Ancient skull from China may rewrite the origins of our species

By Colin Barras

The origins of our species might need a rethink. An analysis of an ancient skull from China suggests it is eerily similar to the earliest known fossils of our species –found in Morocco, some 10,000 kilometres to the west. The skull hints that modern humans aren’t solely descended from African ancestors, as is generally thought.

Most anthropologists believe, based on fossil evidence, that our species arose in Africa around 200,000 years ago. What’s more, genetic studies of modern humans indicate that we are all descended from a single population that left Africa within the last 120,000 years and spread around the world. This African group is the source of all modern human genes, barring a few gained by interbreeding with other species like Neanderthals.

However, the Dali skull may not fit this story. Discovered in China’s Shaanxi

{ https://www.newscientist.com/ }

17-11-2017 om 18:09 geschreven door peter  

Göbekli Tepe in Turkey is a 12,000-year-old megalithic monument complex, the origins of which have stumped archaeologists since its discovery about 20 years ago. It has caused archaeologists to rethink their understanding of “primitive” society at that time.

The sophistication of a society that could build such monuments—containing pillars weighing 45 to 65 tons and carved with intricate symbols and figures—far surpasses what most archaeologists thought possible for that period.

It may have been created by a society that was wiped out by a cataclysmic event.

Carvings at the site may depict a comet that caused massive global climate shifts, a cataclysmic event that wiped out the civilization responsible for Göbekli Tepe. Researchers at the University of Edinburgh published a paper to this effect last year in the journal Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry.

From about 14,500 to 11,500 years ago, a period known as the Younger Dryas, the world experienced dramatic climate shifts. The shift at the end of the Younger Dryas was particularly abrupt, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archaeologists have agreed that Göbekli Tepe is at least 12,000 years old, placing it within this period.

The site was rapidly buried about 1,000 years after its creation. Whether this was done intentionally by people or by nature is a matter of debate. Some have theorized that the society wanted to protect the monuments from the cataclysm.

Researcher and author Bruce Fenton now presents a theory that Göbekli Tepe was built by Australian Aborigines.

Fenton focused his cross-cultural analysis on Göbekli Tepe and the Arnhem Land area in northern Australia. He found many shared symbols and motifs.

For example, the lead photo of this article shows a symbol on a pillar at Göbekli Tepe, and the same symbol painted on an Australian Aboriginal elder’s chest. This symbol is held by the Aborigines to depict two people sitting to share knowledge.

Fenton has found what he says are clearly Aboriginal churinga stones, sacred objects, at Göbekli Tepe.

On another pillar, Fenton has identified a symbol usually reserved for the most sacred artifacts of the Australian Aboriginal culture, churinga stones. He has also found what he believes are churinga stones at other 12,000-year-old sites in Turkeythought to be connected to the Göbekli Tepe culture. They display the concentric circles characteristically used by Aboriginals to depict watering holes, and the zig-zag lines used to depict water ways.

“Many of the animal symbols on the stones relate to Aboriginal clan totems,” Fenton said via email. He has also noticed similarities between the only female figure depicted at Göbekli Tepe and the Aboriginal depictions of Yingarna, the creator.

An ancient culture used Aboriginal shamanism to try and hold back the cataclysm at Göbekli Tepe, says Fenton.

Fenton hypothesizes that the Göbekli Tepe carvings display a characteristically Aboriginal shamanistic attempt to stop the coming cataclysm. He said, “The purpose of the complex was to reverse the flooding underway during the Younger Dryas, by placating the Rainbow Serpent (they assumed this water deity was responsible).”

In a paper on his theory, published in New Dawn magazine, Fenton wrote: “The images at Göbekli Tepe are mostly animals; it is tempting to think that this represented a significant effort by the shamans to call forth the spirits of the animals, many of which had become extinct.”

Follow @TaraMacIsaac on Twitter and visit The Epoch Times Beyond Science page on Facebook to continue exploring the new frontiers of science!

In Beyond Science, The Epoch Times explores research and accounts related to phenomena and theories that challenge our current knowledge. We delve into ideas that stimulate the imagination and open up new possibilities. Share your thoughts with us on these sometimes controversial topics in the comments section below. 

17-11-2017 om 17:53 geschreven door peter  

If you want to remember what’s inside of a box, you write a list of the contents on the outside. This comes in handy when looking for stuff in the attic, frozen food in the freezer and remains of religious leaders. Wait, what?

“The monks Yunjiang and Zhiming of the Lotus School, who belonged to the Mañjuśrī Temple of the Longxing Monastery in Jingzhou Prefecture, gathered more than 2,000 pieces of śarīra, as well as the Buddha’s teeth and bones, and buried them in the Mañjuśrī Hall of this temple.”

The “śarīra” are the cremated ashes of the Buddha, so this message found on a box in 2012 by locals in Gongchi Village, Jingchuan County, China, is describing an effort by two monks to preserve them, along with 260 Buddhist statues buried in the same location. The full excavation was led by Hong Wu, a research fellow at the Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, who published two articles about the discovery in the journal Chinese Cultural Relics. The articles were revealed this week by LiveScience. (pictures on the Chinese Cultural Relics Facebook page)

Are these the actual ashes of Gautama Buddha? What little is known about the death of the 80-year-old Buddha sometime around 483 BCE is that his cremated remains were divided among the 8 royal families and eventually divided into smaller portions and distributed to 84,000 stupas (shrines). A container of alleged ashes and a skull fragment were found last year and identified, in a similar manner to the recent discovery, by a note on the vessel. That may be enough evidence for religious leaders and true believers, but it’s not solid proof for archeologists

Unfortunately, the newest find doesn’t have much either besides the writing on the box. There’s no way to do a DNA test on the ashes nor the teeth and bone fragments found with them. The 260 statues of Buddha and others were no help. Ranging in size from 13 inches to 6.5 feet (2 meters) in height, only one had writing on it and the date May 26, 571. It’s not certain if the statues were buried at the same time the box was interred by the monks. The report also revealed that other artifacts found at the site may be pieces of the lost Mañjuśrī Hall temple.

Other than the note on the box, there appears to be no other historical evidence of the existence of the monks, Yunjiang and Zhiming, or their quest to collect all things Buddha, including his remains. There’s also no way to positively identify the ashes or bones. Nonetheless, it’s an interesting find and worthy of additional study.

And a good example of the importance of labeling.

{http://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

17-11-2017 om 00:41 geschreven door peter  

A bold project in Mexico has brought archaeologists, biologists, underwater photographers and cave divers to the Yucatán Peninsula to study the network of sinkholes known as cenotes that make up the Mayan Aquifer. These natural openings formed by the collapse of the underlying limestone bedrock led the ancient Mayans to what became their primary sources of water, since the peninsula has few lakes and rivers.

As a result, it’s no surprise that they were used for sacred ceremonies and sacrificial offerings and became starting points for the building of temples. A cenote was detected in 2015 underneath the El Castillo (The Castle) pyramid, also known as the Temple of Kukulkán at the Chichen Itzá archeological site using the round-penetrating electrical resistance survey technique. Those 3-D images and further underground exploration led the Great Mayan Aquifer (GAM) team to a never-before-seen blocked passageway from the Chichén Itzá ossuary (bone vault) to the Kukulkán temple … a passageway they believe was sealed by the ancient Mayans and has never been opened.

“We will enter again and, this time, we will try to open it to see if the passageway leads us to the entrance of the cenote beneath the Castle.”

El Universal reports that team leader Guillermo de Anda is ready to break the seal and open the passageway to the temple’s cenote, despite the legends that these sinkholes were gateways to the underworld of the afterlife and the fact that these were places where human sacrifices were made to the rain god Chaac – the GAM team has already found hundreds of human bones in the Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) at Chichén Itzá.

The underworld of Chichén Itzá is not the only area that’s well-protected by both ancient seals and the government. A tourist recently got into trouble for shooting some fantastic photos of the pyramid using a drone without permission and outside normal hours. While some archeologists and protectors of the site would prefer to send a message by tossing the drone (but not the owner – they not barbarians) into the Sacred Cenote, he’ll probably end up getting a 10,227 pesos ($536) fine.

A cenote near Chichén Itzá (not sacrificial)

While the Great Mayan Aquifer team has all of the proper paperwork to break into the passageway to avoid a fine, will they find something far more painful or terrifying?

{ http://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

17-11-2017 om 00:34 geschreven door peter  

5 ‘controversial’ ancient Books that could shatter the foundations of history

Throughout the years, archaeologists have come across incredible discoveries. Some of these discoveries are ancient manuscripts which have been found to portray history from a different point of view. A controversial point of view.

Nemours ancient books tell a different side of history. A different side of human origins, and a different side of human capabilities. These ancient texts, usually considered mythological in nature oppose nearly everything set forth by mainstream scholars and modern history.

Some of them are partially accepted, while some of their pages have been dubbed as a myth because they shake the very foundation of what we know about our civilization.

Regrettably, while these books are real and part of history, the history we’ve been taught throughout the years has ignored them entirely.

This is why in this article, I’ll take you on a journey and introduce you to five ancient books that are both controversial and fascinating, and could shake the very understanding of human history.

I find them beyond fascinating.

1. book of Thoth

One of my favorite books is the so-called book of Thoth. It is a sacred book that according to ancient Egyptian beliefs, not only offers unlimited knowledge, but legend says that anyone who reads the contents can contain the means to decipher the secrets and master the earth, the sea, the air and the celestial bodies. Historical records tell us that the book was a collection of ancient Egyptian texts which were written by Thoth—the ancient Egyptian god of writing and Knowledge.

The Book of Thoth appears fragmented in various papyri, the majority pertaining to the second century of the Ptolemaic period.

2. The Kolbrin Bible

The Kolbrin Bible is another fascinating ancient book believed to have been written around 3,600 years ago.

This ancient book is referred to as the first Judaic/Christian document which spells out understanding of human evolution, creationism, and intelligent design. Some scholars argue that this ancient book was penned down at the same time as the Old Testament.

Various authors participated in its creation, and the Kolbrin Bible is composed of two main parts which make up a total of 11 ancient books.

3. The Book of Enoch

The Book of Enoch is another book which many authors have placed into the dubious or controversial category. The Book of Enoch is an ancient Jewish religious manuscript which is traced back to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah.

The Book of Enoch is considered by many as one of the most influential non-canonical apocryphal writings.

Furthermore, this book is believed to have significantly influenced Christian beliefs.

4. The Book of Giants

The so-called Book of Giants is believed to have been composed around 2,000 years ago. It was found in the Qumran Caves where researchers came across the Dead Sea Scrolls. Specifically, the Book of Giants speaks about creatures that inhabited our planet in the distant past and how they were destroyed. According to the ancient text, the Giants —The Nephilim—became aware that due to their violent ways, they face an imminent destruction. They asked Enoch to speak on their behalf to God.

5. The Ars Notoria

The Ars Notoria is one of the most controversial and mysterious books ever created.

According to legend, this ancient book is a mixture of mystical, historical and sensational content that promises to teach superhuman abilities to those who follow that which is written. The Ars Notoria belongs to the Lesser Key of Solomon. It is an anonymous grimoire (or spellbook) on demonology. Its one-hundred-forty-four spells were authored in the mid-17th century, mostly from materials centuries older. The Ars Notoria contains a set of prayers and which were written in several languages, including Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.

Featured image credit: Shutterstock

{ https://www.ancient-code.com/ }

15-11-2017 om 21:08 geschreven door peter  

Saudi Arabia's 400 ancient 'gate' structures found on the edge of volcanoes are shown in stunning new detail, but archaeologists STILL have no idea why they were built

• The strange cluster, found in the Harrat Khaybar region, are 'the oldest man-made structures in the landscape'
• They could only be studied using satellite imagery taken from Google Earth due to restrictions in the country
• David Kennedy, of the University of Western Australia, was given special permission to fly over the structures 
• Some are up to 1,700 feet (518 metres) long and built across lava domes that may be thousands of years old
• Some stone structures have been dubbed 'gates' because they appear to look like field gates from above

By Tim Collins For Mailonline

Incredible images shot from the sky have provided a glimpse of some of the 400 mysterious stone structures located in a remote desert area in Saudia Arabia.

Since the early 1950s, restrictions in the country have stymied further research of the baffling geometric shapes, which experts believe may be up to 7,000 years old.

With the rise of satellite imagery and Google Earth, tantalising new shots of the elusive earth works were revealed, affording new avenues for investigation.

Now, a leading archaeologist has been granted special permission to fly over the desolate lava fields of the Harrat Khaybar region, providing the clearest pictures yet of the enigmatic formations

Incredible images shot from the sky have provided a glimpse of some of the 400 mysterious stone structures located in a remote desert area in Saudia Arabia. A leading archaeologist was granted special permission to fly over the desolate lava fields of the region, providing the clearest pictures yet of the enigmatic formations. This image shows a 'keyhole pendant'

Dr David Kennedy, of the University of Western Australia, has spent almost 20 years studying the 'Works of the Old Men', as they were named by the area's Bedouin population when questioned in the 1920s.

After his research hit the headlines in October, Dr Kennedy was given special dispensation by the Saudi government to take to the skies and conduct the first aerial survey in more than half a century.

There is no obvious explanation of why many of the shapes, which include gate-like structures, kites, pendants and keyholes, were built. 

In many cases, they are so large that their shape is only revealed when viewed from above.

But experts believe that new aerial photography, combined with closer inspection on the ground, could one day lead to a breakthrough.

Dr Kennedy and colleagues used Google Maps to 'pin' some of the sites they were most interested in visiting.

They then spent three days flying in a Saudi Royal Commission helicopter, from October 27 to October 29, for a total of 15 hours, taking almost 6,000 photographs of around 200 sites.

Writing for LiveScience, Dr Kennedy said: 'The number of high-resolution "windows" on Google Earth has increased rapidly, especially since the launch of the Landsat 8 satellite in February 2013. 

Dr David Kennedy, of the University of Western Australia, has spent almost 20 years studying the structures. Since the early 1950s, restrictions in the country have stymied further research of the baffling geometric shapes, like this triangle-shape seen pointing towards a bullseye, which experts believe may be up to 7,000 years old

After his research hit the headlines in October, Dr Kennedy was given special dispensation by the Saudi government to take to the skies to conduct the first aerial survey in more than half a century. The gate-like shape shown in this image is the fifth largest found so far, at 1,224 by 262 feet (373 by 80 metres)

'Google Earth will remain a useful tool for prospection. It is simple to "pin" and catalogue sites, measure them, sketch them and generate distribution maps for interpretation. 

'The limitations are equally obvious, however. The imagery is two-dimensional, and even the best resolution can be very fuzzy when enlarged. 

'Detail is missing, and some sites are effectively invisible for various reasons. And imagery may be months, or even years, old and thus less valuable for routine monitoring.' 

Built across ancient lava domes, some of these strange features are more than four times the length of a football pitch.

Some of the stone walls have been dubbed 'gates' because they appear to look like gates in a field from above. 

Dr Kennedy and colleagues used Google Maps to 'pin' some of the sites they were most interested in visiting. They then spent three days flying in a Saudi Royal Commission helicopter, from October 27 to October 29, for a total of 15 hours, taking almost 6,000 photographs of about 200 sites

Some of the stone structures have been dubbed 'gates' because they appear to look like field gates from above. The rectangular shapes in this image are the gates

The smallest gates are 43 feet (13 metres) in length while the longest are 1,699 feet (518 metres) long. Remains of lava flows can be seen on top of some of the gates, suggesting that they are older than some of the lava flows

The strange cluster of gates (pictured) 'appear to be the oldest man-made structures in the landscape' and some are up to 1,700 feet long and built across old lava domes. Dr Kennedy has said 'no obvious explanation of their purpose can be discerned'

The strange cluster 'appears to be the oldest man-made structures in the landscape' and some are up to 1,700 feet long and built across old lava domes.

The smallest gates are 43 feet (13 metres) in length while the longest are 1,699 feet (518 metres) long. 

Experts say that thousands of years ago this area would have been much more hospitable than it is now.  

Remains of lava flows can be seen on top of some of the gates, suggesting that they are older than some of the lava flows.

Many of the structures have multiple stone walls that form a rectangular design whereas others - called 'I' type gates - have one stone wall with piles of stones at the ends.

Most of them were discovered through satellite surveys and archaeological fieldwork has yet been carried out. Previous research has found thousands of stone structures that form geometric patterns in the Middle East

Experts believe that new aerial photography, combined with closer inspection on the ground, could one day lead to a breakthrough. In this image, there are gates pictured going up the side of this lava dome in the foreground

Many have multiple stone walls that form a rectangular design (pictured) whereas others - called 'I' type gates - have one stone wall with piles of stones at the ends

The structures were uncovered in the Harrat Khaybar region in Saudi Arabia in the 1920s and were referred to as the 'Works of the Old Men' by the region's Bedouin population

Most of them were discovered through satellite surveys and no archaeological fieldwork has yet been carried out.

Previous research has found thousands of stone structures that form geometric patterns in the Middle East.

These include two wheel-shaped patterns date back some 8,500 years.

A number of the designs, found in Jordan's Azraq Oasis, appear to have an astronomical significance, built to align with the sunrise on the winter solstice, according to LiveScience. 

Some types of stone structures such as 'kites', were believed to have been used to hunt animals. 

Others, like the pendants, often lead from burial sites and may have had ritualistic significance in death rites.

They were found on top of the gates - suggesting the gates pre-date them.

Read more:

• Aerial Images May Unlock Enigma of Ancient Stone Structures in Saudi Arabia

{ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

15-11-2017 om 17:16 geschreven door peter  

Experts find ‘secret passageway to an underground cave’ beneath Mexican Pyramid

Archaeologists have made an incredible discovery after revealing a ‘secret’ passageway located beneath the ancient pyramid of Kukulkan in the ancient city of Chichen Itza in Mexico.

The Mayan pyramid located in Chichen Itza is one of the most visited sites in modern-day Mexico.

Erected more than a thousand years ago, the stunning structure built by the long-lost civilization has been the subject of debate among experts, who have revealed a number of secrets hiding in the Pyramids interior.

Now, experts have found what appears to be a secret passageway leading to an underground chamber, or cave, filled with water beneath the ‘El Castillo’ Pyramid at Chichen Itza.

The cave, according to experts, is a cenote (a kind of flooded hole) that leads to the temple and could reveal the “sacred geography” of the place.

The theory is that there is a system of underground sumps interconnected around the pyramid at its cardinal points.

The Pyramid of El Castillo holds many secrets.

Image Credit: Shutterstock

The discovery was made by a team led by underwater archaeologist Guillermo de Anda, who used advanced imaging techniques, like ground penetrating lidar—a form of radar, to send electromagnetic signals through the walls and other architectural elements of the pyramid and its surroundings—and make a 3D model of the structures that make up the subsoil around the pyramid.

However, although there is certainty of the existence of the passage, the first explorations have not been made.

De Anda said in a statement to Milenio, that if the cenote was verified, it would “totally change” the vision we have of “the patterns of the Mayan settlement.”

This image shows the tunnel that leads to the interior of the Kukulcán pyramid at Chichen Itza.

Image Credit: INAH

The discovery was made through a smaller burial chamber referred to as the Ossuary.

In an interview with El universal, Dr. De Anda said: “Through the Ossuary, we can enter the cave beneath the structure and there we found a blocked passageway, probably closed off by the ancient Mayans themselves. We will enter again and this time we will try to open it to see if the passageway leads us to the entrance of the cenote beneath the pyramid.”

Unlike the European cosmogony that places the deities in heaven, Mayan spirituality believed that the Gods came from the underworld. The most sacred and alive was the earth, that is why formations such as caves and cenotes were so sacred because they were an access road to the inside of the earth, that is, leading to the presence of the gods,” said Dr. James Brady from the California State University, Los Angeles.

ERT-3D scans have revealed a smaller substructure within the walls of the Temple of Kukulkan.

Image credit: UNAM

Dr. Brady is a worldwide pioneer in the study of the relations established by the Mayans between architecture and caves.

Experts believe the ancient Maya built one of their most sacred pyramids around 1,000 years ago on top of a cavern, due to their religious beliefs.

Furthermore, archaeologists note that the cenotes that are located around the Pyramid may represent the four cardinal points.

Researchers also note that the river located at the center may represent the center of the Maya universe, which they envisioned as a tree with roots reaching below ground.

Source: INAH

Featured image: Shutterstock

{ https://www.ancient-code.com/ }

14-11-2017 om 18:16 geschreven door peter  

© University of Cincinnati
The ‘Pylos Combat Agate’ has been hailed as one of the finest works of prehistoric Greek art ever discovered

The history of art has been rewritten after archeologists unearthed an astonishing 3,500 year old carving of an ancient Greek battle, depicting human bodies in anatomical detail which was thought way beyond the skill of Bronze Age artisans. 

In 2015, the tomb of the so-called 'Griffin Warrior' was discovered near the ancient city of Pylos, southwest Greece, containing the remains of a powerful Myceneaen warrior and a treasure trove of burial riches. 

Dating from around 1,500BC the grave also held a intricately carved gem, or sealstone, which was covered in limestone. 

Now after a year of careful restoration the scene beneath has finally been uncovered. It depicts an ancient battle in which a bare-chested warrior plunges a blade into the neck of an assailant, while a second enemy corpse lays at his feet. 

© University of Cincinnati
The seal was originally covered in limestone and has taken a year to clean and restore

The seal, named the 'Pylos Combat Agate' has been hailed as one of the finest works of prehistoric Greek art ever discovered and may depict the mythological war between the Trojans and Mycenaeans, which was told in Homer's Iliad hundreds of years later. 

Comment: Where Troy Once Stood: The Mystery of Homer's Iliad & Odyssey Revealed 

"What is fascinating is that the representation of the human body is at a level of detail and musculature that one doesn't find again until the classical period of Greek art 1,000 years later. It's a spectacular find.," said Jack Davis, Professor of Archaeology of the University of Cincinnati's Department of Classics. 

"It's a spectacular find." 

The find is all the more remarkable because of its tiny size. The tiny piece of agate measures just 1.4 inches in length (3.6cm) and many of the details such as the ornamentation on the shields and jewellery are too small to be viewed with the naked eye. 

© University of Cincinnati
Detail of the seal, which cannot be seen with the naked eye

Researchers are baffled as to how ancient craftsmen were able to create the minute scene without microscopes. 

"Some of the details on this are only a half-millimeter big," added Prof Davis. "They're incomprehensibly small. 

"It seems that they were producing art of the sort that no one ever imagined they were capable of producing. 

"It shows that their ability and interest in representational art, particularly movement and human anatomy, is beyond what it was imagined to be. Combined with the stylized features, that itself is just extraordinary." 

Dig leader Shari Stocker, of the University of Cincinnati's Department of Classics, said: "Looking at the image for the first time was a very moving experience, and it still is. 

"It's brought some people to tears. It would have been a valuable and prized possession, which certainly is representative of the Griffin Warrior's role in Mycenaean society. 

"This seal should be included in all forthcoming art history texts, and will change the way that prehistoric art is viewed." 

© University of Cincinnati
A sketch of the seal

The tomb contained more than 3,000 objects arrayed on and around the warrior's body, including four solid gold rings, silver cups, precious stone beads, fine-toothed ivory combs and an intricately built sword, among other weapons. 

An ivory plaque adorned with a griffin was also buried with the warrior, leading archaeologists to dub him The Griffin Warrior. 

The grave-good are helping archaeologists piece together greater detail about the interactions between the Mycenaens and Minoans at the time.

© University of Cincinnati
A reconstruction of the seal

The seal, and other artefacts suggest that the Griffin Warrior was a Mycenaen nobleman but many of grave-goods are Minoan, including four gold signet rings. Around the time of his death, approximately 1500BC, the Mycenaeans conquered the Minoans meaning the tomb riches could be the spoils of conquest. 

The new findings are published in the journal Hesperia. 

Comment: 

This exquisite find is just one of many examples that should have us questioning the much touted myth of human progress. The evidence suggests that some ancient peoples possessed knowledge superior to our own.

• Mysterious bronze disc discovered near Greek shipwreck could be a missing piece of the Antikythera Mechanism
• Mathematical secrets of ancient Babylonian tablet unlocked
• Stonehenge builders had geometry skills to rival Pythagoras
• Out-of-place artifacts suggestive of ancient high-tech civilizations
• New evidence suggest ancient civilizations characterized by forgotten high science and technology
• An ancient technology is helping India's "water man" save thousands of parched villages
• Archaeologists uncover rare 2,000-year-old Roman sundial during theater excavation in Italy
• Seven ancient cultures that history forgot

{ https://www.sott.net/category/19 }

13-11-2017 om 00:00 geschreven door peter