UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN

The luminous band of the Milky Way, from Cassiopeia to Scorpius, stretches across the sky over Panamint Valley in Death Valley National Park.

To understand the nature of our galaxy, astronomers had to look to distant island universes.

Turn your eyes toward the night sky and you will see a bright, hazy band of light cutting across the sky.

For millennia, observers speculated about the Milky Way’s true nature. The Greeks said the streak of haze in the sky was milk spurting from the breast of the goddess, Hera, Egyptians thought it was cows’ milk, and some Aboriginal Australians thought it was a river flowing through the sky.

Today, we know that we are looking along the plane of our spiral galaxy, consisting of at least 100 billion stars. But understanding the shape of the Milky Way proved elusive up until the 20th century. The problem is we can’t get a bird’s eye view of our galaxy because our solar system is buried within the galaxy. But with the invention of the telescope, photography, spectroscopy, and radio astronomy, we have uncovered the shape and size of our home galaxy — and our place among the billions of stars that make up our island universe.

The telescope revolution

Before the telescope, there was no clear understanding of the extent of our galaxy. Nearly 25 centuries ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that the Milky Way was filled with stars that appeared to blend together because of their great distance. However, 100 years later, Aristotle suggested that the hazy river of light was an atmospheric phenomenon. Aristotle’s authority was accepted for nearly 2,000 years, until two small pieces of glass finally unseated him.

When Galileo turned his telescope to the sky in 1609, he made astounding discoveries. He published his observations in a little book, Sidereus Nuncius, in March 1610. The Moon was rugged and imperfect, he declared, and Jupiter had four companions. Galileo also scanned the Milky Way and reported, “This spyglass has allowed me to discover a multitude of fixed stars never before seen, of which there are more than ten times as many as are naturally visible.”

Observing targets like the Orion Nebula (M42) and the Beehive Cluster (M44) in the constellation Cancer, Galileo found myriad stars unobservable to the naked eye. He thought all the fuzzy objects in the sky would be resolved into stars; the astronomer could not know that each would play a role in giving us a picture of our galaxy.

This artist’s conception of the Milky Way is based on data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. Infrared images revealed that the Milky Way’s spiral structure is dominated by two of its four primary arms: the Perseus Arm and the Scutum-Centaurus Arm. The Norma and Sagittarius arms are located between them. The newly discovered Cattail structure, reported August 2021 by astronomers at Nanjing University in China, may also be a spiral arm or a very long filament of hydrogen gas.

Astronomy: Roen Kelly, after NASA/JPL-Caltech

Spiral nebulae

After achieving overnight fame in 1781 when he discovered Uranus, William Herschel was swiftly appointed as King George III’s court astronomer. The king gave him money to build telescopes, including his 40-foot-long (12 meters) telescope with a 48-inch mirror.

With it, Herschel produced perhaps the first systematic map of the Milky Way. He started by observing a dense area of the Milky Way and counting the number of stars in his field of view. As he moved away from the plane of the Milky Way, the number of stars dropped.

Herschel assumed that the number of stars in each area was a direct indication of the stellar population in that direction. Unaware of any relationship between faintness and distance, or that millions of faint stars were obscured from his view, he produced a diagram of the Milky Way that looks like a gigantic amoeba!

By the 1840s, Herschel’s equipment was dwarfed by the Leviathan of Parsonstown in Ireland. Built for William Parsons, Earl of Rosse, this monstrous telescope’s 72-inch mirror allowed Rosse to produce amazingly detailed drawings of what he saw. In particular, his observations of the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), the Triangulum Galaxy (M33), and M99 (NGC 4254) showed distinct spiral structures. Without a proper way to measure distances, astronomers could only question whether these nebulae, like stars and clusters, were within the Milky Way. After all, if they were distant structures beyond the Milky Way, what did that mean for our place in the universe?

William Herschel constructed his map of the Milky Way with measurements he called “star-gages,” which he took by pointing his telescope at patches of sky and counting the number of stars he saw. The result is a cross section of the Milky Way from Earth’s vantage point.

Caroline Herschel

Cosmic yardsticks

The debate about the physical nature of the Milky Way continued into the early 20th century. Two new technologies helped charge the discussion: spectroscopy and photography. The ability to analyze starlight gave astronomers a powerful new way of understanding the chemistry of stars, while photography augmented the limited light-gathering ability of the human eye.

Armed with these tools, astronomers Henrietta Leavitt, Edward C. Pickering, and Ejnar Hertzsprung discovered and defined a relationship between the period of dimming and brightening of a class of stars called Cepheid variables. In 1908, Leavitt was studying variable stars in photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds sent to the Harvard College Observatory, where she worked, from Harvard’s observatory in Peru. She noticed a rhythmic and predictable variation in brightness of these stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, which might last from a single day to more than a month before repeating.

Furthermore, she discovered, the longer the period of variation, the brighter the star appeared to be. Since all the stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud are at roughly the same distance, she reasoned that the period of a Cepheid variable was related to its true, intrinsic brightness.

Pickering, the observatory director, suggested this period-luminosity relation could be useful to determine the distribution of star clusters and nebulae. And Hertzsprung was able to calibrate this technique by making independent distance measurements to Cepheids using the parallax method, seeing how much they shifted against background stars as Earth orbited the Sun.

Thus, by measuring the period of a Cepheid, astronomers could know its true brightness — and by comparing that to its apparent brightness, calculate how far away it was. Astronomers finally had a reliable cosmic yardstick.

Around the same time, the young astronomer Harlow Shapley began measuring the distribution of globular clusters — compact and dense spheres of stars. By 1918, he had found that the clusters centered around the constellation Sagittarius, forming a halo around the Milky Way. He also made improved parallax measurements of Cepheid variables, which in turn improved the calibration of Leavitt’s relation.

Using this data, Shapley not only located the center of our galaxy — in Sagittarius — but also showed that the Milky Way was 10 times the size of previous estimates. His observations also placed our solar system far from the center of the galaxy. Given the size of our galaxy, Shapley was convinced that spiral nebulae, like globular clusters, were all part of the Milky Way.

Cepheid variable stars remain important to understanding the shape of the Milky Way. Each dot in this image is a Cepheid whose distance was measured by a team using the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment telescope (OGLE), at center, at Las Campagnas Observatory in Chile.

K. Ulaczyk/J. Skowron/OGLE

The Great Debate

By the early 20th century, speculation about spiral nebulae and the nature of the Milky Way had reached a fever pitch. Photography clearly showed these nebulae had well-defined spiral structure composed of countless stars, but there were no good measurements of their distance to verify whether they were within the Milky Way or not.

In April 1920, Harlow Shapley faced off with Heber Curtis at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., in a discussion called the Great Debate. Shapley maintained that spiral and all other nebulae were part of the Milky Way, just like globular clusters. But Curtis provided convincing evidence that they were independent star systems — “island universes,” as he called them, a term coined by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

Cepheid variables ultimately settled the debate. A few years later, while using the 100-inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory in California, Edwin Hubble found Cepheid variables in the Andromeda spiral nebula. Using Shapley’s calibration of Leavitt’s period-luminosity relation, Hubble showed this object was 900,000 light-years away, far beyond the outskirts of Milky Way. (This figure has since been refined to 2.5 million light-years.) In a single measurement, he proved that the Milky Way was not the entire universe, but part of a vast sea of island universes.

In 2019, the OGLE team released a three-dimensional map of the Milky Way, as traced by over 2,400 Cepheids. The map shows how the outer portion of the galaxy’s disk is warped. This warping had been previously detected, but this was the first time it had been mapped with direct distance measurements to stars.

Jan Skowron/OGLE/Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw

Radio astronomy rises

In the 19th century, astronomers were puzzled by large areas along the Milky Way almost devoid of stars. These so-called coal sacks appeared as dark holes against a starry background. At least one astronomer speculated they might be openings into heaven!

Because at that time the exploration of the Milky Way was still restricted to visible light, astronomers were unaware that the coal sacks were huge clouds of gas and dust blocking the light of distant stars. New technology would need to be developed before astronomers could explore and understand these cold, dark clouds running throughout the plane of the Milky Way.

The birth of radio astronomy provided this new tool and led to the discovery that the galaxy is filled not only with dust, but also with tremendous amounts of cold, neutral hydrogen gas. Most of the time, a hydrogen atom’s proton and electron spin in the same direction. But sometimes, electrons flip and spin in the other direction. For any given hydrogen atom, this only happens about once every 100 million years. When it does, energy is emitted with a wavelength of 21 centimeters. These waves pass right through the clouds of dust that hide visible light, which has a much shorter wavelength.

When astronomers first detected 21 cm radiation in 1951, they began using it to finally peer through these clouds to build a fuller picture of our Milky Way. By noting the distribution of neutral hydrogen, astronomers could map unseen portions of the galaxy, tracing its spiral arms, where hydrogen is concentrated.

The shape of our galaxy

Over the past 70 years, a picture has emerged of a massive galaxy with four primary spiral arms. The Sun is located 27,000 light-years from the galactic center along the Orion Spur, a smaller arm located between the Perseus and Sagittarius arms. In recent years, astronomers have discovered our galaxy’s central bulge has a bar structure. And its disk of gas and stars is slightly warped and twisted, perhaps by gravitational interaction with nearby dwarf galaxies.

There are deeper mysteries yet to be resolved. For instance, Newton’s law of gravity holds that stars and gas at a galaxy’s outer fringes should orbit slower than objects closer to its center — but instead, we observe that outer objects move faster. This is true in our galaxy, as well as others. The only explanation — without modifying the law of gravity — is the unseen existence of a great deal more mass, probably in the form of dark matter. But this dark matter has never been directly observed.

To stand out under a dome of shining stars and understand their true nature is an amazing feat of human ingenuity. To fathom the immensity of our galaxy and our place in it is a striking act of human imagination. Democritus envisioned vast numbers of stars beyond his power to see. And thanks to countless astronomers who came after him, we have found our true place in the galaxy we call home.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter211

Date of sighting: July 28, 2022 but reported today.

Location of sighting: Yosemite National Park, California, USA

Source: Email Report scwaring@yahoo.com

Hey I appreciate the UFO reports coming in today. Keep it up.

This UFO was caught on TV during the California forest fire and I can clearly see that its a foo fighter. A glowing white sphere often seen during WWI and WWII seen by pilots as the UFO flew along side them for sometimes hours. This UFO is seen shooting above and then through the fire chemical red stream being dropped by the plane. Why? Aliens clearly want to know the chemical make up of it in order to access how much damage it does to our environment and how dangerous it is and will be in the future. Data...its more important than money or gold to aliens.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

Eyewitness states:

Nick Redfern

Nineteen-sixty-nine was the year in which an undeniably elaborate UFO-themed Soviet ruse was put into place over in Russia. This strange affair was highly sophisticated and it revolved around a crashed UFO and the top secret study of an alleged dead alien creature. It was certainly shades of Roswell and the notorious 1995 "Alien Autopsy" film. The story itself is undeniably fascinating – which, I am sure, is what the Russians were surely counting on – as the “evidence” is an old piece of film-footage that reportedly chronicled the whole weird thing. While the crash of the UFO is said to have occurred in March 1969, the story – and the attendant film – did not surface until 1998, almost three decades later. That was the year in which a television production, The Secret KGB UFO Files, was broadcast in the United States and elsewhere, too. There's no doubt that a great deal of money was put into the over-sensationalized production and it was hosted by the late Roger Moore, the star of seven of the phenomenally successful James Bond movies. The documentary covered a wide body of UFO-based data (some of it blatantly hoaxed); however, there’s no doubt that it was specifically the film of the supposed crashed UFO and its deceased crew-member which caught the attention of most of those who bothered to watch it.

(Nick Redfern)

Dead aliens or sophisticated dummies?

Certainly, a great deal of effort went into the production of the film: I have to stress to you that this was most definitely not the work of an amateur, half-hearted operation. The footage is grainy, it appears old, and was filmed by someone with a hand-held camera. It shows around fifteen-to-twenty men wearing Russian uniforms, thick coats and hats; they are all armed and are guarding a small, circular-shaped craft which appears to have slammed into the ground in a wooded, frosty area. The location was said to have been Sverdlovsk, Russia. The trees are largely bereft of leaves and everything points to the incident having occurred in very cold, bleak weather. Only around a half of the saucer-shaped vehicle protrudes out of the soil, in an angled fashion. The inference is that the military unit found the craft shortly after it hit the ground and, at the time of the filming, were in the process of guarding the site from any and all onlookers that might have come along. To this very day, we don’t know where the film came from, and how it reached the producers of The Secret KGB UFO Files. We’re told that the production company had to pay $10,000 U.S. dollars to secure it, after it was smuggled out of KGB archives. Supposedly. That part of the story is very foggy.

It's worth noting the following from the National UFO Center: “The footage at the crash site does seem to be authentic at least on several points. The truck in the film is a circa 1950 model ZIS151, which has not been used by the military for quite some time, and the truck would have been difficult to find to stage a hoax with. Other elements of the film do not exhibit any obvious signs of a hoax.” It should be noted there are two other, old military vehicles in the film, too. As for the remaining portion of the film, it very much mirrors the notorious “Alien Autopsy” film, which, in 1995, was foisted on the world by a man named Ray Santilli, and to wildly varying degrees of fanfare. Three men appear to be working on the autopsy of a small, humanoid creature, while a woman take notes. Numerous websites claim that the woman has been identified as a “KGB stenographer” named “O.A. Pshonikina.”

(Nick Redfern)

Another controversial UFO crash case

This statement has been repeated time and again; yet, there is no evidence to prove the claim. Such is the reliability – or not - of the Internet. Was the footage created to have the U.S. Government and the intelligence community think that the Russians had recovered, and were extensively studying, alien creatures and their technology? These are mind-boggling, yet utterly plausible, questions to ponder on. There is another - and similar - affair to this. The next one, though, was put into place by a man who wrote fiction, but who may have known something of bogus crashed UFOs in the late 1940s and for pyschological warfare purposes by the U.S. government.

Nineteen-forty-eight was not just notable, in UFO terms, for the twisted tale of the supposed UFO crash in Aztec, New Mexico. It was also the year in which a very intriguing novel was published. Its title was The Flying Saucer and its author was Bernard Newman. In some respects, the story that Newman weaved in 1948 closely mirrored the claims of Alfred O’Donnell in 2011, as they related to the Roswell controversy of July 1947. In the 250-pages of The Flying Saucer, we are treated to a tale of cover-ups, conspiracies, and fabricated tales of Martians and UFOs. The story revolves around a group of scientists who decide that the people of Earth need to be united under one banner. A one world society. But, how could such a thing be achieved? By creating a faked, alien threat, that’s how.

In The Flying Saucer, those aforementioned scientists decide to fake a trio of UFO crashes, as a means to convince the world that aliens have reached the Earth, and that those same scientists have the priceless evidence in their hands. One of those three incidents occurs in the heart of New Mexico, no less. Another UFO crashes in the Soviet Union, and a third slams into the ground in the U.K. Of course, the crashes are actually nothing of the sort. Rather, they are ingeniously staged events designed to make the world believe that the Martian are among us. The scientists create the futuristic aircraft, making them appear to have unearthly origins. The team even stages a bogus alien autopsy, as a means to even further convince people that we are not alone in the universe. The plan is to unite the human race under a friendly, benevolent government. I’ll let you learn for yourselves how the story develops and reaches its climax. It’s not just the story that is intriguing – given that we now know such machinations were already afoot in the real world – but the author, Bernard Newman, himself, too.

(Nick Redfern)

More UFOs that aren't what they seem to be?

Philip Taylor, a researcher who has dug deeply into the life and career of Bernard Newman, says: “In his unrevealing autobiography Speaking From Memory [Newman] describes how from 1919 onwards he was apparently employed in an undemanding Civil Service job in the Ministry of Works. Somehow he seemed able to take extremely long and, for those days, exceedingly adventurous holidays, including lengthy stays in Eastern Europe and Russia. His destinations invariably seemed to include areas of particular political interest: for example several extended holidays to Germany in the 1930’s.” Taylor also reveals that in 1938 Newman put together a paper for British Intelligence on the then-current state of German rocketry at the Peenemünde Army Research Center. It was overseen by the German Army Weapons Office. In other words, yet another curious thread is carefully weaved into the strange story. But, things don’t end there. There's more to come. Much of it.

In 1945, the New York Times ran an article on Newman who, by that time, was a well-respected, prestigious author on matters relative to the world of espionage. Indeed, his books that were published before the New York Times article appeared included The Secrets of German Espionage; Ride to Russia; Woman Spy; and Spy Catchers. As for that same article, it addresses, in part, claims that Newman worked as a “double-agent” during the First World War, infiltrating the German military and securing some of the Germans’ most prized secrets. This is not impossible, since Newman was fluent in German. He was, however, only eighteen at the time, which admittedly stretches credulity to a degree. On this matter, in February 1968, when Newman died, the U.K.’s Times newspaper suggested that this part of Newman’s life should be relegated to “the realm of fiction.” We may never know for sure all that Bernard Newman learned during his life as a prestigious writer on the world of spying, espionage and counterintelligence. But, we do know that in 1948, only one year after the events outside of Roswell, New Mexico occurred, Newman wrote a novel - The Flying Saucer – that contained just about all of the key ingredients that comprise the primary themes of the article you are now reading: faked UFO crashes, a bogus alien invasion, and the manipulation of the mindset of the populace. We have to wonder if Newman - who cultivated numerous colleagues and friends in the intelligence community. And, finally, there is this...

Kenneth Goff was an interesting character, and someone who had made controversial comments in the 1950s about communist-based plans to covertly introduce fluoride into the United States' water supply, to create what he termed a “spirit of lethargy” in the nation. And: guess what? Goff had a deep interest in Flying Saucers. Indeed, one of Goff’s regular lectures was titled: Traitors in the Pulpit, or What’s Behind the Flying Saucers – Are they from Russia, Another Planet, or God? But, it was not so much from the perspective of UFOs being alien or even Russian, however, that interested Goff. His concern was the very subject matter of the article you are now reading: how the UFO subject could be utilized as a tool of manipulation and control by more than just one government. In his 1959 publication, Red Shadows, Goff loudly offered the following to his readers – which, of course, secretly included the FBI: “During the past few years, the flying saucer scare has rapidly become one of the main issues, used by organizations working for a one-world government, to frighten people into the belief that we will need a super world government to cope with an invasion from another planet. Many means are being used to create a vast amount of imagination in the minds of the general public, concerning the possibilities of an invasion by strange creatures from Mars or Venus.”

There is one more story that ties in with the above cases. It comes from a well-known collector of crashed UFO tales. And. it's a thought-provoking one. That man was the late Leonard Stringfield. Over the decades, he was the recipient of a number of such controversial claims – although, sadly and perhaps inevitably, no films. And no surprise. One such intriguing tale told to Stringfield came from the unsurprisingly anonymous ‘Mr. T.E.’, who, said Stringfield in 1980, “holds a technical position in today’s life.” T.E. told Stringfield that in 1953, at the age of just twenty, and while stationed at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, he was summoned to watch a startling piece of film-footage at the base theatre. Reported Stringfield: “Without any briefing, the 16mm movie projector was flicked on and the film began to roll on the screen…the film showed a desert scene dominated by a silver disc-shaped object embedded in the sand…”

Stringfield continued with this information: “Then…there was a change of scenes. Now in view were two tables, probably taken inside a tent, on which, to his surprise, were dead bodies. T.E. said the bodies appeared little by human standards and most notable were the heads, all looking alike, and all being large compared to their body sizes…They looked Mongoloid.” Interestingly, T.E. and his colleagues were told immediately after the screening to ‘think about the movie’; but were later advised that: “It was a hoax.” And, eerily paralleling the Santilli film, T.E. told Stringfield that: “The 5-minute long movie certainly was not a Walt Disney production. It was probably shot by an inexperienced cameraman because it was full of scratches, and had poor colouring and texture.” What all of this tells us is that when it comes to UFOs, we really don't know what is real and what isn't. Remember that.

25-09-2022 om 18:52 geschreven door peter

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Witnesses reports:

25-09-2022 om 18:34 geschreven door peter

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How we learned the shape of the Milky Way

The telescope revolution

Spiral nebulae

Cosmic yardsticks

The Great Debate

Radio astronomy rises

The shape of our galaxy

24-09-2022 om 22:14 geschreven door peter

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23-09-2022 om 21:09 geschreven door peter

UFOs Didn’t Start in 2004 – The Richard Dolan Show

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