Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
Weird star wiggles could betray the presence of wormholes, if these fabled space-time tunnels do indeed exist, a new study suggests.
Wormholes are sci-fi staples; over the years, many stories, books and movies have sent their protagonists zipping between widely separated locales via these cosmic shortcuts. Wormholes are possible, according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, but nobody has ever spotted one.
The new study provides a possible way to make the first tentative detection: look for slight but strange movements of stars.
"If you have two stars, one on each side of the wormhole, the star on our side should feel the gravitational influence of the star that's on the other side," study co-author Dejan Stojkovic, a cosmologist and professor of physics at the University at Buffalo in New York, said in a statement. "The gravitational flux will go through the wormhole."
Wormholes require extreme warping of space-time, which in turn depends on very powerful gravitational forces. So, a good place to hunt for these theoretical tunnel is near the supermassive black holes that lurk at the cores of galaxies — such as Sagittarius A* (pronounced A-star), the four-million-solar-mass behemoth in our own Milky Way, Stojkovic said.
"So if you map the expected orbit of a star around Sagittarius A*, you should see deviations from that orbit if there is a wormhole there with a star on the other side," he said.
Current observing techniques likely aren't sensitive enough to make such a detection at the moment, he added. But it may be possible to do so in the next decade or two with advances in instrumentation as well as long-term monitoring of appropriate target stars, such as S2, which circles near Sagittarius A*.
Don't get too excited, however; such a detection, if astronomers ever manage to make one, is unlikely to be a slam dunk.
"When we reach the precision needed in our observations, we may be able to say that a wormhole is the most likely explanation if we detect perturbations in the orbit of S2," Stojkovic said. "But we cannot say that, 'Yes, this is definitely a wormhole.' There could be some other explanation, something else on our side perturbing the motion of this star."
And there's some more bad news on the space-exploration side: Wormhole travel will probably remain a mere sci-fi dream for a very long time, if not forever, Stojkovic said.
"Even if a wormhole is traversable, people and spaceships most likely aren't going to be passing through," he said. "Realistically, you would need a source of negative energy to keep the wormhole open, and we don't know how to do that. To create a huge wormhole that's stable, you need some magic."
The new study, which was led by De-Chang Dai of Yangzhou University in China and Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, was published earlier this month in the journal Physical Review D.
Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated byKarl Tate), is out now. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter@Spacedotcom orFacebook.
Astronomers love a hot mess — at least when it can tell them more about how solar systems work.
When scientists studied a star system called BD +20 307 a decade ago, they saw a lot of warm dust. And when they checked in on the neighborhood again using SOFIA, an airplane-based telescope run by NASA and its German counterpart, scientists saw even more warm dust. That could be a sign that astronomers are seeing the residue of a fairly recent dustup.
"This is a rare opportunity to study catastrophic collisions occurring late in a planetary system's history," Alycia Weinberger, a staff scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, D.C., and the lead investigator on the project, said in a NASA statement. "The SOFIA observations show changes in the dusty disk on a timescale of only a few years."
Scientists know that giant impacts play an important role in shaping planetary systems. Close to home, astronomers believe that the moon formed during just such an impact. But that collision took place a long, long time ago, and scientists have to piece together the story of what happened from scattered clues.
That's just as well. It's better to watch such dynamics unfold in real time from afar because it would be awfully disruptive to try studying such an event nearby. Although dust isn't necessarily caused by collisions, warm dust should disperse and cool as a solar system ages. This distant solar system, about 300 light-years away, is located in a region full of stars at least a billion years old, which means birth debris should have cooled by now, according to the NASA statement.
And there aren't many events that should cause warm dust over as short a time frame (cosmically) as the scientists' observations of this star. That's why it's likely a planetary collision that's causing the mess, the research team said.
The research is described in a paper published April 12 in The Astrophysical Journal; you can also read a copy posted to the preprint server arXiv.org.
Editor's note: This story has been updated to clarify the age of the star the solar system surrounds. Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels. Follow uson Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook
The surface of Venus is covered in hundred-meter volcanic mountains made of crystals, and scientists think they finally figured out how they formed.
The crystals, which form as mushy liquid deep underground and get squeezed through the surface, resemble tiny crystalline structures found here on Earth in Cyprus, New Scientist reports. Scientists from the University of Edinburgh suspect that these crystals are able to reach the surface and form mountains as the result of tectonic activity, and they hope that future missions to our planetary neighbor will be able to investigate further.
Squeezing Out
The idea is that the crystals form underground through the same process as lava, except it ends up being thicker and mushier. So when a volcano erupts, the crystals get left behind in large deposits that accumulate and eventually press out through the surface, according to research published in the journal Icarus — like a magnificent, sparkly pimple.
While magma flows away, the crystals stick together to form tall, steep structures on the planet’s surface.
“If you poured olive oil onto the table it would just flow away and run all over the table and you’d still have a flat surface,” Edinburgh researcher Geoffrey Bromily told New Scientist, illustrating the differences between the volcanoes. “If you poured something a lot thicker, like peanut butter, that would stay there and form a dome on the table.”
Lost Ancient Metropolises Abandoned, Forgotten, or Hidden by the Sands of Time
Lost Ancient Metropolises Abandoned, Forgotten, or Hidden by the Sands of Time
All these magnificent cities were widely considered as the most mysterious lost places on earth. They were later rediscovered, either by chance or by the sheer determination of archaeologists and historians.
They show that even when you think there is nothing left to discover, there are many ruins lying just beneath the surface awaiting rediscovery. With so many deserts, forests, islands, and caves (as well as most of the ocean floor) just waiting for us to explore and with extraordinary advances in radar technology, we have to wonder what else we will be found in the near future.
Lost Ancient Metropolises Abandoned, Forgotten, or Hidden by The Sands of Time presented by DTTV Archaeology Answers
Sometimes the introduction of a news report will stop you in your tracks, forcing you to reread in fear you didn't quite grasp its point the first time. That was certainly the case when Mail Online published a story on Mar. 21, 2017: "An alien satellite set up more than 12,000 years ago to spy on humans has been shot down by elite soldiers from the illuminati, UFO hunters claim."
And with that, the conspiracy surrounding the so-called "Black Knight" satellite appeared to be very much alive.
It's been 120 years since conspiracists believed the existence of the Black Knight was recorded. Those who subscribe to the theory lay claim of an extraterrestrial spacecraft in near-polar orbit of the Earth, although they draw upon evidence so disparate that it's not entirely clear why people link them. What they amount to, however, is an intriguing set of ingredients that, taken together, cause people to scream loud about potential cover-ups by NASA and the government. In that sense, it is a legend that refuses to go away.
The photo evidence that isn't evidence
A lot of the earliest discoveries that have come to be linked to the Black Knight satellite theory relate to radio signals. But a series of images from 1998 emerged that really threw the celestial cat among the pigeons. They were taken during STS-88, which was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
There, for all to see, were images released by NASA that showed a black object hovering above the Earth in low orbit. And it wasn't long after the images were thrust in front of a hopeful public before people were performing some conspiratorial sums and sharing them with the wider world.
By way of explanation, astronaut Jerry Ross pointed out that the ISS was in the midst of being constructed when the images were taken. The U.S. team, he said, was on its way to attach the American module to the one created by the Russians and, as part of that work, they had taken four trunnion pin thermal covers with them. The task was to wrap these around four bare trunnion pins, these being rods that attached the module to the shuttle while it was being transported. This would act to prevent heat loss from the exposed metal.
The photo snapped by astronauts during Space Shuttle mission STS-88 in 1998.
(Image credit: NASA)
Unfortunately, during one of the extravehicular activities (EVA) things went a little bit wrong and one of the covers came loose from its tether, causing it to float away along with some other items. "Jerry, one of the thermal covers got away from you," said commander Robert Cabana, and it soon became apparent that they wouldn't be getting it back.
Subsequently captured on camera, this black object was given the object number 025570 by NASA, and a few days later the object fell from orbit and burned up. Far from being an extraterrestrial object, the black item floating in space was nothing more than a blanket.
Much of this has been placed on the record. Former NASA space engineer James Oberg, who personally knows Ross and the person who took the photos, Sergei Krikalev, has gone to great lengths to show that these supposed images of the Black Knight have less fanciful origins.
The International Space Station (ISS) was in the process of being constructed when astronauts spotted the Black Knight.
(Image credit: NASA)
"Before leaving NASA I led the trajectory design team that produced the mission profile," Oberg told All About Space. "Every step of the way there is consistency with what I learned as a lifelong spaceflight operations specialist: why the blankets were needed, why one of them came loose, why it floated off the way it did. The difference is, for the general public all these features are unearthly to folks who are only familiar with Earthside principles of heating, working, motion and dozens of other never-before-encountered-in-history aspects of outer space."
Given Oberg's debunking you'd think the matter would have drawn to a close. But no. Since the images were shared far and wide, conspiracy theories have continued.
"They are probably some of the weirdest-looking 70 mm photos to ever come out of the space shuttle program," Oberg said. “And apparently a NASA website update made the original links inoperative, sparking concerns over a cover-up. All normal journalistic practices — determining the timeline, asking witnesses, searching for the wider context — were skipped."
The Black Knight is likely to be debris left over from extravehicular activity (EVA).
(Image credit: Future/Adrian Mann)
Historical evidence that also isn't evidence
By absorbing the images into a growing body of "evidence," they were seen as definite proof that the Black Knight alien satellite really was out there. Reaching that conclusion, however, has required greats leaps of faith, and has also needed past discoveries to be forced into the overall story. Firm believers have had no problems going right back to 1899 in pursuit of such "truth" but, just like the photographic records, each piece of supposed evidence brought to the table so far has been explained away without falling back on the Black Knight myth.
So what happened in 1899? That year Nikola Tesla began to record some very odd signals, seemingly from outer space. The accomplished Serbian-American electrical engineer had a passion for wireless technology, and he was in the early throes of an experimental wireless transmission station called Wardenclyffe Tower in Shoreham, New York. While in his barn-like laboratory in Colorado Springs, he noted the unusual signals and speculated they had come from another planet, a claim greeted with disbelief and scepticism.
"The very first source of non-terrestrial radio waves was discovered in the 1930s, and that was from the centre of our galaxy, which is the most powerful radio source in the sky at many frequencies," NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Varoujan Gorjian explained. "It wasn’t until the 1960s that the technology evolved to detect the first pulsars. If what Tesla detected was a real signal and not an artefact of his instrument, it most likely came from Earth."
So why does talk of the Black Knight persist?
People continued to use Tesla's findings to bolster claims for the Black Knight. They also took on board the work of a Norwegian engineer called Jørgen Hals, who found that radio signals he transmitted were being echoed back to him a few seconds later. We now know these as long delayed echoes, and Hals was the first person to observe them.
The fact that we don't have a confirmed explanation of their cause, however, has been seized upon: In 1973, Duncan Lunan wrote an article in Spaceflight magazine suggesting those studying long delayed echoes had overlooked the possibility they were sent by an alien space probe.
Lunan still has faith in an extraterrestrial explanation for the recordings. "The changes in the long distance echo patterns in apparent response to changes in the outgoing signals from Earth really do look like the responses of a Bracewell probe, and there is still no satisfactory natural explanation for the phenomenon," Lunan said. If the long distance echoes were deliberately produced by a probe, there's a problem in that they stopped in 1975.
"If a probe was monitoring Earth, rather than trying to attract attention, perhaps it belatedly discovered from the 1973 to 1974 publicity that it had given away its presence in the 1920s and pulled out in 1975," Lunan said. "That's the only explanation I can see for its apparent departure."
And yet, for all of that, Lunan said his research has nothing to do with the "Black Knight nonsense." If there is a link between his theory and the Black Knight, it is not one that is being made by him.
With this summer’s revelation that the US Navy considers UFOs and “Unidentified Aerial Phenomena” (UAPs) to be real, a team of venture capitalists, university professors, and military veterans are launching a project to track UFOs off the coast of California.
UAP eXpeditions is a non-profit group based in Oregon that will “field a top-notch group of uber-experienced professionals providing the public service of field testing new UAP related technologies.” With some of the Silicon Valley UFO Hunters, UAP eXpeditions will pioneer the ability to predict, find, observe, and document UAP for study and analysis. They will use “classical observation techniques, by trained observers and scientists, while using the latest experimental technologies—in the right places and the right times,” Kevin Day, the group’s founder and CEO, wrote in a Facebook post viewed by Motherboard.
Day, who has appeared on the History Channel’s Unidentified: Inside America’s UFO Investigation and Discovery Channel’s Contact, is a retired U.S. Navy Chief Petty Officer and radar operator. Day served in the Nimitz Carrier Strike Group on the USS Princeton during the 2004 infamous “Nimitz UFO Incident” which was reported by The New York Times in December of 2017.
He recalls tracking the infamous “Tic Tac” UFOs for several days around Catalina Island off the coast of California using the USS Princeton’s advanced radar system. Now, he believes that these objects continue to operate along the same trajectory and “migrate” from Catalina Island south along the California coast.
The company’s white paper is pretty wild. It asks, “Do fleets of UAP 'migrate' from Catalina Island to Guadalupe Island with a certain frequency? And if so, how well do whale songs correlate, if at all, to UAP appearances?” It’s unclear how whale songs are relevant here, but let’s move along.
Day, who believes that his experience tracking these objects has led to some curious special abilities, such as “advanced cognition” told Motherboard that the organization is hoping to “offer technology developers a way to test their new tech at no direct cost to them.” Using state of the art cameras and other experimental monitoring devices, the idea is to put this high tech gear into the field and attempt to track unknown aerial objects off the coast of California.
Leading the team of scientists is Dr. Kevin Knuth, a former scientist with NASA’s Ames Research Center, now an associate professor of physics at the University of Albany. Knuth specializes in machine learning and the study of exoplanets. While the organization and the project is still in its infancy, Knuth told Motherboard that “the goal of the expedition is to give us some ground truth. We aim to try to observe these objects directly, and record them using multiple imaging modalities.”
Knuth explained that the project has two phases. First, the team “will obtain current satellite imagery of the area (more or less in the area of Catalina Island and southward for ~100 miles) and determine whether these anamolous objects can be observed. We will monitor these satellite images both manually and using machine learning and build up a database of detections, classifications, and any observed patterns of activity.”
If, and it's a big “if,” the satellite imagery does point to a strange concentration of unknown objects, the team will go hunt UFOs. The second step, which is slated for November 2020, is to basically park a large boat off the coast of California loaded with various cameras and sensors to detect and record anomalous aerial activity. The team has already begun negotiations to charter the MV Horizon, a small research vessel.
“We will be using tracking security cameras in the visual to infrared wavelengths with telephoto lenses, human eyes on the water with high power binoculars and spotting scopes, as well as digital SLR cameras with high power telephoto lenses ranging from 400mm - 600+mm,” Knuth told Motherboard. “We plan to have high-quality drones in the air with imaging capabilities. We are looking into IR imaging as well, as well as detectors for x-ray, gamma-ray and custom-built neutron detectors (which are designed to look for dark matter).”
Knuth presented a lecture at the Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering Workshop at the Max Planck Institute for Plasmaphysics in Garching Germany on determining the flight characteristics of unidentified anomalous vehicles in July 2019. His paper, which is currently waiting to be peer-reviewed, can be found online.
"This is an effort that I believe is rare and timely given current events"
Knuth explained that much is still unknown about what exactly people are reporting when it comes to UFOs.
“These are always delicate issues in any study relying on people reporting information. This includes studies in medicine, psychology, and neuroscience which rely on subject responses, sociology studies relying on surveys, and even data reported by scientists (all of whom can make mistakes or lie). The key to ensuring consistency is reproducibility and this requires additional study,” Knuth explained.
This is one of the more serious attempts to look for UFOs. It is, admittedly, a bit of a wild goose chase and will cost a boatload of cash. But the team includes some heavy hitters outside of Knuth himself. According to the organization’s white paper, Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur and MIT technologist Rizwan Virk and the Toronto-based CEO of the quantum computing company, ReactiveQ, Deep Prasad have both signed on to help with securing investment for the project.
“I am personally very excited no matter the outcome,” Prasad told Motherboard. “This is an effort that I believe is rare and timely given current events, such as the apparent increase in UAP incidents through official military channels.”
Some other individuals on the team include Sean Cahill, the former Chief Master-at-Arms who served aboard the USS Princeton during the 2004 Nimitz Incident, and optical physicist and UFO researcher Bruce Macabee.
Getting the money to pay for all this isn’t going to be easy. While Day’s team is working on grant proposals, they know that the vast majority of funding will have to be private. Renting a research vessel and acquiring the high-tech gear needed to search for UFOs is not cheap. While Day is looking at potentially crowd funding this project, he hopes that the non-profit can secure a few angel investors who are interested in funding scientific research into studying the UFO phenomenon. Day is asking for any interested parties to reach out to him via email as the group’s website is still under development.
Knuth believes it is time to start doing real scientific work on UFOs. While the study is unorthodox (especially the whale bit), so is the very real fact that unidentified aerial vehicles are tracked by the Air Force and Navy, and seem to easily evade the technological weapons apparatus maintained by the most powerful military on the planet.
“The failure to study these phenomena scientifically has resulted in a state of ignorance, which is unacceptable considering the aviation safety issues that have been reported by the US Navy,” stated Knuth.
Update: This article previously noted that Luis Elizondo would be part of this project. Though he is listed on the team's white paper, he has since said he will not participate.
Nat Geo Photographer Admits to Encountering Alien Beings Underwater
Nat Geo Photographer Admits to Encountering Alien Beings Underwater
by Inigo Monzon
Luis Lamar, an underwater director of photography for National Geographic and OceanX, says that he has encountered alien beings during his underwater assignments. “[I]n the ocean, I have come across potentially beings from another heavenly body that are more highly advanced than humans,” Lamar says in the OceanX video.
Lamar apparently claims that these advanced beings in the ocean depths come in the form of enhanced sea creatures. Says Lamar, “I’ve seen giant deep sea arachnids, venomous sea snakes far offshore with, like bright-yellow heads… Some sort of you know, hyper-advanced aquatic alien creatures inhabiting the shallow waters, which almost look like stingrays.”
A renowned photographer for National Geographic and OceanX claimed that he has encountered alien beings during his underwater assignments. According to the photographer, the beings resembled stingrays and appeared to be more advanced than humans.
The claims about the underwater aliens were made by Luis Lamar, an underwater director of photography for National Geographic and OceanX. He made the revelation through a recent video made by the latter company.
Luis Lamar
The clip, which is only about a minute and a half long, focuses on Lamar’s profile and his remarkable experience working as an underwater photographer. At the beginning of the video, Lamar immediately confessed his encounters with alien lifeforms from other planets.
“I think, in the ocean, I have come across potentially beings from another heavenly body that are more highly advanced than humans,” he said.
In another part of the video, Lamar discussed the various marine lifeforms he came across underwater. While talking about the strange marine organisms he encountered, Lamar also discussed the appearance of some of the underwater aliens that he saw.
“I’ve seen giant deep sea arachnids, venomous sea snakes far offshore with, like bright-yellow heads,” he said.
“Sharks in a frenzy, Orcas swarming all around me,” he continued. “Some sort of you know, hyper-advanced aquatic alien creatures inhabiting the shallow waters, which almost look like stingrays.”
Despite his bizarre and terrifying encounters with deep sea creatures, Lamar still considers the ocean as a very beautiful place to be in.
Claims regarding encounters with underwater aliens are not new. In January, a report was released regarding the encounters of U.S. nuclear submarines with unknown underwater objects. These were referred to as the underwater counterparts of UFOs, which are known as USOs or underwater submerged objects.
The report, which was released by The War Zone, focuses on the encounters of Navy personnel with USOs. In one of the encounters, an attack submarine was patrolling the North Atlantic when its sonar picked up an object moving fast in the water. Although the submarine’s sonar personnel were not able to classify what the object was, they noted that it was moving at a speed of several hundred knots.
Where can we expect to find life beyond Earth? A new study has redefined the lower limit in mass for habitable exoworlds. It suggests that low-mass waterworlds might exist and might be a place to look.
The habitable zone as traditionally understood. New findings suggest that rocky planets smaller than Earth might still have liquid water, even if they’re somewhat outside a star’s primary habitable zone.
What makes a planet potentially habitable? Life as we know it requires liquid water, among other factors. And it makes sense that larger rocky planets, like Earth, can maintain their liquid water – and their atmospheres – more easily than very small planets, whose gravity is weaker. But now, scientists from Harvard University have found that even very small rocky exoplanets, orbiting other stars, might still hold onto their water, boosting their chances for habitability. This finding expands on the traditional view of a star’s habitable zone, the zone around a star where temperatures are just right, allowing liquid water to exist.
The new peer-reviewed results were first published in The Astrophysical Journal on August 13, 2019.
If you don’t mind a bit of jargon, consider it this way. This new research redefines the lower limit in mass for potentially habitable exoplanets. Mass is simply the amount of matter a body contains. This new definition extends what we can think of as a habitable zone for small, low-mass and (because gravity depends on mass) low-gravity exoplanets.
How small is too small? The critical boundary point seems to be about 2.7 percent of the mass of Earth. Any planets less massive than that would lose their atmospheres to space before liquid water could form on their surfaces, and any water that might be present would vaporize or freeze. For comparison, the moon is 1.2 percent of Earth’s mass and Mercury is 5.53 percent.
When people think about the inner and outer edges of the habitable zone, they tend to only think about it spatially, meaning how close the planet is to the star. But actually, there are many other variables to habitability, including [a planet’s] mass.
Setting a lower bound for habitability in terms of planet size gives us an important constraint in our ongoing hunt for habitable exoplanets and exomoons.
Low-mass waterworlds are a fascinating possibility in the search for life, and this paper shows just how different their behavior is likely to be compared to that of Earth-like planets. Once observations for this class of objects become possible, it’s going to be exciting to try to test these predictions directly.
Graphic depicting the new lower size limit for smaller rocky exoplanets. Very small planets – at least larger than only 2.7% of the mass of Earth – could maintain liquid water (depending on other factors), according to this new work, while planets smaller than that limit would have their water escape to space or freeze.
According to traditional thinking about habitable zones, if a planet is too close to its star, a runaway greenhouse effect might occur, resulting in the planet losing all its water. This might happen even at the inner edge of a star’s habitable zone. Venus is often mentioned as an example of this process in our own solar system; it might once have had an ocean, but a runaway greenhouse effect occurred, leaving Venus dry as a bone and hot enough on its surface to melt lead.
According to its authors, the new study:
… sheds light on the important process of atmospheric evolution on small planets.
In other words, their work suggests that – for small exoplanets that are not too small – something interesting occurs as one of these planets, even if it is on the edge of its star’s habitable zone, begins to warm due to the greenhouse effect. In conditions of a warming atmosphere, on a low-mass world with relatively weak gravity the exoplanet’s atmosphere expands outward, becoming larger and larger relative to the size of the planet. This has the effect of increasing both the absorption and radiation of heat from the star, allowing the planet to achieve a kind of balance, maintaining a stable temperature. In this way, the atmospheric expansion might prevent small, low-gravity planets from experiencing a runaway greenhouse effect. Instead, they might be able to maintain their surface liquid water, even on the inner edge of the habitable zone, in relatively close proximity to their stars.
It’s also interesting to note that these findings, according to the researchers, appear to apply to both G-type sun-like stars as well as M-type red dwarf stars.
Smaller, cooler red dwarfs are the most common stars in our galaxy, so that in itself would increase the chances of finding more habitable worlds.
Jupiter’s icy ocean moon Europa as seen by Galileo in the late 1990s. The researchers wondered if these kinds of small icy moons could be habitable on the surface if they were closer to the sun, but the new study suggests they would be too small.
Image via NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute/Europa Clipper.
The researchers also used their findings to figure out a question regarding certain moons in our solar system. Scientists had wondered if Jupiter’s icy moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto could become habitable on the surface if they were closer to the sun, especially since they all have subsurface oceans beneath their ice crusts. The answer, though, seems to be no, as they are too small.
Although there is still a limit as to how small a planet can be and still be habitable, this new study shows that there could still be many more such worlds – smaller than Earth, but habitable, with liquid water – than previously thought. This bodes well in the search for life beyond our solar system.
Artist’s concept of one of the rocky worlds orbiting the TRAPPIST-1 red dwarf star, with possible liquid water on the surface. A new study says that smaller rocky planets could have a better chance of holding on to their water than previously thought.
Bottom line: A new study has found that small exoplanets have a better chance of holding on to their water than previously thought, increasing the chances that some of them could be habitable.
Eindelijk denken wetenschappers te snappen waarom liefst driekwart van alle soorten op aarde het loodje legde
Eindelijk denken wetenschappers te snappen waarom liefst driekwart van alle soorten op aarde het loodje legde
De Mauna Loa- vulkaan op Hawaï -
Beeld Reuters
Eindelijk denken wetenschappers te snappen hoe het precies kwam dat 202 miljoen jaar geleden liefst driekwart van alle soorten op aarde het loodje legde. Het leven moet zijn getroffen door een verschrikkelijke apocalyptische cocktail van vulkaanrook en kwikvergiftiging ineen.ikvergiftiging ineen.
Destijds, aan het einde van het Trias-tijdperk, scheurden de Amerika’s zich los van Europa en Afrika, waardoor de aardkorst openbarstte en er honderdduizenden jaren achtereen vulkaanrook omhoog wolkte. Dat moet de dampkring hebben verpest, de oceanen hebben vergiftigd en het klimaat op hol hebben gebracht, wisten onderzoekers al. Maar naar nu blijkt was er nog iets: de vulkanen vergiftigden de aarde met kwik, een element dat het DNA beschadigt.
“Dit was niet één klap. Waarschijnlijk ging het in pulsen, waarbij het ecosysteem dreun na dreun kreeg”, vertelt de Utrechtse aardwetenschapper Bas van de Schootbrugge, een van de deelnemers aan het onderzoek. “En bij elke klap krijg je zaden die minder levensvatbaar zijn, individuen die minder nageslacht krijgen, soorten die het zwaar krijgen. Een aanslag op het leven.”
MONSTERS
Het team baseert zich op oude sporen (zaadjes) van varens uit die tijd, opgeboord uit de grond van Denemarken en Noord-Duitsland. Die zijn opvallend vaak misvormd: bewijs dat iets hun ontwikkeling verstoorde. Of er ook letterlijk monsters door de bossen strompelden, zoals je bij een fatsoenlijke apocalyps mag verwachten, is onduidelijk. “We hebben nog veel vragen over de biologie hierachter”, zegt Van de Schootbrugge. Wél is het voor het eerst dat onderzoekers het verband leggen tussen vulkanisme en de aantasting van levende wezens overal op aarde.
Mismaakte zaadjes van prehistorische varens.Beeld GEUS
ZWAAR GIFTIG
Van de Schootbrugge wijst erop dat kwikvergiftiging ook een nieuw licht werpt op andere prehistorische uitsterframpen. Liefst drie andere massa-extincties vonden plaats tegelijk met extreem vulkanisme. De ergste keer was 251 miljoen jaar geleden, toen een Russische megavulkaan miljoenen jaren lang de boel op stelten zette. In zee verdween toen tot liefst 95 procent van alle soorten. “Ik denk dat kwik ook daarbij heeft meegespeeld”, zegt Van de Schootbrugge.
Former NSA employee Edward Snowden stated, "there are probably aliens." And then went on to say, “I went looking on the network, right,” he said on Wednesday's episode. “I couldn’t find anything. If it’s hidden, and it could be hidden, it’s hidden really damn well, especially for people on the inside.” So even a former employee of the NSA believes intelligent aliens to be real, yet he was never deep enough into the network to actually find such evidence. Its not as if every single NSA and CIA and NASA agent knows about them and have seen the files. I would estimate that 1 out of 1,000 employees have actually worked with or had access to those files. For example as of 2019, NASA employees 17,219 employees. That means 17 people at NASA actually have knowledge and access to information of intelligent alien life. So...yeah...its a bit hard to get to that inner circle. But the day will come, when one of the inner circle will reveal the truth to the public. Scott C. Waring
300 Meter UFO Recorded On Live Cam Over Mexico Volcano, Oct 2019, UFO Sighting News.
300 Meter UFO Recorded On Live Cam Over Mexico Volcano, Oct 2019, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 24, 2019
Location of sighting: Iztaccihuati, Mexico
This UFO was seen on live Internet cam over the mouth of the volcano Iztaccihuati. Mexico volcanos are notorious for its UFO sightings and UFOs are seen around it weekly. This object was only visible for two minutes, but you can easily make out its rectangle shape. The object hovered over the mouth of the volcano to either enter or it had just left the underground base. This volcano hasn't erupted since 1889. The alien base is about 4-6km below the base of the volcano. The mouth of the volcano is about 500 meters across, making this UFO 300 meters long.
UFO Caught Near Moon Over Germany, Oct 23, 2019, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Caught Near Moon Over Germany, Oct 23, 2019, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 23, 2019
Location of sighting: Duisburg, Germany
Source: MUFON #104137
This eyewitness was casually taking photos of the moon and accidentally caught a UFO passing the location. The UFO Is moving so fast that you can actually see six of it in the photo. Its speed is beyond anything todays technology has. The object has no visible wings, engines, trails or windows. Only an alien craft could move that fast.
Scott C. Waring
Eyewitness states:
I was photographing the morning Moon, and after I returned home, I looked at the Photo and then I saw that I had photographed a UFO.
Two UFOs Battle at Each Other in Australian Sky, Locals Claim
Two UFOs Battle at Each Other in Australian Sky, Locals Claim
While many UFO sightings involve spotting circles and dots in the sky, Australians Rob and Phil Tindale insist they witnessed a fight and subsequent crash as children. Although their encounter dates back to 1980, they don’t believe they saw anything else but aliens.
They firmly believe they saw two UFOs in the sky outside their Adelaide Hills home nearly 40 years ago, when they were just ten years old. They claimed to have spotted a bright yellow object and a red light thing.
According to the brothers, they spotted the first one over the tree line at the end of the valley from the ground before the appearance of a red one that tried to charge at the yellow UFO. Eventually, the yellow craft sped off at extreme speed to their right and vanished behind the hill. The mysterious red object had also gone, but they were not sure if it followed the yellow object or simply left.
They heard no engine noise in the area that was less populated and sparsely treed.
The pair woke their parents up, but they did not do anything and sent them back to bed. However, their grandmother read an article in their local paper titled “Aussie Sure UFO Damaged Trees,” talking about an alleged spacecraft crashing on the same night when they witnessed the bizarre aerial battle.
Reporting the crash was Daryl Browne, who claimed to have heard a tree creaking and groaning. He said that he saw an eight-metre yellow aircraft when he approached the site and called the police. However, the object was gone by the time he and authorities had got there, leaving no traces but damages.
An image of what is believed to be Norton's original 1977 artifact.
Image Credit: Paul Dale Roberts
The object reportedly matches a similar item that CSM James Norton allegedly found at a UFO crash site.
This story comes courtesy of paranormal investigator Paul Dale Roberts of HPI Paranormal in Sacaramento who recently received a call from a woman named Stephanie Fuller.
She claimed that her fiance - a maintenance worker at an apartment block - had discovered a very strange object while cleaning up the home of a WWII veteran who had recently died.
The man had been a compulsive hoarder and it is unclear how he had obtained the object.
After researching the artifact, Fuller came across the story of Command Sergeant Major James Norton who in 1977 had a very strange encounter with a UFO at Fort Benning, Georgia.
On September 14th of that year, a group of men had been engaged in a live fire training exercise when a number of orbs appeared in the sky followed by a large triangular-shaped craft.
Shortly afterwards, many of the soldiers became ill and reported periods of missing time.
According to the report, the object, whatever it was, had seemingly crash-landed in the vicinity and Norton was able to surreptitiously retrieve a small piece of it.
The metal fragment was said to be adorned with strange symbols and exhibited peculiar properties.
Norton later posted a photograph online before burying the artifact on his property for safe-keeping.
It was this photograph that Fuller would later match to the object that was found in the veteran's flat.
Ultimately, it's difficult to know what to make of this story as there's no way to corroborate Norton or Fuller's claims and unless tests can be conducted on the metal, its origins cannot be proven either.
As things stand, it makes for interesting reading, but it's authenticity is open to interpretation.
You can view an article about Norton's 1977 encounter -here.
A larger image of the artifact he found can be viewed -here, and Fuller's -here.
Update:
It turns out that the artifact in the photographs bears more than a passing resemblance to an alien artifact prop from Steven Spielberg's 2002 science-fiction miniseries 'Taken'.
You can check out a photograph of the prop -here. Look familiar ?
Big thanks to our forum members for getting to the bottom of this one.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Vrouw claimt ‘buitenaards voorwerp’ te hebben gevonden. Zoek de overeenkomsten
Foto: Paul Dale Roberts
Vrouw claimt ‘buitenaards voorwerp’ te hebben gevonden. Zoek de overeenkomsten
Paranormaal onderzoeker Paul Dale Roberts van HPI Paranormal kreeg onlangs een telefoontje van een vrouw genaamd Stephanie Fuller.
Zij beweert dat haar verloofde een heel vreemd voorwerp heeft gevonden toen hij het huis van een veteraan uit de Tweede Wereldoorlog aan het schoonmaken was die pas is overleden.
De man was een verzamelaar en het is niet bekend hoe hij de hand op het voorwerp heeft weten te leggen.
Driehoekig vaartuig
Fuller begon onderzoek te doen naar het voorwerp en kwam uit bij sergeant-majoor James Norton, die in 1977 een UFO had gezien toen hij gestationeerd was op Fort Benning in Georgia.
Op 14 september dat jaar zag Norton tijdens een militaire oefening een aantal lichtbollen in de lucht die gevolgd werden door een groot driehoekig vaartuig.
Kort daarna werden veel van de soldaten op de basis ziek en konden ze zich niet meer herinneren wat ze hadden gedaan.
Vreemde symbolen
Eén van de objecten zou in de buurt van de basis zijn gecrasht en Norton zou het bewuste voorwerp vervolgens hebben buitgemaakt.
Het metalen fragment staat vol vreemde symbolen en heeft opmerkelijke eigenschappen.
Norton zette later een foto van het voorwerp op internet en begroef het in zijn tuin.
Precies overeen
Het voorwerp op deze foto komt volgens Fuller precies overeen met het voorwerp dat in de woning van de veteraan is gevonden.
Een artikel over de waarneming van Norton in 1977 vind je hier (The Costa Rican Times).
The China Lunar Exploration Program has released a photo from the Yutu 2 moon rover that reveals the likely nature of a previously unidentified material.
The rover — part of the Chang'e 4 mission, which in January completed the first-ever soft landing on the far side of the moon — made the discovery in July. Earlier reports on the few published details captured widespread interest.
The photo taken by Yutu 2's main camera shows the center of a crater containing material that is colored differently than its surroundings and that contains bright spots. The image was released by Our Space, a Chinese-language science-outreach publication, via its Weibo social media account on Oct. 8.
A desaturated, high-contrast version of the material viewed by Yutu 2.
(Image credit: CNSA/CLEP/NASA/GSFC/Dan Moriarty)
While gaining the attention of the Yutu 2 team, the material does not appear altogether mysterious, as claimed by Chinese media.
Clive Neal, a lunar scientist at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, told Space.com that the new image reinforces the previous suggestion that the material is broadly similar in nature to a sample of impact glass found during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.
Sample 70019, collected by astronaut and trained geologist Harrison "Jack" Schmitt, is made of dark, broken fragments of minerals cemented together and black, shiny glass. Impact melt glass can be created or modified through high-speed meteor impacts on a planetary surface.
Dan Moriarty, NASA Postdoctoral Program fellow at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, has analyzed and processed the image, seeking clues as to its precise nature. While this compressed image lacks a lot of the useful information a raw image would contain, Moriarty said he could gain insights by adjusting parameters.
Yutu 2 looks back over tracks made from the Chang’e 4 lander in July.
(Image credit: CNSA/CLEP)
"The shape of the fragments appears fairly similar to other materials in the area. What this tells us is that this material has a similar history as the surrounding material," Moriarty said. "It was broken up and fractured by impacts on the lunar surface, just like the surrounding soil.
"I think the most reliable information here is that the material is relatively dark. It appears to have brighter material embedded within the larger, darker regions, although there is a chance that is light glinting off a smooth surface," Moriarty told Space.com, adding that the material is likely heterogeneous in composition.
The image also gives an idea of the origin of the substance. Moriarty said the material may have been excavated by the crater-forming impact or it may be a breccia, containing highlands crust, glass, impactor material and basalts from the volcanic "seas" known as mare. "But we're definitely looking at a rock," Moriarty concluded.
China's Yutu 2 moon rover captured this image from the edge of the small crater.
(Image credit: CNSA/CLEP )
Far side find
Yutu 2 has been making its way west from the Chang'e 4 landing site, which is situated within the roughly 110-mile-wide (180 kilometers) Von Kármán Crater. On July 28, during Lunar Day 8 of the mission, the rover came across a crater about 6.5 feet (2 meters) in diameter containing a material deemed to have an unusual color and luster.
The initial discovery was made by a Yutu 2 drive team member checking images from the rover's main camera. The drive team consulted lunar scientists, resulting in the decision to postpone plans to have Yutu 2 continue west and instead order the rover to check out the strange material.
Our Space, which announced the findings on Aug. 17, used the term "胶状物" ("jiao zhuang wu"), which can be translated as "gel-like." This description sparked wide interest and speculation among lunar scientists.
The first images of the crater and its contents came from an obstacle-avoidance camera. These images did not, however, have a high resolution, and they included colored shapes likely related to Yutu 2's science instruments, further obscuring the material.
Yutu 2 made a number of approaches to the material to analyze it using the rover's Visible and Near-Infrared Spectrometer (VNIS), which detects light that is scattered or reflected off materials to reveal their makeup.
The small adjustments in orientation and roving tested the rover and its team, with the danger that Yutu 2 could fall into and become stuck in the crater. The movement of the sun across the sky also altered shadowing and affected results.
A second set of measurements, taken in August, was apparently more successful than the first, but results from VNIS have not been announced.
Yutu 2 has driven a total of 950 feet (289 m) across 10 lunar days. Yutu 2 and the Chang'e 4 lander power down to hibernate during the roughly two-week-long lunar nights, when temperatures can drop to as low as minus 310 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 190 degrees Celsius).
Sunrise over the landing site in Von Kármán Crater occurred Oct. 21; Yutu 2 will wake for Lunar Day 11 on Oct. 22, and the lander will do so about 24 hours later.
China geeft nieuwe foto vrij van mysterieuze gel op de maan. Bekijk ‘m hier
China geeft nieuwe foto vrij van mysterieuze gel op de maan. Bekijk ‘m hier
China heeft een nieuwe foto gepubliceerd van de vreemde gel-achtige substantie die rover Yutu-2 op de achterkant van de maan is tegengekomen.
Yutu-2 bevindt zich in het 2500 kilometer lange Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken, een inslagkrater, en is in januari dit jaar op de maan geland.
De rover stuitte op de vreemde gel nadat het wagentje een glimmend object had gespot.
Nieuwe foto
De gel heeft een opvallende vorm en kleur, waardoor de substantie afsteekt tegen de rest van het landschap.
De mysterieuze substantie bevindt zich middenin de krater.
In een poging het mysterie te ontrafelen, heeft het Chinese ruimtevaartagentschap een nieuwe foto van de substantie vrijgegeven waarop meer details te zien zijn.
Mogelijke verklaring
Eén mogelijke verklaring is dat de substantie een soort donker glas is dat zich tijdens de inslag van een asteroïde heeft gevormd.
Eenzelfde soort glas zou in 1972 door Apollo 17-astronauten zijn gevonden.
“De vorm van de fragmenten komt aardig overeen met die van andere materialen in het gebied,” zei Dan Moriarty van de NASA, die de foto heeft geanalyseerd.
Dichterbij
“Dit materiaal is verspreid door inslagen op het maanoppervlak, net als het bodemmateriaal in de omgeving,” zei hij.
Als de rover nog dichterbij kan komen, zou dit mysterie voor eens en voor altijd opgelost kunnen worden.
SPACE.com✔@SPACEdotcom
Here's What China's Yutu 2 Rover Found on the Far Side of the Moon (Photos) http://dlvr.it/RGjYlG
Former NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger recently shared that he has encountered quite a number of anomalies while staying at the International Space Station, prompting the theory that there is indeed alien life outside of Earth.
During a live interview, Linenger admitted that he encountered various anomalies or unexplained sightings during his five-month stay at the Space Station Mir. He revealed some of the bizarre things he saw at that time. ”Well I’m going to stick my neck out, but how many people think I saw a UFO when I was up there? Well I did, I saw things in the true sense of the word, unidentified flying objects – don’t take me out of context there – no aliens. But I saw stuff that made me call my crewmates over and say ‘what the heck is that?',” the astronaut said.
Linenger, a retired captain of the U.S. Navy Medical Corps and a former NASA astronaut, stayed at the Space Station Mir which operated from 1986 to 2001. The former astronaut was actually the first American to do a spacewalk from a foreign space station while wearing a non-American made spacesuit. Aside from Linenger, two other Russian astronauts also spent five months on the space station situated 50 million miles about Earth while orbiting the planet 2,000 times.
“We’d look and sometimes it was metallic, it was like a spoon if you were off in the distance and in the province of space good luck figuring out if it’s a really small object close-by, something floated out of the airlock,” he said.
Linenger admitted that it’s usually difficult to tell if something he saw in space is just nearby or somewhere far, making it doubly difficult to determine if he is seeing a legit UFO or just some kind of space junk.
“Is it something 100,000 miles away that’s the size of a big spacecraft? It’s very hard to distinguish that, usually it was something you could kind of explain, maybe an external tank or something like that. But you would see things and you go ‘wow, that’s cool – I don’t know what that was exactly, but it’s not a satellite’.”
The former astronaut admitted that amidst all his training, he would usually feel excited when he sees some odd objects from the Space Station. “You definitely, just like when you see something weird [on Earth], call everyone over like ‘I don’t care what you’re doing, get over here and take a look at this.”
It’s not all fun and excitement, however. The astronaut also shared how he and his colleagues faced some challenges while onboard the space station. The most severe happened when a fire broke out on the orbiting spacecraft and when systems controlling important functions such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and the station’s cooling mechanism malfunctioned.
The Hubble Space Telescope, the world's first space telescope which has revolutionized astronomy, as seen from the Space Shuttle Discovery
Wat is dat in vredesnaam? NASA-astronaut geschokt door wat hij in de ruimte zag
Wat is dat in vredesnaam? NASA-astronaut geschokt door wat hij in de ruimte zag
De gepensioneerde NASA-astronaut Jerry Linenger heeft onthuld dat hij in de ruimte meerdere keren vreemde dingen heeft gezien.
Linenger verbleef in 1997 in totaal 132 dagen aan boord van het Russische ruimtestation Mir.
In een recent interview met Bild vertelde hij wat hij gedurende die periode heeft gezien.
Zo vreemd
“Hoeveel mensen denken dat ik een UFO heb gezien toen ik daar was?” vroeg hij. “Nou, ik kan je vertellen dat ik ze heb gezien. Ik heb ongeïdentificeerde vliegende objecten gezien.”
Hij benadrukte dat dat niet per definitie betekent dat hij aliens heeft gezien.
“Maar ik zag wel dingen die zo vreemd waren dat ik mijn collega’s riep en vroeg wat het in vredesnaam was,” klonk het.
Heel lastig
Linenger maakte buiten Mir ruimtewandelingen met twee kosmonauten.
Meerdere keren zagen de bemanningsleden iets vreemds in de ruimte, maar ze konden niet vaststellen of het om een groot of een klein object ging.
De astronaut zei dat het heel lastig was om de afstand tot de objecten te schatten.
Geen satelliet
In sommige gevallen was het iets verklaarbaars, zoals een externe tank of iets dergelijks, maar in andere gevallen was het iets onbekends, aldus Linenger.
“Ik zag dingen en dacht bij mezelf ‘wauw, gaaf, ik weet niet wat dat was, maar het was in ieder geval geen satelliet’,” zei hij.
New Measurement of Hubble Constant Adds to Cosmic Mystery
New Measurement of Hubble Constant Adds to Cosmic Mystery
New measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe, led by astronomers at the University of California, Davis, add to a growing mystery: Estimates of a fundamental constant made with different methods keep giving different results.
“There’s a lot of excitement, a lot of mystification and from my point of view it’s a lot of fun,” said Chris Fassnacht, professor of physics at UC Davis and a member of the international SHARP/H0LICOW collaboration, which made the measurement using the W.M. Keck telescopes in Hawaii.
Images made with the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii show how light from two distant galaxies is distorted into multiple images. UC Davis astronomers have made a new estimate of the Hubble Constant, which describes the expansion of the universe, by observing these distorted images.
The Hubble constant describes the expansion of the universe, expressed in kilometers per second per megaparsec. It allows astronomers to figure out the size and age of the universe and the distances between objects.
Graduate student Geoff Chen, Fassnacht and colleagues looked at light from extremely distant galaxies that is distorted and split into multiple images by the lensing effect of galaxies (and their associated dark matter) between the source and Earth. By measuring the time delay for light to make its way by different routes through the foreground lens, the team could estimate the Hubble constant.
Using adaptive optics technology on the W.M. Keck telescopes in Hawaii, they arrived at an estimate of 76.8 kilometers per second per megaparsec. As a parsec is a bit over 30 trillion kilometers and a megaparsec is a million parsecs, that is an excruciatingly precise measurement. In 2017, the H0LICOW team published an estimate of 71.9, using the same method and data from the Hubble Space Telescope. Hints of new physics
The new SHARP/H0LICOW estimates are comparable to that by a team led by Adam Reiss of Johns Hopkins University, 74.03, using measurements of a set of variable stars called the Cepheids. But it’s quite a lot different from estimates of the Hubble constant from an entirely different technique based on the cosmic microwave background. That method, based on the afterglow of the Big Bang, gives a Hubble constant of 67.4, assuming the standard cosmological model of the universe is correct.
An estimate by Wendy Freedman and colleagues at the University of Chicago comes close to bridging the gap, with a Hubble constant of 69.8 based on the luminosity of distant red giant stars and supernovae.
A difference of 5 or 6 kilometers per second over a distance of over 30 million trillion kilometers might not seem like a lot, but it’s posing a challenge to astronomers. It might provide a hint to a possible new physics beyond the current understanding of our universe.
On the other hand, the discrepancy could be due to some unknown bias in the methods. Some scientists had expected that the differences would disappear as estimates got better, but the difference between the Hubble constant measured from distant objects and that derived from the cosmic microwave background seems to be getting more and more robust.
“More and more scientists believe there’s a real tension here,” Chen said. “If we try to come up with a theory, it has to explain everything at once.”
Additional authors on the paper are: Sherry Suyu, Inh Jee and Simona Vegetti, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany; Cristian Rusu, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo; James Chan, Vivien Bonvin, Martin Millon and Frederic Courbin, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Kenneth Wong and Alessandro Sonnenfeld, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, Tokyo; Matthew Auger, University of Cambridge, U.K.; Stefan Hilbert, Exzellenzcluster Universe, Garching, Germany; Simon Birrer, Xuheng Ding, Anowar Shajib and Tommaso Treu, UCLA; Leon Koopmans and John McKean, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; David Lagattuta, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, France; Aleksi Holkala, Tuusula, Finland; and Dominique Sluse, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
The work was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Contacts and sources:
Andy Fell
University of California – Davis
Citation:
A SHARP view of H0LiCOW: H0 from three time-delay gravitational lens systems with adaptive optics imaging Geoff C-F Chen, Christopher D Fassnacht, Sherry H Suyu, Cristian E Rusu, James H H Chan, Kenneth C Wong, Matthew W Auger, Stefan Hilbert, Vivien Bonvin, Simon Birrer, Martin Millon, Léon V E Koopmans, David J Lagattuta, John P McKean, Simona Vegetti, Frederic Courbin, Xuheng Ding, Aleksi Halkola, Inh Jee, Anowar J Shajib, Dominique Sluse, Alessandro Sonnenfeld, Tommaso Treu Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 490, Issue 2, December 2019, Pages 1743–1773,
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
