Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
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The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
De geheimen rond de Bermudadriehoek De wateren rond Bermuda, dat Brits grondgebied is, hebben van meer dan 1.000 mensen het leven geëist. Veel schepen en vliegtuigen zijn op onverklaarbare wijze verdwenen in het gebied dat ligt tussen Bermuda en Miami. Door veel piloten zijn verhalen verteld over kompassen die niet meer werkten.
Mysterieuze verdwijningen en bizarre verhalen hebben geleid tot talloze complottheorieën en er heerst een akelig gevoel omtrent de Bermudadriehoek. Bekijk deze galerij om enkele van de meest intrigerende onverklaarde mysteries rond het eiland en zijn wateren te ontdekken.
George Somers Hij vertrok vanuit Plymouth in Engeland met een vloot van zeven schepen. Zijn vlaggenschip, de Sea Venture, bracht kolonisten, voedsel en goederen met zich mee
George Somers De vloot kwam in een zware storm terecht en de schepen werden van elkaar gescheiden. Na een aantal dagen begon de Sea Venture vol met water te lopen en in een poging van wanhoop voer de uitgeputte kapitein het schip naar de riffen van wat Bermuda bleek te zijn.
George Somers Gelukkig hebben alle 150 passagiers die aan boord waren het overleefd. Ze verbleven tien maanden op het eiland en stichtten de eerste nederzetting van Bermuda.
Bermuda Volgens het toerismebureau Bermuda Attractions liggen er meer dan 300 scheepswrakken op de zeebodem rond het eiland. Waarom er zoveel schepen zijn gezonken in de wateren rond Bermuda blijft een raadsel.
Flight 19 In een groep van vijf vliegtuigen waren er in totaal veertien man aan boord, waaronder de ervaren luitenant Charles C. Taylor. Ze verdwenen allemaal spoorloos. Naar verluidt zei een van de piloten via de radio: "beide kompassen werken niet meer en ik probeer Fort Lauderdale in Florida te vinden."
Flight 19 Een opsporingsteam doorzocht in vijf dagen ruim 300.000 vierkante kilometer grondgebied. Helaas zijn er nooit overblijfselen van Flight 19 gevonden. Een boot met een zoekteam van dertien mensen verdween ook toen het op zoek was naar de vliegtuigen
Christoffel Columbus Naar verluidt schreef hij in een van zijn memoires dat hij een vuurvlam in de zee zag slaan en dat er een paar dagen later in de verte een vreemd licht verscheen.
Mary Celeste Volgens Bermuda Attractions werd het schip drijvend in de Atlantische Oceaan aangetroffen terwijl er niemand aan boord was. Er bestaan complottheorieën rondom het mysterie van de Mary Celeste die gaan van ontvoeringen tot buitenaardse wezens, natuurrampen en zelfs paranormale activiteiten.
USS Scorpion De USS Scorpion was een kernonderzeeër van de Amerikaanse marine. Hij vertrok op 15 februari 1968 uit Norfolk, gelegen in de Amerikaanse staat Virginia, voor een operatie van drie maanden en had een 99-koppige bemanning.
USS Scorpion Volgens History Net, een Amerikaanse uitgever van tijdschriften die artikelen publiceren over onderwerpen uit de geschiedenis, werd er een zoekteam ingezet toen de onderzeeër niet terugkeerde naar zijn thuishaven. De 76,5 meter lange onderzeeër verdween spoorloos.
USS Scorpion Het wrak van de onderzeeër werd in de Atlantische Oceaan voor de kust van de Azoren gevonden, maar complotdenkers hebben het mysterie van de USS Scorpion in verband gebracht met de Bermudadriehoek.
Carroll A. Deering Volgens Bermuda Attractions was er een lichtschip in staat om via de radio met de Carroll A. Deering te communiceren. De kapitein van het lichtschip hoorde een bemanningslid zeggen dat ze hun ankers waren kwijtgeraakt en dat dit aan het hoofdkwartier doorgegeven moest worden, maar de Carroll A. Deering stopte niet en voer langs het lichtschip.
US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker In 1963 kwamen naar verluidt twee KC-135-vliegtuigen van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht met elkaar in botsing en stortten ze neer in de Atlantische Oceaan. Ze werden echter gevonden op twee verschillende locaties die ruim 260 kilometer uit elkaar lagen.
De Ellen Austin De Ellen Austin was een schip dat regelmatig tussen Londen en New York door de Bermudadriehoek voer. Tijdens een van haar reizen in 1881 kwam de Ellen Austin een ander schip tegen waarop niemand aan boord was.
De Ellen Austin In een poging het verlaten schip te redden stuurde de kapitein van de Ellen Austin enkele van zijn bemanningsleden. Twee dagen lang zeilden de schepen zij aan zij totdat ze door een storm van elkaar werden gescheiden. Het verlaten schip en de nieuwe bemanning zijn nooit gevonden.
Niet opgelost en onverklaard Ondanks dat er ruim duizend mensen om het leven zijn gekomen, blijven de wateren rond Bermuda een van de drukst bevaren plekken ter wereld. Zou dit de illusie kunnen wekken dat er hier meer incidenten plaatsvinden of is er echt iets mysterieus aan de hand?
The Mysterious Night Sky Phenomenon Over Salento, Italy
The Mysterious Night Sky Phenomenon Over Salento, Italy
In the tranquil skies above Salento, Italy, a remarkable event occurred on the evening of January 9th, 2017, that left both locals and experts baffled. Luccio Margiota, an educator from the Music Academy of Salento, captured a perplexing aerial phenomenon that defied conventional explanations. The event added to Italy’s long history of mysterious sightings, intertwining with tales that span from ancient Roman lore to modern encounters.
A Shape-Shifting Enigma
As dusk fell over Salento, a glowing orb emerged, acting unlike any known aerial object. Witnesses observed it transforming shape, from a spherical form to an elongated, cigar-like figure, and eventually morphing into a circular, donut-like shape. This spectacle was not only about the transformation of shapes but also involved a captivating shift in colors, from a greenish hue back to white, before the object vanished into the night.
Historical Context and Eyewitness Accounts
Italy’s history is rich with tales of unexplained aerial phenomena, stretching back to Roman times when historians like Livy recorded sightings of phantom ships gleaming in the sky. The Renaissance period and beyond have also documented similar enigmatic occurrences, suggesting a continuity of these mysterious sightings through the ages. In Salento, the recent event mirrors these historical accounts, reinforcing the intrigue and speculation surrounding such phenomena.
Expert Analysis and Speculations
The event prompted analyses from various experts in an attempt to uncover a rational explanation. Meteorologists and astronomers were consulted, exploring potential atmospheric conditions or optical illusions that could account for the sighting. While some speculated that atmospheric phenomena like halos or sun dogs, which are caused by light refracting through ice crystals, might explain the sighting, this theory was quickly dismissed. The absence of a visible light source at the center of the phenomenon contradicted the characteristics of known atmospheric optics.
Marc D’Antonio, an astronomer and video effects designer, suggested that the maximum zoom of Margiota’s camera might have exaggerated distortions, potentially leading to misinterpretations of what was observed. He also pointed to possible lens artifacts from moisture or other substances as contributing factors to the unusual visual effects captured on video. However, even with these considerations, the origin of the light and its peculiar behavior remained unexplained.
VIDEO:
Unexplainable UFO Spotted Above Italy (S2) | The Proof Is Out There | The UnXplained Zone
Despite extensive analysis and speculation, the aerial phenomenon over Salento remains unclassified. The Italian government has not provided an official explanation, leaving the object unidentified and adding to the growing list of mysterious sightings worldwide. This event underscores the ongoing fascination with and debate over unidentified flying objects, challenging our understanding of the known and the unexplored.
As we gaze up at the night sky, events like the Salento sighting remind us of the vastness of the universe and the potential for mysteries that lie beyond our current grasp of science and nature. The pursuit of explanations for such phenomena continues, fueled by curiosity and the unending quest for knowledge.
De grootste mythes over het heelal Hoewel we meer van het heelal begrijpen dan ooit tevoren, zijn er nog steeds veel misvattingen over de ruimte, die grotendeels te danken zijn aan Hollywood. Sommige van deze misvattingen zijn eigenlijk aannemelijk en hebben velen van ons voor de gek gehouden. Denk je bijvoorbeeld dat Mercurius de heetste planeet in het zonnestelsel is omdat hij het dichtst bij onze zon staat? En zuigen zwarte gaten echt materie naar hun kern?
To find out the answers to these questions and more, check out the following gallery on the biggest myths about space. LEES VERDER.
De asteroïdengordel is heel gevaarlijk De asteroïdengordel ligt tussen Mars en Jupiter en bevat meer dan drieduizend kleine planeten en meer dan 750.000 afzonderlijke asteroïden. De grotere asteroïden botsen soms op elkaar, wat de mythe voedt dat het gevaarlijk is voor ruimtevaartuigen om zich er een weg doorheen te banen.
De asteroïdengordel is heel gevaarlijk Er is echter geen gevaar, omdat de afstand tussen asteroïden enorm is. Gemiddeld is er een afstand van ongeveer 970.000 km tussen de asteroïden, wat meer dan twee keer zo groot is als de afstand van de aarde tot de maan.
De zon staat in brand Elke seconde zet de zon 700 miljoen ton waterstof om in 695 miljoen ton helium. Er komt dan energie vrij in de vorm van gammastralen, die dan licht worden. De zon zendt dus licht en warmte uit, maar staat niet in brand, omdat er geen zuurstof aan te pas komt.
De maan heeft een donkere kant In tegenstelling tot wat vaak wordt gedacht, is de andere kant niet donker. Het krijgt dezelfde hoeveelheid zonlicht als de andere kant.
Sterren in constellaties staan dicht bij elkaar De sterren aan de nachthemel zijn verdeeld over 88 constellaties. Dit zijn herkenbare groeperingen die al duizenden jaren als richtlijn voor boeren en reizigers dienen.
Sterren in constellaties staan dicht bij elkaar Ondanks dat het lijkt alsof de sterren die de constellaties vormen dicht bij elkaar staan, zijn ze vaak tientallen of honderden lichtjaren van elkaar gescheiden.
Saturnus is de enige planeet in het zonnestelsel met ringen Wanneer de meeste mensen aan planeten met ringen denken, is er maar één die in hun gedachten opkomt. De gasreus Saturnus staat bekend om zijn zeven hoofdringen.
Saturnus is de enige planeet in het zonnestelsel met ringen Maar Saturnus is niet de enige. Jupiter, Uranus en Neptunus hebben ook allemaal hun eigen ringen. Niemand wist echter zeker dat ze bestonden totdat het ruimteschip Voyager in de jaren zeventig en tachtig heel dichtbij kwam.
Zwarte gaten creëren een vacuüm Zwarte gaten zijn eigenlijk meer een soort vliegenvangers dan vacuüms. Ze zijn vrij inactief totdat een ster te dichtbij komt. Dan worden ze actief en verscheuren ze lagen gas en versnipperen ze de bestaande atomen.
Zwarte gaten creëren een vacuüm In werkelijkheid lopen objecten die genoeg afstand houden en met een hoge snelheid passeren geen gevaar om in het centrum van een zwart gat gezogen te worden. Als de zon bijvoorbeeld zou worden vervangen door een zwart gat, zou de aarde gewoon blijven draaien.
De zon is geel Eigenlijk is deze gele kleur een illusie. De zon produceert alle golflengtes van zichtbaar licht en daarom is haar echte kleur wit. Maar als het zonlicht door de atmosfeer reist, verandert het van kleur.
De zon is geel De atmosferische gassen van de aarde buigen het licht af door een effect dat Rayleighverstrooiing heet en waardoor de lucht blauw lijkt.
De schaduw van de aarde veroorzaakt de maanfasen Maanfasen zijn eigenlijk het resultaat van de opkomst en ondergang van de zon boven de zichtbare kant van de maan terwijl deze om de aarde draait.
De schaduw van de aarde veroorzaakt de maanfasen Terwijl de maan om de aarde draait, worden verschillende delen ervan verlicht door de zon. Het draait dus allemaal om de positie van de zon, de maan en de aarde.
Een lichtjaar is een tijdmaat Een lichtjaar is eigenlijk een afstandsmaat. NASA omschrijft een lichtjaar als "de totale afstand die een lichtstraal, die in een rechte lijn beweegt, in één jaar aflegt".
Een lichtjaar is een tijdmaat Volgens de relativiteitstheorie van Albert Einstein is een lichtjaar de snelste snelheid in het heelal, met ongeveer 300.000 kilometer per seconde.
Sterren twinkelen Wanneer licht naar de aarde reist, passeert het gasmoleculen (sterren) waar onze atmosfeer uit bestaat. De sterren wervelen vanwege turbulentie in de atmosfeer. Hierdoor wordt een deel van het licht afgebogen, waardoor het lijkt alsof het licht verschuift en twinkelt.
Mercurius is de heetste planeet in het zonnestelsel Veel mensen geloven deze misvatting omdat Mercurius de planeet is die het dichtst bij de zon staat. De afstand tot de zon heeft echter weinig te maken met de gemiddelde temperatuur van een planeet.
Mercurius is de heetste planeet in het zonnestelsel Venus bijvoorbeeld, die bijna twee keer zo ver van de zon staat, heeft een gemiddelde temperatuur van 462ºC. Het verschil is te danken aan de atmosfeer. Op Venus is de atmosfeer dik en bestaat deze voornamelijk uit kooldioxide, waardoor de warmte wordt vastgehouden in een isolerende luchtbel, terwijl Mercurius een hele dunne atmosfeer heeft.
Komeetstaarten geven aan welke kant ze opgaan Kometen zijn in wezen brokken vies ijs die opwarmen wanneer ze de zon naderen. Op dat moment laten ze gas en stof los.
Komeetstaarten geven aan welke kant ze opgaan Op aarde zouden we verwachten dat de staart naar achteren wijst, maar in de ruimte is er geen lucht. Kometen worden gevormd en voortgeblazen door stralingsdruk en zonnewind, dus wijzen ze altijd van de zon af.
Zonder ruimtepak exploderen mensen in de ruimte De menselijke huid is rekbaar genoeg, dus het zal niet tot een explosie komen. Maar na ongeveer 10 seconden blootstelling raken mensen bewusteloos.
Zonder ruimtepak exploderen mensen in de ruimte In 1966 gebeurde dit helaas met een technicus tijdens een NASA-test, nadat bepaalde apparatuur uitviel. Gelukkig was de druk na 30 seconden al hersteld en knapte de technicus weer op.
De zon is de enige ster met planeten Deskundigen geloven dat de meeste sterren in de Melkweg planeten om zich heen hebben. Elke planeet die buiten ons zonnestelsel wordt gevonden, wordt een exoplaneet genoemd en deze beïnvloeden de manier waarop een ster verschijnt.
De zon is de enige ster met planeten Eén manier om exoplaneten te vinden is door op verschillende tijdstippen te zoeken naar een afname van het licht van bepaalde sterren. Dit kan betekenen dat een planeet voor de ster langs beweegt, wat invloed heeft op de manier waarop het licht voor ons verschijnt.
The identity of a speeding object captured in images by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter last month has now been revealed, according to officials with the American space agency.
The unusual-looking, elongated object was spotted by the narrow-angle camera aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) as it made its routine pass over the Moon’s surface between March 5 and 6, 2004.
Now, NASA officials have revealed the identity of the strange-looking object and the reason for its curious appearance in the photos the LRO obtained last month.
The object was photographed by the narrow-angle camera aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter last month (Credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University).
In 2022, the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) launched its own orbital spacecraft, the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), on August 4 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Also known as Danuri, the KPLO represents the first official mission launched by South Korea, which will see the spacecraft in orbit around the Moon for one year.
During its mission, Danuri will be utilizing a suite of scientific instruments built by South Korea, as well as one U.S.-built instrument, to carry out several experiments that will study the lunar environment, as well as help demonstrate a “lunar internet” and identify potential future landing sites.
Operating in almost parallel orbits, last month, the KPLO and LRO passed each other going in opposite directions, allowing the LRO to capture images of the South Korean spacecraft as it whizzed by.
Due to their opposite directional paths and the speed at which each lunar orbiter is traveling in their respective orbits (estimated to be close to 7,200 miles, or 1,500 kilometers, per hour), Danuri appeared elongated, making it look close to ten times its actual size, even despite the short exposure time of just 0.338 milliseconds used by the LRO’s narrow-angle camera.
According to the LRO operations team based at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, the high travel velocities between the LRO and Danuri meant that perfect timing was required in order for the NASA team to capture images of the South Korean spacecraft.
The KPLO appears close to ten times its actual size in the images obtained by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in March, 2024
(Credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University).
The images obtained by NASA in March aren’t the first time that one of these spacecraft has obtained images of the other. Last April, the KPLO successfully obtained images of the LRO using its ShadowCam, which was provided by NASA for the South Korean orbiter’s mission.
NASA’s LRO, as seen from the KPLO in April 2023 (Credit: NASA/KARI/Arizona State University).
Possessing a conventional box shape with a pair of solar panel wings and a parabolic antenna, Danuri relies on a mono propulsion system that incorporates four 30N thrusters, which help it achieve orbital maneuvers, and an additional four 5N attitude control thrusters.
Although designed to operate for just a year, it is possible that the KPLO, like the LRO, may enter an extended phase, during which it will descend to a lower position in orbit, placing it just 70 km above the lunar surface.
When light strikes the atmosphere all sorts of interesting things can happen. Water vapor can split sunlight into a rainbow arc of colors, corpuscular rays can stream through gaps in clouds like the light from heaven, and halos and sundogs can appear due to sunlight reflecting off ice crystals. And then there is the glory effect, which can create a colorful almost saint-like halo around objects.
Like rainbows, glories are seen when facing away from the light source. They are often confused with circular rainbows because of their similarity, but glories are a unique effect. Rainbows are caused by the refraction of light through water droplets, while glories are caused by the wave interference of light. Because of this, a glory is most apparent when the water droplets of a cloud or fog are small and uniform in size. The appearance of a glory gives us information about the atmosphere. We have assumed that some distant exoplanets would experience glories similar to Earth, but now astronomers have found the first evidence of them.
A solar glory seen from an airplane. Credit: Brocken Inaglory
The observations come from the Characterising ExOplanet Satellite (Cheops) as well as observations from other observatories of an exoplanet known as WASP-76b. It’s not the kind of exoplanet where you’d expect a glory to appear. WASP-76b is not a temperate Earth-like world with a humid atmosphere, but a hellish hot Jupiter with a surface temperature of about 2,500 Kelvin. Because of this, the team wasn’t looking for extraterrestrial glories but rather studying the odd asymmetry of the planet’s atmosphere.
WASP-76b orbits its star at a tenth of the distance of Mercury from the Sun. At such a close distance the world is likely tidally locked, with one side forever boiling under its sun’s heat and the other side always in shadow. No such planet exists in our solar system, so astronomers are eager to study how this would affect the atmosphere of such a world. Previous studies have shown that the atmosphere is not symmetrical. The star-facing side is puffed up by the immense heat, while the atmosphere of the dark side is more dense.
For three years the team observed WASP-76b as it passed in front of and behind its star, capturing data on the intersection between the light and dark side. They found that on the planet’s eastern terminator (the boundary between light and dark sides) there was a surprising increase in light. This extra glow could be caused by a glory effect. It will take more observations to confirm this effect but if verified it will be the first glory observed beyond our solar system. Currently, glories have only been observed on Earth and Venus.
The presence of a glory on WASP-76b would mean that spherical droplets must have been present in the atmosphere for at least three years. This means either they are stable within the atmosphere, or they are constantly replenished. One possibility is that the glory is caused by iron droplets that rain from the sky on the cooler side of the planet. Even if this particular effect is not confirmed, the ability of modern telescopes to capture this data suggests that we will soon be able to study many subtle effects of exoplanet atmospheres.
A glory in Earth's atmosphere photographed by ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst from the ISS in 2018.
The Stellar Demolition Derby in the Centre of the Galaxy
This illustration shows stars orbiting close to the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole. The black hole accelerates stars nearby and sends them crashing into one another. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/Spaceengine.org
The Stellar Demolition Derby in the Centre of the Galaxy
The region near the Milky Way’s centre is dominated by the supermassive black hole that resides there. Sagittarius A*’s overwhelming gravity creates a chaotic region where tightly packed, high-speed stars crash into one another like cars in a demolition derby.
These collisions and glancing blows change the stars forever. Some become strange, stripped-down, low-mass stars, while others gain new life.
The Milky Way’s supermassive black hole (SMBH) is called Sagittarius A* (Sgr. A*). Sgr. A* is about four million times more massive than the Sun. With that much mass, the much smaller stars nearby are easily affected by the black hole’s powerful gravity and are accelerated to rapid velocities.
In the inner 0.1 parsec, or about one-third of a light-year, stars travel thousands of kilometres per second. Outside that region, the pace is much more sedate. Stars beyond 0.1 parsec travel at hundreds of km/s.
But it’s not only the speed that drives the collisions. The region is also tightly packed with stars into what astronomers call a nuclear star cluster (NSC.) The combination of high speed and high stellar density creates a region where stars are bound to collide.
“They whack into each other and keep going.”
Sanaea Rose, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA
New research led by Northwestern University simulated stars orbiting Sgr. A* to understand the interactions and collisions and their results. It’s titled “Stellar Collisions in the Galactic Center: Massive Stars, Collision Remnants, and Missing Red Giants.” The lead author is Sanaea C. Rose from UCLA’s Department of Physics and Astronomy. The research was also recently presented at the American Physical Society’s April meeting.
The researchers simulated a population of 1,000 stars embedded in the NSC. The stars ranged from 0.5 to 100 solar masses, but in practice, the upper limit was about 30 solar masses due to the initial mass function. Other characteristics, like orbital eccentricities, were varied to ensure that the sample caught stars at different distances from Sgr. A*. That’s necessary to build a solid understanding of the stellar collisions.
“The region around the central black hole is dense with stars moving at extremely high speeds,” said lead author Rose. “It’s a bit like running through an incredibly crowded subway station in New York City during rush hour. If you aren’t colliding with other people, then you are passing very closely by them. For stars, these near collisions still cause them to interact gravitationally. We wanted to explore what these collisions and interactions mean for the stellar population and characterize their outcomes.”
“Stars, which are under the influence of a supermassive black hole in a very crowded region, are unlike anything we will ever see in our own solar neighbourhood.”
Sanaea Rose, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA
The stellar density in the inner 0.1 parsecs is nothing like our Solar System’s neighbourhood. The nearest star to our Sun is the low-mass Proxima Centauri. It’s just over four light-years away. It’s like having no neighbours at all.
But in the NSC, things are way different.
The Milky Way galaxy hosts a supermassive black hole (Sgr A*, shown in the inset on the right) embedded in the Nuclear Star Cluster (NSC) at the center, highlighted and enlarged in the middle panel. The image on the right shows the stellar density in the NSC. Image Credit: Zhuo Chen
“The closest star to our sun is about four light-years away,” Rose explained. “Within that same distance near the supermassive black hole, there are more than a million stars. It’s an incredibly crowded neighbourhood. On top of that, the supermassive black hole has a really strong gravitational pull. As they orbit the black hole, stars can move at thousands of kilometres per second.”
In a stellar density that high, collisions are inevitable. The rate of collisions is more severe the closer stars are to the SMBH. In their research, Rose and her colleagues simulated the region to determine the collisions’ effect on individual stars and the stellar population.
The simulations showed that head-on collisions are rare. So stars aren’t destroyed. Instead, they’re more like glancing blows, where stars can be stripped of their outer layers before continuing their trajectories.
“They whack into each other and keep going,” Rose said. “They just graze each other as though they are exchanging a very violent high-five. This causes the stars to eject some material and lose their outer layers. Depending on how fast they are moving and how much they overlap when they collide, they might lose quite a bit of their outer layers. These destructive collisions result in a population of strange, stripped down, low-mass stars.”
These stars end up migrating away from the SMBH. The authors say that there is likely a population of these low-mass stars spread throughout the galactic centre (GC.) They also say that the ejected mass from these grazing collisions could produce the gas and dust features other researchers have observed in the GC, like X7, and G objects like G3 and G2.
X7 is an elongated gas and dust structure in the galactic centre. The researchers suggest it could be made of mass stripped from stars during collisions between fast-moving stars near Sgr. A*. G3 and G2 are objects that resemble clouds of gas and dust but also have properties of stellar objects. Image Credit: Ciurlo et al. 2023.
Outside of the 0.1 parsecs region, the stars are slower. As a result, collisions between stars aren’t as energetic or destructive. Instead of creating a population of stripped-down stars, collisions allow the stars to merge, creating more massive stars. Multiple mergers are possible, creating stars more massive than our Sun.
“A few stars win the collision lottery,” Rose said. “Through collisions and mergers, these stars collect more hydrogen. Although they were formed from an older population, they masquerade as rejuvenated, young-looking stars. They are like zombie stars; they eat their neighbours.”
But after they gain that mass, they hasten their own demise. They become like young, massive stars that consume their fuel quickly.
This artist’s illustration shows a massive star orbiting Sagittarius A*. Post-collision, some stars gain mass and end up shortening their lives. Image Credit: University of Cologne
“They die very quickly,” Rose said. “Massive stars are sort of like giant, gas-guzzling cars. They start with a lot of hydrogen, but they burn through it very, very fast.”
Another puzzling thing about this inner region is the lack of red giants. “Observations of the GC indicate a deficit of RGs within about 0.3 pc of the SMBH,” the authors write, referencing other research. Their results could explain it. “We consider whether main-sequence stellar collisions may help explain this observational puzzle,” they write. “We find that within ~ 0.01 pc of the SMBH, stellar collisions destroy most low-mass stars before they can evolve off the main sequence. Thus, we expect a lack of RGs in this region.”
The region around the Milky Way’s SMBH is chaotic. Even disregarding the black hole itself and its swirling accretion disk and tortured magnetic fields, the stars that dance to its tune live chaotic lives. The simulations show that most stars in the GC will experience direct collisions with other stars. But their chaotic lives could shed light on how the entire region evolved. And since the region resists astronomers’ attempts to observe it, simulations like this are their next best tool.
“It’s an environment unlike any other,” Rose said. “Stars, which are under the influence of a supermassive black hole in a very crowded region, are unlike anything we will ever see in our own solar neighbourhood. But if we can learn about these stellar populations, then we might be able to learn something new about how the galactic center was assembled. At the very least, it certainly provides a point of contrast for the neighbourhood where we live.”
Note:these results are based on a pair of published papers:
Annunaki: Enigmatic Deities and the Alleged Architects of Humanity
Annunaki: Enigmatic Deities and the Alleged Architects of Humanity
In the rich tapestry of ancient Mesopotamian mythology, few figures are as intriguing and mysterious as the Annunaki. Described as gods descending from the heavens, their lore intertwines with the fabric of human origin and ancient cosmology, presenting a narrative that has captivated scholars, enthusiasts, and theorists alike.
Origins and Mythology
The Annunaki hold a pivotal place in the pantheon of Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian cultures. These deities are often depicted as powerful beings who arrived from a distant planet, Nibiru, sometimes referred to as the 12th planet in our solar system. According to myth, they were in search of resources, specifically gold, to save their home world from an impending catastrophe.
The lore suggests that Earth’s abundant gold reserves caught the Annunaki’s attention, leading to their arrival and subsequent mining operations. However, laboring under the harsh conditions of our planet, they sought to engineer a workforce capable of carrying out the strenuous task of mining. This led to the creation of mankind, as per the narrative, making humans the direct product of Annunaki ingenuity.
Impact on Human Evolution
The narrative goes further to explain the rapid advancement of human civilization as a direct influence of the Annunaki. They are credited with teaching humans various skills and knowledge, from agriculture to writing, thus catalyzing the growth of civilizations across ancient Mesopotamia, often regarded as the cradle of civilization. This interventionist approach in human evolution paints the Annunaki not only as creators but also as teachers and protectors of mankind.
Skepticism and Scientific Perspective
While the story of the Annunaki offers a fascinating glance into ancient mythologies and the human penchant for storytelling, it is crucial to approach these narratives with a critical mind. Mainstream science and archaeology do not support the existence of Nibiru or the Annunaki’s role in human history as factual. The tales of the Annunaki, much like other mythological narratives, are reflections of our ancestors’ attempts to understand the world around them, using the language of myth to explain natural phenomena and the origins of human society.
The works of authors like Zechariah Sitchin, who popularized the Annunaki in modern times, often involve interpretations of ancient texts that many scholars have contested. It’s important to differentiate between mythological texts and historical evidence when exploring these subjects.
VIDEO:
The Why Files – Annunaki | Gods from Planet Nibiru and the Makers of Man
The Annunaki remain a compelling subject within ancient Mesopotamian mythology, embodying the human fascination with creation, gods, and the stars. Their story is a testament to the creativity and depth of ancient civilizations’ mythologies, offering insights into how our ancestors sought to explain their origins and the workings of the cosmos.
As we continue to explore ancient texts and archaeological findings, the line between myth and history offers a rich field for inquiry and understanding. While the Annunaki may not be the architects of humanity as the myths suggest, their stories provide a valuable glimpse into the spiritual and cosmological beliefs of ancient Mesopotamian cultures, reminding us of the complexity and richness of human imagination throughout the ages.
A team of scientists from the University of Tokyo has revealed a major breakthrough that allows them to create realistic 3D holographic displays using an ordinary iPhone screen.
While conventional approaches to holography involve complex and expensive laser emitters that have limited their practical use, the researchers behind this novel approach say their work could lead to dramatic improvements in holographic displays for virtual reality applications, including gaming, training, and even advanced military applications.
3D HOLOGRAPHIC DISPLAYS LIMITED BY COST AND COMPLEXITY
In science fiction, holograms are used for anything from basic communications to advanced military weaponry. In the real world, 3D holographic displays have yet to break through to everyday products and devices. That’s because creating holograms that look real and have significant fidelity requires laser emitters or other advanced pieces of optical equipment. This situation has stymied commercial development, as these components are complex and expensive.
More recently, research scientists were able to create realistic 3D holographic images without lasers by using a white chip-on-board light-emitting diode. Unfortunately, that method required two spatial light modulators to control the wave fronts of the emitted light, adding a prohibitive amount of complexity and cost.
Now, those same scientists say they have created a simpler, more cost-effective way to create realistic-looking 3D holographic displays using only one spatial light modulator and new software algorithms. The result is a simpler and cheaper method for creating holograms that an everyday technology like a smartphone screen can emit.
IPHONE 14 SCREEN CREATES REALISTIC HOLOGRAMS
“Although holography techniques can create a very real-looking 3D representation of objects, traditional approaches aren’t practical because they rely on laser sources,” said research team leader Ryoichi Horisaki from The University of Tokyo in Japan. “Lasers emit coherent light that is easy to control, but they make the system complex, expensive, and potentially harmful to the eyes.”
To conquer this limitation, Horisaki’s team wanted to see if they could use lower-cost technology and the power of advanced computer algorithms to create a 3D holographic display that would rival displays using lasers. The key, they say, is a technology known as computer-generated holography (CGH) paired with a simple component known as a spatial light modulator.
Researchers developed a 3D full-color display method that uses a smartphone screen, rather than a laser, to create holographic images. Shown are their experimental results, in which a continuous transition from the first layer to the second layer is observable. CREDIT: Ryoichi Horisaki, The University of Tokyo
To demonstrate their potential breakthrough approach, the researchers created a two-layer optical reproduction of a full-color three-dimensional image. The first layer is projected by the spatial light modulator, and the second layer is projected by the screen off of an iPhone 14 smartphone.
Next, the team’s customized algorithms coordinated the display of the two images to create a realistic-looking 3D holographic display that resembled those produced by expensive laser systems.
While the approach seems simple on the surface, the scientists say it is incredibly complex.
“It required carefully modeling the incoherent light propagation process from the screen and then using this information to develop a new algorithm that coordinated the light coming from the device screen with a single spatial light modulator,” they explain.
Fortunately, that work paid off, resulting in a new approach to designing and projecting realistic holographic displays that are significantly simpler and less expensive than the industry standard.
“This work aligns with our laboratory’s focus on computational imaging, a research field dedicated to innovating optical imaging systems by integrating optics with information science,” said Horisaki. “We focus on minimizing optical components and eliminating impractical requirements in conventional optical systems.”
“Holographic displays that use low-coherence light could enable realistic 3D displays while potentially reducing costs and complexity,” added Otoya Shigematsu, the paper’s first author. “Although several groups, including ours, have demonstrated holographic displays using low-coherence light, we took this concept to the extreme by using a smartphone display.”
NEW APPROACH COULD REVOLUTIONIZE VIRTUAL REALITY
In their study, which is published in the journal Optical Letters, the scientists behind the new method for generating 3D holographic displays say their current work only created a demonstration of their approach and that more work would be needed to apply it to commercial, military, and industrial applications.
First author Otoya Shigematsu is shown in the laboratory with the optical experiment setup used for the work.
CREDIT: Ryoichi Horisaki, The University of Tokyo.
However, they say the basic science behind the integration of computer algorithms and simple display technologies is a huge step toward dramatic improvements in virtual reality devices like headsets used in virtual gaming environments. In fact, they believe that their method is actually safer than traditional approaches, especially when used in close-up displays like VR headsets.
“We believe that this method could eventually be useful for minimizing the optics, reducing costs, and decreasing the potential harm to eyes in future visual interfaces and 3D display applications,” said Shigematsu. “More specifically, it has the potential to enhance the performance of near-eye displays, such as the ones being used in high-end virtual reality headsets.”
The scientists say they are now working on improving their algorithms to increase the number of layers and, therefore, the digital information they can display. If successful, they say they could create even more complex and realistic 3D holographic displays.
Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.
"It's difficult to explain why we have this many more sightings in the West."
(Image credit: David Wall/Getty Images)
Those of us in the western U.S. who enjoy vast open spaces may also be more likely to report UFO sightings, a new study suggests.
-An analysis of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) reports (UAP is a new umbrella term that includes UFOs not just in the sky but also in space and underwater) suggests local environmental factors play a role in the number of UAP sightings reported.
The study, based on about 98,000 reports over 20 years as cataloged in an open-source, online dataset maintained by the National UFO Research Center (NUFORC), modeled how reported UAP sightings coincide with environmental variables such as light pollution and cloud cover, as well as things like proximity to airports and military installations. The results reveal the majority of reported sightings originate in the western U.S., along with a smaller hotspot in the northeastern U.S.
"It was completely unexpected," Richard Medina, a geographer at the University of Utah who led the study, told Space.com. "It's difficult to explain why we have this many more sightings in the West."
Caption: Hotspot analysis of reported UAP sightings from 2001 to 2020. (Image credit: Medina, Brewer & Kirkpatrick. Sci Rep (2023))
Pinning down the environmental context of these sightings is important when considering explanations for presumed UAP occurrences; it can also help scientists differentiate between non-results and truly anomalous sightings that may be a legitimate threat, said Medina.
He and his colleagues posit that the large number of sightings in the western U.S. can partly be explained by its wide-open spaces and all-year temperate weather, which draw people outside for recreational activities. "People are out and looking skyward," Medina said in a statement
It’s not like any other over before it NASA is always striving to push the boundaries of space exploration and that has led its engineers to develop a new type of robot rover that could completely change how space exploration missions are undertaken according to the agenc
The CADRE Rover The Cooperative Autonomous Distributed Robotic Exploration—more commonly known by the acronym CADRE—project has developed a rover that operates without the input of humans with the aim of supporting future exploratory missions.
Smaller than your average rover NASA’s CADRE rovers are a lot smaller than something like Curiosity of Perseverance, two of the space agency’s more modern rovers exploring the surface of Mars. CADRE’s rovers are only about the size of the average carry-on luggage.
Packed with new technologies However, engineers have packed the tiny new rover with a lot of technology that will be very useful for mapping the surface of a planet. The rover is equipped with an array of sensors and cameras as well as other advanced technologies.
Fitted with powerful mapping tools Powered by solar panels and four wheels, the CADRE rover also has been fitted with a powerful ground-penetrating radar that its designers developed so that it could map the lunar surface during the new technology's first mission to the moon.
Three will head to the moon in 2024 A trio of new rovers from NASA will be heading to the moon in 2024 aboard Intuitive Machines’ third lunar lander the IM-3 as part of the space agency’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative according to Space.com.
Exploring a mysterious region of the moon NASA is tasking its tiny autonomous rovers with exploring a very mysterious region on the moon known as Reiner Gamma. The area is just one of several fascinating places on the lunar surface that have their own local magnetic field.
The Ocean of Storms Reiner Gamma is located inside an area on the moon’s surface referred to as Oceanus Procellarum, which translates to Ocean of Storms. The region is on the western edge of the moon north of the equator and temperatures are volatile.
The perfect area for robotic exploration During the middle of the day, surface temperatures in Reiner Gamma can reach as high as 237° Fahrenheit or 114° Celsius, which makes the area perfect for exploration using autonomous robots like the ones developed by the CADRE project.
A simple mission The mission NASA’s new robots are being sent on is very simple. The aim is to see how the three rovers interact with each other without direct input from the mission controllers back on Earth according to a press release from the space agency.
Measurements and mapping The rovers will take measurements from several locations so that NASA can provide the proof of concept. If the mission is successful, it could dramatically transform how NASA explores other planetary and celestial surfaces in the near future.
Exploring without human input “Our mission is to demonstrate that a network of mobile robots can cooperate to accomplish a task without human intervention – autonomously,” explained Subha Comandur, the CADRE project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
They could change space exploration “It could change how we do exploration in the future,” Comandur continued, adding that the “question for future missions will become: ‘How many rovers do we send, and what will they do together?’” But what do we know about the mission?
Examining the moon for a full lunar day The Cadre rovers will explore Reiner Gamma for a full lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days, and will conduct a number of experiments throughout the area that will test the capabilities of the new recovers and how they work together.
Minimal orders will be given Mission control will send the rovers a broad directive as to what they should do once on the moon. The robots will select a leader and then get to work on reasoning out the best way to complete the tasks that they have been given.
One instruction only “The only instruction is, for example, ‘Go explore this region,’ and the rovers figure out everything else: when they’ll do the driving, what path they’ll take, how they’ll maneuver around local hazards,” said CADRE’s principal investigator Jean-Pierre de la Croix.
Will the rovers pass the test? “You only tell them the high-level goal, and they have to determine how to accomplish it,” Jean-Pierre de la Croix added. It’s a very interesting way to increase our capabilities that could revolutionize the future of space exploration.
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover just made it to a channel called Gediz Vallis. This spot is the perfect place for taking a dramatic alien panorama. But, it might also contain hidden clues of ancient water on the Red Planet.
Rocks have long suggested that Mars was wetter and warmer billions of years ago. Current evidence suggests that water on the Red Planet came and went in phases. NASA is searching for hints of a critical turning point: when these phases ended and liquid water permanently disappeared from Mars’s surface and forever transformed the once-wet planet into the barren world of today. Gediz Vallis might contain clues of this point of no return.
As it drives along the serpentine-shaped land feature, the six-wheeled rover will get a novel look at this “Earth-like past,” NASA officials announced on Friday.
Curiosity has now reached Gediz Vallis, the channel that runs through the center of this NASA image, created from orbital data.
Previous satellite data suggested that water flow may have helped form the channel. The debris pile inside the channel also hints that water once ran there. Geological structures within the channel suggest that the region may have dried up only to flood again, which aligns with similar evidence in other areas of Mars that NASA has explored. Scientists currently surmise that Gediz Vallis probably formed after a dry period, preceded by another wet period.
The rover team wants to confirm what carved the bedrock to create Gediz Vallis. “The formation’s sides are steep enough that the team doesn’t think the channel was made by wind. However, debris flows (rapid, wet landslides) or a river carrying rocks and sediment could have had enough energy to chisel into the bedrock,” according to NASA.
Curiosity has been exploring Mars for more than a decade to understand whether inhospitable modern Mars was once hospitable to life.
A New Map Shows the Universe’s Dark Energy May Be Evolving
This image shows a slice of the 3D map of galaxies collected in the first year of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Survey. Earth is at the tip, with the furthest galaxies plotted at distances of 11 billion light-years. Each point represents one galaxy. This version of the DESI map includes 600,000 galaxies — less than 0.1% of the survey's full volume. Image Credit: DESI Collaboration/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/R. Proctor
A New Map Shows the Universe’s Dark Energy May Be Evolving
At the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, an instrument with 5,000 tiny robotic eyes scans the night sky. Every 20 minutes, the instrument and the telescope it’s attached to observe a new set of 5,000 galaxies. The instrument is called DESI—Dark Energy Survey Instrument—and once it’s completed its five-year mission, it’ll create the largest 3D map of the Universe ever created.
But scientists are getting access to DESI’s first data release and it suggests that dark energy may be evolving.
DESI is the most powerful multi-object survey spectrograph in the world, according to their website. It’s gathering the spectra for tens of millions of galaxies and quasars. The goal is a 3D map of the Universe that extends out to 11 billion light-years. That map will help explain how dark energy has driven the Universe’s expansion.
DESI began in 2021 and is a five-year mission. The first year of data has been released, and scientists with the project say that DESI has successfully measured the expansion of the Universe over the last 11 billion years with extreme precision.
“The DESI team has set a new standard for studies of large-scale structure in the Universe.”
Pat McCarthy, NOIRLab Director
DESI collects light from 5,000 objects at once with its 5,000 robotic eyes. It observes a new set of 5,000 objects every 20 minutes, which means it observes 100,000 objects—galaxies and quasars—each night, given the right observing conditions.
This image shows Stu Harris working on assembling the focal plane for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2017 in Berkeley, Calif. Ten petals, each containing 500 robotic positioners that are used to gather light from targeted galaxies, form the complete focal plane. DESI is attached to the 4-meter Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Image Credit: DESI/NSF NOIRlab
DESI’s data creates a map of the large-scale structure of the Universe. The map will help scientists unravel the history of the Universe’s expansion and the role dark energy plays. We don’t know what dark energy is, but we know some force is causing the Universe’s expansion to accelerate.
“The DESI instrument has transformed the Mayall Telescope into the world’s premier cosmic cartography machine,” said Pat McCarthy, Director of NOIRLab, the organization behind DESI. “The DESI team has set a new standard for studies of large-scale structure in the Universe. These first-year data are only the beginning of DESI’s quest to unravel the expansion history of the Universe, and they hint at the extraordinary science to come.”
DESI measures dark energy by relying on baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO.) Baryonic matter is “normal” matter: atoms and everything made of atoms. The acoustic oscillations are density fluctuations in normal matter that date back to the Universe’s beginnings. BAO are the imprint of those fluctuations, or pressure waves, that moved through the Universe when it was all hot, dense plasma.
As the Universe cooled and expanded, the density waves froze their ripples in place, and where density was high, galaxies eventually formed. The ripple pattern of the BAO is visible in the DESI leading image. It shows strands of galaxies, or galaxy filaments, clustered together. They’re separated by voids where density is much lower.
The deeper DESI looks, the fainter the galaxies are. They don’t provide enough light to detect the BAO. That’s where quasars come in. Quasars are extremely bright galaxy cores, and the light from distant quasars creates a shadow of the BAO pattern. As the light travels through space, it interacts with and gets absorbed by clouds of matter. That lets astronomers map dense pockets of matter, but it took over 450,000 quasars. That’s the most quasars ever observed in a survey like this.
Because the BAO pattern is gathered in such detail and across such vast distances, it can act as a cosmic ruler. By combining the measurements of nearby galaxies and distant quasars, astronomers can measure the ripples across different periods of the Universe’s history. That allows them to see how dark energy has stretched the scale over time.
It’s all aimed at understanding the expansion of the Universe.
In the Universe’s first three billion years, radiation dominated it. The Cosmic Microwave Background is evidence of that. For the next several billion years, matter dominated the Universe. It was still expanding, but the expansion was slowing because of the gravitational force from matter. But since then, the expansion has accelerated again, and we give the name dark energy to the force behind that acceleration.
So far, DESI’s data supports cosmologists’ best model of the Universe. But there are some twists.
“We’re incredibly proud of the data, which have produced world-leading cosmology results,” said DESI director and LBNL scientist Michael Levi. “So far, we’re seeing basic agreement with our best model of the Universe, but we’re also seeing some potentially interesting differences that could indicate dark energy is evolving with time.”
Levi is referring to Lambda Cold Dark Matter (Lambda CDM), also known as the standard model of Big Bang Cosmology. Lambda CDM includes cold dark matter—a weakly interacting type of matter—and dark energy. They both shape how the Universe expands but in opposite ways. Dark energy accelerates the expansion, and regular matter and dark matter slow it down. The Universe evolves based on the contributions from all three. The Lambda CDM does a good job of describing what other experiments and observations find. It also assumes that dark energy is constant and spread evenly throughout the Universe.
This data is just the first release, so confirmation of dark energy evolution must wait. By the time DESI has completed its five-year run, it will have mapped over three million quasars and 37 million galaxies. That massive trove of data should help scientists understand if dark energy is changing.
Whatever the eventual answer, the question is vital to understanding the Universe.
“This project is addressing some of the biggest questions in astronomy, like the nature of the mysterious dark energy that drives the expansion of the Universe,” says Chris Davis, NSF program director for NOIRLab. “The exceptional and continuing results yielded by the NSF Mayall telescope with DOE DESI will undoubtedly drive cosmology research for many years to come.”
DESI isn’t the only effort to understand dark energy. The ESA’s Euclid spacecraft is already taking its own measurements to help cosmologists answer their dark energy questions.
In a few years, DESI will have some more powerful allies in the quest to understand dark energy. The Vera Rubin Observatory and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will both contribute to our understanding of the elusive dark energy. They’ll perform surveys of their own, and by combining data from all three, cosmologists are poised to generate some long-sought answers.
But for now, scientists are celebrating DESI’s first data release.
“We are delighted to see cosmology results from DESI’s first year of operations,” said Gina Rameika, associate director for High Energy Physics at the Department of Energy. “DESI continues to amaze us with its stellar performance and how it is shaping our understanding of dark energy in the Universe.”
Want to Start a Farm on Mars? This Rover Will Find Out if it’s Possible
Travelling to Mars has its own challenges. The distance alone makes the journey something of a mission in itself. Arrive though, and the handwork has only just begun. Living and surviving on Mars will be perhaps humans biggest challenge yet. It would be impossible to take everything along with you to survive so instead, it would be imperative to ‘live off the land’ and produce as much locally as possible. A new rover called AgroMars will be equipped with a number of agriculture related experiments to study the make up of the soil to assess its suitability for growing food.
Growing food on Mars poses a number of challenges, chiefly due to the harsh environmental conditions. Not least of which is the low atmospheric pressure, temperature extremes and high radiation levels. To try and address these, new techniques have been developed in the fields of hydroponics and aeroponics. The key to these new techniques involves using nutrient rich solutions instead of soils.
Special structures are build analogous to greenhouses on Earth with artificial lighting, temperature and humidity control. Genetic engineering too has played a part in developing plants that are more hardy and capably of surviving in harsh Martian environments. As we continue to explore the Solar System and in particular Mars, we are going to have to find ways to grow food in alien environments.
The space station’s Veggie Facility, tended here by NASA astronaut Scott Tingle, during the VEG-03 plant growth investigation, which cultivated Extra Dwarf Pak Choi, Red Russian Kale, Wasabi mustard, and Red Lettuce and harvested on-orbit samples for testing back on Earth. Credits: NASA
Enter AgroMars. A space mission taking a rover to Mars to hunt for, and explore the possibility of establishing agriculture on Mars! The rover will be launched with similar capabilities to the likes of Perseverance or Curiosity. The rover will be launched to Mars by a Falcon 9 launch vehicle operated by Space X but this is some years off yet. The development phase has yet to start. In a paper by lead author M. Duarte dos San- tos the mission has been shaped, reality is a little way off.
On arrival, AgroMars will use an X-ray and infrared spectrometer, high resolution cameras, pH sensors, mass spectrometers and drilling tools to collect and analyse soil samples. The samples will be assessed for mineralogical composition, soil texture, soil pH, presence of organic compounds and water retention capacity.
To be able to assess the Martian soil the rover must possess advanced capabilities for collecting and analysing soil samples, more than before. The data will then be sent on to laboratories on Earth and it is their responsibility to interpret the information. The multitude of groups involved is a wonderful reminder how science transcends geographical borders. Working together will yield far better results and help to advance our knowledge of astrobiology and agriculture on Mars.
‘Calypso’ Panorama of Spirit’s View from ‘Troy’. This full-circle view from the panoramic camera (Pancam) on NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Spirit shows the terrain surrounding the location called “Troy,” where Spirit became embedded in soft soil during the spring of 2009. The hundreds of images combined into this view were taken beginning on the 1,906th Martian day (or sol) of Spirit’s mission on Mars (May 14, 2009) and ending on Sol 1943 (June 20, 2009). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell University
This doesn’t come cheap though. The estimated cost of the mission is in the region of $2.7 billion which includes development, launch and exploration for the entire mission.
The total cost of the mission is estimated to be around $2.7 billion, which includes $2.2 billion for the development and launch of the rover and $500 million for its exploitation during the entirety of the mission. Whether it – pardon the pun – gets off the ground is yet to be seen but if we are to explore and even establish a permanent base on Mars then we will have to gain a better understanding of the environment to feed and sustain future explorers.
The Impact of UFO Encounters on Military Personnel
The Impact of UFO Encounters on Military Personnel
In a groundbreaking disclosure, a former CIA-affiliated doctor has brought to light the alarming consequences of unidentified flying object (UFO) encounters on American military personnel. This revelation, stemming from a Freedom of Information Act request and a series of comprehensive studies, paints a disturbing picture of the hidden casualties and injuries within the military ranks due to these enigmatic phenomena.
Dr. Christopher Green, a neuroimaging specialist with extensive experience within the CIA, has spearheaded research into the interactions between military personnel and unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs). His work, detailed in the study “Clinical Medical Acute And Subacute Field Effects on Human Dermal And Neurological Tissues,” outlines a range of injuries sustained during encounters classified on the Hynek scale, a system used to categorize UFO sightings.
The scale, which classifies encounters from mere nocturnal lights to close and direct interactions, provides a framework for understanding the varying degrees of contact and their potential impact on human observers. Dr. Green’s research specifically focuses on the latter categories, where physical effects and injuries are reported. These include radiation burns, paralysis, and even brain damage, drawing unsettling parallels to the symptoms of Havana Syndrome, a condition associated with microwave and high-energy weapon exposure among U.S. embassy staff.
This syndrome, believed to be caused by foreign actors using electromagnetic radiation as a weapon, shares similarities with the injuries reported by military personnel exposed to UAPs. However, Dr. Green’s findings suggest these incidents precede the Havana Syndrome cases, indicating a longstanding and unaddressed threat.
The collective research efforts underscore a pressing need for a more profound understanding and investigation of UAPs, not only to unveil their origins and intentions but also to safeguard against their potentially harmful impacts on human health and safety. This call to action is not only a matter of scientific inquiry but a paramount concern for national defense and the welfare of those who serve.
In the face of growing evidence and public interest, it’s imperative that the phenomena associated with UAP encounters are no longer relegated to the fringes of scientific and military investigation. The consequences, as revealed by these studies, warrant a coordinated and comprehensive response to address the risks posed to military personnel and, potentially, the broader public.
As the veil of secrecy begins to lift, the path forward demands collaboration between government agencies, scientific communities, and the defense sector to confront the challenges posed by these unidentified entities. Only through rigorous investigation, transparency, and an unwavering commitment to understanding the unknown can we hope to protect those who risk their lives for national security and potentially uncover the true nature of the enigmatic phenomena known as UFOs.
NASA Announces Starliner’s Next Launch Attempt: May 6
Starliner, the new crewed capsule from Boeing, has been in the works for a long time. Originally unveiled in 2010, the capsule has been under development for the last 14 years, primarily utilizing NASA grants and contracts. However, Boeing itself has taken upwards of 1 billion dollars in hits to earnings as part of the craft’s development. After all that time in the prototype stages, Starliner is finally ready for its first crewed flight – which has now officially been scheduled for May 6th.
The launch will utilize a ULA Atlas V, which was also partly developed by Boeing. Like most Atlas V launches, it will take off from Cape Canaveral in Florida and take two astronauts – Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore – to the International Space Station.
To make room for the capsule, the crew already stationed on the ISS has to do some additional work, including moving a Dragon capsule out of the docking port on the ISS’s Harmony module to which the Starliner will have to attach. To move the capsule, they will also have to complete some additional “science and cargo logistics,” according to a NASA Press release.
Fraser covers Starliner’s successful test flight.
Those logistics seem to be the primary cause of a final five-day delay (from May 1st to 5th) that the Starliner will have to endure. Once at the ISS, Williams and Wilmore will spend a week helping out on the ISS before using the Starliner capsule to return to Earth.
That is assuming all goes well with their flight. Starliner has had at least one spectacular failure as part of its development, though it successfully completed an uncrewed flight in May of 2022. If any astronauts are ready to ride on a new crewed capsule, it’s Williams and Wilmore. Both have been astronauts for over 20 years, and each was a trained Navy Test Pilot before joining NASA.
The capsule they will be using, known as Calypso, has already been to orbit, though not as many times as the astronauts themselves. It was used in the first orbital test flight, and while it didn’t manage to dock up with the ISS, it did land successfully and wouldn’t pose a risk to any astronauts on board.
Video from Boeing showcasing Starliner mounted atop an Atlas V. Credit – Boeing YouTube Channel
Upon completing this test flight, NASA hopes to rely on the Starliner to provide regular crewed missions to the ISS. This would be supplemental to the SpaceX Dragon capsule the agency already uses and mark the definitive end to the drought of American crewed spaceflight.
Future missions include a four-person flight planned for 2025, assuming all goes well with this first one. Boeing also has a contract with NASA for five additional flights between 2026 and 2030. But first, if all goes well, on May 6th, after decades of work, the world will hopefully gain another crewed vehicle to help facilitate our path to the stars.
The Boeing CST-100 Starliner spacecraft is lifted at the Vertical Integration Facility at Space Launch Complex-41 at Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on May 4, 2022. Photo credit: NASA/Frank Michaux
This Martian rock, named Bunsen Peak, contains minerals that formed in thepresence of water. On Earth, these water-deposited carbonate minerals are good at preserving ancient organic material. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
If there’s a Holy Grail on Mars, it’s probably a specific type of rock: A rock so important that it holds convincing clues to Mars’ ancient habitability.
Perseverance might have just found it.
If scientists could design the perfect rock for Perseverance to find, it would be one that displayed evidence of ancient water and was the type that preserves ancient organic material. The rover may have found it as it explores the Margin Unit, a geologic region on the inner edge of Jezero Crater’s rim. The Margin Unit was one of the reasons Jezero Crater was selected for Perseverance’s mission.
“To put it simply, this is the kind of rock we had hoped to find when we decided to investigate Jezero Crater.”
Ken Farley, Perseverance project scientist, Caltech.
The Margin Unit is in a narrow band along the crater’s western rim. Orbital observations showed that it’s one of the most carbonate-rich regions on the planet. “Its presence, along with the adjacent fluvial delta, made Jezero crater the most compelling landing site for the Mars 2020 <Perseverance> mission,” presenters at the 2024 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference wrote.
The Margin Unit lies near the western rim of Jezero Crater. White dots show Perseverance’s stopping points, and the blue line shows the rover’s future route. Image Credit: R.C. Wiens et al. 2024
The decision to send Perseverance to the Jezero Crater and the Margin Unit seems to be paying off. Bunsen Peak caught scientists’ attention because it stands tall compared to its surroundings. One of the rock’s faces also has an interesting texture. Scientists thought the rock would allow for nice cross-sections, and since it stood vertically, there’d be less dust when working on it. Surface dust is a problem for Perseverance because it can obscure the rock’s chemistry.
The Perseverance team decided to sample it and cache the sample along with the rest of its cores for eventual return to Earth. But first, they scanned the rock’s surface with SuperCam and PIXL, the rover’s spectrometers. Then, they abraded the rock’s surface and scanned it again. The results show that Bunsen Peak is 75% carbonate grains cemented together by nearly pure silica.
This image mosaic shows the Bunsen Peak rock that has ignited scientists’ excitement. The rover abraded a circular patch to test its composition and extracted a core sample for return to Earth. The lighter surfaces are dust-covered, so Perseverance avoided those areas as the dust can obscure the rock’s chemistry from the rover’s instruments. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS
“To put it simply, this is the kind of rock we had hoped to find when we decided to investigate Jezero Crater,” said Ken Farley, project scientist for Perseverance at Caltech in Pasadena, California. “Nearly all the minerals in the rock we just sampled were made in water; on Earth, water-deposited minerals are often good at trapping and preserving ancient organic material and biosignatures. The rock can even tell us about Mars’s climate conditions that were present when it was formed.”
This image shows the bottom of the Bunsen Peak sample core. The sample contains about 75% carbonate minerals cemented by almost pure silica. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Here on our planet, carbonate minerals can form directly around microbe cells. Once encapsulated, the cells can quickly become fossils, and are preserved for a long time. This is what happened to stromatolites here on Earth, and they now constitute some of the earliest evidence of life on our planet.
These minerals are a high priority for return to Earth. This sample is number 24, named Comet Geyser, because everything gets a name when you intend to transport it to Earth from another planet.
There’s something specific that makes this sample even more intriguing. They’re microcrystalline rocks, meaning they’re made of crystals so small that only microscopes can see them. On Earth, microcrystalline rocks like Precambrian chert hold fossilized cyanobacteria. Could the same be true of Bunsen Peak?
“The silica and parts of the carbonate appear microcrystalline, which makes them extremely good at trapping and preserving signs of microbial life that might have once lived in this environment,” said Sandra Siljeström, a Perseverance scientist from the Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) in Stockholm. “That makes this sample great for biosignature studies if returned to Earth. Additionally, the sample might be one of the older cores collected so far by Perseverance, and that is important because Mars was at its most habitable early in its history.”
Comet Geyser is Perseverance’s third sample from the Margin Unit. There’s still more work to do, but the samples support what scientists thought about Jezero Crater before Perseverance landed there: it was once a paleolake.
“We’re still exploring the margin and gathering data, but results so far may support our hypothesis that the rocks here formed along the shores of an ancient lake,” said Briony Horgan, a Perseverance scientist from Purdue University. “The science team is also considering other ideas for the origin of the Margin Unit, as there are other ways to form carbonate and silica. But no matter how this rock formed, it is really exciting to get a sample.”
It wasn’t that long ago that we knew very little about Mars. In the absence of knowledge, imagination took over. American astronomer Percival Lowell wrote three books about canals on Mars, popularizing the idea that intelligent life was extant on Mars and engineering the planet’s surface.
Astronomers didn’t buy the idea, which turned out to be untrue. But now we know that Lowell was at least partially, though inadvertently, correct. There are no canals, but there may have been lakes.
There was no intelligent life, but there may have been simple life in those lakes. Once we get Comet Geyser and the other samples back to Earth, we may find out for sure.
Arrokoth and Other Kuiper Belt Objects Contain Pristine Ices, Study Suggests
Arrokoth and Other Kuiper Belt Objects Contain Pristine Ices, Study Suggests
A duo of planetary scientists from Brown University and the SETI Institute has found that the Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth, which was the target of the January 1, 2019 flybyby NASA’s New Horizons mission, may have ancient ices stored deep within it from when the object first formed billions of years ago. Using a new model they developed to study how comets evolve, the researchers suggest this feat of perseverance isn’t unique to Arrokoth but that many objects from the Kuiper Belt may also contain the ancient ices they formed with.
This composite image of Ultima Thule was compiled from data obtained by NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft as it flew by the object on January 1, 2019. The image combines enhanced color data (close to what the human eye would see) with detailed high-resolution panchromatic pictures. Image credit: NASA / Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Southwest Research Institute / Roman Tkachenko.
“We’ve shown here in our work, with a rather simple mathematical model, that you can keep these primitive ices locked deep within the interiors of these objects for really long times,” said Dr. Sam Birch, a planetary scientist at Brown University.
“Most of our community had thought that these ices should be long lost, but we think now that may not be the case.”
Until now, planetary scientists had a hard time figuring out what happens to ices on these space rocks over time.
The new study challenges widely used thermal evolutionary models that have failed to account for the longevity of ices that are as temperature sensitive as carbon monoxide.
The model Dr. Birch and SETI Institute researcher Orkan Umurhan created for the study accounts for this change and suggests that the highly volatile ices in these objects stick around much longer than was previously thought.
“We are basically saying that Arrokoth is so super cold that for more ice to sublimate — or go directly from solid to a gas, skipping the liquid phase within it — that the gas it sublimates into first has to have travel outwards through its porous, sponge-like interior,” Dr. Birch said.
“The trick is that to move the gas, you also have to sublimate the ice, so what you get is a domino effect: it gets colder within Arrokoth, less ice sublimates, less gas moves, it gets even colder, and so on.”
“Eventually, everything just effectively shuts off, and you’re left with an object full of gas that is just slowly trickling out.”
The study suggests that Kuiper Belt objects can act as dormant ‘ice bombs,’ preserving volatile gases within their interiors for billions of years until orbital shifts bring them closer to the Sun and the heat makes them unstable.
This new idea could help explain why these icy objects from the Kuiper Belt erupt so violently when they first get closer to the Sun.
All of a sudden, the cold gas inside them rapidly gets pressurized and these objects evolve into comets.
“The key thing is that we corrected a deep error in the physical model people had been assuming for decades for these very cold and old objects,” Dr. Umurhan said.
“This study could be the initial mover for reevaluating the comet interior evolution and activity theory.”
Altogether, the study challenges existing predictions and opens up new avenues for understanding the nature of comets and their origins.
The results from this study could help guide CAESAR’s exploration and sampling strategies, helping to deepen our understanding of cometary evolution and activity.
“There may well be massive reservoirs of these primitive materials locked away in small bodies all across the outer Solar System — materials that are just waiting to erupt for us to observe them or sit in deep freeze until we can retrieve them and bring them home to Earth,” Dr. Birch said.
Unveiling the Cosmos: Rep. Tim Burchett’s Quest for UFO Answers and Faith
Unveiling the Cosmos: Rep. Tim Burchett’s Quest for UFO Answers and Faith
In the vast expanse of the universe, the intersection of faith and the unknown often prompts profound questions. Rep. Tim Burchett, a Tennessee Republican, is at the forefront of a movement within Congress seeking transparency and answers about Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). His unique stance intertwines his Christian faith with a belief in extraterrestrial life, a topic he delves into on an upcoming episode of NewsNation’s “Reality Check” podcast.
Rep. Burchett’s inquiry into UFOs is not just a quest for knowledge but a journey that harmonizes with his spiritual beliefs. The congressman argues that the existence of aliens and their mention in biblical texts do not contradict Christian faith but rather enrich it. According to Burchett, such references expand the understanding of the universe and God’s creation, moving beyond the confines of Earth.
The congressman points to passages in the Bible, like those in the Book of Ezekiel, which he interprets as possible encounters with extraterrestrial beings or spacecraft. He suggests that these descriptions of “wheels within wheels” and “living creatures” could hint at otherworldly visitors. Burchett’s openness to these interpretations challenges conventional readings of the scriptures and invites a broader contemplation of divine creation.
This exploration of the unknown is timely, as public interest in UFOs and what the government may know about them has surged. Burchett’s leadership in calling for more congressional hearings and whistleblower testimonies reflects a growing demand for transparency. These efforts seek to bridge the gap between unexplained aerial phenomena and public understanding, potentially reshaping perceptions of our place in the cosmos.
Moreover, Burchett’s perspective finds resonance beyond political or religious boundaries. The Vatican’s acknowledgment of the possibility of non-human intelligent life exemplifies a wider acceptance of these discussions within religious communities. This openness suggests a readiness to welcome the idea of extraterrestrial intelligence within the framework of faith.
As Rep. Burchett continues to advocate for more investigations and disclosures regarding UFOs, his approach underscores a pivotal moment where faith, politics, and the quest for cosmic truths converge. The congressman’s work not only propels a national conversation about extraterrestrial life but also prompts a reevaluation of humanity’s understanding of the universe through the lens of faith.
In anticipation of new hearings and revelations, the public’s interest remains keenly focused on what the future may hold. Rep. Burchett’s endeavors exemplify a courageous willingness to question, explore, and integrate the unknown with the spiritual, charting a course for a more inclusive and expansive view of the universe and our place within it.
A passenger on a commercial flight from from Florida to New York City captured a mysterious metallic-looking UFO through the window of the plane.
“Watch It fly by over the top of the clip first few seconds… video was taken from a friend flying back from Florida to NYC. By far the clearest video I’ve ever seen,” the person who shared the footage on Reddit wrote.
When viewed at normal speed it is somewhat difficult to pick out the UFO in the sky with all of the background noise.
However, when slowed down, the object looks a lot like the classic flying saucer type of UFO.
“Here’s what I know about the footage,” The Hidden Underbelly 2.0said about the video. “This was captured on March the 25th, 2024 from a flight leaving from Florida to New York City and this was what was caught at the New York City end of the flight.
“Now when we look at this object we can see that it’s tapered in and I don’t see the propellers where we would expect to see.
“If this was a drone and flying this close to a commercial airliner somebody would be in trouble if this was a drone. As for another plane, well, where’s the wings?”
Earlier this month a fleet of UFOs was spotted and recorded in the night sky over Lowville, New York.
According to the eyewitness, “You’ll see in the video, the lights that appeared, and just as they came slowly in the frame, the lights went out I have seen star link and this was not that.
“I have also seen in person military exercises using flares at night and this was also not that.
“I am big into looking at stars and very aware of the world around me and I slammed on my brakes.
“The first time I saw it didn’t get my phone out in time. I waited a minute or two and then it appeared once more and got the video just after it started, I waited around another 10 minutes and did not appear again, it seemed like it lit up pretty much in the same spot as the first time.”
A map published Monday details the locations of thousands of UFO encounters across the British Isles.
An enormous steel monolith appeared in Hay-on-Wye, Wales, (arguably the greatest town in the world) in March, prompting many locals to suggest the object is some type of alien technology, according to CBS News. In reality, the monoliths are 10- to 12-foot-tall pieces of metal artwork that have shown up in Utah, California, Romania and New Mexico, according to Vox, and now it is hanging out in Wales — a nation known for its ancient cultures that predate what the Romans never did for us.
Even though the monolith is probably just a poorly executed art prank, there are still countless reports across the British Isles of visitors from other worlds. Analysis by InYourArea revealed thousands of UFO sightings and other types of strange phenomena throughout the tiny nation since 2020.
In 2023 there were 395 UFO sightings, according to data collated from the research team at UFO Identified, social media, newspaper reports, 50 Freedom of Information Act requests and reports made directly to the group. This is a 20% drop compared to 2022, when almost 500 reports were made.
In 2021 and 2020, there were 413 and 484 UFO reports respectively. Some of these sightings included the traditional “glowing orbs” we’ve seen in multiple videos shared online. A flying saucer was also spotted over Worksop, Nottinghamshire.
Another report included 15 bright lights being chased through the sky by an Apache helicopter and two fighter jets.
More recent reports suggest thatStansted Airportin London is a “UFO hotspot” as mystery objects seemingly hurl themselves all over the skies above the runways. Pilots for thecheap and unhinged(like me) airline RyanAir said he saw a “black”objectabout 65 feet from his aircraft in November 2023 as he made his way out of Stansted.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
