He then sought out a gravity map commissioned by his employer, oil company Petróleos Mexicanos, in the 1960s. On it, Penfield noticed another arc – but this one curved over the Yucatán Peninsula itself. And when the geophysicist put that map and his magnetic survey together, he realized that the two arcs made a circle.

    Image: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images

    Penfield knew almost immediately that he had found something spectacular; the geophysicist hypothesized that he had pinpointed a cataclysmic event in the planet’s geological history. Petróleos Mexicanos then allowed him and Camargo to present their findings at the 1981 Society of Exploration Geophysicists conference. Unlike the asteroid they theorized had hit the Earth, though, their presentation made little impact at the time.

    Image: FrankRamspott/Getty Images

    So eventually Penfield gave up on his research into the crater. Much of the evidence that he had sought was even destroyed or lost. Nevertheless, Penfield published all of the data he had and returned to work. Yet meanwhile other scientists had begun to theorize something similar – without having seen Penfield’s research.

    Image: Chris Clor/Getty Images

    Specifically, in 1981 a graduate student at the University of Arizona named Alan R. Hildebrand and his adviser William V. Boynton published their own Earth-impact theory. They just needed to find a crater that could corroborate their hypothesis. The pair had plenty of geological evidence, though, and their work got a bit more traction than Penfield’s.

    Image: Jlanghurst

    Namely, a professor in Haiti named Florentine Morás uncovered evidence that an ancient volcano had once stood in his country. Hildebrand consequently realized that such a feature could have emerged when a major force of impact crashed nearby. And in 1990 he learned the precise spot of such a collision.

    Image: Dementia

    In that year, you see, a reporter for the Houston Chronicle named Carlos Byars clued Hildebrand into Penfield’s findings. The journalist also mentioned that the geophysicist had thought he had found an impact crater in the vicinity. So Hildebrand subsequently picked up the phone, and the two experts later started analyzing drill samples from the oil company’s storage unit.

    Image: Remylyn Penafiel/EyeEm/Getty Images

    What Penfield and Hildebrand found amid the drilling debris were shock-metamorphic materials. Such substances appear after an impact-related event causes deformation and heating. In normal cases, shock-metamorphism occurs along with a volcanic eruption – but, of course, Penfield and Hildebrand had uncovered something much bigger than that.

    Image: SCIEPRO/Getty Images

    Since then, more research into the Chicxulub crater has transpired, and more theories about its origins have arisen. In September 2007, for instance, authors William F. Bottke, David Vokrouhlicky and David Nesvorny offered a theory to Nature magazine. The trio said that the rock responsible for creating the crater came from a specific cosmic family called the Baptistina asteroids.

    Image: SCIEPRO/Getty Images

    Yet in spite of facts that seemed to corroborate Vokrouhlicky, Bottke and Nesvorny’s theory, new evidence released in 2011 negated their claim. What came to light? Well, researchers had pinpointed the Baptistina asteroid family’s formation to around 80 million years ago. This would make it nearly impossible for the space rock to reach Earth when the Chicxulub crater formed 66 million years ago. That’s because it takes multiple tens of millions of years for asteroids to collide and resonate.

    Image: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images

    But the discovery of the Chicxulub crater also lent credibility to a theory first formed by physicist Luis Alvarez and his geologist son, Walter Alvarez. Both men believed that between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, a massive impact on Earth had triggered a series of animal and plant extinctions. And among them were all of the non-avian species of dinosaurs.

    Image: NASA Universe

    Some of the Chicxulub crater’s statistics do apparently fall in line with the Alvarez theory too. For one thing, initial dating of the crater estimated its formation happening about 66 million years ago. So this timing would have the asteroid or comet slamming into Earth just between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods – just as the father-and-son duo suspected.

    Image: Mark Stevenson/UIG/Getty Images

    Many people also subscribe to the Alvarez theory about the Chicxulub crater. Namely, that the impact that caused it also triggered a mass extinction of, among other species, land- and sea-dwelling dinosaurs. Yet still so much mystery surrounded the enormous undersea divot. So scientists would have to drill into it to learn more.

    Image: RONALDO SCHEMIDT/AFP via Getty Images

    And in 2016 it finally came time for such an excursion. Marine geophysicist Gulick and geophysicist Joanna Morgan helmed a crew of over 30, who represented a dozen different countries. The researchers boarded a boat and sailed into the Gulf of Mexico. And there, they transformed their vessel into a drilling station.

    ImageRONALDO SCHEMIDT/AFP via Getty Images

    The drilling station stood tall on three legs, rising about 40 feet above the Gulf of Mexico’s turquoise waters. The team then drilled incredibly far into the Earth. And after the tool delved 60 feet underwater, it met the rock below and continued to dig a stunning 2,000 feet into the crust.

    Image: RONALDO SCHEMIDT/AFP via Getty Images

    Of course, over a 66-million-year period, the Chicxulub crater had filled with a sizeable amount of limestone and sediment. But the scientists’ machine worked its way past the new collection of rock to find what they were looking for: the material that made up the planet’s only peak ring crater.

    Image: RONALDO SCHEMIDT/AFP via Getty Images

    Gulick, Morgan and their team actually discovered that a peculiar type of rock made up the peak ring: granite. Normally, you see, this variety of rock is found far deeper in the Earth’s crust than it appears in the crater. This means that the asteroid had such an incredible impact that it had pushed sediment from miles beneath the surface all the way to the top.

    ImageMint Images/Getty Images

    Geophysicist Morgan, who works for Imperial College London, told The New York Times, “These rocks behaved like a fluid for a short period of time, and rocks don’t tend to do that. It’s a very dramatic process when you form a large crater.” Apparently, such a chain reaction gave credence to something called the dynamic collapse model theory.

    Image: James St. John

    The dynamic collapse model theory hypothesizes that the asteroid’s impact pushed rocks deep into the Earth’s crust before forcing them back up and out of it. Then these rocks collapsed down again and settled to form the crater’s peak rings. And the fact that granite forms the crater’s central plateau apparently goes hand-in-hand with such a theory.

    Image: Stocktrek Images/Getty Images

    But drilling into the Chicxulub crater revealed more than one truth about this devastating geological event. The rocks also told the story of what had happened once the asteroid had smashed into the Earth. Scientists revealed this evidence in 2019. And the picture they painted of the world post-impact was a terrifying one, to say the least.

    Image: ANDRZEJ WOJCICKI/Getty Images

    Gulick said he and the rest of the scientists could be so specific with their findings because they had an unprecedented amount of rock to work with. He explained to The New York Times, “We normally get to read rock records that give us centimeters per thousand years. We have 130 meters for a day.”

    Image: jcrosemann/Getty Images

    The rocks told a story that goes like this. First, an enormous chunk of cosmic rock slammed into the ground, instantly creating a crater 60 miles wide and 20 miles into the Earth. The initial impact created waves in the nearby gulf – quite literally. A tsunami formed, in fact, charging in the opposite direction of the new crater.

    Image: Stocktrek Images/Getty Images

    The asteroid’s impact also sent huge pieces of rock hurtling into the air, as far as the planet’s upper atmosphere – and likely beyond even that. Gulick theorized that “almost certainly some of the material would have reached the Moon.” Yet the largest bits flew up before crashing back down on the ground, still hot from the initial impact.

    Image: Mp

    Some smaller pieces of hot rock took longer to fall – and had more time to cool. These geological wonders, called tektites, scattered across what is now the North American continent. Then water started rushing back into the crater after it waved outward. But refilling the geological depression would be tame compared to the next stage.

    Image: shannonstent/Getty Images

    When the asteroid collided with the Earth, you see, it sent a tsunami speeding off in the opposite direction. And of course, water ebbs and flows. So, soon enough, those powerful waves returned back toward the crater. Multiple massive tsunamis with waves towering hundreds of feet in the air then came back over the gaping geological hole.

    Image: Andrew Merry/Getty Images

    The rush of back-and-forth tsunamis quickly filled the peak ring with a four-inch coating of sand and gravel. And as the gulf raged, the land close by was also ravaged. The asteroid’s impact had, for instance, sparked wildfires across the area. Scientists know this because they pinpointed pieces of charcoal in the peak ring just above the tsunami sediments.

     {  https://scribol.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 20:43 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Experts Drilled Into The Crater That Killed the Dinosaurs And Made An Incredible Discovery - PART II

    Experts Drilled Into The Crater That Killed the Dinosaurs And Made An Incredible Discovery - PART II

    Andrea Marchiano By Andrea Marchiano

    Image: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images

    These wildfires could have started from the asteroid’s scorching thermal energy upon impact. The aforementioned shower of molten rock could have had something to do with it too. In any case, Gulick told The New York Times, “Probably not everything burned, but certainly there were global wildfires.” So altogether, the tsunamis, falling rock and fires wiped out a stunning number of Cretaceous-era species.

    Image: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images

    It’s hard to believe that scientists could conjure such haunting images from layers of rock hidden deep beneath the Yucatán Peninsula. Yet for planetary geologist Paul Byrne, the Chicxulub crater’s layers make palpable some long-standing scientific theories. He told The New York Times that it was one thing to develop and simulate such hypotheses, but it was “quite another to see it.” And, considering the size and scope of the crater, this could be just the beginning of the startling secrets uncovered there.

    Image: malexeum/Getty Images

    But the Chicxulub crater is far from the only crater to have yielded fascinating secrets. Deep in the heart of Siberia, for instance, there’s a giant chasm that’s constantly growing in size. And inside, archaeologists have made some jaw-dropping discoveries. The real cause of this huge hole, however, is rather unsettling.

    Image: Alexander Gabyshev via Siberian Times

    Deep within a Siberian forest, just outside of a small town called Batagai, lies an ominous sight to behold. And for the past 25 years, it’s been growing – along with the superstitions of the local community. In fact, the land here is so disconcerting that the locals are literally terrified.

    Image: Siberian Times

    Need proof? Well, the people of the area have taken to calling the geological feature a “gateway to the underworld.” It’s easy to see why: there is a huge gouge in the landscape, after all. Plus, local religions believe in a three-tiered universe: an upper, a middle and a lower world.

    Image: Alexander Gabyshev via Siberian Times

    Moreover, some people are so apprehensive of the startling abyss that they’re afraid to go near it. And that is before you even consider the loud and fearsome booms that can sometimes be heard emanating from within. But there’s a bigger question here.

    Image: Alexander Gabyshev via Siberian Times

    The crater that has caused such fear stretches more than a mile through the landscape. At its deepest, it plummets almost 400 feet below the Earth. And there’s more: the crater is constantly growing, spreading around 60 feet a year by current estimates.

    Image: NEFU via Siberian Times

    But beyond the superstitions and local legends, something even more terrifying is going on at the so-called Batagaika Crater. That’s because this huge hole in the ground could be a warning sign of future geographical change in the region and, indeed, the world in general.

    Image: Research Institute of Applied Ecology of the North via Siberian Times

    To understand what’s happening in Siberia we need to go back in time around 55 years to when the crater first began to develop. And how this massive scar in an ancient landscape first sprang into life could well come as a shock.

    Image: Julian Murton

    The major area of study at the crater has been the effects of climate change on permafrost. Fascinatingly, during excavations the mummified bodies of multiple ancient animals have been found in the layers of mud and rock that make up the crater walls.

    Image: Research Institute of Applied Ecology of the North via Siberian Times

    The group had unknowingly set in motion what scientists call a “megaslump.” Essentially, the fast-thawing permafrost turned into a mush of mud, compromising the stability of the ground above, which quickly slipped into the slurry below.

    Image: NEFU via Siberian Times

    Surprisingly, these slumps aren’t that rare in Arctic climates. And since the Yakutia Republic – where the crater occurred – is one of the coldest places on Earth, some scientists believe this was just another of those bizarre but predictable happenings. Now it looks like they could have been wrong.

    Image: Julian Murton

    Flooding in 2008 increased the spread of the crater, which has now become a focal point for scientific researchers. And some of their findings have started to change the way we think about permafrost around the globe0

    Image: Julian Murton

    The major area of study at the crater has been the effects of climate change on permafrost. Fascinatingly, during excavations the mummified bodies of multiple ancient animals have been found in the layers of mud and rock that make up the crater walls.

    Image: Julian Murton

    But other findings are not so positive: research suggests that the Batagaika Crater is just the tip of a very worrying, and quickly melting, iceberg. Indeed, if you think the crater is a one-off event, then you’re sorely mistaken, because more sinkholes are springing up around the area.

     

    Image: Julian Murton

    Dr. Julian Murton is a professor of geology at the University of Sussex, and speaking to Vice, he revealed some alarming statistics. For instance, the last time a megaslump such as this occurred was 10,000 years ago, and the conditions the world finds itself in now are far more conducive to such events than they were then.

    Image: Research Institute of Applied Ecology of the North via Siberian Times

    In fact, at the end of the last ice age, when the slumps were more common, carbon dioxide levels were at 280 parts per million. Right now, on the other hand, they sit at the shockingly high rate of 400 parts per million. And that’s resulted in more than one megaslump.

    Image: Marmelad

    Another researcher, Vasily Bogoyavlensky from the Oil and Gas Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, revealed to the AFP news agency last year that another crater, this one 0.6 miles in diameter, had emerged in Yakutia. He also said that there are another six confirmed megaslumps, with yet more likely to exist.

    Image: NASA Earth Observatory

    It’s not just enormous craters, either; a range of smaller sinkholes and collapses have been monitored across the Russian frontier. And many scientists reckon they’re all linked to the region’s increasing temperature, which is a result of climate change.

    Image: Becker0804

    Studying the various layers in the now unlocked permafrost is key to understanding the potential changes that are likely to happen in the future. Murton told Vice, “If we can understand how the landscape was altered then, it helps us to anticipate what may happen to Siberian permafrost terrain in the next centuries.”

    Image: via La Tercera

    So while the crater may not be an entrance to the underworld as many of the locals seem to think, it could still be hugely important for the future of the planet. Plus, it performs another function.

    Image: Twitter/Vinny Burgoo

    The huge gash ripped in the landscape stands as a stark physical representation of the effects that we as human beings are having on our planet. It is, after all, a literal scar in the landscape that’s down to us.

    Image: via Geonova

    Whether or not the superstitions of the local people are true, the Batagaika Crater still remains a stark warning. It may not be waiting to drag us all to hell, but there’s a real chance that it represents something much, much scarier. Why? Because this threat could be so very much on the horizon.

    https://scribol.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 20:22 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The Future of Nuclear Rockets for Space Travel

    The Future of Nuclear Rockets for Space Travel

     by Carlos M. Gonzalez

    Visionary view of a Nuclear Thermal Propulsion enabled spacecraft mission outward bound to Mars.

    Image: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

    For Bill Emrich, working at NASA has been a life-long dream come true. “This has been my dream job, and something I thought about since I was a kid,” said Emrich, lead project engineer at the Nuclear Thermal Rocket Element Environment Simulator (NTREES).
     
    Not only is Emrich the lead project engineer at NTREES, he also conceived and designed the megawatt-class thermal simulator. And Emrich’s current project is to determine the best material and method of designing nuclear rockets for space travel to Mars and beyond.

    The Nuclear Rockets of the 20th Century

    Nuclear rockets are not a new idea. Since the beginning of the space program, nuclear rockets were considered as a possible way to send astronauts to the Moon. The nuclear research that’s been done post-World War II in the 1950s officially became the Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) project in 1961, under NASA’s supervision. The program ran for almost two decades, designing the certified XE engine that even then satisfied all the requirements for a mission to Mars.

    The 1960s NERVA engine designs are still used as the basis for modern nuclear rockets.
    Photo: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

    “When President Kennedy first proposed the space program, no one knew exactly what was the best way to accomplish space travel. People were aware of the advantages of nuclear power even back then, and I thought to myself, nuclear rockets is what we need,” Emrich said. “But as the space program went on, multi-stages rocket becomes the more accepted method of space travel, and NASA realized they didn’t need nuclear rockets to reach the moon.”

    The NERVA program eventually shut down in 1973 due to political influences and growing costs. The program cost almost $2 billion in total—that would be equal to nearly $173 billion in today’s money.

    However, the program is widely considered a success: To this day, any nuclear rocket engine’s design still uses the same concept as the NERVA NRX or Pewee rockets.

    The Nuclear Rockets of the 21st Century

    Fast forward to now, and there is a new sense of urgency for space travel. The current administration issued a mandate to return to the Moon by 2024 and NASA has partnered with commercial aerospace companies, such as Boeing and Space X, to reach that goal.

    But besides going to the Moon, the current administration has asked NASA to explore nuclear power as an alternative means for space travel. A memo issued in August 2019 has tasked NASA to develop safety protocols for operating nuclear reactors in space. The first flight of a nuclear engine could happen as soon as 2024.

    Emrich has worked at NASA since 1987 and wrote the book on nuclear rocket propulsion. He and his team at NTREES have been working on designing, optimizing, and testing nuclear rocket configurations for the last ten years at the Marshall Space Flight Center.7

    There are two types of engines that can be used for nuclear rockets. The first is having a nuclear reactor generate electricity, which then powers the ion thrusters for electric propulsion.

    NTREES engineers test different types of uranium-based fuels in hopes of finding the perfect source for deep space travel.
    Photo: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

    The second option is to have a nuclear reactor achieve high temperatures, then flowing cold hydrogen through the top of the rocket. Hot hydrogen exits the bottom of the rocket through a nozzle, acting as thrust just as a chemical engine would.

    The advantage of using the second engine type is achieving higher thrust levels than with electric propulsion. Electric propulsion typically operates at thrust levels of a pound of thrust or lower. Nuclear thermal engines, where hydrogen is used, can produce tens of thousands of pounds of thrust and are much more efficient than chemical engines.

    “Would you rather go from New York to Dallas in a car, which can get 100 miles per gallon, but your maximum speed is only two miles an hour? Or would you rather get a car that has a fuel efficiency of 40 miles per gallon, but your maximum speed is 65 miles per hour, and you arrive within the same day?” Emrich said. “It comes down to: The higher thrust that can be produced, the faster you will get there.” 

    Testing Different Nuclear Fuel Types

    At the NTREES facility, engineers test nuclear engines with different uranium-based fuel types under the same conditions that would exist during space travel. The main stresses would be extreme high temperatures and pressures. A NERVA rocket’s highest temperature ever experienced was 2,250 degrees Kelvin or 3,590 degrees Fahrenheit.

    The hotter you can make the rocket, the hotter you can make the hydrogen exit the nozzle to achieve higher thrust. The danger is that nuclear fuel has a maximum temperature limit before it melts or comes apart. 

    While the nuclear rocket design hasn’t changed much since the 1960s, the fuel materials have improved significantly and are stronger now—even for handling nuclear energy. The nuclear engines are still powered by uranium 235, just as they were back in the NERVA projects day, but are now embedded into different materials.

    The uranium-based fuels are exposed to the same high temperatures and pressures in the test facility as they would experience during space flight.
    Photo: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

    Carbon-based fuels are graphite-based with embedded uranium. The fuel is shaped into hexagonal prisms with a hole stroke where the hydrogen flows through them. Graphite can withstand the high temperatures but still requires coating on the flow channels. Otherwise, the hydrogen will attack the graphite, causing cracking.
     
    Cermat fuels are a combination of ceramic and metallic materials. They are usually comprised of uranium, dioxide, and tungsten. Cermat fuels can better withstand the attacks from the hydrogen but have a lower tolerance against the high temperatures.

    The third fuel types are dicarbide or tricarbide fuels. These fuels are alloy-based and made of uranium, zirconium, and niobium. These fuels can handle the high temperatures extremely well and do not get attacked by the hydrogen flowing through the engine. However, they are brittle and tend to crack.
     
    At NTREES, these different fuel types are shaped into different geometries to see which ones will perform the best. Even the smallest changes in the shape, or changing the way the graphite is coated, can lead to better rocket performance.

    Nuclear Rockets and Travel to Mars

    Determining the fuel for nuclear rockets is only the first step toward nuclear space travel. As Emrich points out, the work done at NTREES is only the beginning in a long process toward viable nuclear-powered rockets.

    “Once the testing is complete, you have to take the fuel and put it into a nuclear reactor. Then that nuclear reactor has to work together with pumps, valves, hydrogen feed systems, nozzles, and so forth,” Emrich said. “You also have to test the fuel in a nuclear test reactor in the presence of a high radiation field, and ultimately perform an actual engine test powered by the nuclear fuel. So there's a lot that has to go on after the first step of testing the fuel.”

    In order to travel to Mars, it will be necessary to perfect the design of nuclear-powered rockets. Those rockets not only have to reach Mars but also, more importantly, come back to Earth.
     
    “Elon Musk and others want to take people to Mars and start a colony there. If you want to go to Mars and leave people on Mars, you can do that with chemical rockets,” Emrich said. “It will be a difficult journey but possible. But if you want to bring people back to Earth, you are almost forced to use nuclear-powered rockets. And at NASA, we are more interested in bringing people back home.” 

    Carlos M. González is special projects manager.

    https://www.asme.org/ }

    03-02-2020 om 17:37 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.WE ARE NOT ALONE - Confirmation of alien life ‘IMMINENT and inevitable’, researcher claims

    WE ARE NOT ALONE  - Confirmation of alien life ‘IMMINENT and inevitable’, researcher claims

    03-02-2020 om 16:58 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Congress Is Getting Serious About Sending Humans to Mars in 2033

    Congress Is Getting Serious About Sending Humans to Mars in 2033

    George Dvorsky

    Artists conception of a future Martian base.
    Image: NASA/SEArch+/Apis Cor

    A newly proposed House authorization bill would push back NASA’s deadline to land humans on the Moon to 2028 instead of 2024, while also calling for a crewed landing on Mars in 2033. Reactions to this proposal have been mixed, with NASA’s chief Jim Bridenstine unhappy about the way the agency is supposed to roll out this recommended plan.

    The proposed authorization bill, called the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2020, was introduced by the House Committee on Science, Space, andTechnology on January 24, reports Spaceflight Now. The 102-page document recommends that the first crewed Artemis lunar landing take place in 2028 instead of 2024, which is the current, controversial deadline. At the same time, the House Committee is proposing a rather aggressive timeline for Mars exploration, in which American astronauts would arrive to Martian orbit in 2033, followed shortly thereafter by a mission to the surface.

    The bipartisan legislation was introduced by Representative Kendra Horn (D-Oklahoma), who chairs the committee’s space and aeronautics subcommittee. A markup session is planned for tomorrow, at which point the document could undergo substantial changes. It’ll likely be months before a vote takes place to enact the proposed legislation, also known as H.R. 5666.

    The overarching goal of the recommended changes is to position the Artemis lunar program as a stepping stone for the larger goal of sending people to Mars. America’s “human space exploration goal should be to send humans to the surface of Mars,” according to the proposed bill. At the same time, missions to the Moon will be required to reduce risk and to demonstrate the “capabilities and operations needed to support a human mission to Mars.”

    Last year, NASA said a mission to Mars by 2033 was a distinct possibility, but this proposed authorization bill would turn speculation and wishful thinking into a concrete plan.

    The specified goal of the pending “Moon to Mars program,” as it’s termed in the proposed bill, will be to “land humans on Mars in a sustainable manner as soon as practicable,” with the “interim goal of sending a crewed mission to the lunar surface by 2028 and a goal of sending a crewed mission to orbit Mars by 2033.”

    Among other recommendations, the bill specifies that the Artemis lunar lander be launched as a single component, rather than a modular multi-piece vessel that would be constructed in space. NASA would retain full ownership of the Artemis lunar landing system, which would be a dramatic change in plans, given that the space agency is currently soliciting bids from the private sector.

    Bill H.R. 5666 would renew NASA’s commitment to the Lunar Gateway project but proposes that the outpost be placed not in lunar orbit but in the Earth-Moon Lagrange point—a gravitational sweet spot between Earth and Moon. At this location, the habitable terminal could support missions to the Moon and Mars, according to the bill, which didn’t rule out a lunar orbit as a possibility.

    The proposed bill calls for the establishment of a Moon to Mars program office, complete with its own director, and a Mars Enabling Technology Initiative for the “purpose of developing and testing the technologies and capabilities needed for a human mission to Mars.” Items on the prospective to-do list include the development of propulsion engines, Mars landing systems, protection against radiation, a Mars transport vehicle, life support systems, Martian habitats, and spacesuits for explorers, among other technological needs.

    Given the aggressive timeline, NASA would need to set up its Moon to Mars office within 60 days of the bill being enacted, develop an overall mission architecture and plan within 120 days, and submit estimated budgets within 240 days, according to the proposed bill.

    NASA would also have to provision for two crewed lunar missions each year following the inaugural landing in 2028, as well as create a plan to decommission the International Space Station (ISS) and consider potential replacements, including contributions from the private sector.

    The bill also states that NASA must assure crew access to the ISS and upgrade and replace ISS spacesuits, including spares, to “accommodate the diversity of ISS crew,” in an obvious response to a debacle last year in which an all-women spacewalk was canceled because not enough suits were available to the female crew. Other items in the proposed bill included the development of tech for defense, the monitoring of climate change, new telescopes, and even the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

    In a NASA statement issued Monday, January 27, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine expressed some reservations about the proposal.

    “I am concerned that the bill imposes some significant constraints on our approach to lunar exploration,” said Bridenstine. “As you know, NASA has successfully fostered the development of a rapidly expanding commercial economy for access to space. We would like to continue building on this success as we develop the most efficient mission architectures and partnership approaches to accomplish our shared goals.”

    In particular, Bridenstine is concerned about the proposed approach to building the lunar lander. A fully government-owned-and-operated lander system would be “ineffective,” he said. In its current form, the proposed bill would hinder NASA’s “ability to develop a flexible architecture that takes advantage of the full array of national capabilities—government and private sector—to accomplish national goals,” he said. Accordingly, the NASA chief is hoping for “some modifications” to the pending legislation.

    As SpaceNews reports, some members of the private sector are also miffed by the proposed bill:

    In a Jan. 27 letter to the bill’s four co-sponsors, Eric Stallmer, president of the [Commercial Spaceflight Federation], offered even stronger criticism, saying it “explicitly and unfairly excludes the participation of the American commercial spaceflight industry, irrationally barring fair competition from NASA’s deep space exploration initiatives.” Stallmer called on the committee to withdraw the bill and “engage in a fully transparent process” with all stakeholders.

    That said, the bill does appear to have its supporters, including The Coalition for Deep Space Exploration (an organization that advocates on behalf of the private space industry) and Aerospace Industries Association (a U.S. trade association), according to SpaceNews.

    We’ll be following the House markup session that’s scheduled for tomorrow to see how this bill might be modified and to learn next steps, such as when a vote might happen. Regardless, the U.S. government has big plans for NASA in the coming decades, as the next era of human space exploration appears to be imminent.

    https://gizmodo.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 15:18 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Advanced Technology and Anomalous Architecture of Our Predecessors Around the Globe

    Advanced Technology and Anomalous Architecture of Our Predecessors Around the Globe

    This lecture is a fast-paced and visual presentation taking us around the world look at all sorts of things from Ancient sites and then to the Moon and Mars.

    David Hatcher Childress, known as the real-life Indiana Jones to the many fans of his books, is a captivating speaker and the author or coauthor of over 20 books. He has traveled the world several times over, seeking adventure and the answers to the mysteries of mankind’s past.

    Born in France in 1957 and raised in the mountains of Colorado and Montana, David’s curiosity about the world was piqued at a young age. He attended the University of Montana where his studies in oriental culture and philosophy led him to a job teaching English in Taiwan. In 1976, David left the United States on what would become a six-year research and adventure odyssey. During this time, he studied first-hand the ancient civilizations of Africa, the Middle East and China, sometimes journeying into dangerous territory along the way (like Uganda during the overthrow of Idi Amin).

    David is known for visiting remote islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, organizing expeditions to remote areas of Peru and Bolivia, and trekking through remote areas of the Himalayas and other parts of Asia. His interests are mainly historical, archeological or cryptozoological. He is a good swimmer and a certified scuba diver and has a special interest in underwater archeological discoveries.

    https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 13:58 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.UFO Shoots Past Plane That Drops Off Wuhan British Citizens In UK, Video, UFO Sighting News.

    UFO Shoots Past Plane That Drops Off Wuhan British Citizens In UK, Video, UFO Sighting News.

    Date of Sighting: Feb 2020
    Location of sighting: UK
     
    This UFO was noticed by Youtuber UFOvni2012. He spotted a long white rod UFO shooting past the area as British citizens disembarked a plane that just came from Wuhan, China. Its very possible that aliens have a high interest in this virus and how humans deal with the threat of catching it. So of course aliens send small drones to record it close up. These drones move so fast that usually we don't see it with the human eye, but cameras will catch them. Awesome catch, and absolute proof aliens are watching this virus and how we deal with it. But I wonder...are aliens going to step up and help us solve it, or just sit back and observer? 
    Scott C. Waring 



    https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 12:22 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Proof Of Ancient Alien Buildings On Mars Found, Video, UFO Sighting News.

    Proof Of Ancient Alien Buildings On Mars Found, Video, UFO Sighting News.

    Date of discovery: Feb 2020
    Location of discovery: Nile Crater, Mars
    Source photo: 
    This is a great video by Youtuber Jean Ward. He found some incredible structures on Mars that is without a doubt absolute proof of an ancient civilization once living on its surface. The structures perfectly balanced on both sides, with some impossible 90 degree curves that would be found on most structures here on Earth. The structures look mostly intact and could probably be a great place for humans to start up a colony. This is amazing! This is 100% proof of an ancient alien race once living on Mars. 
    Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 


    https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 12:14 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Strange Swarms OF Creatures Move Through Space Caught By NASA Satellite, UFO Sighting News.

    Strange Swarms OF Creatures Move Through Space Caught By NASA Satellite, UFO Sighting News.

    Date of sighting: Jan 17-20, 2020
    Location of sighting: Earths sun
    Source: NASA/SOHO images
     
    Look at the image above. You see a blued out center...with a white circle...that white circle is how big the sun is and where it is. These objects are not going too or from the sun...but they should since the gravity of the sun is so strong. What this tells me is that these objects are self propelled. They are moving in all directions, but none seem to be coming to or from the sun. That should be impossible, yet there it is. I believe these objects are living creatures moving in swarms past the NASA SOHO sun satellite lens. These swarms of creatures are not rare, rather we see them every week on the viewer if we search carefully enough. NASA of course would not talk or report such things, for fear the public will find out the truth...that we are not alone in the universe...that the universe is teaming with life that we cannot yet imagine. 
    Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

    https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 12:07 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.City Size UFO Caught Shooting Past Our Moon, Feb 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.

    City Size UFO Caught Shooting Past Our Moon, Feb 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.


    Date of sighting: Feb 2020
    Location of sighting: Earths moon

    This is an interesting video of an unknown object shooting past our moon. The object seems large and much too fast to be a jet or bird. An object this big should have been noticed on radar in the area. Very odd that UFOs the size of cities can fly past our moon without NASA saying a single word about it. 

    Scott C. Waring

    https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 12:03 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Unidentified Submerged Object emerging from the Hudson Bay in Antarctica

    Unidentified Submerged Object emerging from the Hudson Bay in Antarctica

    Commonly known as Unidentified Submerged Objects (USOs) there have been numerous reports over the last 4 decades of startling appearances of under water objects suddenly emerging from the oceans.


    The infamous and embattled Julian Assange had made prior comments to the announced release of many of his controversial intelligence leaks that there would be UFO related materials.

    Such was the case when Wiki Leaks revealed alleged compromised Department of Defense cable communications indicating that US armed forces may be in the midst of a secret war with UFOs.

    According to ufodigest, the sources that were revealed, there was an all out alert issued by Air Force Space Command after the emergence of a large flotilla of airborne unidentified objects from the floor of the Southern Seas of the Antarctic. This armada of unknown objects headed toward Guadalajara, Mexico.


    With US warplanes deployed and all radars intensified on the inbound targets, the massive UFO fleet supposedly dimensionally relocated themselves back to submerge in the antarctic oceans once again. The incident occurred 10 June 2004.


    Images taken from Google Earth show a USO, with a diameter of 40 meters and a height of 15 meters, emerging from the ocean (Hudson Bay) in Antarctica and probably belonging to the flotilla of USOs that headed to Mexico in 2004.
    http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

    03-02-2020 om 11:54 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:MYSTERIES ( Fr, Nl, E)
    02-02-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Astronomers Discover Binary Star Bending Space and Time

    Astronomers Discover Binary Star Bending Space and Time

    Albert Einstein died in 1955 but his theories live on and continue to be proven correct. The latest piece of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity pie to be confirmed is his prediction that space and time can be twisted, bent and swirled by the fast rotation of a massive space object. Scientists recently discovered a dead-but-still-spinning binary star system whose gravity is causing a phenomena called frame dragging – dragging the spacetime frame surrounding it around fast enough to twist it. Is this another item to add to Einstein’s list of “This changes everything!” discoveries?

    “Twenty years ago, CSIRO’s Parkes radio telescope discovered a unique stellar pair consisting of a white dwarf (about the size of Earth but about 300,000 times heavier) and a radio pulsar (just the size of a city but 400,000 times heavier).”

    That unique stellar pair, according to Space.com, would be PSR J1141-6545, a binary star in the constellation Musca (the fly) near the Southern Cross constellation (for those of you playing the astrophysicist game at home). PSR J1141-6545 is a unique binary in that one half of the pair is a pulsar – a fast-orbiting, young neutron that is the corpse of star killed in a supernova, whose gravity is still strong enough to mash protons and electrons to for neutrons. The other half is a white dwarf – another dead star that merely burned out.

    White dwarf (NASA)

    “We observed a temporal evolution of the orbital inclination of this pulsar that we infer is caused by a combination of a Newtonian quadrupole moment and Lense–Thirring (LT) precession of the orbit resulting from rapid rotation of the WD. LT precession, an effect of relativistic frame dragging, is a prediction of general relativity.”

    In a paper published in the journal Science, Vivek Venkatraman Krishnan, an astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, describes how he and his team watched PSR J1141-6545 for 20 years since its discovery and determined the binary was a pulsar flying around a white dwarf at 620,000 mph (1 million km/h), with a maximum distance between them of the size of our Sun, making the length of the orbit an unfathomable five hours … all while the white dwarf itself spins 30 times an hour.

    The Lense–Thirring precession or the Lense–Thirring effect is the relativistic correction to the precession (the slow movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis due to a torque, such as gravitational influence, acting to change the direction of the first axis) of a gyroscope near a large rotating mass such as the Earth. On an earthly scale, it’s barely discernible. On a binary star scale – it causes the halves of this binary pair to move in a warped space-time way, something Einstein predicted … the reason many suggest it should be called the Einstein–Lense–Thirring effect. In PSR J1141-6545’s the gyroscope is the white dwarf spinning fast enough to cause frame dragging and warp spacetime. The pulsar provides the beam of radio waves monitored by Krishnan that shows the warping. In this case, the warping is a movement of the orbit, which should normally be stable.

    Is this a big “This changes everything!” deal? Well, Einstein thought many of his relativity theories would never be able to be seen by humans, so this would be one for him. It’s a big deal for the field of extreme astrophysics (the realm of gravitational waves and black holes) and the owners of billion-dollar radio telescopes and the networks that allow them to work together. And it’s obviously a big deal for Vivek Venkatraman Krishnan and other astrophysicists seeking to understand fast-spinning neutron stars (there are plenty more) and what gives them the spin to warp spacetime.

    Is it a big deal for us? We should want to better understand the universe we live in, how it began and grows and how we got there … so yes, it’s a big deal for us.

    Thank you once again, Albert!

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    02-02-2020 om 23:25 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Laser technologie heeft meer geopenbaard over de Maya’s dan wat experten eerst wisten

    Laser technologie heeft meer geopenbaard over de Maya’s dan wat experten eerst wisten

    Men zegt dat de Maya-beschaving veel geavanceerder is dan onze moderne technologie. Wat kan deze beschaving die 1500 jaar geleden bloeide mogelijk hebben? Lasertechnologie helpt ons het antwoord te vinden.

    Een van de beste architecten

    De Maya-beschaving was een intrigerend geavanceerde beschaving die floreerde in Meso-Amerika, in wat nu bekend staat als het zuiden van Mexico en het noordelijke deel van Midden-Amerika. Het besloeg een groot gebied, waaronder Belize, Guatemala, het schiereiland Yucatán, Honduras en El Salvador.

    Duizenden jaren nadat hun beschaving instortte, konden archeologen stenen structuren vinden met veel ingewikkelde ontwerpen. Men geloofde dat deze werden gebruikt als tempels, begraafplaatsen van woningen. Ingewikkeld ontworpen paleizen, piramides en binnenplaatsen werden ook ontdekt. Hoewel archeologen sommige structuren konden vinden, geloven ze dat er nog andere zijn. Als dat waar is, waar zijn ze dan?

    Klein maar krachtig

    Alle machtige rijken in de geschiedenis, zoals de Romeinen, de Spanjaarden, de Mongolen, enz. Werden krachtig gemaakt door hun territoria uit te breiden. Meestal worden soldaten, ridders en oorlogen gebruikt om hun claim in een gebied op te nemen.

    Voor de Maya’s was het verbouwen van hun territorium geen prioriteit. Hoewel ze enkele van de meest indrukwekkende architecturale structuren hadden, geloven archeologen dat de Maya-bevolking relatief klein was.

    Historici zijn het erover eens dat de maximale bevolking van de Maya’s slechts twee miljoen was of dat het zo laag kon zijn als een miljoen. Op basis van hun topografie is het onmogelijk om meer dan dit aantal te hebben.

    Onder de jungle

    Na zoveel jaren hebben archeologen letterlijk door de geschiedenis gekrast op zoek naar de waarheid achter de Maya-beschaving. Tot de moderne tijd hebben ze nauwelijks het oppervlak bekrast. Theorieën van alle vormen worden gegeven met betrekking tot de resterende structuren van de Maya-beschaving.

    En omdat de onderzoekers van weleer niet over de technologie beschikten die we in het geavanceerde technologische tijdperk van vandaag hebben, speculeerden ze alleen dat er zoveel meer te ontdekken valt over de Maya-beschaving. Eerder grondonderzoek suggereert ook dat er nog veel meer te vinden is onder de jungle van Yutacan. Het lijkt erop dat de tijd is aangebroken om die mysteries te ontdekken.

    Geschiedenis beveiligen

    Een van de langetermijndoelen van PACUNAM is het behoud van alle plaatsen die het project vindt te waarborgen. Archeologen hebben verschillende kuilen onthuld die overvallers de afgelopen jaren hebben geproduceerd. Marianne Hernandez, president van PACUNAM, zei dat deze nieuw gevonden sites nieuw voor hen zijn, maar ze zijn niet langer nieuw voor de overvallers.

    Het slechtste nieuws is dat de Guatemalteekse jungle elk jaar ten minste 10 procent wordt ontbost. Bedrijven lijken hiervoor vergunningen te krijgen. Om deze reden heeft PACUNAM, samen met zijn hele lidmaatschap, tot doel het bos van Guatemala te beschermen en te beschermen wat er nog over is van de Maya-beschaving.

    Verborgen door het bos

    Thomas Garrison, een archeoloog van het Ithaca College en een ontdekkingsreiziger voor de National Geographic, was een van de verrast door de bevindingen. Volgens hem was een groep archeologen, waaronder hij, in staat om een Maya-fort binnen te gaan, ver voordat het werd ontdekt via LiDAR-beeldvorming. Hoewel ze, toen ze er voor het eerst in struikelden, niet wisten dat het een fort was vanwege de dichte bosbedekking.

    Garrison herinnerde zich dat ze in 2010 niet meer dan 150 voet van het fort stonden en ze het zelfs niet herkenden vanwege het gebladerte en de bomen. Het was echter niet alleen het fort dat LiDAR had ontdekt.

    Overleving

    H/onderden jaren geleden was de Maya-beschaving een wonder om te aanschouwen. Het Maya-volk van deze tijd had al naam gemaakt als een krachtige macht om rekening mee te houden. Ze deden dit meer dan 1000 jaar, zelfs vóór de bouw van de eerste stad die ze ooit hebben gebouwd.

    De voortgang van hun beschaving zou door de kolonisatie tot stilstand komen. Spanjaarden kwamen naar hun verzwakte steden en namen hun rijkdommen en hun land over. En in 1967 werd de laatst bekende Maya-stad ingenomen door de kolonisators die het einde van een grote dynastie betekenden.

    Klaar voor oorlog

    Archeologen vonden het erg intrigerend dat de architectuur van de Maya-beschaving goed was voorbereid op oorlog. Eén ding dat ze in hun prachtige scans vonden, waren de vele hekken, loopgraven en forten. Dit bewijst dat het Maya-volk gewend was betrokken te zijn bij vele soorten oorlogen. Deze infrastructuren waren goed geschikt om zichzelf te verdedigen in tijden van strijd.

    Zelfs Thomas Garrison was zich niet eens bewust van hoe goed voorbereid de Maya’s waren in de strijd. Ze kwamen er pas achter na de scans van de LiDAR-technologie. Ondanks dit nieuws was het niets vergeleken met de ongelooflijke ontdekkingen die ze onlangs hebben gedaan over de Maya-structuren.

    Laserradar

    Dus wat is er echt bekend over de technologie die wordt gebruikt om deze mysteries te ontdekken? Een hint komt uit de wereld “LiDAR.” Het klinkt als radar, toch? Nou, het is eigenlijk een soort radar. Dit type detector is van het type dat in een vliegtuig is ingebouwd. Wanneer het vliegtuig opstijgt en over zijn bestemming vliegt, vuurt de radar “laserpulsen”.

    Volgens archeoloog Thomas Garrison van het Ithaca College is deze laserpuls honderdduizenden keren per seconde uitgestraald. Hij verklaarde ook dat elke keer dat een van de lasers een punt raakt dat weerstand geeft, het stopt. Daarna zendt het een meting terug naar het vliegtuig.

    Jungle onderzoek

    De nieuw gecreëerde technologie, LiDAR, werd door de onderzoekers genomen en gebruikt in het dichte bosgebied van Noord-Guatemala. De regio Noord-Guatemala is de afgelopen honderden jaren niet veel onderzocht. Het is meer dan 770 vierkante mijlen land bedekt door tropische regenwouden, moerassen en graslanden.

    Thomas Garrison beschouwde de LiDAR als een game-wisselaar. Volgens hem heeft de ontwikkeling van LiDAR-technologie een revolutie teweeggebracht in het niveau van hoe onderzoekers Maya-archeologie uitvoeren. Verbazingwekkend, er was een ontdekking die ze hebben gedaan die technisch gezien iets was dat ze jaren geleden vonden.

    Hoog en machtig

    Een fascinerende ontdekking die de LiDAR-technologie aan het licht bracht, was dat veel Maya’s voornamelijk op hoge gronden leefden. Dit bleek uit de gegevens die de LiDAR heeft verzameld. De Maya’s bouwden verhoogde stenen platforms waar ze hun huizen bouwden.

    Volgens Diane Davies, een specialist in de Maya-beschaving, was ze onder de indruk van het feit dat de Maya’s zeer bekwaam en artistiek waren. Ze dachten ook aan manieren om flash overstromingen, aanvallen van dieren in de jungle en aanvallen van vijanden te overleven. Het bewijst ook dat deze mensen ook behoorlijk milieubewust zijn.

    Begraven structuren

    Met behulp van de LiDAR-technologie konden archeologen minstens 60.000 Maya-structuren ontdekken! Deze ontdekkingen schokten de archeologen vanwege het grote aantal onbedekte, en verwonderen zich tegelijkertijd over hoe ingewikkeld de aard en de complexiteit van deze structuren. Het heeft ongetwijfeld zowel archeologen als historici verbaasd.

    De ontdekking door de LiDAR-technologie werpt een nieuw idee op over hoe het Maya-volk zo geavanceerd was dan ooit tevoren gedacht. De bevinding suggereert dat er veel meer steden waren dan eerder werd gedacht. Het betekent ook dat de bevolking Maya’s mogelijk veel groter was dan voorheen werd vermoed.

    Veel meer Mayans

    Thomas Garrison was in staat om een vrij expliciete schatting te geven van hoeveel groter het aantal mensen is dat hij denkt dat de Maya-bevolking zou kunnen zijn geweest. Hij verklaarde dat de beelden van de LiDAR duidelijk maakten dat deze hele regio een hecht nederzettingssysteem was waarvan de bevolkingsconclusie totaal verkeerd was beoordeeld.

    Op basis van hun bevindingen recent, heeft Garrison vertrouwen in het feit dat, anders dan de 1 of 2 miljoen die voorheen werd erkend, de bevolking van de Maya-beschaving waarschijnlijk het dichtst bij ongeveer 20 miljoen zou liggen.

    Landbouwgronden

    Het is zeer waarschijnlijk dat de belangrijkste reden waarom archeologen hun mening over de enorme bevolking van de Maya’s hebben veranderd, vooral was vanwege de vele structuren die ze hebben ontdekt. Deze specifieke structuren hebben alle tekenen die de onderzoekers doen geloven dat de Maya’s ze waarschijnlijk voor de landbouw hebben gebruikt. Maya’s staan bekend om de landbouw, het verzamelen en jagen op kleine dieren voor voedsel.

    Er zijn perfecte suggesties die aangeven dat terrassen en irrigatiesystemen ooit in deze structuren aanwezig waren. Dit suggereert dat de Maya’s een zeer geavanceerde kennis hadden van hoe ze in grote aantallen voor hun mensen konden zorgen.

    Tropisch Wonder

    Gebaseerd op de verklaringen van Marcello Canuto, een archeoloog van Tulane University die ook deelnam aan het project, waren de huidige ontdekkingen inderdaad een technisch fenomeen en complete wonderen. Wat hem echter het meest verbaasde, was hoe sterk en vastberaden het Maya-volk was om al deze enorme objecten te verplaatsen om hun steden te bouwen.

    Marcelo zei dat de Maya-beschaving letterlijk bergen aan het verplaatsen was. Hij voegde eraan toe dat mensen deze westerse verwaandheid hadden dat complexe beschavingen niet kunnen floreren in de tropen en dat beschavingen naar de tropen gaan om te sterven.

    Het oerwoud

    Canuto’s begrip van deze ontdekkingen is dat de eerste oude beschavingen misschien in de jungle zijn begonnen. Dit komt omdat archeologen de LiDAR-technologie hebben gebruikt om de oude ruïnes van Angkor Wat in Cambodja in kaart te brengen. Wat ze ontdekten, was dat het middeleeuwse Khmer-rijk uit de 13e eeuw, gebouwd door Jayavarman II, een gebied besloeg van 1.000 vierkante kilometer verborgen in de jungle van de Kulen.

    Canuto voegde ook toe dat op basis van de LiDAR-gegevens veilig kan worden aangenomen dat uitgestrekte koninkrijken in de oudheid zijn gestegen. Maar deze megasteden werden ongedaan gemaakt door de complexiteit van hun waterwerken en klimaatverandering.

    Veel gebruik

    Omdat het succesvol was in het in kaart brengen van een deel van de verborgen Maya-ruïnes, zijn veel archeologen zoals Thomas Garrison enthousiast om deze nieuwe tool te gebruiken. Ze vermelden waarschijnlijk tonnen plaatsen die vervolgens in kaart moeten worden gebracht.

    Garrison was er snel bij om andere mensen gerust te stellen dat de LiDAR veel gebruikt heeft. Hij zei dat de LiDAR-technologie die in de archeologie wordt gebruikt slechts het topje van de ijsberg is. Hij merkte op dat de gegevens die door de LiDAR-sensoren worden geproduceerd enorm zijn en op veel manieren kunnen worden gebruikt en geïnterpreteerd. Hij geeft toe dat zijn team slechts 8% van de verzamelde gegevens gebruikt om 3D-kaarten te maken. Hij zei dat andere industrieën die betrokken zijn bij de bosbouw ook gebruik kunnen maken van de andere beschikbare informatie.

    Emotionele prestatie

    Stephen Houston, Amerikaans antropoloog, archeoloog en Mayanistisch geleerde, wijdde jaren van zijn leven begrip aan de Maya-beschaving. Hij staat bekend om zijn onderzoek naar de Pre-Columbiaanse Maya-beschaving van Meso-Amerika. Hij werkt momenteel aan de Brown University als professor voor archeologie en antropologie.

    Hij geeft toe dat de LiDAR-beelden hem in tranen brachten toen hij ze voor het eerst zag. Hij is er vast van overtuigd dat de ontdekking van de duizenden gebouwen onder de jungle van Guatemala een van de belangrijkste vooruitgang is geweest in de Maya-archeologie in de afgelopen 150 jaar.

    Nog een eeuw te gaan

    Vanwege de hoeveelheid gegevens die door de LiDAR-sensoren wordt verzameld, beweren onderzoekers dat het jaren, zelfs een eeuw zou duren om de gegevens volledig te verwerken. Hoewel de gegevens er zijn, is het moeilijk om deze te begrijpen en te interpreteren in bruikbare informatie.

    Ze vergelijken het gebruik van de LiDAR-technologie met de archeologie met het gebruik van de Hubble-ruimtetelescoop in de astronomie. Zelfs met zijn uitgebreide gegevenscapaciteit zijn andere technologieën die worden gebruikt om deze gegevens te interpreteren niet beschikbaar. Francisco Estrada-Belli, een archeoloog van de Universiteit van Tulane, zei dat we een eeuw meer nodig hebben om de informatie die we zien echt te begrijpen. Helaas is dit niet het enige probleem waar LiDAR voor staat.

    Grotere problemen

    Volgens Thomas Garrison is de ontdekking van meer dan 60.000 begraven en verborgen structuren inderdaad aanzienlijk. Het vormt echter een groter probleem. Vanwege de enorme omvang van de ontdekking is het onmogelijk om er tegelijkertijd aan te werken. Onderzoekers moesten deze structuren opgraven en documenteren zonder het regenwoud zorgvuldig te vernietigen.

    Een aanzienlijk deel van het ontdekte gebied is in werkelijkheid dicht begroeid met bomen. De Guatemalteekse regering moest beslissen hoe ze dit project voortzetten, of ze de structuren begraven wilden houden of de geschiedenis tot leven wilden brengen. Garrison voegde ook toe dat het lastig is omdat de vragen oneindig zijn.

    Eenvoudiger of harder werken

    De archeologen hebben misschien een doorbraak bereikt in de ontdekking van de verloren Maya-beschaving, maar de missie was nog lang niet voorbij. Het verzamelen en analyseren van LiDAR-gegevens was eigenlijk nog maar het begin.

    De gegevens van de lasertechnologie waren slechts een kaart om hen te helpen de belangrijkste te zoeken gebieden te bepalen. Omdat de LiDar-technologie vrij nieuw is, moest een team van technici onder leiding van Albert Yu-Min Lin het harde deel van de controle van de gegevens doen. Ze liepen door kilometers bos om te bevestigen of de gegevens juist waren. Grondaudit betekent dat zijn team onderweg alle gevaarlijke dieren moest ontwijken om de LiDar-resultaten te verifiëren.

    Het stap voor stap proces

    De onderstaande afbeelding toont het driestappenproces dat door ingenieurs wordt gebruikt om te weten hoe de Lidar-technologie werkt. Lasersensoren zijn bevestigd aan een vliegtuig, het vliegtuig vliegt ongeveer 2000 voet boven de grond en LiDAR richt lichtpulsen naar de grond vanuit een vliegend vliegtuig. De lichtpulsen worden duizend keer per minuut afgeschoten en sommige stralen reflecteren misschien van bomen, maar sommige stralen bereiken de grond door de openingen van de bomen. Dit komt omdat de lichtstralen alleen op de hoogste punten van het oppervlak reflecteren.

    Ten slotte gebruiken onderzoekers de meting van de afgelegde afstand licht om de kap digitaal te verwijderen en topografische modellen te maken. Geweldige dingen, nietwaar?

    Baanbrekende technologie

    Met de vooruitgang van onze technologie is het niet langer vergezocht om te denken dat opgravingen tot het verleden behoren. Het klassieke graven en zoeken zal over een paar jaar niet meer worden gebruikt. Voorlopig hebben archeologen een nieuwe vriend gevonden in LiDAR. Hiermee kunnen ze door dikke deksels van bladeren kijken en kunnen ze ook sneller meer informatie verzamelen.

    Denk even na wat de LiDAR in een paar weken had bereikt. Stel je eens voor wat deze baanbrekende technologie kan doen als alle industrieën er gebruik van maken. De mogelijkheden zijn allemaal spannend en eindeloos.

    Lowland Wonders

    De Maya-beschaving omvat een gebied dat de noordelijke laaglanden van het schiereiland Yucatan, de Pacifische kust in het zuiden en de hooglanden van Sierra Madre omvat. In vroege ontdekkingen stonden de laaglandsteden Tikal en Calakmul bekend als grote rivalen.

    Een van de dingen die de LiDAR-technologie aan het licht bracht, was het verschil in het ontwerp en de bouw van de steden. Sommige steden waren uitgebreider en groter dan de andere. Garrison gelooft dat ze misschien de ‘graanschuur’ van de oude Maya-beschaving hebben ontdekt.

    Maya afstammelingen

    Hoewel het Maya-rijk vele jaren geleden instortte, bleven sommige van hun nakomelingen in de moderne tijd leven. Ongeveer, er wonen momenteel 20 tot 30 miljoen Maya’s verspreid in Belize, Zuid-Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala en El Salvador.

    Men gelooft dat ongeveer 42% van de 14,3 miljoen populaties in Guatemala directe afstammelingen zijn van de oude beschaving. Verschillende Maya-groepen wonen in verschillende gebieden, waaronder de Yucatan Jungle, Lacandon Jungle, Chiapas onder anderen. Sommige groepen zijn met succes geïntegreerd in mestizoculturen en sommige zijn bij hun traditionele cultuur gebleven.

    Tegen alle waarschijnlijkheid in

    De Maya-beschaving bloeide ondanks een uitdagende topografie. De hooglanden in het zuiden bestonden voornamelijk uit vulkanische bergen en de zuidelijke laaglanden waren bedekt met poreuze kalksteen en regenwouden. Sporadisch zie je savannes en moerassen. In het noorden zijn meestal bossen maar met een droog seizoen. Gevaarlijke dieren in overvloed hun regio met inbegrip van krokodillen, jaguars, giftige slangen en de stierhaai. Stenen uit de hooglanden worden verhandeld met de gewassen van het laagland, voornamelijk maïs.

    Ondanks hun barre omgeving hielden de Maya’s vol en konden ze majestueuze structuren bouwen zonder metaal en geen modern transport.

    Grote ontdekking

    Er zijn veel dingen aan de Maya-cultuur die zowel intrigerend als interessant zijn. Archeologen zijn altijd verbaasd geweest over de structuren van de Maya-beschaving en hoe deze zijn gemaakt. Net als de piramides van Gizeh liet het gebruik van de Maya-piramides veel historici verbijsterd achter.

    Met behulp van de nieuwe LiDAR-technologie heeft een team van archeologen iets ontdekt dat de realiteit van de Maya-beschaving zoals we die nu kennen zal veranderen. Hun ontdekking zal de informatie die door de jaren heen is verzameld volledig veranderen.

    Geschiedenis wijzigen

    Voor de langste tijd waren historici het erover eens dat de Maya-beschaving uit niet meer dan 2 miljoen mensen tegelijk bestond. Ze besloten dat op basis van de resterende structuren en grondonderzoeksgegevens de bevolking niet meer dan dit aantal kon zijn.

    Vanwege de revolutionaire technologie LiDAR werd meer informatie gevonden. Toen boomluifels van luchtfoto’s digitaal werden verwijderd, werd ontdekt dat er meer dan 60.000 huizen, verhoogde snelwegen en paleizen met elkaar verbonden waren. De ontdekking van het complexe snelwegsysteem veranderde de manier waarop historici naar oude beschavingen keken.

    Iets groters

    Om het voor moderne mensen gemakkelijker te maken om te begrijpen hoe groot het Maya-koninkrijk was, gebruikten onderzoekers vergelijkingen met moderne landen. Tijdens de piek van de beschaving tussen 250AD en 900AD suggereren de nieuwe gegevens dat het rijk een gebied besloeg dat tweemaal groter was dan het middeleeuwse Engeland. De bevolking was ook veel dichter.

    Het kan ook worden vergeleken met andere oude culturen zoals het oude Griekenland en het oude China. In plaats van de eerder gedachte verspreide stadstaten, is het meer onderling verbonden en verfijnd.

    Cultureel behoud

    De LiDAR-afbeeldingen tonen geavanceerde structuren zoals verhoogde snelwegen die steengroeven met de stedelijke gebieden verbonden. Het toont ook geavanceerde terrasvormige systemen en irrigaties die de landbouw in die tijd ondersteunden. Het was bekend dat de Maya’s geen wielen of beesten voor arbeid hadden gebruikt.

    Met deze ontdekking zijn er ook veel ontwikkelingen gebeurd. De Pacunam, een Guatemalteekse organisatie, werkt aan het behoud van het culturele erfgoed van het land. Het doel is om meer te ontdekken uit de Guatemalteekse grond met behulp van de LiDAR-wetenschappers. Beiden hopen meer paleizen en structuren te ontdekken om het Maya-mysterie te verlichten.

    LiDAR-technologie

    De uitvinding van de Light Detection and Ranging, beter bekend als LiDAR, was de beste hulp die archeologie nodig had. De LiDAR-technologie is een externe meetmethode die licht van een gepulste laser gebruikt om afstanden of variabele afstanden te meten. De verschillen in laserteruglooptijden kunnen vervolgens worden gebruikt met golflengten om een 3D-beeld in kaart te brengen.

    Gebaseerd op het succes van de LiDar-technologie met de Maya-ruïnes, is het mogelijk om alles te ontdekken dat onder de grond is begraven. Wie weet wat de Amazone en het Congobekken onder de bomen verstoppen?

    Mysterieus einde

    Zonder twijfel was het Maya-rijk vóór 900 na Christus de meest geavanceerde en meest dominante cultuur in Zuid- en Midden-Amerika. De eerste Maya-stad die nu op het schiereiland Yucatan werd ontdekt, was in 1 000 voor Christus. Dus wat gebeurde er met deze majestueuze megastad?

    Tegen het einde van de achtste eeuw tot de negende eeuw werden steden in de zuidelijke laaglanden na elkaar verlaten. Geleerden hebben verschillende theorieën doorgestuurd, maar de reden voor het uiteenvallen van deze beschaving is nog onbekend.

    Sommige geleerden geloven dat de middelen niet langer in staat waren om de behoeften van de inwoner te ondersteunen. Anderen beweren dat het kwam door constante oorlogvoering. Anderen geloven ook dat een langdurige droogte de oorzaak kan zijn geweest.

    Bossen helpen

    Naast het helpen van archeologen om verloren beschavingen te ontdekken, heeft LiDAR een ander doel. Deze technologie kan worden gebruikt bij het beoordelen van de omstandigheden in bossen. Afgezien van andere voordelen voor het milieu, zou LiDAR uiteindelijk kunnen helpen bij het voorkomen van bosbranden en de huidige boombedekking laten zien.

    Thomas Garrison, een van de LiDAR-wetenschappers, zei dat ze zich vanaf nu richten op het gebruik van LiDAR voor archeologie, maar de voordelen houden daar niet op. Hij zei dat er een miljoen andere manieren zijn om deze technologie te gebruiken. Een daarvan is om de gegevens van LiDAR-afbeeldingen te gebruiken om te begrijpen hoe regenwouden herstellen van branden en wat de CO2-voetafdruk is.

    Cultureel erfgoed behouden

    Het doel van het LiDAR-project is om samen met de Guatemalteekse organisatie Pacunam alleen al in Guatemala meer dan 5000 vierkante kilometer regenwoud in kaart te brengen. Er wordt aangenomen dat het Maya-rijk dit uitgestrekte stuk land besloeg dat lange tijd onontdekt was gebleven.

    Het hele project zal waarschijnlijk drie jaar duren vanwege het intensieve onderzoek dat nodig is. De eerste ontdekking is fascinerende en gemotiveerde wetenschappers om meer te doen. Pacunam streeft naar behoud van het rijke culturele erfgoed en alle ontwikkelingen die zij in deze onderneming zouden kunnen tegenkomen.

    Nog steeds een mysterie

    Hoewel de ontdekkingen met de LiDAR-technologie enorm zijn, is de Maya-puzzel verre van compleet. Hoe meer ontdekkingen er worden gedaan, hoe meer vragen worden gesteld. Pas nadat alle stukken zijn gevonden en aan elkaar zijn gekoppeld, kunnen wetenschappers concluderen over de reden voor het overlijden van de Maya-beschaving.

    Tijd en meer technologieën zoals LiDAR zullen helpen de mysteries van de oude beschavingen bloot te leggen. De natuur heeft het Maya-rijk al teruggevorderd en is nu verloren onder de groei van bossen. Hopelijk helpt de LiDAR over drie jaar meer geheimen die helpen de reden voor de achteruitgang te beantwoorden.

    Jungle mapping

    Hoewel de ontdekkingen met de LiDAR-technologie enorm zijn, is de Maya-puzzel verre van compleet. Hoe meer ontdekkingen er worden gedaan, hoe meer vragen worden gesteld. Pas nadat alle stukken zijn gevonden en aan elkaar zijn gekoppeld, kunnen wetenschappers concluderen over de reden voor het overlijden van de Maya-beschaving.

    Tijd en meer technologieën zoals LiDAR zullen helpen de mysteries van de oude beschavingen bloot te leggen. De natuur heeft het Maya-rijk al teruggevorderd en is nu verloren onder de groei van bossen. Hopelijk helpt de LiDAR over drie jaar meer geheimen die helpen de reden voor de achteruitgang te beantwoorden.

    https://www.soolide.com/nl }

    02-02-2020 om 23:06 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )


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    Over mijzelf
    Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
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    Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
    Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
    Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën... Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
    Zoeken in blog


    LINKS NAAR BEKENDE UFO-VERENIGINGEN - DEEL 1
  • http://www.ufonieuws.nl/
  • http://www.grenswetenschap.nl/
  • http://www.beamsinvestigations.org.uk/
  • http://www.mufon.com/
  • http://www.ufomeldpunt.be/
  • http://www.ufowijzer.nl/
  • http://www.ufoplaza.nl/
  • http://www.ufowereld.nl/
  • http://www.stantonfriedman.com/
  • http://ufo.start.be/

    LINKS NAAR BEKENDE UFO-VERENIGINGEN - DEEL 2
  • www.ufo.be
  • www.caelestia.be
  • ufo.startpagina.nl.
  • www.wszechocean.blogspot.com.
  • AsocCivil Unifa
  • UFO DISCLOSURE PROJECT

  • Startpagina !


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