The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
24-04-2018
Change in ocean circulation bumped up CO2 levels in the atmosphere and helped end the last Ice Age
Change in ocean circulation bumped up CO2 levels in the atmosphere and helped end the last Ice Age
About 15,000 years ago, changes in ocean circulation caused the North Pacific Ocean to discharge copious amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, thereby warming the planet and sealing the end of the last Ice Age. The findings could prove highly important for managing and mitigating current climate change trends.
Credit: University of St Andrews.
Researchers studied the chemical composition of the fossilized shells of a type of plankton called foraminifera — some of the most abundant shelled organisms in many marine environments. This allowed British scientists at the University of St Andrews to reconstruct the exchange of CO2 between the North Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere. The analysis showed that around the end of the last Ice Age, the North Pacific released large amounts of CO2 during a time when the Atlantic ocean’s currents were rapidly changing.
The shift in ocean circulation not only explains the considerable release of CO2 by the North Pacific, which eventually helped end the Ice Age by warming the entire planet, but also the drop in oxygen levels in the Pacific Ocean seen at the time and first observed nearly two decades ago.
The findings have huge implications for climate research today. Just last week, scientists at the University College London reported that the Atlantic’s circulation is at its weakest point in 1,600 years, a trend that could disrupt weather patterns all the way from the United States to the African Sahel. The 15% slowdown, compared to peak circulation, is equivalent to three million cubic meters of water per second — water movement that is connected to fish stocks, industry and weather systems.
The link between ocean currents and very rapid changes in the climate, identified by the new study, gives us an example of just how intricately connected different parts of the climate system can be. In other words, “changes in circulation in one region can drive changes in CO2 and oxygen all the way over on the other side of the planet,” said Dr. Will Gray, lead author of the new study and a researcher at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews.
“The North Pacific Ocean is very big and just below the surface the waters are brimming with CO2; because of this, we really need to understand how this region can change in the future, and looking into the past is a good way to do that,” Gray added.
Co-author Dr. James Rae, also from the University of St Andrews, added: “Although the CO2 rise caused by this process was dramatic in geological terms, it happened very slowly compared to modern man-made CO2 rise. Humans have driven CO2 rise in the atmosphere as large as the CO2 rise that helped end the last Ice Age, but the man-made CO2 rise has happened 100 times faster. This will have a huge effect on the climate system, and one that we are only just beginning to see.”
Scientific reference: William R. Gray et al. Deglacial upwelling, productivity and CO2 outgassing in the North Pacific Ocean, Nature Geoscience (2018). DOI: 10.1038/s41561-018-0108-6.
Back in April 2017, Mysterious Universe reported on the discovery of a “lost city” near Arkansas City, Kansas. The ruins of the once thriving, fortified city of Etzanoa were discovered by Donald Blakeslee, an anthropologist at Wichita State University. Prior to finding any proof of the settlement, the academic community was largely in agreement that the city was a myth, an invention of the Spanish conquistadors who went looking for a city made of gold and concocted wild stories about a native town that stretched for miles. After discovering proof of Etzanoa, however, the “lost city” is now considered one of the largest native settlements in North America alongside the lost city of Cahokia, and it might prove to be the absolute largest. Donald Blakeslee believes that excavation of the site will continue for decades and will rewrite the history of early native settlers of the great plains. Since the initial discovery, development of the area as a historic tourist attraction and landmark has moved quickly: guided tours of parts of the ruins are now open to the public and plans are being drawn for site development, museum exhibitions, and more archaeological expeditions.
The city of Etzanoa was highly developed and big—at least five miles across. Blakeslee says that the approximately 20,000 inhabitants of Etzanoa possessed the infrastructure for processing “industrial quantities” of bison, likely spoke multiple languages, and traded at great distances. This, he says, shatters the “Hollywood image” of native people in the great plains. The ancestors of the Wichita who lived in this city—and, Blakeslee thinks, many other cities like it in the region—were an urban, industrious people, a far cry from the popular conception of the early indigenous peoples of North America
Blakeslee says that there is still much more to find, and the next dig is scheduled for June:
The archaeological community knows about this, and we have been getting help on equipment. This year, in June, we will be ground-truthing. Finding out what is there. You don’t know until you dig holes.
Artist’s depiction of Cahokia, the mound city previously thought to be the largest in North America.
According to Blakeslee, there’s a lot more holes to dig too. He says that while this project is starting in Arkansas City, there are a number of equally impressive lost cities to be found in the area:
There was one south of Winfield, another near Augusta, several in Rice County, McPherson County and Marion
The town of Arkansas City, Kansas was built nearly on top of the remains of Etzanoa. That’s one of the challenges facing the Etzanoa Conservancy Board as it strives to make the site a recognized landmark in the public mind. Hap McLeod, president of the Etzanoa Conservancy Board, says that a feasibility study is being conducted this summer and from there the board hopes to develop a five-year-plan of development that may include purchasing more land and developing a river walk and kayaking route so visitors can the stone artwork of the Etzanoans.
Arkansas City, KS, the location of Etzanoa, was a 19th century boom town.
For now, the guided tours being offered are limited in their scheduling and access, but that will soon change. Currently tours run on Saturdays, at the price of $10 per person and visit four of the major locations around town. In June the , Cherokee Strip Land Rush Museum will be opening an exhibit on Etzanoa and putting together a traveling exhibit that other museums and schools can request.
The site is quickly gaining national and international attention. McLeod says that the discovery has changed Arkansas City:
People are more aware of it. We have more tourism, but we are working to make this a national and world historic site.
Here’s hoping the board can strike the delicate balance between important archaeological site and tourist attraction.
Cattle mutilation is one of the more disturbing unexplained phenomena. For centuries, horrific, often unexplained injuries and deaths have plagued cattle and livestock around the world. Scores of animals have been found with organs surgically removed, drained of blood, skinned alive, or otherwise eviscerated and ripped to shreds. Stranger still, many exsanguinated animals are discovered without a single trace of blood surrounding them. Possible explanations for these mutilations range from dark rituals carried out by cults, attacks by unknown creatures, and good ol’ fashioned alien experimentation of course.
To throw more fuel onto the mystery fire, intelligence agencies like the FBI have been known to take an interest in these unexplained mutilations, sparking speculation that these livestock are the victims of some sort of clandestine weapons testing operation carried out by the CIA or Department of Energy. Why do it in public though? And what about some of the reports dating back centuries? To complicate some of the theories surrounding cattle mutilation further, an analysis of a 5,000 skull found in France has determined that this Stone Age skull may show signs of early attempts at brain surgery. Why was someone purposefully poking around in this cow’s skull?
Probably for the same reason anyone pokes around in any cow’s skull: to eat the delicious brains it contains, of course.
The study has been published in Scientific Reports under the title “Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery: from Cow to Man in the Neolithic.” Using photographs of the skull taken in an earlier analysis, researchers believe the hole in the cow’s skull did not result from being gored by another bull as was previously concluded, but instead from a deliberate surgical procedure. The analysis found that there were no abnormalities or symptoms of illnesses in the cow, meaning this surgery was unlikely to be carried out as an attempt at veterinary medicine.
Instead, the authors argue, the skull is likely evidence of surgical experimentation on an animal since “the injury derived from some form of surgical procedure typical of the trepanation process.” Trepanning is the somewhat pseudoscientific practice of boring holes in the skull in order to release evil spirits or treat various mental and physical issues. The practice is still used in clinical medicine to relieve intracranial pressure, but also in some pseudoscientific circles for unsubstantiated medical or mental benefit.
Lookin’ good, Gus. Keep drilling.
Could modern day livestock mutilations be the product of similar medical experimentation? Are amateur surgeons practicing strange non-clinical techniques on unfortunate animals? That wouldn’t explain all of the strangeness surrounding many cattle mutilations, and again, I keep coming back to the question of why someone would leave the remains in public. Any clandestine government institution would likely have their own research facilities and incinerators.
While this new study of an ancient mutilated cow skull might not answer any of the lingering questions left in the wake of centuries’ worth of animal mutilations, it shows that the phenomenon likely dates further back in human history than we think. See, mom? Perhaps playing with our food is an innately human desire after all.
Footage of strange lights in the skies above Phoenix has sparked conspiracy theories about the presence of UFOs and military experiments to control the weather.
It appears to show an unusual purple beam reaching down from the heavens accompanied by the presence of a craft darting through the night sky.
Theorists claim it is a combination of a top-secret mission to manipulate the climate, conducted by the US armed forces, combined with the presence of aliens.
Experts believe that the footage is merely a camera lens reflection or some other trick of the light.
The live stream was recorded above a mountain range outside the city of Phoenix, in Arizona, at 10:40pm on April 11.
A 360 degree video, which was uploaded to YouTube in recent days, which captured the incident has already accrued more than 27,000 hits.
It has left some viewers confused as to what's behind it, with users deliberating over what it could be.
One theorist believes the strange lights could be caused by 'chemtrails', or condensation trails from aircraft that proponents say contain chemical and biological compounds engineered for sinister purposes.
These range from claims about controlling the weather to, more alarmingly, poisoning people under flight paths in an effort to keep down population numbers.
One comment under the footage said: 'The air is highly charged with metal ions from the chemtrailing. The purple beams could be plasma discharge.
'Unbelievable captures of UFO craft, it looks like they want to put on a display for us.'
Not everyone agrees with these ominous otherworldly and government-based explanations, however.
Last week, the skies of Arizona were illuminated with an unusual purple beam (pictured) and bizarre light patterns. Seen on a live stream one viewer believes it to be proof of chemtrails and the government trying to manipulate the weather
Nick Pope, a former UFO investigator for the MOD, told MailOnline: 'This is an intriguing video, but without knowing more about the type of camera used to record the footage, and without undertaking a detailed technical analysis, it's difficult to be certain about what we're looking at.
'The purple flashes certainly look spectacular, but could be an artefact of the camera itself, or perhaps associated with storm activity, with the colour being attributable to a technical issue.
'As for the 'UFOs', they could simply be civil or military aircraft.
'Regarding the various conspiracy theories circulating about all this, chemtrails don't exist. They're simply vapour trails, and the theories about weather control or a slow poisoning of world populations are paranoid nonsense.'
Some viewers of the video appeared to disagree with these conclusions, however.
WHAT IS THE CHEMTRAILS CONSPIRACY THEORY?
Conspiracy theorists have claimed the long-lasting condensation trails, or contrails, left behind aircraft are evidence of a secret large-scale spraying program.
They call these imagined features 'chemtrails.'
Adherents of this conspiracy theory sometimes attribute this alleged spraying to the government and sometimes to industry.
The chemtrail theory states that the trails left by planes consist of chemical or biological agents.
Supporters of this idea believe chemtrails are deliberately left by the US government to control and modify the weather.
Researchers have previously conducted a survey of the world's leading atmospheric scientists, who categorically rejected the existence of a secret spraying program.
The survey results show that 76 of the 77 participating scientists said they had not encountered evidence of a secret program.
They agree that the alleged evidence cited by the individuals who believe that atmospheric spraying is occurring could be explained through other factors, such as typical airplane contrail formation and poor data sampling.
Writing on YouTube, another said: 'The purple beams may very well be part of the HAARP projects, which have the capacity to project all kinds of images on the skies and create insanely loud sounds.'
The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) project is a US military initiative, based in Alaska.
Designed and built by BAE Advance Technologies it aims to analyse the ionosphere - a portion of Earth's atmosphere that ranges from 37 miles (60 km) to 620 miles (1,000 km) above the planet's surface.
Defence officials say they hope to use the research to develop advanced technology.
In spite of this, some people believe it is a cover for the US to conduct nefarious activities.
To go with the claims of a huge US government secret mission to control the weather, people claim the footage also shows UFOs. The white light (pictured) travels from right to left behind the mountain range
The 'UFO' (pictured) was described by one viewer as 'unbelievable'. The anonymous user said it looked like the aliens were 'putting on a display for us'
Speaking to MailOnline, Nigel Watson, author of Haynes UFO Investigations Manual, added: 'All sorts of images are used to 'prove' that the HAARP facility is influencing the weather or doing other nasty things to our atmosphere.
'The purple streak is more likely a camera lens reflection and, for the timebeing, I think we are still safe from being attacked by little green men.'
While Mr Pope rejects the more far-fetched assertions about HAARP, he says he believes there could be some truth to claims of environmental tinkering by governments.
'Don't let's throw out the baby with the bathwater,' he added. 'Weather modification is real, and we see it, for example, with cloud seeding.'
'Is there research underway to do more? I'm sure there is.
'With hurricane season fast approaching, if it was possible to divert a major storm to keep it away from land, I'm sure people would be working on ways to do this. Such techniques could save thousands of lives.'
WHAT MAKES SOMEONE BELIEVE IN CONSPIRACY THEORIES?
Over the course of three online-based studies, researchers at the University of Kent showed strong links between the belief in conspiracy theories and certain psychological traits.
Narcissism and self-esteem levels have a large impact on a persons belief in conspiracy theories.
The results showed that people who rated highly on the narcissism scale and who had low self-esteem were more likely to be conspiracy believers.
However, while low self-esteem, narcissism and belief in conspiracies are strongly linked, it is not clear that one - or a combination - causes the other.
But it hints at an interesting new angle to the world of conspiracy and those who reinforce belief.
There are widely believed to be three main reasons as to why people believe in conspiracy theories.
The desire for understanding and certainty - Seeking explanations for events is a natural human desire.
The desire for control and security - Conspiracy theories can give their believers a sense of control and security.
The desire to maintain a positive self-image - People who feel socially marginalised are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories and it gives them a sense of worth in the UFO community.
These three things tie in with the previously stated qualities and combine to create an avid conspiracy theorist.
Zijn wij wel de eerste geavanceerde samenleving op aarde?
Zijn wij wel de eerste geavanceerde samenleving op aarde?
Caroline Kraaijvanger
En als dat niet zo is, kunnen we die eerdere samenleving dan opsporen?
Wij mensen vinden onszelf heel wat. We hebben in korte tijd de complete aarde gekoloniseerd en naar onze hand gezet. En bijna dagelijks worden er nieuwe technologieën ontwikkeld die ons nog meer grip geven op de aarde en zelfs ons eigen leven. We noemen onszelf intelligent en vinden onszelf heel bijzonder. Want op aarde is geen enkele soort die op ons lijkt. En ook buiten de aarde zijn we onze gelijke nog niet tegengekomen. En dan kun je geneigd zijn om onze soort als een soort kroon op een miljarden jaren durend proces van evolutie te zien. Maar is dat wel terecht? Die vraag stellen onderzoekers zich in een nieuw paper dat deze week is verschenen in het blad International Journal of Astrobiology.
Gedachte-experiment Wij mensen gaan er eigenlijk wel een beetje vanuit dat we de eerste geavanceerde, of industriële samenleving op aarde zijn. Maar hoe zeker kunnen we daarvan zijn, zo vragen professor Adam Frank, verbonden aan de universiteit van Rochester en Gavin Schmidt, directeur van het NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies zich in het paper af. Uiteindelijk keert al het leven op aarde – tezamen met zelfs haar grootste prestaties – immers terug tot stof. En zou het dan niet kunnen dat we gravend in gesteentelagen uit vroeger tijden zo’n industriële, misschien zelfs nog wel geavanceerdere beschaving dan de onze, over het hoofd zien? Het is een interessant gedachte-experiment – Frank en Schmidt denken niet echt dat er lang geleden een geavanceerde beschaving op aarde rondliep – dat onder meer kan helpen bij het vinden van buitenaards leven.
Hoe vaak ontstaat geavanceerd leven? Het is misschien wel één van de belangrijkste vragen binnen de wetenschap: zijn wij alleen? Of zijn er elders in het zonnestelsel en daarbuiten nog veel meer levende wezens te vinden? Menig onderzoeker houdt zich met die vraag bezig. En vaak ligt de focus daarbij op de zoektocht naar intelligent leven. Zo wordt er bijvoorbeeld actief gezocht naar radiosignalen afkomstig van buitenaards, intelligent leven (tot op heden zonder succes, overigens). “Eén van de belangrijkste vragen in het inschatten van de kans dat we zo’n beschaving vinden, is: hoe vaak ontstaat een industriële samenleving?” zo schrijven Frank en Schmidt. “Mensen zijn het enige voorbeeld dat we kennen en onze industriële samenleving heeft (tot op heden) grofweg nog maar 300 jaar standgehouden. Dat is maar een fractie van de tijd die we als soort bestaan en een fractie van de tijd waarin complexe levensvormen op het landoppervlak van de aarde voorkomen (vanaf ongeveer 400 miljoen jaar geleden). Die korte tijdspanne roept duidelijk de vraag op of dit al eens eerder kan zijn gebeurd.”
Van alle dinosaurussen die ooit op aarde hebben rondgelopen, hebben we er maar een paar duizend vrij compleet teruggevonden. Het geeft wel aan dat fossiele resten eigenlijk heel zeldzaam zijn.
Sporen Het paper draait ten diepste om de vraag welke sporen geavanceerde beschavingen achterlaten en of we die sporen kunnen terugvinden. Zullen toekomstige aardbewoners over tientallen miljoenen jaren fysieke resten van ons en onze bezigheden terugvinden in gesteentelagen uit onze tijd? Waarschijnlijk niet, zo stellen Frank en Schmidt. Allereerst is er de platentektoniek die de aarde voortdurend van een facelift voorziet en er onder meer in de oceanen voor zorgt dat er alleen piepjonge sedimenten (dat wil zeggen: jonger dan 170 miljoen jaar) worden bovengehaald. En ook op het land is het aardoppervlak aan verandering onderhevig; het oudste aardoppervlak dat tot op heden is teruggevonden is slechts 1,8 miljoen jaar oud. Natuurlijk zijn er op grotere diepte wel oudere sedimenten te vinden, maar hoe dieper je gaat, hoe meer die sedimenten – en alles wat daartussen te vinden was – zijn samengeperst. Wat ook niet helpt, is dat slechts een fractie van het leven op aarde fossiliseert en bewaard blijft. De kans dat door ons gemaakte objecten miljoenen jaren later terug worden gevonden, is eveneens klein. Direct bewijs voor ons bestaan hoeven de aardbewoners die over tientallen miljoenen jaren over onze planeet heersen dus niet te verwachten. Maar onze aanwezigheid kan over miljoenen jaren wellicht wel worden afgeleid uit het feit dat we ons klimaat veranderd hebben, zoveel vervuilende stoffen in het milieu hebben gebracht (van plastics tot steroïden) en met onze landbouwtechnieken een verandering op het gebied van erosie en sedimentatie hebben bewerkstelligd.
“JE WILT EEN MOOIE, GROOTSCHALIGE BESCHAVING HEBBEN DIE GEWELDIGE DINGEN DOET, MAAR DE PLANEET NIET TOT DINGEN DWINGT DIE GEVAARLIJK ZIJN VOOR DE BESCHAVING ZELF”
Paradox Ironisch genoeg zijn de activiteiten waarmee we ons over miljoenen jaren nog aan toekomstige aardbewoners kenbaar kunnen maken – het uitstoten van CO2, het dumpen van plastic en gebruik van steroïden – ook de activiteiten waarmee we ons vernietigen. Er doemt zo een interessante paradox op, zo schrijven de onderzoekers. “Hoe langer de menselijke beschaving standhoudt, hoe omvangrijker het signaal wordt dat deze achterlaat. Maar hoe langer een beschaving standhoudt, hoe duurzamer de activiteiten ervan moeten zijn, wil deze kunnen overleven. En hoe duurzamer een samenleving is (bijvoorbeeld op het gebied van energie-opwekking, productieprocessen of landbouw) hoe kleiner de voetafdruk op de rest van de planeet is. Maar hoe kleiner de voetafdruk, hoe kleiner ook het signaal dat in het geologische archief achterblijft.” Het signaal dat beschavingen achterlaten, wordt dus als het ware van nature begrensd. En daar kunnen we lering uittrekken, aldus Frank. “Je wilt een mooie, grootschalige beschaving hebben die geweldige dingen doet, maar de planeet niet tot dingen dwingt die gevaarlijk zijn voor de beschaving zelf. We moeten dan ook een manier vinden om energie te produceren en gebruiken die geen gevaar voor ons vormt.” Want we moeten ons niet vergissen: niet onze planeet, maar de mensheid staat op het spel. “Het draait niet om het redden van de aarde. Wat we ook met de planeet doen: we creëren niches voor de volgende cyclus in de evolutie. Maar als we op deze voet doorgaan en fossiele brandstoffen blijven gebruiken en de klimaatverandering die hierdoor ontstaat, negeren, kan het zijn dat wij mensen niet langer deel zullen uitmaken van de voortdurende evolutie op aarde.”
Geen bewijs Nu we weten welke sporen een geavanceerde samenleving als de onze achter kan laten, is het tijd om terug te blikken op de hoofdvraag: zijn wij de eerste geavanceerde samenleving op aarde? “Gavin en ik hebben geen bewijs gevonden voor een andere industriële beschaving,” stelt Frank. Wel stuitten ze in het geologische archief op signalen die zo op het eerste gezicht lijken op de signalen die onze beschaving achterlaat. Je moet dan bijvoorbeeld denken aan signalen uit het PETM (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum), een periode die gekenmerkt wordt door een significante opwarming van de aarde. Waar het PETM zich van het huidige tijdperk onderscheidt, is dat de opwarming ten tijde van het PETM veel langzamer ging en bovendien samenviel met enorme vulkaanuitbarstingen. En dus lijkt dat signaal niet te verklaren te zijn door een CO2-uitstotende beschaving, maar eerder door natuurlijke omstandigheden.
Afbeelding: University of Rochester illustration / Michael Osadciw.
Strikt genomen valt echter niet uit te sluiten dat de aarde vóór wij er waren nooit een industriële samenleving heeft gekend. Met name als zo’n beschaving maar kortdurend industrieel actief is geweest, kunnen we de signalen die deze achter heeft gelaten, gemakkelijk over het hoofd zien, zo schrijven de onderzoekers in hun paper.
Het opsporen van een geavanceerde beschaving die misschien nog wel voor de dino’s de dienst uitmaakte, was een leuke bonus geweest. Maar het was zeker niet het hoofddoel van de onderzoekers die dit paper schreven (sterker nog: ze geloven helemaal niet dat die er is geweest). Hun belangrijkste doel was om mensen aan het denken te zetten en de manier waarop we over de geschiedenis en toekomst van onze eigen beschaving en nog te ontdekken andere beschavingen denken, te veranderen. Het ontstaan van die beschavingen is niet het begin, net zoals het ten onder gaan van die beschavingen niet het einde is. Het is meer een cadans, waarbij de ondergang van de ene beschaving de start van de volgende kan inluiden. En als we helder krijgen hoe we die cadans in het geologisch archief kunnen opsporen, kunnen we daar in de nabije toekomst ook op andere planeten ons voordeel mee doen. “We weten dat Mars in zijn jonge jaren – en misschien Venus ook wel – veel leefbaarder was dan deze planeet nu is en het is aannemelijk dat we op een dag ook daar door de geologische sedimenten boren,” stelt Schmidt. “En dit helpt ons om na te denken over waar we dan naar moeten zoeken.”
IN 1947, A HIGH-ALTITUDE BALLOON CRASH LANDED IN ROSWELL. THE ALIENS NEVER LEFT
IN 1947, A HIGH-ALTITUDE BALLOON CRASH LANDED IN ROSWELL. THE ALIENS NEVER LEFT
But we’re getting ahead of ourselves.
Let’s start closer to the beginning. On June 14, 1947, a rancher named W.W. “Mac” Brazel and his son Vernon were driving across their ranchland some 80 miles northwest of Roswell when they encountered something they’d never seen before. It was, in Brazel’s words, “a large area of bright wreckage made up of rubber strips, tinfoil, and rather tough paper, and sticks.”
The metallic-looking, lightweight fabric was scattered, shredded across the gravel and sagebrush of the New Mexico desert. Brazel didn’t know what to do with the newfound items, or how they had landed on the property, so on July 4 he collected all of the mysterious wreckage he could find. On July 7, he drove it all to Roswell, delivering the goods to Sheriff George Wilcox.
Wilcox, too, was confounded.
Seeking answers, he contacted Colonel “Butch” Blanchard, commander of the Roswell Army Airfield’s 509th Composite Group, located just outside of town. Blanchard was stymied. Working his way up the chain of command, he decided to contact his superior, General Roger W. Ramey, commander of the 8th Air Force in Fort Worth, Texas.
Blanchard also sent Major Jesse Marcel, an intelligence officer from the base, to investigate more thoroughly. Accompanied by the sheriff and Brazel, Marcel returned to the site and collected all of the “wreckage.” As they tried to ascertain what the materials were, Marcel chose to make a public statement. On July 8, Marcel’s comments ran in the local afternoon newspaper, the Roswell Daily Record, alongside a headline stating “RAAF Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in Roswell.”
The body of the story contained a dramatic, memorable sentence: “The intelligence office of the 509th Bombardment Group at Roswell Army Air Field announced at noon today, that the field has come into the possession of a Flying Saucer.”
“Apparently, it was better from the Air Force’s perspective that there was a crashed ‘alien’ spacecraft out there than to tell the truth,” says Roger Launius, the recently-retired curator of space history at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
“A flying saucer was easier to admit than Project Mogul,” Launius adds, a chuckle in his voice. “And with that, we were off to the races.”
It was after the close of World War II, a time when nuclear weapons cast a long shadow. Truth-telling was not a priority, and there were remarkably unusual events underscoring the situation at hand.
Everywhere you looked in 1947, the global, social and political chessboard was being re-divided. The Soviet Union began to claim eastern European nations for itself in a new post-war vacuum. Voice of America started broadcasting in Russian to the eastern bloc, peddling the principles of American democracy. The U.S. sent V2 rockets carrying payloads of corn seeds and fruit flies into outer space. The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists set the “Doomsday Clock” ticking, and the Marshall Plan was in the making to rebuild war-torn Europe. Small wonder that in the heat of summer that year, flying saucers became all the rage.
On June 21, Navy Seaman Harold Dahl claimed to have seen six unidentified flying objects in the sky near Maury Island in Washington state’s Puget Sound. The next morning, Dahl said he was sought out and debriefed by “men in black.”
“UFOs are exactly that. They’re unidentified objects seen in the air. But that’s not extraterrestrials,” says the Smithsonian’s Roger Launius.
(Wikimedia Commons/Stefan-Xp)
Three days after the Dahl sighting, an amateur pilot named Kenneth Arnold said he had spotted a flying saucer in the sky by Mount Rainer, Washington.
“UFOs aren’t unusual,” Launius says. “They’re simply unidentified things you see in the sky. We’ve all probably seen them. And, if you look long enough, you’ll probably eventually figure out what it is you’re looking at. It’s not extraterrestrials.”
By the end of 1947, mass hysteria had seized the global mindset, with more than 300 alleged “flying saucer” sightings in the last six months of that year alone.
“Not that there was ever any credible evidence to support the sightings,” Launius adds.
By early July 1947, Brazel had heard tales of flying saucers in the Pacific Northwest. These sightings spurred him to show his discovery to the authorities, but just one day after the Air Force announced it had come into possession of a flying saucer, Roswell’s morning newspaper debunked the story.
A published statement from the War Department in Washington claimed the debris collected on Brazel’s ranch was the remains of a weather balloon, and the Roswell Dispatch’s morning headline, “Army Debunks Roswell Flying Disc as World Simmers with Excitement,” set the tale to rest on July 9.
“But we need to back it up, here,” says Launius. “What was really going on was something called Project Mogul.”
Roswell is home to the International UFO Museum and Research Center.
(Wikimedia Commons/mr_t_77)
In this classified program, the U.S. government launched high-altitude balloons into the ionosphere, hoping to monitor Russian nuclear tests. “The Russians wouldn’t get a nuclear weapon until 1949,” Launius adds. “But we didn’t know that in 1947.”
And, Launius adds, thanks to the new, horrifyingly powerful weapon and a changing geopolitical landscape, it was a time of paranoia.
Still, if the rumor of extraterrestrial visitors had been put to rest by the government, it didn’t die as easily in the public mind.
“But that was it, really,” says Launius. “The debate was over. It was to be the end of speculation. According to the government, the matter was closed. The debris was from a weather balloon.”
Of course, though, that wasn’t the end.
There would be a 1948 report from the government about what was now being called the “Roswell Incident.” In 1950, Frank Scully, a reporter for Variety, wrote Behind the Flying Saucers, a book that detailed alien encounters from the Pacific Northwest to the towns of Aztec and Farmington, New Mexico, where aliens were now said to be landing their aircrafts in people’s backyards.
By then, enthusiasm for flying saucers had spread everywhere from Belgium to Russia and Japan. A rumor that had started as a convenient lie for the Air Force had become a distraction to the U.S. government, which was now deep into its nuclear weapons monitoring projects. “But there was no way the Air Force was going to admit what it was doing,” Launius says.
The idea of visitors from space has long been mass marketed in books, television and popular items for children. (NMAH)
Project Mogul was conducted out of Washington, D.C. and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, with some high-altitude balloon launches taking place in the high desert near the state’s border with Texas.
Typically, a Project Mogul balloon sent into high altitude stretched 657 feet from tip to tail, 102 feet taller than the Washington Monument and twice as tall as the Statue of Liberty.
As balloons rode on the upper jet stream toward Russia, a long tail equipped with different types of sensing and listening devices trailed behind.
“But, obviously, something happened to this one balloon,” Launius says. “It came back to Earth and probably was spread across a wide area.”
Although much of the documentation about Project Mogul has now been declassified, Launius says that civilian access to information failed to stop the lure of extraterrestrial life.
Because the U.S. government was now in a frenzy of nuclear testing—both in the South Pacific and, later, at the Nevada Test Site—the hermetic silence around classified government programs left a certain segment of citizens suspicious. The UFO sightings continued.
“Then we get to the late 1970s and early 1980s,” Launius says. “And that period saw a real spike in extraterrestrial interest, from movies to books and other things.”
“Then we get to the late 1970s and early 1980s,” says Roger Launius says. “And that period saw a real spike in extraterrestrial interest, from movies to books and other things.” (Poster, Takeda Cosmetics for Men, 1974, Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum)
Movies such as Star Wars, Close Encounters of the Third Kind and ET, plus dozens of books on the subject, brought aliens to the forefront of the public mindset once again.
“By that time,” Launius says, “people’s imaginations had gotten the best of them.”
Suddenly, there were rumors of regular extraterrestrial life on Earth, not to mention crashed spaceships. There were now stories of two alien ships crashing in New Mexico in June 1947, scattering their contents and tiny green crewmen across the landscape. Before long, any secret government property—from nuclear sites to engineering locations—was suspected to house deceased or imprisoned aliens.
Movies such as Star Wars,Close Encounters of the Third Kind and ET, plus dozens of books on the subject, brought aliens to the forefront of the public mindset.
(Poster, Oshkosh B’gosh, Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum)
This was most evident at Area 51, an off-limits airstrip and aircraft engineering and development facility inside the Nevada Test Site, about 90 minutes north of Las Vegas. It was rumored that aliens from the Roswell spacecraft and other crashed ships were either being autopsied or slid into cylindrical glass tanks containing gel-like preservatives.
The government wasn’t helping to quell speculation, either. At their most secretive sites, they posted large, unambiguous “No Trespassing” signs, often with a reminder to those who entered illegally: “Use of Deadly Force Authorized.”
And the alien hysteria had gotten even wackier. By the early 1990s, with scant evidence to support it, a global UFO and extraterrestrial industry had come into existence. There were more movies. More books. More newspaper and magazine stories, more television news segments and shows focused on visitors from space.
In Roswell, the populace had been cashing in on the alien craze for some time. The town was home to the International UFO Museum and Research Center, and even a local Wal-Mart got into the spirit, decorating its walls and front windows with green-skinned, large-headed aliens. Roswell’s civic seal sports an artist rendering of an alien, and the exterior of the local McDonald’s in town has enough spacecraft-based accessories to look like a ship preparing to take off for some distant galaxy. Along the town’s Main Street, toy aliens, flying saucers and other extraterrestrial ephemera are sold in local shops.
Roger Launius has served as the chief historian of NASA and sat on several investigative panels discussing what might exist beyond Earth, but he seems more amused by the 70 years of hysteria surrounding the “Roswell Incident” than anything else.
“Well, all I really know,” he says, “is that UFOs are exactly that. They’re unidentified objects seen in the air. But that’s not extraterrestrials.”
If Humanity Discovered That Earth Would Be Destroyed In 400 years, What Would Be Humanity’s Response?
If Humanity Discovered That Earth Would Be Destroyed In 400 years, What Would Be Humanity’s Response?
Oh, Snap…
A rogue planet ejected from its home solar system billions of years ago has wandered through interstellar space until it crossed our solar system’s gravity well. This slight trajectory deflection has put it on a direct path for impact with Earth. Scientists detected havoc in the Oort cloud out past Pluto. The Oort cloud is in chaos. Using our best minds and observatories we determined that the object is in the magnitude in size of Jupiter. Since it is travelling at a relativistic speed we have 400 years until Earth is no more.
Would the world band together and try to figure out a way to save humanity or would it be too far away and we would just let future generations figure out the solution?
The first astronomers to detect the upcoming event might not even recognize the danger. Anything that will take 400 years to hit us will be passing through a variety of gravitational fields and will be aiming at a location that might seemingly have nothing to do with Earth.
But at some point, someone would run the numbers and discover that yes indeed, we were facing the possibility of a celestial collision. At this point, they would only be thinking in terms of probabilities and not certainties. But after they shared their findings with other astronomers, gradually a general consensus would form, that the celestial body did not represent a mere possibility of colliding with Earth, but that it almost certainly would.
By this time, the astronomers had made no attempt to hide their work so far, the news would have already hit the Internet. But very few lay people would be able to follow the math, so there might be a series of confused news articles talking about something hitting something else someday.
But gradually the articles would gain coherence, the Wikipedia entry would become clearer and more persuasive. Counter-arguments and competing mathematics would be discredited, and a general sense of disturbance would begin to spread through the planet.
The governments of the world, while saying nothing publicly, would have long-since been in communication with the astronomers, and done their own verification of the science. In addition, they would have analyzed the possible effects of an impact, the probable number of deaths, the time it might take for human civilization and economies to recover. They would have considered the options of attempting somehow to divert the oncoming celestial body, the size of the required explosion, the mass and trajectory of debris, and other details. Finally, they would reach the inescapable conclusion that the impact could not be prevented and that the destruction would be too great for any kind of recovery. In 400 years the planet would be totally destroyed, with no hope that any life would survive.
During these considerations, NASA would for several months already have been calculating the possibility of resettling a portion of humanity onto another planetary body in the solar system. They would estimate the likelihood that the destruction of Earth would affect the orbits of other planets, or that debris from the impact might fly into any prospective resettlement area.
Official government spokespeople would have no comment yet. If asked, they would simply reply that they didn’t want to “get ahead of the science,” and that “so far, nothing is known for certain.” But they’d affirm that they’d have more to say when the scientific questions had been better understood.
At this point, only a very small minority of people would be expressing any sort of outrage at their government’s silence, or at the existence of the threat itself. Those people would be quite vocal, but the Internet buzz and radio talk-show hosts would always say something along the lines of, “even if it’s real, it’s 400 years in the future. Relax.” And that would echo the sentiments of many Americans, if not people throughout the world.
Eventually, the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union would make a joint announcement. The leaders of those nations, speaking together at the United Nations building in New York City, would announce a plan to create a series of large-scale, self-sufficient settlements on several planets and moons throughout the solar system. The impending threat against the Earth would not be mentioned. When asked if there was a connection between the colonial project and the threat of destruction, the reply would be that this project was a normal outgrowth of the space programs of all developed nations, and should be welcomed as a sign of ongoing human progress.
Gradually, budgeting for the various components of the colonial enterprise would be established. Research would proceed on a number of fronts, including the construction of space elevators along the equator, habitats capable of transporting large numbers of people across interplanetary distances, and larger habitats capable of maintaining those people indefinitely at specific locations throughout the solar system. There would also be a new focus on asteroid mining and bulk transportation of non-living cargo between planets. As reported in the news, each colony would need a permanent source of raw materials, ongoing protection of necessary atmospheric conditions, and a long-term effort to transform each colonial planet and moon into an Earth-like body with appropriate atmospheric and ecological conditions. Those terraforming efforts, however, would be acknowledged to require thousands of years, and would not be a major part of the requirements for the initial set of colonial outposts.
The first colonies would be established on Mars. Many lives would be lost in those initial efforts. But the governments of the world would praise those who sacrificed their lives and would redouble the effort to address the remaining technical problems. The colonial projects would go forward, government spokespeople would say, in spite of any obstacles.
After Mars, Jupiter would also be home to many colonies, in the form of orbiting stations. These stations would have a modular construction so that they could be continually expanded. Over the next hundred years, a ring of such constructions would gradually form around the planet, syphoning its material needs largely from Jupiter’s gaseous atmosphere. The water of Ganymede and the Earth itself would begin to be harvested for use by all colonial projects.
The first wave of colonists would be highly trained specialists, capable of building the colonial infrastructure and then setting up the requirements of actual habitation.
The next wave, however, would be taken from the impoverished countries of the world. In exchange for risking their lives, they would be given commercial opportunities in the new colonies. Like the early Martian colonies, many participants in this second wave would perish as well, until each colony was securely established and tested under proper load.
The third wave would consist of the populations of wealthy nations. Tens of millions of people would migrate to thriving economies ready to receive them. The occasional atmospheric accident would be hushed up as quietly as possible. But the governments of the world would provide whatever incentives were necessary in order to keep up migration rates.
Eventually, after half the world’s population had been resettled, the governments would acknowledge publicly for the first time that within another 200 years the planet would be destroyed by a celestial collision. They would put forward the colonies as a perfectly reasonable option and offer further economic incentives for people to migrate. They would also impose new laws restricting childbirth on Earth. Later, the restrictions would be tightened until all new Earth-based pregnancies were outlawed. An underclass of undocumented natives would spring up, living largely off the grid, and difficult to gather into the migratory waves.
By now the government officials would all have migrated to the colonies themselves, remotely overseeing a set of small, isolated, local governments on Earth. Among the off-world governments, there would be ongoing negotiations, attempting to unite them all into one; but these would be slow and unpromising, given religious, tribal, and political histories on Earth. But the United Nations would be quite strong and would play a large role in ongoing decision-making for the colonies as well as for the remaining local governments on Earth.
By the time of the destruction, only a few hundred million people would remain on Earth. The impact would be streamed live to viewers in every colony. Everyone, everywhere, would feel the loss as a tragic event; and would feel the uncertainty of their own future. How could these little colonies, these little bubbles of air, with no history, ever hope to have a future? And this uncertainty would become an inspiration to young people that would rally an inventiveness and resourcefulness throughout the colonies, and would lead them to make great leaps of technological advancement and to overcome the remaining obstacles to humanity’s continued survival.
US Government Accidentally Posts Records on “Psycho-Electronic Weapons” And “Remote Mind Control”
US Government Accidentally Posts Records on “Psycho-Electronic Weapons” And “Remote Mind Control”
Is this that moment when a Conspiracy theory turns into reality?
According to reports, documents detailing Psycho-Electronic Weapons” and “Remote Mind Control” were accidentally sent to a journalist.
It’s not a secret that various US government agencies keep all kinds of secrets, but only a true conspiracy theorist would suspect that “psycho-electronic weapons” is one of them.
The info was revealed in ‘secret’ documents sent “by accident” to MuckRock, a news agency that specializes in processing Freedom of Information requests (FOIA), a law that gives citizens the right to access federal government information.
It all started when journalist Curtis Waltman wrote to the Washington State Fusion Center (WSFC)—a state security agency responsible for processing data on terrorism and extremis—requesting information about Antifa (the anti-fascist movement) and white supremacist groups.
While he got the documents he was looking for; he also received a strange zip file entitled “EM Effects on the human body.”
Once he extracted the files, he found the following intel:
The documents sent by accident apparently mention telepathy, dream control, hallucinations, remote mind control, and remote mapping of the brain.
The documents, which were apparently sent by accident offer a number of illustrations that show different devices and techniques that aim to manipulate the human mind. The file also features details about weapons that use electromagnetic force to induce intense pain in certain individuals.
Some of the images from the zip file appear to be part of an article published in 1992 in the Australian magazine Nexus, which speaks of a lawsuit by a John St. Clair Akewi against the NSA (National Security Agency).
Aweki claimed that the NSA had “the ability to covertly murder US citizens and conduct psychological control operations to cause certain individuals to be diagnosed as insane.”
What a conspiracy right?
The news magazine focuses on inexplicable facts, conspiracy theories, alternative medicine and other topics.
The documents refer to a number of devices suitable for remote mind control, including cell phones.
According to the editors of the magazine, they tried to cover the case in 1996 but did not manage to provide the protagonist with more details:
“We called Mr. Akewi to follow up on the development of his demand, but he told us firmly and kindly that he could not talk about anything that had to do with the case over the phone and hung up.”
It is widely accepted that the USA and other world powers have experimented with the range of possibilities offered by mind control, but the documents leaked here do not seem official.
However, they are another overwhelming proof of the great interest of the US government in the powers of the mind and their use as a tool for geopolitical and militaristic purposes.
Waltman has said he has no idea why that compressed file was included in what was sent to him.
According to reports, the WSFC has yet to respond on the matter.
As noted by Muckrock, it remains a mystery as to why or how the documents were sent to them: “It could have been meant for another release, it could have been gathered for an upcoming WSFC report, or it could even be from the personal files of an intelligence officer that somehow got mixed up in the release.”
Let’s get a few things out of the way right up front. The Exploding Ants would be a great name for a band. The Suicidal Exploding Ants would be even better. A collection of exploding ants in one of those plastic ant farms would provide some people with hours of sadistic fun, even if they’re not using recreational mood enhancers. And, for those who are wondering, exploding ants are real but exceedingly rare creatures and researchers in Borneo have just discovered a new species of them living in treetops. Depending on how big they are, the people of Borneo probably appreciate them staying up there.
According to a new study published in ZooKeys,Colobopsis explodens is the latest entry on the list of 15 known species of exploding ants, which were first discovered in 1916, live (and apparently die violently) mainly in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, and haven’t added a new name to the species catalogue since 1935. That changed recently when researchers from the Natural History Museum Vienna, Technical University Vienna and other institutions traveled to Borneo, Thailand, and Malaysia to survey ants. (How did they explain to their parents that their goal in life was to climb trees in jungles to count ants? Asking for a friend.)
One, two, three … is that one big ant or two mating?
What they found high in the trees were bloated ants which, when confronted with dangers like predators or scientists, self-erupted and sprayed a sticky yellow and highly toxic goo everywhere as their final dying act for the ant collective. Myrmecologists (people who study ants) have a less descriptive name for this suicidal behavior – autothysis – and report seeing it in a few species of termites, but nothing like the horror movie plot-ish display these ants put on in Borneo.
The team confirmed that not all of the ants had the ability to become tiny suicide bombers, finding that only a minor class of workers were exploders. They’re born with large, poison-filled glands and extra-strong abdominal muscles that contract under stress, bursting the glands to release the poison … killing the brave exploding ant (although the whole action is probably reflexive and involuntary) and either killing the predator or wounding it enough that in never visits that treetop again. The chemical in the sticky goo is an irritant and corrosive – entangling, immobilizing and painfully torturing the invader. Is this going to make a great movie or what? (A short documentary video on the exploding ants can be seen here.)
Which ones are the exploders?
If that’s not enough, the other castes in the colony have their own non-exploding quirks. There are so-called “doorkeepers” which have huge heads that they use to block the entrance to the ant nest. For the first time ever, the researchers witnessed a male and female ant mating in flight – yes, they can fly too and do it while airborne, putting them in an ant version of the mile high club. And, because no other species want to mess with them, they feast on whatever they want, including fruit, other insects and fish.
Now, all we need is for some of these Colobopsis explodens to be exposed to a high level of radiation – maybe a disabled space station loaded with toxic fuel crashes in the jungle – and we’ve got a reason for them to grow to monstrous sizes and destroy entire cities until a character played by Chris Pratt figures out how to build a giant magnifying glass to fry them into extinction. Revenge of the Ant Farm – coming soon to a theater near you.
The search for life on other planets is intensifying. A field that was dismissed as fringe science two decades ago is now closing in from different angles on the question of extraterrestrial life.
If past or present microbial life is discovered in our solar system, it will mean life is the rule, not the exception in the universe. And if it is the rule, then extra-terrestrial ‘intelligent life’ undoubtedly exists in our galaxy. But what is intelligent life?
Clearly intelligent beings could only communicate with other intelligent beings. Therefore, as long as humankind continues fragmenting the earth and dividing ourselves, we¹ll continue to be cut off from the universe.
There are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way. Astronomers have found nearly 4000 planets circling other stars in our galaxy. Most of them are gas giants like Jupiter in strange orbits around their suns, but a few rocky planets in ‘habitable zones,’ possible water worlds like earth, have also been detected.
Astronomers are sure that many earth-like planets exist. As Dr. Lawrence Doyle of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI) says, soon “we will know whether there are potentially habitable planets around hundreds of thousands of stars.”
It’s not a case of if but when earth-like planets will be discovered. Of course that doesn’t mean we¹ll have a long distance chat with another species. Many scientists believe technological civilizations are like “fireflies blinking on and off in the night,” since, given the unimaginable distances and time involved, civilizations may have to last for tens of millions of years to overlap. If so, the chance of discovery, much less communication, is small.
I submit that intelligent life is more important in the universe than fireflies blinking on and off. I define intelligent life as a self-knowing, scientific/technological species in basic harmony with its planet. Obviously, Homo sapiens doesn’t qualify.
Given these premises, probably no communication could occur until humans stop causing the mass extinction of fellow creatures on earth. As with people, it can become too late for a potentially intelligent species to change course. Is Homo sapiens approaching a point of no return?
Technology, time and space are not the prime factors in the equation I feel. When a potentially intelligent species makes the transition from increasingly destructive to basically harmonious, communication with like-minded beings is then not only possible in ways we cannot imagine, but probably a natural outcome, since cosmic consciousness is one.
Is there a universal set of laws that govern the evolution, crisis and transition of creatures like us, with the power to manipulate life on their planets?
I feel so, that all creatures possessing symbolic thought pass through, to some degree, the same self-made crisis we humans are now excruciatingly experiencing on earth. (It’s unclear at this point whether Homo sapiens will make the grade.)
I propose that given the right conditions and enough time, thought-bearing creatures evolve on water worlds like earth. Furthermore, given the separative nature of ‘higher thought,’ science and technology generates increasing division and fragmentation everywhere conscious thought emerges, until and unless sufficient insight is awakened to supersede thought-consciousness.
If so, it is only a question of when, and whether they undergo a revolution in consciousness. One thing is clear: without a revolution in consciousness, psychological fragmentation in sentient creatures results in the destruction of their planets for potentially intelligent life. It’s perverse to take comfort in the idea that another intelligent species could arise.
If a sentient species successfully makes the transition, they continue to develop scientifically and technologically, but in harmony with the natural world. In other words, intelligence keeps thought in its rightful place. Contact and communion may then be established with other beings that have also passed through their crisis of symbolic thought and changed course.
There is no perfection or utopia anywhere in the universe. But instead of thought-bearing creatures merging with their thought machines, and heading ever more rapidly in the direction of fragmentation and darkness, we can grow into beings with the insight and understanding to use science and technology wisely. But only if we cease putting science, technology and thought first.
Abstract:Aerospace trade publications, visual reports and personal interviews with test pilots and engineers confirm the existence of multiple highly classified aerospace vehicles. These include boomerangs, black triangles, diamonds, arrowheads, and Spaceplanes/Trans Atmospheric Vehicles (TAVs). Funded by the so-called “black budget,” many of these programs are exempt from congressional oversight and public scrutiny. Developed along the famous “aerospace alley” region of southern California, many of these USAPs represent America’s super-secret “ace in the hole,” and provide a unique “power projection” capability for multiple military and intelligence agencies. Companies such as Lockheed, Rockwell, Northrop, McDonnell Douglas and Boeing made tremendous advancements during the “Reagan build-up” era, and many of these programs have now passed their “sunset” duration of deployment. Therefore, it’s now time for a re-examination of these programs and a renewed push for the “dis-lodging” of those that can be declassified without representing any threat to the national security of the United States.
Blackstar: The two-stage-to-orbit Spaceplane
During the 1980s, Soviet-era aerospace companies developed plans for what they called a “space fighter.” The primary roles for this spaceplane concept were the following: military reconnaissance, satellite interception, space station defense, and crew transfer applications. This full-scale development program fell under the jurisdiction of what came to be known as the Russian Kosmolyot I and II project. Upon getting word of these advancements in Russian aerospace technology, White House, and Pentagon officials became “deeply concerned” that America would lose the advantage in developing an operational spaceplane. Therefore, on December 1, 1985, American efforts to develop a two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane appear to have shifted into high gear, and oversight command for this program was transferred from the Department of Defense to a joint venture composed of the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Reconnaissance Office (CIA/NRO). The new code-name for this project was called “COSMIC WIND,” which was later renamed “Blackstar.” Through the tremendous efforts of former Aviation Week and Space Technology editor William Scott, a clear picture of this historically significant program has now emerged.
Approximately one month after the official go-ahead for this program the space shuttle Challenger exploded 72 seconds after launch on January 28, 1986. Since at least 70% of all payloads associated with the NASA shuttle program were classified DOD/intelligence agency applications, the Department of Defense/CIA/NRO lost what it termed its “assured access to space.” Not wanting to interrupt their schedule of launching highly classified satellites, the United States Air Force, CIA and the National Reconnaissance Office were now forced to rely on Titan booster rockets. However, there were multiple Titan rocket failures during the mid-1986 time-frame, and the “spook groups” found themselves “out of business.” The loss of these two space assets provided further emphasis and urgency for America to accelerate its plans to develop an operational spaceplane.
The derelict and dilapidated remains of the A-12 Avenger II mock-up outside at the Fort Worth Aviation Museum. Is this really all that American taxpayers received for their $5 Billion investment? (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Frantic to maintain its control of the “high ground,” a desperate call went out to various aerospace defense contractors who could quickly design, build and test fly a two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane system. These included Lockheed, Rockwell, McDonnell Douglas, and Boeing. A significant majority of these contractors (except for Boeing in Seattle) had locations within what has been termed “aerospace alley” which extends from San Diego, north to Los Angeles, continuing to Lancaster/Palmdale/Air Force Plant 42, and concluding at Edwards AFB. As with most “Unacknowledged Special Access Programs” (USAPs), funding for the Blackstar program was covertly spread out over multiple projects including the ill-fated US Navy A-12 Avenger II, and the X-30 NASP (National Aerospace Plane). This wouldn’t be the first time that highly compartmented so-called “black” programs were used as a “sacrificial lamb” to cover the funding of even more highly classified projects. Many of these super-secret programs are referred to in the military/intelligence agencies as: “ace in the hole” or “trump card” technology. They are also referred to as “silver bullets.” Under extreme pressure, and on a tight schedule, the Lockheed Company in Burbank may have taken the leading role in designing a small spaceplane, and “farmed out” much of the construction/manufacturing to McDonnell Douglas in St. Louis.
The “Blackstar” system consisted of two separate components which operated as a single integrated unit: 1) a large “mothership” or carrier aircraft measuring approximately 200 feet in length. 2) a smaller “parasitic” aircraft/orbiter which could fit conformally under the belly of the mothership, and air-dropped at altitudes up to 90,000 feet. Flight testing of the Blackstar program appears to have started in 1989, and by October of the same year, the Blackstar program had flown its first operational mission. Four large carrier “Mothership” aircraft may have been produced, with eight spaceplane/orbiters possibly being built. The program was based out of Area 51/Groom Lake, utilizing the “old CIA A-12 hangers”, including and two new massive hangers that were three times larger than their historic neighbors. During flight testing and operational missions, ground controllers at Groom Lake carried the call sign “EARTH” when communicating with the spaceplane. Other bases of operation may include Alaska or Patrick AFB in Florida.
Three view drawing of large SR-3 “Mothership” with smaller XOV spaceplane below. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The massive mothership was referred to the “SR-3”, aka “elegant lady,” while the smaller spaceplane was designated “XOV” (Experimental Orbital Vehicle) or “Speedy.” Early in the program under the “COSMIC WIND” code-name, the large carrier aircraft was referred to as the “MAV” (Manned Aerial Vehicle), while the smaller spaceplane was designated the “AAV” (Advanced Aerial Vehicle). Resembling the 1960’s era North American Aviation XB-70 Valkyrie, the SR-3 was certainly an imposing sight to behold. Eyewitnesses who were fortunate enough to see this aircraft during the daytime described it as being “huge” or “giant.” Others simply called it the “Super Valkyrie.” Indeed, as reported by at least two former North American Aviation test pilots, the technology existed in the 1950s to develop a two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane system. With the advantage of 30 years of additional technological developments, and almost unlimited access to black budget funding, its well within the capability of the America aerospace industry to design, build and test fly such a vehicle.
With a wingspan of 120 feet, the SR-3 featured a triangular/delta wing configuration, with large “tip-sails” or winglets that rose up 12 feet and were canted at a 35-degree angle. It also featured a dorsal ridge or “spine” that extended immediately behind the cockpit, and ran down the length of the fuselage to the trailing edge of the wing. A retractable set canards (with their own winglets) were also located just aft of the crew compartment (reference email to Michael Schratt from Nancy Certain 9/13/16). These canards had the capability of retracting forward to support low speed applications. The SR-3 carried a crew of three consisting of the pilot, co-pilot and launch control officer (LRO) who sat facing backwards. The bottom of the aircraft featured a large XB-70 like triangular “splitter” air-intake which was divided into two banks at the rear of the craft. However, the most prominent feature was what appeared to be a “relieved section” or “scooped out” portion of the bottom which was designed to allow the smaller spaceplane to fit inside forming an aerodynamically efficient mating of the two aircraft (reference detailed report from James Petty to Michael Schratt 12/5/16).
Original SR-3 Mothership sketch by Nancy Certain.
According to eyewitness and Rocket scientist James Petty who saw both the Mothership and its smaller parasitic aircraft flying over Salt Lake City Utah on October 4, 1998, the more massive SR-3 carrier aircraft is powered by six modified variable-cycle J-93 engines (reference in-person 90- minute videotape interview of James Petty conducted by Michael Schratt 3/12/16). However, there appears to be a discrepancy regarding precisely what type of propulsion system was used to power the mothership. Those within the vicinity of SR-3 flight operations described hearing a VERY LOUD PULSING ROARING noise during take-off roll and climb out. This was confirmed by witness Nancy Certain Ph.D., from Doylestown PA, who saw the massive carrier aircraft during the day from a half-mile distance at an altitude of approximately 2,500 feet in 1993. Others stated that as the aircraft accelerated and gained altitude, the frequency and intensity of the pulsing noise increased. This may indicate the use of a combined cycle scramjet engine which can operate at both low and high speeds. Either way, it’s clear that this aircraft utilizes some form of “multi-cycle” engine.
The mothership has a weight of 275,000 to 300,000 pounds and a range of 6,000 miles (unlimited with aerial refueling). The SR-3 is capable of speeds over Mach 6 and can climb to an altitude of 150,000 feet. It features a white/grey exterior surface, with two being built by 1988. Fuel for the SR-3 consists of liquid hydrogen/liquid methane with JP8 used in the case of the J-93 engines. The contractors involved with designing and building the SR-3 mothership may have consisted of Lockheed, Rockwell, and Boeing. Final assembly took place at Boeing’s large assembly facility in Seattle. It’s interesting to note that on October 14, 1986, Boeing filed a patent (4,802,639) for a two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane system that closely matched the Blackstar operational capabilities, although the physical characteristics of the craft were different than what was reported by multiple eyewitnesses.Once reaching an altitude of 90,000 feet and a speed of Mach 3, the SR-3 air-drops its smaller parasitic aircraft, and either returns to its original base of operation or takes on additional fuel for an extended mission.
Three view drawing of Speedy XOV spaceplane. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Detail view of XOV linear aerospike engines showing “radiator like” screens. Illustration. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Detail view of XOV Speedy aft section depicting “radiator like” screens in place, and also removed showing 10” diameter tube “honeycomb pattern.” (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The smaller XOV/Speedy spaceplane was manufactured in two sizes and featured a highly swept wing lifting body configuration. One measuring approximately 60-65 feet in length, with a crew of two that sat side-by-side, and another measuring 97.5 feet with a single pilot. These were named “XOV-1” and “XOV-2.” Flying in an inverted low earth orbit orientation, the XOV featured a two-door “Q-bay” on its upper surface for the operation of a large aperture adaptive optics system that featured “inches resolution.” This “reconnaissance package” had the capability of correcting for atmospheric disturbances, thereby generating extremely high-resolution images of ground-based targets. The Q-bay could also serve as a launching platform for hyper-velocity depleted uranium “Rods-from God.” The XOV could attain altitudes of between 150-250 miles, and speeds exceeding 17,500 mph (Mach 20). The primary propulsion system for the XOV were four linear aerospike engines that were grouped in two banks at the aft end of the vehicle. These engines were developed by a joint venture which included Aerojet and the Pratt & Whitney/Rocketdyne Company, which later became Aerojet Rocketdyne. Witnesses who have observed the back of this vehicle described seeing what looked like “radiator screens” covering the exhaust ports. Others described it as looking like “ventilation grating.” Embedded within the exhaust ports were multiple 10-inch diameter “tubes” which served to mix cooling air, thereby reducing the vehicle’s infrared signature. These tubes gave the exhaust ports an unusual “honeycomb” appearance. Ground tests of this unique engine took place at Groom Lake during 1988.
Circular receptacle for SRB on aft end of Speedy. Illustration. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The larger 97.5-foot long spaceplane also featured articulating intakes and variable geometry exhaust ports. On either side of the exhaust ports, a dark circular opening was seen which may have served as a solid rocket booster (SRB) receptacle. These could be loaded into the craft “like a shotgun shell” and then removed after the conclusion of a mission. The SRBs served to provide an extra boost, pushing the spaceplane into a low earth orbit flight path. Once in orbit, the spaceplane had the capability of “dipping back down” into the atmosphere and then climbing back up again. Using this technique of “skipping” over the outer reaches of the atmosphere, the spaceplane could dramatically increase its range. After completing its mission, the spaceplane would glide back to earth “like the space shuttle” and land horizontally at multiple military locations in the United States.It could then be “turned around” within 48 hours or “every other day” to fly another mission. Compared to the space shuttle which can take months or even years to prepare for flight, the Blackstar system represented a cost-effective alternative. Another unique advantage was its capability to serve as a “rapid response” military/reconnaissance platform that could surprise an enemy by flying unpredictable flight paths, unlike spy satellites.
The outer wing sections of the XOV featured a “droop down” articulated capability, which took advantage of “compression lift.” The only movable control surfaces on the Speedy spaceplane were what appeared to be flaps/speed brakes located on the upper and lower rear surface of the vehicle. A short “stubby tail” which extended from aft of the Q-bay to the extreme end of the craft served as both a vertical stabilizer and an attachment point for joining with the larger carrier aircraft. The outer structure of the craft may have been built at the McDonnell Douglas facility in St. Louis and featured an advanced composite material that was “stacked” in layers forming a sandwich to attain the desired thickness. Red colored thermal protective areas were located along the leading edges of its wings. The entire bottom surface featured dark-colored thermal resistant “space shuttle tiles.” Four “channels” or “strakelets” were seen on the bottom of the craft. These one to two-foot deep longitudinal “grooves” helped to maintain the rigidity of the structure and may have served as a way to dissipate heat during high-speed operations. Apparently, these grooves/inlets were “very complex,” and most likely took multiple attempts to perfect.
Illustration (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The XOV incorporated a very unusual landing gear configuration which included a four-wheel nose gear arrangement, and a retractable “ski-like” landing gear skid that extended directly from the bottom of the craft. Approximately at the mid-point on the lower surface of the wings, a retractable “pogo-type” outrigger landing gear helped to stabilize the craft during roll-out. Generally speaking, highly swept low aspect ratio lifting body configurations have high landing speeds. Therefore, the Speedy spaceplane was said to have a landing speed between 250-300 mph, with the central retractable landing skid taking the brunt of the force. Certainly, the craft was a “handful” for even the most experienced test pilots. Only those with practical application in flying multiple different types of aircraft would qualify for handling such a strange and exotic aircraft. Pilots who were the “Maverick” type, and had previous air racing experience would be at the top of the list. Fuel for the XOV was a “gelled Boron” based “slurry” or endothermic type that had the consistency of toothpaste. Work on the spaceplane proceeded slowly until 1989 when the program made tremendous progress, and engineers were working “around the clock” 24 hours a day, seven days per week, for three years. It was also during this timeframe that a “fuel breakthrough” was made, which further accelerated the program.
Drawing depicting the modified Lockheed C-5C Galaxy with “chipmunk cheek” extensions. (Image credit: Michale Schratt)
Letter from John Andrews to Pete Eames describing the emergency landing of a classified aircraft (which was tracked going Mach 4.2) at Kadena AFB on February 12-13, 1994.
On February 13 of 1994, things took a drastic turn on the project. On that day, an XOV spaceplane was involved in an incident that resulted in the craft making an emergency landing at Kadena AFB in Japan. This particular aircraft was tracked by Kadena air traffic controllers going Mach 4.2, and other aircraft in the vicinity had to be diverted to avoid a collision. Subsequently, the entire base was put on a “Red 3” lockdown for three days. Apparently, during the launch sequence, the stubby vertical fin/pylon on the spaceplane somehow made contact with its carrier aircraft and was forced to make an unscheduled detour. Within 24 hours, a highly modified Lockheed C-5 Galaxy cargo transport aircraft was dispatched from Holloman AFB to retrieve the damaged spaceplane. To “fill a gap” in their intelligence gathering capability, the CIA/NRO convinced Congress in May of 1994 to allocate 100 million dollars to put the SR-71 Blackbird spy-plane back into service so that the Blackstar program could get back on track. Three of these unique C-5 aircraft were produced which featured eight-foot-wide “chipmunk cheek” extensions on each side of the fuselage. Originally, these modifications were specifically incorporated for the purpose of transporting large containers which protected satellites during transit to launch sites. However, they were also later used to transport classified aircraft to multiple locations around the world. These highly modified aircraft also utilized an extra set of six-wheeled landing gear. Two of these aircraft were operated by NASA and carried the tail numbers 00503, and 00504. The third was operated by the CIA and featured a large red “CL” marking on its vertical stabilizer. Upon arriving at Kadena AFB, the damaged aircraft was quickly loaded inside the C-5, which then made a direct flight back to Holloman AFB.
Spaceplane being unloaded from C-5 cargo aircraft at Holloman AFB (Illustration credit John MacNeill/Tom Bogan)
Original sketch of XOV spaceplane by F-15 pilot at Holloman AFB.
Tarp covering “stubby vertical tail.” Note extended flaps/speed brakes. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Sometime around February 15 of 1994, the C-5 arrived back at Holloman AFB with its precious yet damaged cargo inside. The aircraft then taxied to a remote part of the long runway at the base. Eyewitnesses who saw the spaceplane being unloaded from the much larger cargo aircraft during the daytime indicated that it was a complicated process which took at least three hours to complete. Apparently, the outer wing panels of the spaceplane have the capability of folding to allow for transportation in the C-5. One witness (a transient F-15 pilot), who saw the entire event unfold through binoculars from the cockpit of his aircraft while it was parked on the ground, sketched what he observed. “no-nonsense” military security guards were overseeing the entire unloading process. Once the spaceplane was pulled from the opened “clamshell” door of the C-5, it was immediately apparent that some damage had occurred to the spaceplane. A large tarp was seen covering the stubby vertical tail. However, this tarp did not completely obscure the view of the aft section which revealed a large “chunk” missing. In addition, the F-15 pilot also identified multiple missing tiles on the spacecraft’s bottom right wing section. It’s unknown at this time if this event in conjunction with other technical challenges “shelved” the Blackstar project, or if it secretly continued its covert activity. In the end, the Blackstar program represents one of the “crown jewels” of the military-industrial complex. It’s unlikely that the engineers or test pilots associated with the project will get the credit they deserve anytime in the foreseeable future. Like many other black programs, it’s entirely possible that it will remain another unacknowledged “silver bullet” being hidden away in some dark and mysterious hangar located somewhere in the southwest.
Special Note:The following report originated via the personal collection of UFO researcher and author David Marler. It has been reproduced for this report exactly as it appeared in the original text. Emphasis in certain areas is strictly mine.
Illustration of the August 25, 1990 Woodhead Pass Triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Woodhead Pass Triangle drawing. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Cardstock model of the Woodhead Pass Triangle by Michael Schratt.
Dear Mr. Marler,
I have just read your book “Triangular UFOs an estimate of the situation.” I found the book to be most informative since I myself had a close sighting of a triangular UFO in 1990. I always assumed that what I saw was a top-secret military aircraft, and over the years I have read about such projects as the TR-3B (TR-3B real or fictitious who knows?) At any rate, I was quite happy with my assumptions until I read your book which revealed that such craft were seen as far back as the 1930’s and even in the late 1800’s. Obviously, I found this to be quite thought provoking and as led me to re-assess what I saw that night. I therefore decided to send you this e-mail outlining the events of that night, and would appreciate any comments from your perspective. Please keep in mind, it is now 23 years since my sighting, and some of the detail is by now a little fuzzy. I have therefore left out anything of which I am not certain. I have also attempted to attach what I know to be a poorly drawn sketch (it goes without saying I’m no artist). Also, I would add that at the time a serving Police Officer, and have since retired after 30 years of service.
On the evening of August 25, 1990 my then wife and I had attended at Manchester Main Road football stadium to watch the band Fleetwood Mac. At the end of the concert, it took some time to get out of the makeshift car park, and through the heavy traffic, the time was around midnight. Our route home to Barnsley took us over the Woodhead pass, which crosses over the Pennine hills, and is surrounded in the main by open moor land. That particular night, stretches of the road were covered with low cloud or mist causing poor visibility. As a result, I was forced to drive slowly, approximately 20 mph. Due to the late hour, the road was quiet, and my wife had wound back her seat and fallen asleep. I cannot say exactly where the sighting took place due to the poor visibility, but I believe I was nearer to the Barnsley end of the Woodhead Pass, possibly around the Board Hill area.
Whilst driving slowly, and trying to concentrate on the road, my attention was drawn skywards due to intermittent flashes of light which I assumed to be sheet lightning (though there was no accompanying sounds of thunder). It was whilst glancing skywards that I saw the nose of a huge black triangular craft push through the low cloud and mist. As the craft emerged further, I could see it was approximately 200-300 feet in length and width at its widest part. It travelled pointed end first, and was well illuminated around its undercarriage. The craft was moving at a speed of around 10 mph, and was approximately 200 feet above the road. On seeing the craft, I wound down my car window, but could hear only a very low (almost imperceptible) humming sound. I could see that the craft was of a solid construction (not inflatable). This fact, the slow speed, and quietness gave the craft an eerie impression. I have little knowledge of aerodynamics, but even I knew that conventionally something so big and solid should be traveling at hundreds of miles an hour in order to stay aloft. (Therefore, to my mind, it was somehow defying gravity).
As previously stated the undercarriage was well illuminated with a large white light at each corner, and a light in the center. The undercarriage also appeared recessed, and I could see some sort of superstructure. As the craft passed above, I slowed the car to a virtual stop, and leaned out of the driver’s side window. The side of the craft appeared to have several illuminated windows, and at one of the windows I saw two to three figures that appeared to be human. (Certainly nothing about the figures made me think they were anything other than human, reinforcing my belief that the craft was a military project). I could see one of the figures either pointing or waving in my direction. Whilst watching the craft, it slowly and silently slipped back into the low cloud and disappeared. At this stage I drove off the road and climbed out of my car, but could see and hear nothing. By now my wife was awake, but too late to see the craft. I observed the craft for approximately 30 seconds which does not sound long, but believe me it was. I submit my story for your information, and would welcome any insight or comment from yourself. For obvious reasons, I do not make my story common knowledge, and I would be grateful if you kept my details private.
Regards, GS
Barnsley England
(name withheld by request of the primary witness)
Illustration of the November 22, 1985 Madison WI. Triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
(Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The question all of us need to be asking here is would extraterrestrials by flying around in our atmosphere using triangular shaped craft with “tubes and pipes” on their bottom surfaces? It’s interesting to note that during the Hudson Valley Boomerang wave (1982-1989), many eyewitnesses reported seeing “huge metallic beams” on the underside of the craft. Others reported seeing “metal type work, like cross-beams, and tubular things hanging down here and there.” A similar looking mechanical under-structure featuring “tubes and pipes” was also identified on the bottom surface of the triangular shaped craft during the Belgium wave of 1989-1990.
In addition, during the January 5, 2000, southern Illinois triangle sightings, Shiloh police officer David Martin described seeing what he called “building blocks” and “plumbing pipes” on the bottom of the craft that he observed. What on earth could these pipes be used for? What is their exact function? One possible explanation could be that they are being utilized as liquid nitrogen cooling pipes to chill a super-conductor or liquid mercury plasma. These pipes would be used to cool the central “core” of the craft, which may explain the “donut shaped” or circular opening seen by multiple eyewitnesses. In fact, it appears that due to their placement, these pipes not only cool the central portion of these vehicles but the entire craft itself as one fully integrated unit. It seems clear that the material used to manufacture these triangular shaped craft is truly of an exotic nature. This is because materials must be in an extremely low energy state (very cold) to become “superconductive.” Of course, this requires a tremendous amount of energy or electrical power to achieve, which may explain the low frequency “humming” sound heard by multiple eyewitnesses in the vicinity of these craft. The cryogenic equipment associated with these objects produce extremely powerful electromagnetic fields around the craft which may explain the reports of strange effects such as radio static, and automobile engines mysteriously turning off and coming back on when the craft departs.
Are we hearing the effects of an electrical transformer associated with these vehicles? Multiple reports from Belgium, New York, Connecticut and Southern Illinois indicate that these triangular shaped objects fly/float/hover virtually silently, but in many cases, emit a sound similar to a “sewing machine,” or a “machine shop running in the distance.” Has the American aerospace industry finally achieved the “Holy Grail” of aviation by constructing triangular shaped craft that utilize an onboard power source (possibly a nuclear reactor), in conjunction with high voltage electrical transformers which supply the necessary power to chill the core of a superconductor? These craft would lack the wings, propellers, jet engines, and control surfaces of standard aircraft, and could mimic the form fit and function of “extraterrestrial UFOs.”
Illustration of the November 1985 Yorktown Heights Triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Yorktown Heights Triangle enlargement illustration. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Stadium Triangle drawing. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
It was November of 1985 when Yorktown Heights NY resident Maureen Davis had a genuinely incredible night-time encounter with a massive shaped triangular object which was described as being the size of a “football stadium.” She had been parked at the intersection of Route 132 and Oakside Road waiting for her husband to get off the bus. Then, Maureen noticed something strange in the sky towards the northeast. It appeared to be a massive isosceles triangular-shaped “thing” that was hovering silently near what seemed to be the Lake Osceola area. To her amazement, the bottom of the craft opened up, and she got a very rare glimpse of the interior. She described seeing multiple levels of lights on the inside (similar to a multi-story terrace-shaped apartment complex). After approximately three minutes, a pulsating red light flew up into the opening, and the circular “hatch” disappeared. The strange triangular shaped object then appeared to speed away at incredible speed, without causing a sonic boom. (Reference In The Night Sky Page 38 by Linda Zimmermann). So, what did Maureen Davis see? Was it an extraterrestrial spacecraft from another world? Or, was it something that had a more “earthly” explanation? Let’s examine one feature of this encounter. Specifically, the craft’s departure. Many times, in UFO cases, we hear of the craft departing like a “spark off of a grinding wheel.” In other cases, we read of UFOs accelerating with “fantastic speed”, without generating a sonic boom. Could there be a “down to earth explanation” to these flight characteristics? As an aircraft reaches supersonic speeds, it creates shock waves, and a tremendous amount of aerodynamic heat builds up on its surface. To combat this heating, the space shuttle orbiter uses thermal resistant tiles throughout its entire airframe. However, this approach could only be considered a “band-aid” fix at best. In 1967, the Norair Division of Northrop began experimenting with highly charged electrostatic fields on a metal test probe. The results of these studies concluded that an aircraft’s “sonic boom footprint” and could be significantly reduced or eliminated entirely. They also discovered that the problems associated with supersonic heating could also be drastically lowered. Obviously, these breakthroughs could have potentially incredible military applications to advanced aircraft. Now, factor in the billions of dollars spent each year on classified “black” programs, and its entirely within the capability of the American aerospace industry to design built and fly aircraft that could be mistaken for “extraterrestrial” UFOs. Ref: AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technical Paper No. 68-24 published January 23, 1968)
Cardstock model of March 31, 1999 Kirby England Triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Bottom surface of the March 31, 1999 Kirby England Triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
It was March 31, 1999, when Colin Saunders and three others were driving along the Old Fosse Way near the village of Monks Kirby when they noticed a group of lights off to the left that was approximately 200 feet in the air. As they got closer, they could see four red light that were at an angle of about 30 degrees. Incredibly, a diamond shaped outline seemed to appear around the lights. At this point, the strange craft tipped up vertically “like an airship or submarine” in slow motion as though it were underwater. By now, the craft had fully materialized into a triangular shape. The surface of the craft appeared to have a dark grey liquid mercury appearance that “rippled” up and down its surface. However, the most interesting feature of the unknown object were multiple “raised box-like sections” that extruded from the top. Mr. Saunders never got a look at the bottom of the vehicle but noticed the identical “box-like” pattern on the bottom of a sketch drawn by one eyewitness of a triangle that was seen in Belgium during 1993. He surmised that this might have been the same or similar series of craft. Could these unique features be part of a “heat sink” or cooling apparatus similar to the mechanical “tubes, pipes and cylinders” which were seen on the bottom of the Belgium triangle between 1989-1990? (Source: Triangular Perspectives by Colin Saunders)
Belgium Triangle illustration by John MacNeill
Belgium Triangle drawing. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
Starting in November of 1989, thousands of eyewitnesses in Belgium began seeing triangular shaped UFOs that appeared to hover over the town of Eupen. These witnesses included multiple gendarmes (national police). The triangular craft were described as being “as big as a football field,” and having a bright spotlight at each corner, with an amber colored light in the center. The UFOs were reported to be flying slowly silently over rooftops, and beaming high-intensity searchlights onto the ground. Later, on March 30, 1990, two Belgian F-16s were scrambled to intercept the unknown aircraft. The object was confirmed to be a “hard target” by at least three ground-based radar stations, and two onboard radars within the fighter aircraft which came within 12 miles of the UFO. According to a military official, these UFOs “exceeded the limits of conventional aviation.” In a highly publicized press conference, Belgian Air Force Col. Wilfred De Brouwer stated that the UFO dived from 10,000 to 4,000 feet in two seconds (equivalent to 40 G’s), and accelerated from 600 to 1,100 mph at the same time. The bottom surface of the craft appeared to have a very mechanical looking configuration which included tubes, pipes, cylinders and crisscross effects. As mentioned earlier in this report, these may be associated with the cooling of a superconductor or rotating plasma. Could this have been an extraterrestrial spacecraft? According to a police officer (Brig. Heinrich Nicholl) who saw the craft over Eupen, he assessed that the craft was a “very sophisticated and ultra-secret military project.” Students of this line research will recall the comments of the late Ben Rich who stated in 1995 that “we have things out in the desert that are 50 years beyond what you can comprehend.”Obviously well within the time-frame of the Belgium Triangle sightings of 1989- 1990. (Ref: Associated Press Report 7/12/1990, New York Tribune 11/15/1990, Wall Street Journal 10/10/1990)
Drawing of the Helena Missouri triangle by Michael Schratt. (based off of the original sketch provided by the primary eyewitness)
Cardstock model of the March 5, 2003 Helena Missouri triangle. (Image credit: Michael Schratt)
The following short note was sent to the Center for UFO Studies and addressed to Dr. J. Allen Hynek almost two decades after he passed on April 27, 1986. It has been reproduced in this report for the very first time.
1/17/05
Mr. Hynek,
Dear Sir,
I don’t know what this ship is, but I was in the Navy, and I have never in my life ever seen anything as this. The government knows more than they say they know, I’m sure. The American public knows it’s the truth, and we as a nation will keep fighting for our right to know. Some of us already know, even at Roswell and Area 51, where the truth is out there. I will never forget what I saw and heard that night. I know of someone else who saw it as well.
Yours Truly,
Respectfully submitted,
M.M.
Helena Missouri
Author’s special note: During my three-year investigation of the over 60,000 UFO cases which comprise the CUFOS (Center for UFO Studies) archives, I uncovered many incidents which included a detailed report, and a sketch drawn by the primary eyewitness. Some of these cases had been buried for up to 30 years, and have never seen the light of day. One such example dated January 17, 2005, referenced a sighting of a massive triangular UFO which was seen on March 5, 2003, at 9:50 P.M. in Helena Missouri. The witness described an encounter with a gigantic superstructure looking triangular craft that measured approximately one football field in length, and about two stories high. The sighting lasted about 10 minutes and occurred off the front porch of his house. According to the witness, as the craft flew overhead, it “made pictures fall off the living room wall, and shook the whole house.” The unusual UFO featured a large “fluorescent” light on the bottom that intermittently flashed every 15 seconds. Near the end of each corner, a bright steady light was also observed.
The entire craft appeared to be covered with a “glass frame,” which may have been some type of transparent panels. He also described a “walkway” complete with a “railing.” In addition, the primary eyewitness stressed multiple times that the craft was made of what he termed “rusty looking old bridge steel.” The structural configuration of craft appeared similar to the criss-cross bracing found on the supporting towers of the George Washington Bridge which spans the Hudson River and is located between New York and New Jersey. He also clearly described seeing “rivets from an old bridge” which appeared to be used to fasten the entire craft together. Although the witness stated the craft was “not from this world,” a careful examination of his original sketch points to an earthly origin. The crossbeam and girder construction, in conjunction with regularly spaced “rusty rivets” is clear evidence of human-made technology. In addition, the use of a “walkway,” glass frame, and flashing lights support an earthly explanation. Of particular note is the fact that a French fighter pilot over Europe also saw a similar craft exhibiting triangular superstructure on the night of November 5, 1990, as highlighted on page 290 of Timothy Good’s book: Earth, an Alien Enterprise.
Boomerangs:
Hudson Valley Boomerang illustration by Tom Bogan
Monique O’Driscoll was driving home near Kent NY on the night of February 26, 1983, when her daughter who was with her noticed some strange lights on a nearby hill. The lights appeared to be hovering, but then started moving to the east at about 15 mph. By now, Monique could discern that the lights were connected to some type wing shaped dark mass. The lights were very bright and appeared to be red, white, blue and yellow. The unknown object then moved towards the vicinity of White Pond, and Monique stepped on the accelerator to catch up with it. When they arrived at the pond which was frozen at the time, Monique stopped her vehicle and noticed through her windshield that the craft passed directly over her car. At this point, she saw that the lights on the craft appeared to be flashing in sequence up and down its “wings.” It then moved over an area of the pond about 200 feet from shore. It was hovering no more than 30 feet high, and Monique could see the brilliantly flashing lights reflecting off the frozen pond below.
She also noticed that the craft was entirely silent, and stated that she could see “the underbelly part. It’s solid. It had metal-type work, like cross-beams and tubular things hanging down here and there. I was so close I could’ve thrown a ball and hit it.” This author also uncovered a rare letter from well-known researcher and lecturer Stanton Friedman which is worth highlighting in part. “I have always been bothered by the Westchester County sightings because I never heard of actions that would label the technology alien. Wings in outer space could only be decoration, but do of course match an earthling approach.”(Source: Reporter Dispatch White Plains NY September 11, 1983, Philadelphia Inquirer September 28, 1984, Letter from Stanton Friedman to Tony Gonsalves January 17, 1990)
Hudson Valley Boomerang illustration by Tom Bogan
March 24, 1983 Taconic State Parkway illustration by John MacNeill
Illustration of airborne relocatable over-the-horizon radar system by Tom Bogan (Composite panels removed for clarity exposing interior structure)
On the night of March 24, 1983, hundreds of motorists driving along the Taconic State Parkway (NY) observed a massive “V” or boomerang shaped craft. Drivers pulled off to the side of the road, slammed on their brakes, and got out of their vehicles to observed the unknown object which was hovering silently at tree-top level. The craft appeared to be making a “zig-zag” flight path as it headed north towards Yorktown Heights. Multiple witnesses described seeing a powerful white spotlight beaming down from the craft to the cars below. The mysterious craft seen making 180 degree flat turns without banking. Others who were directly below the object stated that they could see “pipes, beams or cylinders” on its lower surface. In addition, multiple witnesses reported seeing what looked like “transparent panels” revealing an interior mechanical structure resembling the crossbeam and girder construction similar to that of a truss bridge. (Source: Patent Trader Mt. Kisco NY March 25, 1983, Reporter Dispatch White Plains NY September 11, 1983, Danbury Item Port Chester NY March 26, 1983)
What did the over 25,000 eyewitnesses observe during the Hudson Valley Boomerang wave of 1982-1989? Did they see an “alien” spacecraft or something that was built by the U.S. Navy? It’s interesting to note that the March 24, 1983 sighting took place exactly 24 hours after President Ronald Reagan give his address to the nation outlining his plans for the so-called “Star Wars” or SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative). Could there be a connection? During the Reagan era (1981-1989), multiple black programs excelled and became operational. One of these could have been a mobile airborne relocatable over-the-horizon radar system which was designed to track and monitor incoming Soviet ICBMs. This system would be completely impervious to a Russian missile attack, and addresses virtually all of the flight characteristics observed by witnesses of the Hudson Valley UFO wave. It’s time for the field of Ufology to overcome its “UFO bias” and carefully examine every possible earthly explanation before concluding that a UFO is extraterrestrial in origin.
The How and Why Anti-Intellectualism Is Killing UFOlogy
The How and Why Anti-Intellectualism Is Killing UFOlogy
There is an overall drive to anti-intellectualism that is infesting UFOlogy to its core. Our culture is one that glorifies the moronic and idiotic, not the intellect. What is truly disheartening is that it now appears intellectualism is now synonymous with Elitism and Conspiracy.
I point my finger directly at our failing educational system. It is designed to just make children memorize information. It is not designed to teach kids how to critically think or how to think at all. Schools make great automatons but not great creative thinkers. Public school is no place for a smart person.
In life, there are few big-picture questions we all must work through. Who am I?, Where do I come from? Where am I going? UFOlogy encompasses all of those concerns and more. The rational study of the Cosmos and our place in it should be near the top of the list of worthwhile pursuits.
For most people, it is NOT.
UFOlogy is slowing being poisoned from the inside out by the lunatic click bait crowd. Every day 1000’s of clearly fraudulent and hoaxed UFO images and videos flood the communities. Spread by the greed of financial gain these bottom feeders of UFOlogy are making all of us laughing stocks. UFOlogy will never gain the respect and ultimately the research dollars it needs while such rampant, childish, and dis-informational material is created every minute of every day and served up with a huge heaping bowl of “Screw You”.
UFOLogy is not yet in a terminal state but it sure could use a brain smoothie. It is in desperate need of a good infusion of vitamin Ra (rationality), Sa (sanity), and Ed (education). We all must stop supporting known fraudster and hoax websites and Youtube channels.
It all comes down to how a person values Science
An artist’s ability is innate in many cases. A scientists tool belt must be learned. Scientific methodology is not something we are born with. It must be taught to be understood. The push for “no fail” states, lower educational standards, and general apathy has created entire generations of people who are barely scientifically literate.
True science and the appreciation of how such a self-correcting, peer reviewing, open architecture does not typically occur until you hit at least College level. A high school education will not typically cut it when you are wading into the ever advancing ocean of cutting-edge science.
Man’s mind is so formed that it is far more susceptible to falsehood than to truth. ~Desiderius Erasmus
A strange turn in our collective consciousness has occurred where the masses believe that their layperson perspective on science is somehow as valid and weighted as accredited professors would be. Even worse than that the professor’s opinion based on facts and all the tools science has to offer is completely nullified by a single word.
Professionals, Scientists, and Doctors all get lumped under the “Conspiracy” banner when they state their known scientific facts. Facts which more often than not, do not support the established beliefs of the UFO true believers. Scientists and doctors are the ones we should trust when considering scientific things. They have done the legwork to get a degree in their choice of the physical sciences. Their opinion in their field is worth more than the laypersons. That is just a logical deduction.
REAL SCIENTIST
If you are someone that is a scientist, doctor, or researcher and you choose to speak out on some of the downright lunacy in UFOlogy. You are instantly labelled a government spy, disinformation agent, or a spook. You are condemned to be part of an evil cabal planning world domination by the subjugation of scientific advances. Sounds insane but a lot of people believe this. Scientists that state facts that is contrary to the lay person’s beliefs make them the proverbial enemy. The people that do this are the ones educated by television. Television is entertainment, not education.
Truth in any form is rarely seen on TV.
These people think their opinion is somehow on the same level as doctors. It is not when they are discussing the scientist’s field of study.
NOT REAL SCIENTIST
Reality is not best served by the false balance perspective we see all the time in the media. A professor that has researched say the Great Pyramids on the Giza Plateau, knows better than you what happened to make this wonder of the world. End of story.
There is no grand conspiracy in the sciences. It may appear that way to the TV educated people. If any scientist could prove ANY aspect of the “Ancient Alien” hypothesis, for example, they would become instant rock stars in their field.
There is no motivation to suppress anything in academic circles. Grand discoveries are why scientists become scientists to start with. A breakthrough that would rewrite textbooks would be heralded, not spirited away in the depth of Area 51. Scientists are not the enemy, they are our only chance. After all, they are just like us in every way except they may have a denser neural network. All these evil scientists live and eat the same foods as us, have children like us, love them like us, and drink the same water as us. We all experience the same world in the same way. They are not the proverbial “Them”. They are us just with better jobs. They have no secret dark motives more than you do when it comes to subjugating the planet.
It comes down to a simple question. Are you in it for the truth or just to be entertained.
If your sum total of knowledge on UFO’s comes from watching TV and Youtube videos. You can guarantee that you have been fed a huge bowl of bullshit. TV entertains that is all. You get much more outright lies and frauds than any factual data. Facebook is even worse for filling your head with excrement. The source of the information your brain digests matters. Facebook posts from the lunatic fringe vastly outweigh any real research people may have done, at least when you ponder time spent. Your brain gets much more false information and not enough real information to balance it out. Take in 10lbs of shit and only drop 5lbs…you still stink.
A deception that elevates us is dearer than a host of low truths. ~ Marina Tsvetaeva
People really have to give their head a shake and realize this. It comes down to if you are looking for the truth in UFOlogy or are you looking to be entertained. Don’t confuse the two they are quite different.
The real Universe as it will unfold before us as we trundle through the fourth dimension will be more wondrous and fascinating than any new age guru or television show could ever envision.
The Universe is stranger than we can comprehend. Reserve your belief and more importantly your knowledge for the real deal.
We have to contemplate the nature of a life form that has evolved on a completely separate planet. Even that statement is limiting. Life may be able to evolve on moons, nebula, or on planets that are bombarded with strange sources of radiation. They may exist and function on different time scales based on the gravity that they evolved in. Special relativity makes for very strange bedfellows. It is possible that they could be here already just beyond our perceptual ability. There truly are more things in heaven and earth than is dreamed in our collective philosophy.
Remember that it is OK to change your mind in the light of new or better information. UFOlogy is not a religion…no faith required. The real Universe will not disappoint.
Early humans emerged on Earth around 4 million years ago, but new evidence arising from the study of human evolution has revealed compelling evidence that a small group of these hominins was genetically modified by ancient alien visitors to create the first Homo sapiens.
Researcher and author, Daniella Fenton, has been taking an in-depth look at the earliest origins of humanity and its sudden acceleration in brain development close to 800,000 years ago, this investigation has led to a massive revelation.
Homo sapiens are the creation of ancient astronauts that arrived through a wormhole from the Pleiades star cluster 780,000 years ago.
The Australian researcher, an expert in equine bloodlines and genetic expression, uncovered numerous genetic changes which mark humans as anomalous when contrasted with modern primate species, some are so extreme that they are best explained by advanced genetic engineering.
In her book, titled ‘Hybrid Humans: Scientific Evidence of Our 800,000-Year Old Alien Legacy’, Daniella Fenton highlights a series of profound changes in the genes associated with brain size, neural structures, and information processing. These changes include genes that appear suddenly fully formed out of so-called ‘junk DNA’ and fragments of genes that have been snipped out, copied and re-inserted.
Fenton points the mysterious fusion of Chromosome-2 at the same time as these other changes, around 780,000 years ago, as further evidence of extraterrestrial experimentation. This fusion is found in all large-brained human types, including Neanderthals and Denisovans, but not in any other primate species.
She explains that the fusion of chromosome-2 should have been a one-off error that disappeared in the subsequent generation or perhaps led to a small population of people with 46 chromosomes among a more substantial number of those carrying 48. Instead, all humans after 780,000 years ago exhibited the ‘mutation’. This strongly infers that there was an enormous benefit associated with the fusion and that it appeared suddenly in a considerable number of individuals, allowing chromosome-2 to become a permanent and dominant trait. This does not fit with known natural mutations in the human genome.
Fenton explains, “Somebody created an entire generation of breeding pairs that carried the fusion of chromosome-2. The chromosome modification is such that it would have impacts on the brain development, the immune system and reproductive processes.”
Humans also carry unique changes in the gene FOXP2 that changed synaptic connectivity and enhanced our ability to transform new experiences into routine procedures, this had enormous influence on our ability to produce meaningful speech. Fenton points out that this change is not observed in other primates and it appears our creators wanted us to be able to quickly form new habitual behaviors particularity language use.
Fenton said: “It is not just the genetic changes 780,000 years ago which inform us Homo sapiens is a species created by alien beings, we have also identified physical material left behind by these star people, materials dated to that same specific point in time.”
For some time now, “mystery booms” have been reported persistently in various parts of North America. Often accompanied by noticeable shaking and, at times, even property damage, in many cases the exact cause of these unusual, earthquake-like phenomena remains undetermined.
Among the most recent locales to be affected by the mystery quakes is the village of McAdam in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada, which has been plagued by an unusual number of earthquakes in recent weeks. According to sources in the area, more than 20 earthquakes have been reported in the last month alone, and with no identifiable cause–seismic or otherwise.
The current earthquake “swarm” is similar to circumstances that occurred in the region in early 2016, when dozens—perhaps more than 100—similar quakes were reported in the same area. Many homeowners have described quakes that shook their homes at night, waking some residents; a few claimed that windows in their homes were even broken as a result of the mysterious shaking.
Prior to the events of last month, there had been no reports of similar incidents since the previous wave of earthquakes in 2016. When they do occur, many residents also describe hearing loud “booms” with the quakes, which have been compared to the sounds of a gunshot, only louder. However, seismologists with Natural Resources Canada confirm that there are no faults in the area, and hence it seems unlikely that the shaking and booms are associated with traditional sources of earthquakes.
New Brunswick is not the only region being affected by the unusual phenomenon. NBC affiliates out of San Diego, California, also reported on a recent series of rumblings that had residents taking to social media, with some describing “a strong rumble that shook their homes Monday morning.”
However, scientists with the United States Geological Survey said there was no indication that an earthquake had occurred.
Last November, a similar incident prompted some scientists to propose an alternative explanation. According to a group of researchers at the Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education in Ensenada, a variety of meteorological phenomenon that occurs when hot and cold air “masses” converge may also result in shaking at ground-level. Nonetheless, physical evidence for this as a cause behind California’s mystery booms remains elusive.
Sputnik News also reported on recent reports of mystery booms that have occurred in Ohio, where it was reported that shaking and thunder-like noises, “left many scared to see their floorboards shaking and pieces of their homes starting to break off the foundations.” Video uploaded to YouTube which reportedly captured footage that coincided with the booms have spurred theories about their cause, with many suggesting underground bases or facilities “in preparation of World War III.”
All fearmongering aside, the mystery booms are nothing new. A possible variety of causes have been determined to cause perceptible booms that can be heard–and felt–across great distances, which range from high-altitude “super thunderbolts,” to atmospheric refraction which carries the sound of booms from far away across great distances, as was determined with booms heard for years near Mother Lode, California.
Along with New Brunswick, Canada, and California, a number of locales have seen reports of the booms in recent months, ranging from, South Carolina and Georgia (areas where fault lines do exist). Mystery booms have even been reported as far away as Great Britain, and as with their American cousins, many of the incidents occur in the absence of any indication of seismic activity to accompany them.
For those interested in reading more on the natural and manmade causes associated with reports of mystery booms, a collection of information can be found here, as well as at this page (compiled by the author) which lists their various known causes.
Strange lights have been spotted in the night sky over Baltimore and Holland Hills on April 16, 2018.
A witness of the lights has submitted the sighting to Mufon case 914475 said:
White round lights. Random positions, rapid change of directions, several of them, I personally lived in Baltimore for several years, never seen anything like it (near the harbor).
There are many of them, not just a few (1-3) there are 10+ going random directions, almost like ghosts. (Almost like the "birds" incident live on the news).
But, instead white orb like lights ABOVE the clouds, and I personally know the people in the video, they also stated they thought it was spot lights from the harbor, but then they soon realized there was no source from the ground in plain sight; also the lights are ABOVE the dark clouds.
Note: The lights may be birds, such as seagulls, or is it more mysterious?
A life-scene from 232 million years ago, during the Carnian Pluvial Episode after which dinosaurs took over. A large rauisuchian lurks in the background, while two dinosaurs species stand in the foreground. Based on data from the Ischigualasto Formation in Argentina.
Credit: Davide Bonadonna.
Much has been said about the famous asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago and ushered in the age of mammals, eventually clearing the path for our species to achieve total domination. However, in turn, the dinosaurs were also privileged by a different mass extinction event, which is far less studied than the asteroid impact. This was the conclusion of a new study which found that dinosaurs became far more prevalent across the world after a mass extinction called the Carnian Pluvial Episode.
Starting and ending with a bang
The Carnian Pluvial Episode occurred roughly 232 million years ago. During this time, a series of cataclysms, triggered by volcanic eruptions in western Canada, shifted the climate from wet to dry and from dry to wet again. The hostile periods of global warming and acid rain had taken their toll on countless species that eventually went extinct.
Researchers at the MUSE-Museum of Science Trento, Italy, the Universities of Ferrara and Padova, and the University of Bristol investigated ancient rock deposits in Northern Italy’s Dolomites mountain range which still had dinosaur tracks trapped inside them. This allowed them to build a timeline for dinosaur expansion; the more and diverse the tracks, the more successful the dinosaur must have become. For instance, in the early Triassic, some 245 million years ago, dinosaurs were very rare and stayed that way for at least 13 million years. After the Carnian extinction, however, dinosaur footprints became ubiquitous.
“We were excited to see that the footprints and skeletons told the same story,” Massimo Bernardi, a researcher at the University of Bristol, said in a news release. “We had been studying the footprints in the Dolomites for some time, and it’s amazing how clear cut the change from ‘no dinosaurs’ to ‘all dinosaurs’ was.”
When the researchers calculated the peak of this expansion, they found that it coincided with the end of the Carnian Pluvial Episode. What’s more, the Dolomite samples also contained evidence of climate change. Namely, the researchers detected four pulses of warming and climate disruptions within a million year span, which must have led torepeated extinctions.
“The discovery of the existence of a link between the first diversification of dinosaurs and a global mass extinction is important,” said Mike Benton, co-author of the new study and a professor at the University of Bristol.
“The extinction didn’t just clear the way for the age of the dinosaurs, but also for the origins of many modern groups, including lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and mammals — key land animals today.”
Scientific reference: Massimo Bernardi, Piero Gianolla, Fabio Massimo Petti, Paolo Mietto, Michael J. Benton. Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode. Nature Communications, 2018; 9 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1.
Look at that “Water and Roll Cloud” Onlookers "freaked out" as Lake Michigan has rare moment
A very rare event happened when a quick rise in water level known as a seiche or a Great Lake meteotsunami caused the Lake Michigan to rise 13.9 inches in just 42 minutes around 12:30 p.m. on Friday, April 13.
The water was as high as had seen since Nov. 10, 1975, the day the freighter Edmond Fitzgerald sank on Lake Superior. Water was also flooding the beach and the end of Ludington Avenue but returning to nearly the same spot less than 10 minutes later.
But something strange happened before the quick rise of the water in Lake Michigan.
A massive roll cloud that touched the water surface of Lake Michigan has been filmed just before the meteotsunami and even though it is a natural phenomenon it would be possible that this rare roll cloud and the quick rise in water level is the effect of weather manipulation?
One of my all-time favorite books is without a doubt Journey to the Center of the Earth, written by world-famous Author Jules Verne.
The story written by Verne involves a German professor called Otto Lidenbrock who was convinced that there are volcanic tubes that lead toward the center of our planet.
Lidenbrock, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull and encounter many adventures along the way, including prehistoric animals and dangers. Eventually, they resurface in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano.
In the book, Verne describes a MASSIVE ocean that exists inside our planet.
He explains how: a vast expanse of water, the beginning of a lake or an ocean, extended beyond the limits of sight.
Further, the view followed its mass outlined on the misty background of the horizon. It was a true ocean, capriciously contoured by the terrestrial shores, but deserted and with a terribly wild aspect.
The book was a science fiction bestseller, and despite many people believing that something like this may be possible, the idea remained firmly a science fictional idea.
Now, what if what was once thought to be a mere fantasy of the writer, was, in fact, closer to reality?
Image Credit: Shutterstock.
Is it even possible that there really is an underground ocean beneath or feet?
An article published in the journal Nature points in that direction.
As it turns out, scientists discovered a while ago, a diamond-rich in water with traces of a mineral called ringwoodite (in honor of its discoverer, the geochemist Alfred Ringwood).
The diamond originally came from an area that separates the upper terrestrial mantle from the lower one, that is, between four and six hundred kilometers beneath our feet.
So, what does that has to do with Verne, Inner Earth, and an ocean beneath our feet?
The fact is that the diamond found was associated with water molecules in a significant proportion (1.5%), which leads experts to propose the theory that this zone of transition of the mantle is very rich in water.
In fact, scientists have proposed that there is so much water beneath the surface of our planet, that we can cover the surface of our planet entirely in water. The existence of this ‘underground ocean’ would explain the great volcanic and tectonic dynamism of the planet.
Graham Pearson, a researcher from the University of Alberta (Canada) says that the ringwoodite found “provides confirmation that there really are pockets of water in the depths of the Earth.”
That, however, is a theoretical confirmation, of course, since due to lack of equipment and technology it would be impossible to obtain physical evidence from the mantle directly.
That kinda’ sucks since, despite the fact that humans have made it to space, landed on the moon and explored distant alien worlds, we’ve still not explored what exactly lies beneath our ocean, and what mysteries may be hidden beneath the surface of our planet.
Alfred Ringwood proposed that the mineral that bears his name could be found in the transition zone of the mantle, originated by the high pressures and temperatures that are found beneath deep beneath the surface.
But if we can’t go down there, how did scientists find the diamond?
Experts believe that the diamond surfaced in a volcanic eruption in a kimberlite wash (an igneous rock formed from magma and that is the deepest).
It was only three millimeters wide and lacked commercial value, but it was sold to scientists who were looking for other types of rocks, and who came up with something that was priceless: inside the diamond, there was a microscopic trail of ringwoodite.
But not everyone is convinced that a massive underground ocean exists and not all scientists believe that the result of the diamond analysis should be extrapolated to the theory of a massive underwater ocean based on such a small sample of ringwoodite.
Moreover, some scientists even admit that even if there is an ocean beneath our feet, it would not be in liquid form but under a molecular variant called hydroxyl, with only one atom of oxygen and another of hydrogen instead of the two.
David Wilcock and Earth’s Inner Civilizations
In 2015, an article appeared on Coast To Coast AM, where author and researcher David Wilcock discusses Earth’s Inner Civilizations.
Wilcock told C2C that an alliance of ancient civilizationscurrently resides inside the Earth, and they may soon reveal themselves to the ‘outer’ world.
During the formation of all watery planets in the universe, he explained, hollow cavities form below the surface of the crust and have their own biome that features bacteria which gives off natural light.
“What this means is that you can actually live inside caverns in the Earth that have visible light,” he marveled.
Based on his research, Wilcock said, “it appears that these cavities are used so that more advanced civilizations have a place they can live while they’re managing what takes place on the surface.”
Over the span of the planet’s history, he explained, various advanced societies, such as the Atlanteans, took refuge underground in order to survive tumultuous times and ultimately settled in their new subterranean location.
While the presence of these civilizations has been a part of UFO lore for decades, he contended that the government has direct knowledge of their presence due to accidentally discovering them via clandestine projects aimed at building secret underground bases.
“They’ll have these tunnel boring machines and sometimes they break through into someplace they’re not supposed to go,” Wilcock claimed, “and there’s already people there.”
For the full interview with David Wilcock click here.
ONLINE CONSPIRACY THEORISTS ARE MORE DIVERSE (AND ORDINARY) THAN MOST ASSUME
ONLINE CONSPIRACY THEORISTS ARE MORE DIVERSE (AND ORDINARY) THAN MOST ASSUME
Conspiracy theories are known for connecting apparently unrelated events. Consider the X-Files’ Fox Mulder holed up in his office, frantically joining seemingly random dots. Or the American radio host Alex Jones connecting leaked Clinton emails and fuzzy rover pictures to conclude that NASA is running a child slave colony on Mars.
Cognitive psychologists have often claimed that conspiracy theorists possess a “monological” belief system, in which belief in one conspiracy leads to belief in others. Eventually, they explain every significant event, however unrelated, through the same conspiratorial “logic”.
On such a view, conspiracy theorists are fundamentally irrational, perhaps even pathologically so. But is this an oversimplification?
So-called “big data” approaches to psychology can give a unique perspective on these questions. By using large datasets gathered from social media websites, one can look at people interacting in everyday settings. Importantly, these approaches can capture everybody, not just the most vocal members of a community.
In a recent paper we used online comments to examine individuals who are interested in these types of ideas. We examined a complete set of comments over eight years from the conspiracy forum of reddit.com.
Our dataset included 2.2 million comments from roughly 130,000 distinct user names. Our analyses used topic modelling, a type of linguistic analysis that tries to find common themes across a large collection of documents.
We were able to identify 12 distinct subgroups of individuals who used language in different ways and who varied widely in their interests and their posting habits. What they talked about strongly suggested that they held different beliefs and attitudes about a range of conspiracies.
Eleven of these had consistent enough interests to be readily interpretable. We assigned each of them a name and created aggregate sample comments, as shown in this diagram.
We found that there were posters who fit the “monological” pattern (we dubbed them True Believers), writing at length on a wide variety of different topics. However, they were only the tip of the iceberg. Most posters had more specific interests.
Indeed, many seemed to be attracted as much to the social aspects of discussing conspiracies as the content of specific conspiracies. The group we called the Meta-redditors, for example, was most notable for their discussion of other forums on Reddit and complaints about moderation policies.
Similarly, there were subgroups (the Downtrodden) who appeared to be communicating about conspiracy theories as a way of expressing general frustration with authority.
Some were suspicious of US foreign policy (Anti-imperalists). Others may be using conspiracy topics as a way to express racist or otherwise socially unacceptable ideas (Anti-semites). There was even a distinct subgroup who appeared to be posting primarily in order to debunk conspiracy beliefs (Sceptics).
This suggests that individuals involved with conspiracy theories may have quite different motivations, beliefs and attitudes. It may not be useful to consider them as a homogeneous group.
What does all this mean for the study of conspiracy theories? It’s complicated.
On the one hand, it has long been known that online conspiracy theorising can have a variety of negative social effects, from political disengagement to actual violence. These are effects we should aim to mitigate.
On the other hand, our study also reveals something more surprising. The vast majority of posters were no more active in the conspiracy forum than they were on other reddit forums. This suggests that, for most individuals, conspiracy theories are not an all-encompassing obsession that overrides other interests, but just one interest among many. Even the most obsessed posters also spend a lot of time discussing Star Wars and trading cute cat photos on other parts of the site.
As noted, many members of online forums appear to use conspiracy theories to express legitimate doubts about structures of power, even if the details may appear striking to us. Reddit’s conspiracy forum links on its front page to a “list of confirmed conspiracies”, many of which are historically accurate. In the 1960s, for instance, the US FBI did infiltrate domestic protest groups to disrupt and discredit them. The public health service in Alabama did conduct long-term medical experiments on African American men.
Hence, we think that conspiracy theorising may be best understood as a symptom of a breakdown of trust in institutions like government and the media. Rebuilding that trust is, alas, a difficult proposal. However, our work suggests that recognising the varied and complex motivations and attitudes of conspiracy believers is an important step forward.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 75 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.