Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
17-09-2022
NASA's Perseverance rover finds organic matter 'treasure' on Mars that could help to determine if life ever existed on the Red Planet
NASA's Perseverance rover finds organic matter 'treasure' on Mars that could help to determine if life ever existed on the Red Planet
Organic matter 'treasure' has been found by NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars
This discovery could help to determine if life has ever existed on the Red Planet
Suggests Jezero Crater may've had habitable environments 3.5 billion years ago
There are no definite signs of life but experts think they are looking in right place
It has been searching for clues about possible ancient alien life on Mars.
And now NASA's Perseverance rover has discovered organic matter 'treasure' that could help determine if extraterrestrials did in fact ever exist on the Red Planet.
The collection of organic matter from the Jezero Crater, which likely once held a lake and the delta that emptied into it, suggests it had potentially habitable environments 3.5 billion years ago.
These organic molecules contain carbon that are widely considered to be the building blocks of life.
The US space agency said Perseverance had collected four samples from the ancient river delta since July 7, bringing the total count of scientifically compelling rock samples to 12.
Discovery: NASA's Perseverance rover (pictured) has discovered organic matter 'treasure' that could help determine if extraterrestrials did in fact ever exist on the Red Planet
WHAT IS ORGANIC MATTER?
Organic molecules consist of a wide variety of compounds made primarily of carbon and usually include hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
They can also contain other elements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
While there are chemical processes that produce these molecules that don't require life, some of these compounds are the chemical building blocks of life.
The presence of these specific molecules is considered to be a potential biosignature — a substance or structure that could be evidence of past life but may also have been produced without the presence of life.
'The rocks that we have been investigating on the delta have the highest concentration of organic matter that we have yet found on the mission,' said Ken Farley, Perseverance project scientist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
The rover has taken measurements and samples in an area called Skinner Ridge.
This is made of layered sedimentary rocks, some of which contain materials that were most likely transported from miles away by running water billions of years ago.
'With the samples we're taking now in this more sedimentary area, we're of course right at the heart of what we wanted to do to start with,' said NASA science lead Thomas Zurbuchen during a press conference.
The sedimentary rocks contain complex organic molecules called aromatics, along with clays and sulphate minerals. The latter can be produced when water interacts with rocks.
There are no definite signs of life, or biosignatures, in these materials but scientists are encouraged that they are looking in the right place.
'While the detection of this class of organics alone does not mean that life was definitively there, this set of observations does start to look like some things that we've seen here on Earth,' said Sunanda Sharma at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California during the press conference.
'To put it simply, if this is a treasure hunt for potential signs of life on another planet, organic matter is a clue.
'And we're getting stronger and stronger clues as we're moving through our delta campaign.'
David Shuster, of the University of California, Berkeley, added: 'This is really important that this has sulphate in it and also clays, because that means that this rock has high potential for biosignature preservation, meaning that if there were biosignatures in this vicinity when that rock formed, this is precisely the type of material that will preserve that for us to study when [the samples] come back to Earth.'
It is not the first time Perseverance has found organic matter on Mars, but this time the detection was in an area where life may have once existed.
'In the distant past, the sand, mud, and salts that now make up the Wildcat Ridge sample were deposited under conditions where life could potentially have thrived,' Farley said.
'The fact the organic matter was found in such a sedimentary rock – known for preserving fossils of ancient life here on Earth – is important.
The US space agency said Perseverance had collected four samples from the ancient river delta since July 7, bringing the total count of scientifically compelling rock samples to 12. This image shows the holes from the first successful sample taken by the rover
'However, as capable as our instruments aboard Perseverance are, further conclusions regarding what is contained in the Wildcat Ridge sample will have to wait until it's returned to Earth for in-depth study as part of the agency's Mars Sample Return campaign.'
During its first science campaign, Perseverance explored the crater's floor, finding igneous rock, which forms deep underground from magma or during volcanic activity at the surface.
'The delta, with its diverse sedimentary rocks, contrasts beautifully with the igneous rocks – formed from crystallisation of magma – discovered on the crater floor,' said Farley.
'This juxtaposition provides us with a rich understanding of the geologic history after the crater formed and a diverse sample suite.
'For example, we found a sandstone that carries grains and rock fragments created far from Jezero Crater — and a mudstone that includes intriguing organic compounds.'
NASA and the European Space Agency are planning to return the rock samples to Earth around 2033.
NASA MARS 2020: PERSEVERANCE ROVER AND INGENUITY HELICOPTER ARE SEARCHING FOR LIFE ON THE RED PLANET
NASA's Mars 2020 mission was launched to search for signs of ancient life on the Red Planet in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on Earth in the earliest years of the evolution of the solar system.
Named Perseverance, the main car-sized rover is exploring an ancient river delta within the Jezero Crater, which was once filled with a 1,600ft deep lake.
It is believed that the region hosted microbial life some 3.5 to 3.9 billion years ago and the rover will examine soil samples to hunt for evidence of the life.
Nasa's Mars 2020 rover (artist's impression) is searching for signs of ancient life on Mars in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on our own planet
The $2.5 billion (£1.95 billion) Mars 2020 spaceship launched on July 30 with the rover and helicopter inside - and landed successfully on February 18, 2021.
Perseverance landed inside the crater and will slowly collect samples that will eventually be returned to Earth for further analysis.
A second mission will fly to the planet and return the samples, perhaps by the later 2020s in partnership with the European Space Agency.
This concept art shows the Mars 2020 rover landing on the red planet via NASA's 'sky-crane' system
NASA chose Jezero Crater which is 28 miles (45 kilometers) wide as the landing site for the Perseverance rover. Scientists believe the area was once flooded with water and was home to an ancient river delta and a key objective for Perseverance's mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life.
On July 21 and 22, 2022 the Rover captured an image of a very strange unnatural looking rock which according to NASA is an abraded rock at "Wildcat Ridge" in Mars' Jezero Crater.
It seems almost impossible that such a perfectly round shaped rock was created by natural forces, also considering that no other comparable rocks are observable in the immediate vicinity of this rock with perfect curves, straight walls and flat plateau.
And although it seems that NASA is talking about an ordinary rock that has been formed naturally over the years, it is questionable whether it was a natural process or whether this perfectly round and smooth shaped rock was artificially created by an unknown extraterrestrial race.
As NASA said "an abraded rock"!
Below an animated flyover of the 28-mile-wide Jezero Crater.
After 30 years, the world’s most clear UFO image of a diamond-shaped object has been discovered
After 30 years, the world’s most clear UFO image of a diamond-shaped object has been discovered
The Calvine photo
It has been discovered that a cool UFO photograph taken by two hikers in the Scottish Highlands over 30 years ago and believed to be gone still exists.
A gigantic object in the sky (diamond-shaped) and what seems to be a Harrier jet far up there, may both be seen in the allegedly authentic “Calvine Photograph.”
It was discovered after years of investigation by journalist and researcher Dr. David Clarke and has been dubbed the “greatest” UFO photograph in the world by some.
The image was taken on August 4, 1990, on a hillside by two hikers close to Calvine, which is located approximately 35 miles northwest of Perth in Scotland.
The Scottish Daily Record newspaper received them and sent them on to the Ministry of Defense (MoD).
The narrative was never issued for an unknown reason, and the MoD stayed silent thereafter.
Due to the photographs never being made public until today, this gave rise to the current myth of the “Calvine Photograph.”
Then, it is said that the object abruptly rocketed into the sky before disappearing.
Dr. Clarke was able to locate the photograph after getting in touch with retired RAF press officer Craig Lindsay, according to The Sun. Dr. Clarke is an associate professor from Sheffield Hallam University and has served as a curator for the MoD UFO files project at The National Archives.
When the initial story was investigated in 1990, Mr. Lindsay was the one coordinating between the media and the MoD, hence he maintained a copy of the original image.
He still kept the Daily Record’s original envelope, which contained one of the Calvine images.
Dr. Clarke and Vinnie Adams from the advocacy organization UAP Media UK requested it, and Mr. Lindsay complied. It is currently housed in the Sheffield Hallam University archives.
It has been an honor to work on this case with such a committed team of academics, Mr. Adams told The Sun Online.
He also said that it felt nice to be able to share this rare photo with the public after 32 years and a thorough inquiry.
He pleaded for anybody with knowledge of the hikers’ identities or the case to come forward.
The photograph was originally displayed on the walls of the MoD’s “UFO office,” according to Nick Pope, who studied UFOs for the MoD in the 1990s. Nick Pope writes about the photograph in his 1996 book Open Skies, Closed Minds.
He said the US was questioned by the UK about whether the image was of an experimental aircraft.
The picture was afterward taken down from the wall and was never seen again.
A colour mock-up of what it might look like
The MoD is keeping the case of the sighting under wraps until 2072 for unknown reasons.
Despite the image’s obscurity, some think it was an experimental US aircraft, probably The Aurora, as the MoD had allegedly believed.
Although The Aurora’s existence has never been verified, some people think it was a hypersonic espionage plane with extremely high-top speeds.
In the late 80s and early 90s, some witnesses in the UK reported seeing angular flying objects.
Although they may not be any closer to determining what the object observed above Calvine in August 1990 was or whose it belonged, according to Graeme Rendall of UAP Media UK, an essential piece of the jigsaw has fallen into place as a result of careful investigation.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS AND INFO, selected and posted by peter2011
A 'game-changing' new battery for electric vehicles (EVs) that charges in three minutes and lasts for 20 years could soon be coming to new cars.
Adden Energy, a start-up based in Waltham, Massachusetts, has been granted a licence and $5.15 million in funding to build the battery design at scale to fit in EVs.
The battery, developed by Harvard scientists, is lithium metal, rather than lithium ion found in EVs that are already on the market.
Its intricate design, inspired by a BLT sandwich, prevents the growth of troublesome 'dendrites' that grow in lithium-metal batteries and shorten their lifespan.
Harvard has granted an exclusive license to Adden Energy to develop the solid-state, lithium-metal battery. The startup aims to scale the battery up to a palm-sized 'pouch cell' - which has components enclosed in an aluminum-coated film (pictured)
Long-lasting, quick-charging batteries are essential to the expansion of the EV market, but today's lithium-ion batteries fall short, because they're too heavy and expensive and take too long to charge (file photo)
Currently, EVs contain lithium-ion batteries that degrade over time and last up to seven or eight years, depending on how much they're used – much like a smartphone battery.
LITHIUM-ION VS LITHIUM METAL
Lithium metal batteries contain metallic lithium, while lithium ion batteries contain lithium that's only present in an ionic form in the electrolyte.
Most lithium metal batteries are not rechargeable while lithium ion batteries are. However, there are rechargeable lithium-metal batteries in development.
Lithium-ion are currently powering EVs already on the market from Tesla and other companies, as well as laptops and smartphones.
Long-lasting, quick-charging batteries are essential to the expansion of the EV market, but today's lithium-ion batteries fall short, because they're too heavy and expensive and take too long to charge.
Source: IATA/Green Batteries
These lithium-ion batteries can be replaced, but they can cost thousands of pounds, meaning drivers are often better off buying a whole new EV.
But this new solid-state, lithium-metal battery can increase the lifetime of EVs to a comparable length to petrol and diesel cars – up to 20 years – without the need to ever replace the battery during this time.
In the lab, the team's battery prototype has achieved battery charge rates as fast as three minutes with over 10,000 cycles in a lifetime.
The new technology has been created by Xin Li and colleagues at Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS).
Adden Energy was co-founded in 2021 by Li, along with William Fitzhugh and Luhan Ye, both of whom contributed to the development of the technology as graduate students in Li’s Harvard lab.
The startup aims to scale the battery up to a palm-sized 'pouch cell' – which has components enclosed in an aluminium-coated film – and then toward a full-scale vehicle battery in the next three to five years.
'We have achieved in the lab 5,000 to 10,000 charge cycles in a battery's lifetime, compared with 2,000 to 3,000 charging cycles for even the best in class now, and we don’t see any fundamental limit to scaling up our battery technology,' said Li. 'That could be a game changer.'
Lithium-metal batteries hold substantially more energy in the same volume and charge in a fraction of the time compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
But they're prone to the formation of 'dendrites' – tiny, rigid tree-like structures that speed up battery failure.
Researchers have therefore tried to harness the potential of solid-state, lithium-metal batteries, using a unique BLT-inspired design.
Think of the battery like a BLT sandwich. First comes the bread (the lithium metal anode) followed by lettuce (a coating of graphite). Next, a layer of tomatoes (the first electrolyte) and a layer of bacon (the second electrolyte). Finish it off with another layer of tomatoes and the last piece of bread (the cathode)
WHAT ARE DENDRITES?
Dendrites are tiny, rigid tree-like structures that can grow inside a lithium battery.
Their needle-like projections are called whiskers.
They increase unwanted reactions between the electrolyte and the lithium, speeding up battery failure.
Dendrites and whiskers are holding back the widespread use of lithium metal batteries, which have higher energy density than their commonly used lithium-ion counterparts.
Source: DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
A lithium-metal battery uses lithium in its pure metallic form, rather than lithium compounds used in lithium-ion batteries.
Meanwhile, 'solid-state' just refers to the use of solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte, instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion.
'If you want to electrify vehicles, a solid-state battery is the way to go,' said Li, who is a scientific adviser to Adden Energy.
'We set out to commercialise this technology because we do see our technology as unique compared to other solid-state batteries.'
Batteries have three main components – the anode, cathode and electrolyte.
The electrolyte (typically a chemical) separates the anode and cathode and moves the flow of electrical charge between the two.
Lithium-ion batteries move lithium ions from the cathode to the anode during charging.
But when the anode is made of lithium metal, needle-like structures called dendrites form on the surface.
These structures grow like roots into the electrolyte and pierce the barrier separating the anode and cathode, causing the battery potentially catch fire.
Lithium ion batteries contain two electrodes - one made from lithium (cathode) and one from carbon (anode) - submerged in a liquid or paste called an electrolyte. When the battery is charged, electrons that were attached to the ions flow through a circuit, powering a device
To overcome this challenge, Li and his team designed a multi-layer battery that sandwiches different materials of varying stabilities between the anode and cathode.
As previously described in Nature, the design prevents the penetration of lithium dendrites by controlling and containing them.
The battery is layered like so – first comes the bread (the lithium metal anode) followed by lettuce (a coating of graphite).
Next, a layer of tomatoes (the first electrolyte) and a layer of bacon (the second electrolyte) and finally another layer of tomatoes and the last piece of bread (the cathode).
The first electrolyte is more stable with lithium but prone to dendrite penetration, while the second electrolyte is less stable with lithium but appears immune to dendrites.
In this design, dendrites are allowed to grow through the graphite and first electrolyte but are stopped when they reach the second.
In other words, the dendrites grow through the lettuce and tomato but stop at the bacon. The bacon barrier stops the dendrites from pushing through and short-circuiting the battery.
The battery is also self-healing – meaning its chemistry allows it to backfill holes created by dendrites.
'Typically, lithium-metal anodes in other solid-state designs develop dendrites, twig-like growths that can gradually penetrate through the electrolyte to the cathode,' said Ye, who is now CTO of Adden Energy.
'We defeat the growth of dendrites before they can cause damage, by novel structural and material designs.
'As a result, the device can sustain its high performance over a long lifetime. Our recent study shows that this nice feature can also be maintained at scale-up.'
Researchers also stress the importance of being able to help speed up the adoption of eco-friendly EVs in light of the climate crisis.
EVs are generally seen as more eco-friendly than gasoline-powered vehicles, known for their planet-warming emissions.
'Complete electrification of the vehicle fleet is one of the most meaningful steps we can take to fight climate change,' said Fitzhugh, CEO of Adden Energy.
HOW DOES CHARGING A BATTERY WORK?
In their simplest form, batteries are made of three components: a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte.
When a battery is charging, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode and move through the crystal structure and electrolyte to the negative electrode, where they are stored.
The faster this process occurs, the faster the battery can be charged.
The material a battery is made of can severely restrict this rate.
Graphite is a commonly used material for the negative electrode as it accepts positive ions well and has a high energy density.
In the search for new electrode materials, researchers normally try to make the particles smaller.
However, it’s difficult to make a practical battery with nanoparticles as it creates a lot of unwanted chemical reactions with the electrolyte, so the battery doesn’t last as long, plus it’s expensive to make.
Nieuwe batterij voor elektrische wagens laadt op in 3 minuten en heeft levensduur van 20 jaar: “Dit kan gamechanger zijn”
Een batterij die in amper drie minuten is opgeladen en die ook nog eens twintig jaar meegaat. Welke eigenaar van een elektrische wagen zou daar niet voor staan springen? Het zou over een paar jaar zomaar kunnen. Onderzoekers van de universiteit van Harvard ontwikkelden de technologie daarvoor en de start-up uit Massachusetts heeft nu de licentie beet om ze ook te produceren. Een van hen spreekt van een “mogelijke gamechanger”.
De technologie is ontwikkeld door Xin Li en zijn collega’s van de Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS). Li richtte in 2021 samen met William Fitzhugh en Luhan Ye - twee studenten die de batterij mee hielpen ontwikkelen - Adden Energy op, een start-up gevestigd in Waltham in Massachusetts. Hun bedrijf kreeg de licentie én ook nog eens 5,15 miljoen dollar om de batterij op schaal te bouwen voor elektrische wagens. Binnen drie tot vijf jaar willen ze dat voor mekaar krijgen.
De batterij die de onderzoekers van Harvard ontwikkelden is een lithium-metaalbatterij en geen lithium-ion-batterij die je vandaag in de bestaande elektrische wagens terugvindt. Lithium-metaalbatterijen kunnen aanzienlijk meer energie opslaan in hetzelfde volume en laden in een fractie van de tijd op in vergelijking met traditionele lithium-ionbatterijen. Het prototype van de nieuwe batterij presteerde erg goed in het laboratorium. Het haalde oplaadsnelheden van amper drie minuten met meer dan 10.000 cycli voor het op was. “We hebben in het laboratorium 5.000 tot 10.000 laadcycli in de levensduur van een batterij bereikt, vergeleken met 2.000 tot 3.000 laadcycli voor zelfs de beste in zijn klasse nu”, aldus Li. “En we zien geen fundamentele limiet voor het opschalen van onze batterijtechnologie. Dit zou een gamechanger kunnen zijn.”
Het ontwerp van de batterij is geïnspireerd door wat de Amerikanen een “BLT sandwich” noemen. Dat zijn twee sneden brood met daartussen als beleg: spek (bacon), sla (lettuce) en tomaat (tomato). Vertaald naar de batterij: de onderste boterham is de lithium-metaal-anode, de sla is grafiet, de laag tomaten is de eerste elektrolyt, de laag spek is de tweede elektrolyt en de bovenste boterham is de kathode. Die ingewikkelde structuur moet voorkomen dat de levensduur van de batterij verkort wordt door zogenaamde ‘dendrieten’. Dat zijn kleine, harde boomvormige structuren, waarvoor lithium-metaalbatterijen gevoelig zijn en die de werking ervan verstoren.
De huidige lithium-ion-batterijen in elektrische wagens worden minder performant na verloop van tijd en gaan maximaal zeven tot acht jaar mee. De batterij dan vervangen door een nieuwe kost zo veel, dat bestuurders vaak al beter een nieuw elektrisch voertuig zouden kopen. De nieuwe lithium-metaalbatterij kan de levensduur van elektrische wagens verlengen tot zo’n 20 jaar - vergelijkbaar met de levensduur van benzine- en dieselauto’s. De batterij moet al die tijd niet worden vervangen. Dit zou een wereld van verschil kunnen maken.
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A Galaxy With Ten Times the Mass of the Milky Way is Preparing to Become a Quasar
A Galaxy With Ten Times the Mass of the Milky Way is Preparing to Become a Quasar
One of the fundamental questions in astronomy is how galaxies formed over 13 billion years ago and have evolved ever since. A common feature that astronomers have noted is that most galaxies appear to have supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at their center – like Sagittarius A*, the ~4 million solar mass SMBH at the center of the Milky Way. These monster black holes occasionally swallow up nearby gas, dust, and stars and emit excess energy as powerful relativistic jets. This phenomenon, where the center of a galaxy outshines the stars in the disk, is known as an Active Galactic Nucleus(AGN) or quasar.
In a recent study, an international team of astronomers led by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) discovered a galaxy in the early Universe that could reveal more about this evolution. Using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, they observed a swarm of galaxies orbiting a very bright and vigorously star-forming galaxy in the early Universe. These observations provide fresh insight into how exceptionally bright galaxies grow and evolve into quasars and emit powerful jets of light across the observable Universe.
Originally observed in 1963, quasars (short for quasi-stellar objects) were so-named because they resembled stars but shined brightly in the radio spectrum. Today, the term is used to describe all supermassive black holes that are particularly luminous because of how they consume surrounding gas, dust, and stars. Today, many details about how galaxies transition from being “normal” to quasars are still unknown. To learn more about this process, Ginolfi and his colleagues examined W0410-0913, one of the brightest, most massive, and gas-rich galaxies observed in the early Universe.
Located roughly 12 billion light-years from Earth, this galaxy appears to astronomers as it was about 1 billion years after the Big Bang. What makes W0410-0913 so bright is how dust is heated by its central black hole and the stars surrounding it. This makes this type of galaxy appear particularly bright in the infrared spectrum, leading to the designation “hot dust-obscured galaxies” (aka. “hot DOGs”). As Ginolfi explained in a recent press release from the Niels Bohr Institute:
“Before evolving into a full-blown quasar, some galaxies are thought to go through a phase of being very dusty, and very ‘active’ in terms of star formation and accretion of gas onto their central, supermassive black holes. We set out to design an experiment to learn more about this transition phase.”
Since the evolution of galaxies is connected to its surroundings, Ginolfi relied on data obtained by the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, which allowed them to study a region 40 times wider than the galaxy itself. They then consulted archival data obtained by the ALMA array, enabling them to measure the internal motion of the gas inside W0410-0913. As Peter Laursen, a researcher with the Cosmic Dawn Center in Copenhagen and a co-author on the study, explained:
“The observations revealed that W0410-0913 is surrounded by a swarm of no fewer than 24 smaller galaxies. The cool thing about the MUSE instrument is that we can measure not only their position on the sky, but also their distance along our line of sight. In other words, we can measure their 3D positions.”
Artist’s impression of a distant quasar powered by a black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
This implies that W0410-0913 resides in a region at least ten times denser than the average Universe. This was not entirely unexpected since hot DOGs are theorized to reside in dense environments. What’s more, W0410-0913 was already ten times as massive as our galaxy when the Universe was about 1/8th the current age of the Universe. Achieving this level of growth in such a short space of time, and feeding a supermassive black hole to achieve this level of brightness, would require a substantial amount of feed material.
This is consistent with established theories about how massive galaxies grow by accreting gas and merging with satellite galaxies through gravitational attraction. In the dense environment that W0410-0913 occupied, the research team expected that it would be subject to interactions and mergers with other galaxies at a very high rate. They further anticipated that the galaxy’s interior would be a chaotic mess of whirling clouds of gas and stars. In this respect, they were surprised when the ALMA observations revealed that W0410-0913 did not appear to have been disturbed at all by interactions with its neighbors.
In fact, the ALMA observations showed that gas and stars rotated in an orderly fashion around the central black hole, though it moved at an incredible velocity – at 500 kilometers per second (1.8 million km/h; 1.12 million mph)! Said Ginolfi:
“Coupling the results from the two very different telescopes, we see a picture of how the most massive and dusty galaxies may evolve. This type of galaxies, a vital stage in the transition from a dusty and star-forming galaxy to a quasar, tends to grow in very dense environments. Nevertheless, despite the expected frequent merging with other galaxies, these gravitational interactions are not necessarily destructive — they feed the central galaxy and whirl up the gas a bit, but leave it practically intact. A bit like throwing small pebbles against a pane of solid glass: you may scratch it, but won’t break it…“
A three-dimensional stereographic view of W0410-0913 (blue sphere) and its galactic neighbors (red spheres). Credit: Peter Laursen/NBI
These observations provide insight into how galaxies in the early Universe evolved into what we see with the Milky Way’s neighbors today. It also provides the first clues regarding the processes that drive the evolution of hot DOGs, an extreme and rare population of galaxies in our Universe. From what Ginolfi and his colleagues gathered using the VLT and ALMA, these galaxies grow in special, dense habitats but can still interact with their companions gently. In the coming years, there will be many opportunities for follow-up observations of this and other early galaxies using next-generation telescopes.
This includes the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the successor to the venerable Hubble – the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (RST) – that is scheduled to launch in 2027. There are also the next-generation ground-based telescopes that will be joining the VLT and ALMA, including the ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and other 30-meter (foot) aperture instruments, like the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). Knowing the intricacies of how galaxies evolved is also expected to provide fresh insight into Dark Matter, Dark Energy and lead to more comprehensive models of cosmic evolution.
Huge Black Triangle Shaped UFO Sighted Over England & Brightly Lit UFO Sighted Over New Mexico.
Clip One:This was sighted over Werneth Low which is a hill in Greater Manchester, England. This is a part of the Pennines, It is located on the borders of Stockport and Tameside. This object was sighted on August 31, 2022. The witness stated the following: "My first thought was that it was a balloon or kite, albeit an unusually large one. I couldn't see any lines holding it, nor strong winds affecting it, but we were at a significant distance. Shortly after this video, it disappeared without us seeing where it went."
Thanks to RyeZuul for allowing me the use of this footage and to view the original:
Clip Two: This was sighted on September 7, 2022 over Albuquerque, New Mexico. In this footage we see this brightly lit UFO hovering over the city's skyline and although it is a short clip we can see it long enough to see that there is no nav lights on this craft or no sound coming from it.
Thanks to Zenificial and his coworker's son for allowing me the use of this footage and to view the original:
Huge Cloud Formation Looking Like Mothership in China
Two UFOs in East Kilbride, Scotland Sept 2022
Video shared on Reddit by Kiamh2230 on September 10, 2022. Filmed in East Kilbride, Scotland.
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Top 7 Insane UFO Encounters Proving Aliens Exist
Sightings of strange objects in the sky, became the raw materials for Hollywood, to present visions of potential threats. Scientists and astronomers express varying degrees of enthusiasm, for the possibility of intelligent life in the universe. In fact, NASA has officially joined the search party, to hunt aliens and UFOs.
And today, we bring to you the 7 most mysterious, yet true sightings of UFOs, from around the world! #aliens#space#ufo
Top 3 Insane UFO Encounters Caught on Camera Proving Aliens Exist
Top 3 Insane UFO Encounters Caught on Camera Proving Aliens Exist
What lies beneath the Bermuda Triangle seabed?
There’s one place in the oceans that has particularly sinister fame. In the distant 15th century, Christopher Columbus’s expedition faced something that made the whole team panic. The great discoverer's ship journal contains accounts of the compass needle going haywire, huge spurts of flame appearing out of nowhere, and the sea giving off a strange glow. Many years later, this dead place proved once again how sinister it is. Ships disappear without a trace here. Sometimes they are found - drifting, empty, and completely desolated... But more often than not we don’t even find wrecks. But it’s not only the ships that go missing! Planes disappear too. Even entire squadrons of military aircraft! Facts and rumors about these incredible phenomena have quickly spread around the globe, and soon this region of the Atlantic became known as something sinister, and it continues to uphold its eerie reputation even today. You’ve already guessed it. This is the Bermuda Triangle. What kind of supernatural power is hidden under its waters? And what does science say about all this? The Bermuda Triangle.
Russian MIG Fighter Jets Chasing a Massive UFO in The Devil’s Grave
Russian MIG Fighter Jets Chasing a Massive UFO in The Devil’s Grave
While Great Britain and the US have produced the majority of contemporary UFO sightings, there is no denying that other eastern nations have a rich history of inexplicable encounters. In the instance where Russia, the KGB, the military, and the government have all taken care to maintain a stringent and careful watch on the UFO data.
But in current years, UFO researchers and scientists have made material on the phenomena available online, exposing a wealth of mysterious incidents that took place on Russian soil and in the region.
A foreign presence was detected by ground radars on August 28, 1991, at 4:42 pm at the military base in the Caspian Sea more specifically at the Mangishlak Peninsula present-day Turkmenistan. At a height of 6,600 meters and a speed of 960 km/h, the UFO was traveling east.
The military station’s staff made many unsuccessful attempts to identify the craft. The operators tried a different strategy after a few fruitless “friend or foe” queries; they got in touch with the nearby airport of Kaputsin Yar to get further information. Kaputsin’s commanding officer verified that their radar had also picked up the strange object and that it was not a test flight conducted by them.
Two Mig-29 aircraft were swiftly constructed for a scouting mission, and the other two jets took off from the base on the peninsula after that since they couldn’t risk an evasive incursion. When the jet fighters caught up with the UFO, it was above the Aral Sea. They first kept an 800-meter safe distance between themselves and the UFO. The entire thing was easily visible from this vantage point.
The pilots initially perceived a massive object that was highly reminiscent of a zeppelin but much larger. The UFO was estimated to be a stunning 600 meters in length and around 110 meters in diameter using information from ground radars and the pilot’s intuition.
The flight commander asked the unidentified object to identify itself once more, but he never got a response. The Mig-29 fighters attempted to issue a second warning, this time demanding that the UFO follow them and be escorted to the closest airfield, but the UFO continued to ignore them, appearing unconcerned by their menacing presence.
The MIGs moved in closer to the craft in the following phase. The pilots observed two port holes towards the front of the UFO with green symbols encircling them as they got closer. It was inscribed in a tongue that the Russian pilots didn’t understand.
The pilots approached the UFO from both sides after getting the instruction to fire warning shots. They were about 500 meters away from the ship and prepared to fire, but to their amazement, nothing occurred when they depressed the trigger. They were compelled to return to base because the electrical systems on the four planes were broken and the armaments appeared to be jammed. The thing disappeared towards the horizon.
The UFO was being followed by ground radars as it approached an extraterrestrial speed of over 6,800 hm/h. After traveling in a zigzag manner over the Aral Sea for roughly 30 minutes, it vanished from radar. As the UFO passed over Lake Issyk-Kul, which is close to the boundary between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, the tracking signal was lost.
After the incident, there was internal discussion since there were still many unresolved concerns about the precise origins of the device and the technologies used.
Speculation about a UFO that collided with the Tien Shan Mountains located in Central Asia started to spread by the end of September. Unexpectedly, the region is called Shaitan Mazar, which translates to “The Devil’s Grave.” Some people view this as an odd coincidence, while others see it as unmistakable evidence that the entire statement was fake.
Residents from the Karakol (Kyrgyzstan) region told stories of a massive object that forcefully collided with the eastern mountain range. A well-known UFO organization by the name of SAKKUFON was alerted by the reports, and soon after they launched an expedition to find the impact spot.
The team, led by Anton Bogatov, was made up of experienced mountaineers and SAKKUFON researchers from Russia. Fueled by claims that the crash location had already been found by the locals, the team spent two weeks trekking into the highlands. The UFO seekers found this account more convincing because of odd reports of persons experiencing small burns on their bodies, excessive amounts of static electricity, and watches that broke.
Sadly, the expedition was forced to turn around after weeks of dealing with challenging circumstances, opening the door for the government of Russia to become involved. The military had previously discovered the crash site, according to SAKKUFON, and deployed a helicopter to gather any UFO evidence. However, the chopper lost control and crashed into a near cliff, killing everyone on board.
The Phoenicians: Mysterious Merchant Mariners Whose Inventions Impacted the World Forever
The Phoenicians: Mysterious Merchant Mariners Whose Inventions Impacted the World Forever
The Phoenicians were an ancient people who once ruled the Mediterranean. Despite little being known about them as very few of their inscriptions have survived, their legacy has had an enormous impact on the world, which is still felt today.
The Phoenicians were renowned as excellent mariners and used their expertise to trade all across the Mediterranean. One of the most notable signs of their trade activity is the establishment of Carthage, in present day Tunisia. They were also the inventors of the alphabet.
The History of the Phoenicians
According to tradition, the city was founded as a colony in 814 BC by Phoenicians under the leadership of the legendary Queen Dido . The Carthaginians themselves became a dominant maritime power in the western Mediterranean, until its final destruction by Rome in 146 BC, following their defeat in the Punic Wars . Apart from Carthage, the Phoenicians founded colonies on Cyprus and in Anatolia as well.
The greater part of the territory they once occupied corresponds to modern day Lebanon, but the Phoenicians also held parts of southern Syria and northern Israel.
The Phoenician Alphabet
The Phoenicians made numerous contributions to human civilization, the most notable of which being the Phoenician alphabet , which is the ancestor of many other alphabets that are used today. Scholars have speculated that the Phoenicians referred to themselves as ‘Kena’ani’ (‘Kinahna’ in Akkadian, or ‘Canaanite’ in English). Interestingly, in Hebrew, this word also meant ‘merchant’, which is an apt description of the Phoenicians. The term ‘Phoenicians’, however, is commonly used today, as it was the Greeks who called these people by this name.
The ancient Greeks referred to the land of the Phoenicians as ‘Phoiniki’, which is derived from the Egyptian ‘Fnkhw’, meaning ‘Syrian’. The Greek ‘Phoiniki’ is phonetically similar to their word for the color purple or crimson (‘phoînix’). This is due to the fact that one of the most valuable objects produced and exported by the Phoenicians was a dye known as Tyrian purple. Thus, the Phoenicians were known also as the ‘Purple People’.
According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the Phoenicians were originally from the Red Sea area, but later emigrated to and settled along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Archaeologists today, however, regard Herodotus’ account of the Phoenicians’ origins as a myth. In addition, there is a lack of evidence to support the claims that the Phoenicians emigrated to the eastern Mediterranean from other areas of the ancient world. Instead, it is accepted that the Phoenicians were originally from the eastern Mediterranean and may have developed from the Ghassulian culture, which is an archaeological stage in southern Palestine dating to the Middle Chalcolithic period, i.e. the 4 th millennium BC.
The Phoenicians Flourish as Traders
The Phoenicians flourished during the 1 st millennium BC. During that time, there were other Canaanite cultures inhabiting the region as well, and archaeologists are unable to differentiate between the Phoenicians and these other cultures in terms of material culture, language, and religious beliefs. This is due to the fact that the Phoenicians were themselves Canaanites. Nevertheless, the Phoenicians distinguished themselves from their Canaanite brethren by their achievements as seafarers and traders.
The Phoenicians flourished as marine merchants. (Baddu676 / Public Domain )
As mentioned before, the Greek ‘Phoiniki’ is associated with the dye known as Tyrian purple, which was traded by the Phoenicians. Indeed, this was one of the best-known products of Phoenicia. Tyrian purple was a highly-prized dye that was made using several species of sea snails belonging to the Muricidae family (commonly known as murex snails). One legend states that it was the Greek hero Hercules who discovered this dye. According to this tale, Hercules was strolling along the beach with a nymph, Tyrus, and his dog. Hercules’ dog came across a murex shell and devoured it. When the dog returned to its master its mouth was stained a brilliant purple.
Tyrus found the color so attractive that she requested from Hercules a robe of the of the same color as the price for her hand in marriage. Hercules obliged and gathered enough murex snails to produce the dye necessary to color Tyrus’ robe. In reality, however, Tyrian purple was discovered by the Phoenician. Although nobody is certain today as to how the dye’s discovery was made, it is entirely possible that it was accidental, similar to the Hercules story.
Tyrian purple was not the only trade object that the Phoenicians were famous for. Glass was another valuable product that the Phoenicians exported to the rest of the Mediterranean. Glass was already being produced by other civilizations including the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. The glass produced by these civilizations was colored and it is speculated that the Phoenicians were the first ones to produce transparent glass.
Yet another produce of Phoenicia was cedar wood, which the region is famous for, as far back as the Mesopotamian period. One of the main consumers of cedar wood during the 1 st millennium BC was Egypt, as the demand for wood by the Egyptians was greater than the local supply. Therefore, cedar wood was imported into Egypt from Phoenicia. During the 14 th century BC, for instance, the Phoenicians paid tribute to Egypt by offering cedar wood, as attested in the Amarna Letters .
The fame of the cedar wood from Phoenicia is also seen in the Story of Wenamun . In this Egyptian tale, Wenamun, a priest from the Amun Temple in Karnak sets off in a Phoenician ship to Byblos to purchase timber for the construction of a solar boat.
As superb seafarers, the Phoenician merchants need not rely solely on the goods locally produced in Phoenicia. They were more than capable of traveling to the far corners of the Mediterranean to obtain resources that they did not have back home. The most important of these were precious metals – tin and silver from Spain (and perhaps as far as Cornwall in England) and copper from Cyprus.
Colonies were set up along the trade routes in order to facilitate the journey of the Phoenician merchants. Moreover, Phoenicia is situated in a geographically strategic position that allowed it to further increase its wealth from trade.
The land of the Phoenicians is located between Mesopotamia in the east and Egypt and Arabia in the south / southwest. Trade routes between these two areas of the ancient world had to pass through Phoenicia thereby enriching the Phoenicians even further.
Map of Phoenicia and its Mediterranean trade routes.
We do not know to whether the Phoenicians had a shared identity and if they considered themselves as a single nation. Nevertheless, we do know that they established city states which were politically independent.
The rise of these Phoenician city states occurred around 12th / 11th centuries BC. Around this time, the old powers that dominated the region, i.e. the Egyptians and the Hittites , had either been weakened or were destroyed. For instance, the arrival of the Sea Peoples led to the decline of the New Kingdom in Egypt, while the Hittite Empire was breaking up around the same time.
The Phoenicians seized the opportunity to fill the power vacuum left behind by these empires by establishing their own city states. It seems that each city state was ruled by a monarch, whose power was limited by a powerful oligarchy.
In addition, there is no evidence that the cities banded together into a federation. Instead, they operated independently. Among the most notable Phoenician city states were Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos.
Byblos (known today in Arabic as Jbail) is located about 30 kilometers (20 miles) to the north of modern day Beirut. Its history stretches way back before its rise as a powerful Phoenician city state during the 12th century BC.
Byblos is considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and according to the archaeological evidence was settled by human beings as early as the Neolithic period. By the 4th millennium BC Byblos had grown into an extensive settlement. Byblos became the main harbor from which cedar wood was exported to Egypt. As a result of this, the city developed into an important trade center.
Byblos became an Egyptian dependency during the first half of the 2nd millennium BC and maintained close ties with Egypt in the following centuries. With the decline and subsequent collapse of the Egyptian New Kingdom during the 11th century BC, Byblos became the leading city state in Phoenicia.
By around 1000 BC, however, Byblos was eclipsed by two other independent Phoenician city states, Sidon and Tyre. Like Byblos, Sidon (known today in Arabic as Saida) was already an ancient city by the time it became an independent city state.
Sidon was established during the 3rd millennium BC and prospered in the following millennium as a result of trade. On the other hand, Tyre (known today in Arabic as Sur) was probably originally founded as a colony of Sidon. Like Byblos and Sidon, Tyre too became an independent city state when the Egyptians lost their grip over that region.
In time, Tyre surpassed Sidon as the most important Phoenician city state as it traded and established its own colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean. According to tradition, the famous city of Carthage was established as a colony of Tyre in 814 BC.
Archaeological site of Carthage, city established by the Phoenicians.
(Eric00000007 / CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Both Sidon and Tyre are also mentioned frequently in the Old Testament. For instance, the king of Tyre, Hiram, is recorded as providing Solomon the materials required for building the temple in Jerusalem.
The Phoenicians Lose Their Independence
The Phoenician city states were not able to hold on to their independence for long. The wealth of these city states must have attracted the attention of foreign powers. During the 8 th and 7 th centuries BC, the Phoenician city states came under the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In 538 BC, Phoenicia was conquered by Cyrus the Great and came under Persian rule. Although the Phoenicians had lost their independence their cities continued to flourish.
Due to their expertise in seafaring, the Phoenicians supplied ships for the Persian kings. Persian rule over Phoenicia ended during the 4th century BC, when the region fell to Alexander the Great . One of the major battles of Alexander’s campaign against the Persian Empire was the Siege of Tyre, which occurred in 332 BC. As the naval base of the Persians, Alexander knew that it would be unwise to leave it in the hands of the enemy as he continued his campaign southwards. He was also aware that Tyre would not fall so easily, as it was situated on an island off the mainland and was heavily fortified.
Therefore, he requested permission to offer sacrifices at the Temple of Melqart, the Phoenician god identified with the Greek hero Heracles, in the hopes that he would be allowed to enter the city. Alexander’s request was rejected, so he sent heralds to issue an ultimatum to the Tyrians – surrender or be conquered. In response, the Tyrians killed the heralds and threw them off the city walls.
Alexander the Great at the Siege of Tyre attacking the Phoenicians.
Enraged by the Tyrian’s defiance, Alexander proceeded to besiege the city. Due to the lack of a naval force the Macedonians were unable to assault the city directly. Instead, Alexander’s engineers began building a causeway to connect the island to the mainland. The Tyrians in turn sought to hamper the construction of the causeway, which was successful, until the arrival of a fleet of ships from Cyprus, as well as those that defected to Alexander from the Persians.
Eventually, the causeway was completed, and the Macedonians stormed and captured the city. The entire siege lasted seven months. Still furious with the Tyrians, Alexander executed about 10,000 of the city’s inhabitants, while another 30,000 were sold into slavery.
In the years following the death of Alexander the Great, Phoenicia was one of the regions fought over by the Seleucids and the Ptolemies, two of Alexander’s successors. During this period, the Phoenicians were gradually Hellenized, and their original identity was slowly being replaced. Finally, Phoenicia was incorporated by Pompey as part of the Roman province of Syria in 65 BC.
Although the Phoenicians disappeared from the pages of history, they are still remembered today as expert seafarers and merchants. This reputation, however, pales in comparison to the greatest contribution made by the Phoenicians to the modern world – the alphabet.
Like much of the Middle East during that time, the Phoenicians used a script known as cuneiform which originated in Mesopotamia. By around 1200 BC the Phoenicians had developed their own script. The earliest known example of the Phoenician script is found on the Sarcophagus of Ahiram, which was discovered in Byblos.
The Phoenician alphabet was later adopted by the Greeks who kept some characters while removing others. The Greek alphabet was in turn adopted by the Romans resulting in its spread all across Europe. Additionally, the Phoenician alphabet is considered to be the basis of other Middle Eastern, as well as Indian alphabets, either directly or indirectly.
Our Universe May Exist Inside A 4th-Dimensional Black Hole
Our Universe May Exist Inside A 4th-Dimensional Black Hole
Because of the size of our universe, it seems unlikely that anything else could exist. It's becoming more and more likely, according to experts, that our universe is housed inside a fourth-dimensional black hole.
A singularity, an interminably hot and dense point in space, is where our universe first formed. Black holes in our universe may exhibit the same properties as those defined by science, according to CERN physicists like James Beecham.
How A Black Hole Develops
Black holes are created when enormous stars die and collapse into an impossibly dense mass from which even light cannot escape. Scientists refers to the space limit where light cannot leave and no object can return as the event horizon.
Obviously, this sounds familiar, since the cosmos can be seen as its own event horizon. In the first trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe started to expand at a rate faster than the speed of light. Prior to this time, space did not exist, hence the universal speed restriction did not exist either. The expansion of the cosmos slows over time.
Einstein's theory of relativity states that enormous objects "warp" space-time, hence the space-time around a black hole is curved. Seeing black holes would be almost impossible if not for the light and heat that are pulled into them.
The more matter a black hole swallows, the larger it and its event horizon will get. As the black hole expands, the rate at which matter falls decreases. To an onlooker, extreme gravity makes it seem as though nothing is moving. According to the theory of relativity, from the viewpoint of someone sucked into a black hole, time seems normal.
Do We Exist Inside A Black Hole Right Now?
Our cosmos contains three-dimensional black holes with two-dimensional event horizons. According to this reasoning, if our universe is an event horizon, it must have originated from a fourth-dimensional black hole.
Calculating what occurs at the singularity of a black hole is impossible, which is why we get infinities, while the event horizon can be calculated using current knowledge and equations. The matter falls into the black hole, and the event horizon encodes it. As the black hole grows, so does the event horizon, so the surface area is just the right size to hold all the information for all the stuff that has fallen since the big bang.
This information is the universe's information. Surprisingly, the math adds up and provides solutions to crucial puzzles about our universe and black holes, according to researchers at the Perimeter Institute and the University of Waterloo.
"Is that the big bang hypothesis has our relatively comprehensible, uniform, and predictable universe arising from the physics-destroying insanity of a singularity. It seems improbable."
It is difficult to conceive our universe being inside another cosmic black hole. The black hole idea appears to make sense and fill in the missing parts that scientists and experts have been pursuing for a lifetime, leading us to assume that the universe is far larger and weirder than we had previously believed.
Marsrover vindt mogelijk bewijs van oeroud microbieel leven
De Perseverance-verkenner van NASA heeft een belangrijke stap gezet in de zoektocht naar sporen van leven op Mars. De Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie kondigt donderdag aan dat de rover "de kostbaarste" stalen tot nu heeft verzameld, die mogelijke biosignaturen bevatten. De aanwezigheid van zulke biosignaturen moet wel nog bevestigd worden op aarde.
Biosignaturen zijn fysische of chemische verschijnselen die alleen door het voorkomen van leven veroorzaakt kunnen worden.
De vondst die donderdag werd aangekondigd vormt nog geen bewijs voor het feit dat er ooit leven was op de rode planeet, maar het is wel de beste kans tot nu toe om mogelijk oeroud microbieel leven met zekerheid te kunnen opsporen. NASA verwacht dat de stalen bij een volgende missie teruggebracht kunnen worden.
Herbekijk:
Historic: NASA Rover Produces Oxygen On Surface Of Mars
Grote vuurbal gespot boven Verenigd Koninkrijk: "Vermoedelijk geen meteoor maar ruimteafval”
Er zijn gisteravond in het Verenigd Koninkrijk honderden getuigenissen binnengelopen van mensen die een grote vuurbal door de lucht zagen klieven. Wetenschappers proberen te achterhalen wat het fenomeen geweest kan zijn. De eerste resultaten wijzen in de richting van ruimteafval dat terugkeerde naar de Aarde en niet naar een meteoriet.
De vuurbal werd woensdagavond rond 22 uur gespot boven Noord-Ierland, Schotland en het noorden van Engeland. Heel wat getuigen deelden op sociale media spectaculaire beelden van de wit-groenachtige bol die een lange streep achter zich trok aan de nachtelijke hemel.
Er liepen intussen al meer dan 1.000 getuigenissen binnen bij de ‘American Meteor Society’ en haar partners en tien video’s waarop het fenomeen te zien is. Sommige getuigen in Schotland zeggen zelfs dat ze een rommelend geluid hoorden.
Fenomeen
Het is niet duidelijk wat het fenomeen precies was. Wetenschappers onderzoeken of het om een meteoriet ging - gesteente uit de ruimte - of om puin van menselijke activiteit rond de Aarde. De eerste resultaten lijken in de richting te wijzen van het tweede. “Er is een vrij hoge kans dat het op ruimteafval gaat, jammer genoeg”, aldus Luke Daly, een planetoloog aan de University of Glasgow, in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift ‘New Scientist’.
“De vuurbal had een erg lage ingangshoek, een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid fragmentatie die typerend is voor ruimteafval en hij vloog traag. Ruimterotsen verplaatsen zich meestal iets sneller”, vult hij nog aan. Verder onderzoek zal uitwijzen wat het definitieve verdict is.
Starlink
Het ‘UK Meteor Network’ meldt dat het intussen de baan van de Starlink-satellieten van Elon Musk gecontroleerd heeft, maar dat die gisteravond niet in de buurt kwam van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. “Op dit moment zien we geen bekend ruimteafval of geen baan van een satelliet die de vuurbal veroorzaakt kan hebben. We gaan de data herbekijken”, klinkt het op Twitter.
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The 2 billion year old natural nuclear reactor in Gabon, Africa
The 2 billion year old natural nuclear reactor in Gabon, Africa
In Gabon, Africa is a strange geologic phenomena. Approximately 1.7 billion years ago, a natural nuclear reactor formed without any human intervention at what is now the Oklo Mine.
It formed due in part to an unusually dense uranium deposit alongside a consistent supply of groundwater. Thus, for several hundred thousand years, a natural fission reaction took place.
This video, made by a geologist who is based in Arizona, will discuss this fascinating geologic oddity.
Despite all the wild claims, there's a very real deep state. Listen to long-time expert USAF (Ret) Kevin Randle unpack the true story.
WHEN WILL THEY OPEN THE FILES!?
Mothman: International Moth of Mystery (short documentary) - The Only News That Matters
A lot of folks know about the Mothman & the Silver Bridge collapse associated with his appearance.. but do they know the intriguing cast of characters that Mothman's appearance brought together? Furthermore, what does a smiling man named Indrid Cold & Adam West's "Batman" have to do with the whole situation? What kinda name is Apol? And who is Chief Cornstalk?! Santanon is here with some answers & another episode of The Only News That Matters. He dives into all the high-strangeness that happened in & around Point Pleasant, WV (both before and after the Mothman's first appeared). Tune in to hear all about it & the amazing tales of Mary Hyre & John Keel as well as testimony from the townsfolk of Point Pleasant. God Bless & Hail Santa!
Subtitles/Closed Captions are available on all of our videos!
UFOs: The Situation in Germany | Robert Fleischer Presentation for UFORQ
UFOs: The Situation in Germany UFOs don't exist in Germany - officially, at least. While the German government denies any interest in flying saucers, its military seriously claims that they never had anything unusual on their radar screens which they could not eventually identify. Thus, you hardly ever hear anything from Germany about UFOs. The German journalist and researcher Robert Fleischer is trying to change that. For more than 13 years, he has been working to find out what the German government really knows about UFOs, digging into government archives and asking questions to politicians and the military. In his presentation, he discusses what the German Bundestag knows about Flying Saucers, how the German intelligence agency BND investigated UFO reports during the Cold War, what politicians say about the subject and how it all relates to the situation in Germany after World War II.
About Robert Fleischer:
Robert is a TV journalist, presenter and filmmaker. He has worked for a number of German public broadcast TV networks and writes articles for magazines in Germany and abroad. In 2007, he founded Exopolitics Germany (www.exopolitik.org) and in 2013, he launched ExoMagazin.tv, a subscription-based online TV magazine for open-minded people. He not only reports on UFOs and the paranormal but also on a wide array of subjects, including politics, future sciences and consciousness research. His work has been featured in major TV and radio shows as well as newspaper articles. He holds a university degree in conference interpreting for French and Spanish and has given talks in many European countries, including Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Czech Republic and the UK.
*Information and opinions presented at these meetings do not necessarily reflect the views of UFO Research Queensland Inc and are presented by speakers for research purposes only.
The UFO Lie: Shocking truth of Pentagon AAWSAP program | The Basement Office
Everything you were told is wrong. In 2017, the New York Times released a bombshell story revealing AATIP, the Pentagon's "UFO program" and Lue Elizondo, the director of that program. It proclaimed a shocking truth: UFOs are real. Since then, that story has been reprinted hundreds and thousands of times across the world and Mr. Elizondo has reached the status of cultural icon. But we've since learned that the whole story... was wrong. In this episode, we reveal the real story of the Pentagon's AAWSAP program - led by scientist James Lacatski - and it's even crazier than you could possibly imagine: $22 million in taxpayer money spent on werewolves, ghosts, goblins, and "dinobeavers" at the infamous Skinwalker Ranch in Utah. But UFO advocates, who are currently lobbying Congress to spend money on UFO investigations, hope you never find out about that. | Season 3, Episode 1
PODCAST - John Greenewald Jr gets into an interesting conversation about UFO/UAP disclosure within the US DOD and Senate, and also discuss the counter intelligence "Game" being played out. Will a significant public disclosure on UAP ever happen ?.
IS DIT DE ECHTE REDEN DAT TWEE GROTE OUDE BESCHAVINGEN ZIJN VERDWENEN?
IS DIT DE ECHTE REDEN DAT TWEE GROTE OUDE BESCHAVINGEN ZIJN VERDWENEN?
Jeannette Kras
Het is vaak gissen hoe het oude beschavingen is vergaan. Verdwenen ze door klimaatverandering, rampen, oorlogen of ziektes? Een nieuw onderzoek werpt licht op de ondergang van het Oude Rijk in Egypte en het Akkadische Rijk.
Een onderzoeksteam van het Max Planck Institute en de British School in Athene heeft bewijs gevonden dat beide beschavingen vermoedelijk niet ten onder zijn gegaan door klimaatverandering, maar door ziekten. Ze vonden daarvan sporen in de tanden van menselijke resten uit de bronstijd. Deze tanden zijn gevonden in de grot Hagios Charalambos op het eiland Kreta.
Droogte Eerder onderzoek toonde aan dat de bevolking van het Oude Rijk in Egypte (2639-2216 voor Christus) en van het Akkadische Rijk (2350–2170 voor Christus) plotseling sterk slonk. Klimaatverandering in de vorm van extreme droogte werd aangewezen als een van de oorzaken. Dit zou ook hebben geleid tot schade aan infrastructuur, een ingestorte handel en grote culturele veranderingen. Maar in deze nieuwe studie hebben onderzoekers ontdekt dat ziektes mogelijk ten grondslag lagen aan de ondergang van beide beschavingen.
De onderzoekers bestudeerden tanden van menselijke resten die teruggaan tot 2290 en 1909 voor Christus. Daarin vonden ze bewijs van de typische mondbacteriën die ook nu nog in onze mond zitten en die kunnen leiden tot tandbederf. Maar belangrijker: ze vonden tekenen van de Yersinia pestis, de pestbacterie en van salmonella, de bacterie die verantwoordelijk is voor buiktyfus. De bevindingen doen dus vermoeden dat een epidemie kan hebben geleid tot de ondergang van een of beide beschavingen uit de bronstijd.
Andere bacteriën Er is wel een kleine kanttekening: de pestbacterie die is gevonden in de tanden van de oude Egyptenaren was niet dezelfde als die Europa eeuwen later zou teisteren. De bacterie is uitgestorven, net als de gevonden salmonellavariant. Daardoor is onduidelijk hoe besmettelijk de bacteriën waren of hoe dodelijk. Toch betekent het bewijs van de bacteriën dat geschiedkundigen de mogelijkheid mee moeten nemen dat ziektes de oorzaak waren van de val van twee grote beschavingen. Verder genetisch onderzoek van oude menselijke overblijfselen moet uitwijzen hoe wijdverspreid de ziektes waren.
Het Oude Rijk Met het Oude Rijk wordt een periode in de tijd van het grote Egyptische rijk aangeduid tussen grofweg 2700 en 2200 voor Christus. Het omvat de derde tot de zesde dynastie en staat ook bekend als de ‘Eeuw van de Piramides’, omdat in die tijd de grote piramidebouwers uit de vierde dynastie heersten, zoals koning Sneferu en de koningen Khufu, Khafre en Menkaure, die de piramides van Gizeh bouwden. Het oude Egypte bereikte zijn eerste beschavingspiek in deze periode. Het rijk liep van de Nijldelta naar het zuiden tot Abu en tot de Sinaï-woestijn in het oosten. De ondergang van het rijk werd ingeluid door een tanende macht van de farao en toenemende controle van regionale heersers. In de decennia na de dood van farao Pepi II werd het rijk geteisterd door burgeroorlogen. De extreme droogte in de 22ste eeuw voor Christus deed er nog een schepje bovenop en leidde tot hongersnood. Maar mogelijk waren het dus ziektes, die het definitieve einde betekenden van het Oude Rijk.
Het Akkadische Rijk Het Akkadische rijk omvatte tussen 2350 en 2170 voor Christus grote delen van Mesopotamië, in de regio, waar nu Irak, Iran en Syrië liggen. Sargon de Grote heeft de stad Akkad, waarnaar het rijk vernoemd is, waarschijnlijk machtig gemaakt. Van daaruit breidde hij zijn rijk uit. Daaropvolgende heersers gingen zich koning van Sumer en Akkad noemen, omdat het zuidelijke deel van Mesopotamië, Sumer (een van de oudste beschavingen ter wereld), ook bij het rijk ging horen. De Goeteeërs, een bergvolk, zouden het Akkadische rijk hebben vernietigd en de stad Akkad zo erg hebben verwoest dat er nooit meer iets van is teruggevonden. Dezelfde droogte die het Oude Rijk in Egypte in ellende stortte zou ook het Akkadische rijk in de problemen hebben gebracht. Maar mogelijk waren het dus ook hier ziektes die de oude beschaving echt de das omdeden.
PISSEBED ONTDEKT DIE 25 KEER GROTER IS DAN DE EXEMPLAREN IN JOUW ACHTERTUIN
PISSEBED ONTDEKT DIE 25 KEER GROTER IS DAN DE EXEMPLAREN IN JOUW ACHTERTUIN
Vivian Lammerse
En hij ziet eruit als een echte Pokémon!
Onderzoekers hebben in de Golf van Mexico een gigantische en vrij griezelige zee-pissebed ontdekt. Het gaat om een nieuwe soort uit het geslacht Bathynomus – een mysterieuze en primitieve groep die leeft in de diepste uithoeken van de oceaan; plekken die nog nauwelijks door mensen zijn verkend. Het nieuw ontdekte, reusachtige, roomgele familielid is ongeveer 26 centimeter lang en doet volgens de onderzoekers vooral erg denken aan een Pokémon.
B. yucatanensis De reuzenpissebed werd gevonden voor de kust van het schiereiland Yucatán, op een diepte van ongeveer 600 tot 800 meter. Het dier heeft de naam B. yucatanensis gekregen, vernoemd naar zijn vindplaats. Hoewel de pissebed er misschien een beetje eng uitziet – ze zijn maar liefst 25 keer groter dan de exemplaren in jouw achtertuin – is hij volkomen ongevaarlijk, zo benadrukken de onderzoekers.
Foto van B. yucatanensis.
Afbeelding: Dr Ming-Chih Huang, Journal of Natural History
Dat het hier overigens om een nog onbekende soort ging, was niet meteen duidelijk. Aanvankelijk zagen onderzoekers de pissebed namelijk aan voor B. giganteus; de grootste bekende pissebed die wel bijna 50 centimeter lang kan worden.
Nieuwe soort De verwarring is niet onbegrijpelijk. In 2017 werd er bijvoorbeeld nog een B. giganteus op precies dezelfde plek en op dezelfde diepte gevangen. Bovendien lijken B. giganteus en B. yucatanensis op elkaar. Zo hebben ze bijvoorbeeld hetzelfde aantal stekels op hun achterlijf. “Oppervlakkig onderzoek, waarbij er alleen gekeken wordt naar deze stekels, heeft er gemakkelijk toe kunnen leiden dat de nieuwe soort ten onrechte werd herkend als B. giganteus,” schrijven de onderzoekers in hun studie.
Unieke kenmerken Toen onderzoekers echter een betere blik wierpen, ontdekten ze enkele onderscheidende kenmerken. Zo is B. yucatanensis bijvoorbeeld een stuk slanker en net iets korter dan zijn tegenhanger. Daarnaast heeft B. yucatanensis langere antennes op zijn kop. De vlekkerige, roomgele kleur van de schaal onderscheidt hem verder van zijn grijze verwanten. Om er toch honderd procent zeker van te zijn dat het hier om een nog onbekende soort ging, voerden de onderzoekers een genetische analyse uit waarbij ze B. giganteus en B. yucatanensis vergeleken. “Vanwege verschillende sequenties van twee genen, in combinatie met verschillen in morfologie, identificeerden we B. yucatanensis als een nieuwe soort,” zo luidt de conclusie van de onderzoekers.
Verwant Ondanks dat, zijn B. yucatanensis en B. giganteus wel het nauwst verwant aan elkaar. “Dit geeft aan dat de twee soorten waarschijnlijk een gemeenschappelijke voorouder hadden,” aldus de onderzoekers. Bovendien sluiten ze niet uit dat er mogelijk nog meer onbekende familieleden op ontdekking wachten.
Internethit Op dit moment zijn er zo’n 20 levende soorten reuzenpissebedden die tot het geslacht Bathynomus behoren, bekend. Door hun vreemde en ongebruikelijke afmetingen zijn de pissebedden een ware internethit geworden. Er zijn zelfs een reeks producten op de markt gebracht die hun vertederende en bizarre uiterlijk vieren; denk aan pluchen speelgoed tot aan telefoonhoesjes.
Ondanks dat er er nog niet grootschalig op de reuzenpissebedden gevist wordt, worden ze weleens aangetroffen op het menu van Aziatische visrestaurants. “Sommige soorten Bathynomus zijn het doelwit geworden van diepzee-visserij,” zo waarschuwen de onderzoekers. En daarom is het volgens hen nóg belangrijker dat de verschillende soorten goed uit elkaar worden gehouden. “Hoewel de gigantische pissebedden slechts sporadisch worden geëxploiteerd, is het voor het beheer van de Bathynomus-visserij en het behoud van de dieren belangrijk om precies te weten welke soorten er worden gevangen,” besluiten ze.
Hubble Sees Red Supergiant Star Betelgeuse Slowly Recovering After Blowing Its Top
Hubble Sees Red Supergiant Star Betelgeuse Slowly Recovering After Blowing Its Top
Analyzing data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and several other observatories, astronomers have concluded that the bright red supergiant star Betelgeuse quite literally blew its top in 2019, losing a substantial part of its visible surface and producing a gigantic Surface Mass Ejection (SME). This is something never before seen in a normal star's behavior.
Our Sun routinely blows off parts of its tenuous outer atmosphere, the corona, in an event known as a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). But the Betelgeuse SME blasted off 400 billion times as much mass as a typical CME!
The monster star is still slowly recovering from this catastrophic upheaval. "Betelgeuse continues doing some very unusual things right now; the interior is sort of bouncing," said Andrea Dupree of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
These new observations yield clues as to how red stars lose mass late in their lives as their nuclear fusion furnaces burn out, before exploding as supernovae. The amount of mass loss significantly affects their fate. However, Betelgeuse's surprisingly petulant behavior is not evidence the star is about to blow up anytime soon. So the mass loss event is not necessarily the signal of an imminent explosion.
Dupree is now pulling together all the puzzle pieces of the star's petulant behavior before, after, and during the eruption into a coherent story of a never-before-seen titanic convulsion in an aging star.
This illustration plots changes in the brightness of the red supergiant star Betelgeuse, following the titanic mass ejection of a large piece of its visible surface. The escaping material cooled to form a cloud of dust that temporarily made the star look dimmer, as seen from Earth. This unprecedented stellar convulsion disrupted the monster star’s 400-day-long oscillation period that astronomers had measured for more than 200 years. The interior may now be jiggling like a plate of gelatin dessert.
"We've never before seen a huge mass ejection of the surface of a star. We are left with something going on that we don't completely understand. It's a totally new phenomenon that we can observe directly and resolve surface details with Hubble. We're watching stellar evolution in real time."
The titanic outburst in 2019 was possibly caused by a convective plume, more than a million miles across, bubbling up from deep inside the star. It produced shocks and pulsations that blasted off the chunk of the photosphere leaving the star with a large cool surface area under the dust cloud that was produced by the cooling piece of photosphere. Betelgeuse is now struggling to recover from this injury.
Weighing roughly several times as much as our Moon, the fractured piece of photosphere sped off into space and cooled to form a dust cloud that blocked light from the star as seen by Earth observers. The dimming, which began in late 2019 and lasted for a few months, was easily noticeable even by backyard observers watching the star change brightness. One of the brightest stars in the sky, Betelgeuse is easily found in the right shoulder of the constellation Orion.
Even more fantastic, the supergiant's 400-day pulsation rate is now gone, perhaps at least temporarily. For almost 200 years astronomers have measured this rhythm as evident in changes in Betelgeuse's brightness variations and surface motions. Its disruption attests to the ferocity of the blowout.
The star's interior convection cells, which drive the regular pulsation may be sloshing around like an imbalanced washing machine tub, Dupree suggests. TRES and Hubble spectra imply that the outer layers may be back to normal, but the surface is still bouncing like a plate of gelatin dessert as the photosphere rebuilds itself.
Though our Sun has coronal mass ejections that blow off small pieces of the outer atmosphere, astronomers have never witnessed such a large amount of a star's visible surface get blasted into space. Therefore, surface mass ejections and coronal mass ejections may be different events.
Betelgeuse is now so huge now that if it replaced the Sun at the center of our solar system, its outer surface would extend past the orbit of Jupiter. Dupree used Hubble to resolve hot spots on the star's surface in 1996. This was the first direct image of a star other than the Sun.
NASA's Webb Space Telescope may be able to detect the ejected material in infrared light as it continues moving away from the star.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, in Washington, D.C.
Once again, advances in technology have forced archaeologists to change their interpretations of history. A new study published in Antiquity has concluded that the world-renowned Machu Picchu site in Peru was in use more than 20 years earlier than previously thought.
So, What’s the Real Age of Machu Picchu?
One of the top tourist destinations in the world, Machu Picchu in Peru is known not only for its ancient Inca ruins, but for its stunning natural setting. Hiking the Inca Trail has become a pilgrimage for backpackers from all over, so much so that the authorities have had to put strict limits on the number of tourists who can hike the trail per day (500). The ruins itself are visited by about 6,500 people per day, according to BD Destinations .
Although it has become known as the “lost city” discovered by American explorer Hiram Bingham in 1911, in reality it was never “lost” as locals knew it was there all along. What is surprising is that with such a huge influx of visitors, and income, there is still more to be learned about this stunning World Heritage Site, including its age and ancient origins.
The construction of an Indiana Jones-style narrative, in which American explorer Hiram Bingham found the “lost” Inca city of Machu Picchu, has added to its allure.
The legendary story of the Inca ruler Pachacuti has been told and retold for generations, and repeated as part of the tours of Machu Picchu . It is believed that he rose to power thanks to a vision involving Inti, the Sun god, who inspired him to defend the city of Cusco from the Chanca. The first Inca ruler with imperialistic aspirations for an Inca Empire he has been recognized as the creator of “the most powerful empire in pre-Colombian America,” explains an Antiquity press release.
Pachacuti has also been credited with building Machu Picchu , located to the north of Cusco. In fact, the ancient ruins are often described as having been his private estate. The Inca citadel was chosen as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World in a contest organized by the New7Wonders Foundation back in 2007, alongside Petra and the Great Wall of China. It was famously built using differently-shaped polished stones which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle to create walls without the use of mortar.
Researchers at Machu Picchu in 1911, shortly before the remains dated in the new study were recovered.
Applying New Technology to Discover the Age of Machu Picchu
“Determining a site’s archaeological age isn’t always easy,” explained Erin Blakemore in a National Geographic article which gave a simple run-through of the ways in which archaeologists calculate the date of ancient sites. Assessing the age of Machu Picchu is no different.
Richard Burger, a professor from Yale University and the lead author of the paper published in Antiquity explained why the famed Peruvian ruins have been labeled with the incorrect age in the past. “Until now estimates of its antiquity and the length of its occupation were based on contradictory historical accounts written by Spaniards in the period following the Spanish conquest,” he stressed. Remember, the Inca themselves had no written language, apart from a system of knotted cords known as khipu.
A team made up of professionals from several institutions in the United States decided to apply the technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in order to more precisely date the human remains which have been exhumed at Machu Picchu. This technology has been successful in dating human remains when minimal organic matter has been left behind.
Most history books state that Machu Picchu was built by Pachacuti in the mid-1400s. Nevertheless, the team used AMS dating technology to date bone and teeth from 26 skeletons found in cave burials which had been excavated back in 1912. Although past attempts had failed to provide consistent results, this new research concluded that Machu Picchu was actually in use from 1420 to 1530 AD.
The construction date of Machu Picchu has now been pushed back thanks to dating technology.
Changing the History of the Inca Empire and the Age of Machu Picchu
If this is true, it would mean that the scripted guided tours of Peru’s top tourist destination have been mistaken for decades. If Machu Picchu was in use from 1420, then this would push back the date of Pachacuti’s rise to prominence, as well as the age of the ancient citadel, by at least two decades.
The Antiquity study also puts into sharp relief the importance of continued application of groundbreaking technology to archaeology and ancient history. “The results suggest that the discussion of the development of the Inca empire based primarily on colonial records requires revision,” emphasized Burger.
“Modern radiocarbon methods provide a better foundation for understanding Inca chronology than the contradictory historical records,” explained the lead author of the study. The idea that our understanding of history is versatile and apt to change as technology evolves assures that the study of famous sites like Machu Picchu will continue to be an adventure as we unravel the “lost” reality of the past.
Top image: Experts are reassessing the age of the Peruvian ruins at Machu Picchu.
NASA's Perseverance rover has collected some intriguing samples of Martian rock. Just wait till we get them into a lab on Earth.
Amanda Kooser
Perseverance inspects a sedimentary sample site called Skinner Ridge.
NASA, JPL-Caltech, ASU, MSSS
This story is part of Welcome to Mars, our series exploring the red planet.
In just a year and a half on Mars, NASA's Perseverance rover has rocked its science mission. The space agency hosted a briefing Thursday to discuss highlights from the mission so far, and it was a celebration of rock samples and the discovery of organic matter.
Organic molecules in Wildcat Ridge
A rock named Wildcat Ridge, located in an ancient river delta region of Jezero Crater, was one of the stars of the show. Percy successfully collected two samples from the mudstone rock. Wildcat Ridge is particularly exciting because the organic molecules (called aromatics) found in it are considered a potential biosignature, which NASA describes as a substance or structure that could be evidence of past life but may also have been produced without the presence of life.
The rover team emphasized that finding organic matter doesn't mean it's found evidence of ancient life. Organic molecules have been spotted on Mars before, by the Curiosity rover in Gale Crater and also by Perseverance, which found carbon-containing molecules earlier in the mission.
Enlarge ImagPerseverance collected two core samples from Wildcat Ridge and also abraded a round patch to inspect the rock with its Sherloc instrument.
NASA, JPL-Caltech, ASU, MSSS
The rover's Sherloc instrument investigated the rock. (Sherloc stands for Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals.) "In its analysis of Wildcat Ridge, the Sherloc instrument registered the most abundant organic detections on the mission to date," NASA said.
Scientists are seeing familiar signs in the analysis of Wildcat Ridge. "In the distant past, the sand, mud and salts that now make up the Wildcat Ridge sample were deposited under conditions where life could potentially have thrived," said Perseverance project scientist Ken Farley in a statement. "The fact the organic matter was found in such a sedimentary rock -- known for preserving fossils of ancient life here on Earth -- is important."
Perseverance isn't equipped to find definitive evidence of ancient microbial life on the red planet. "The reality is the burden of proof for establishing life on another planet is very, very high," said Farley during the press conference. For that, we need to examine Mars rocks up close and in person in Earth labs.
Sample drop
Percy currently has 12 rock samples on board, including the Wildcat Ridge pieces and samples from another sedimentary delta rock called Skinner Ridge. It also collected igneous rock samples earlier in the mission that point to the impact of long-ago volcanic action in the crater.
NASA is so happy with the diversity of samples collected that it's looking into dropping some of the filled tubes off on the surface soon in preparation for the future Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. MSR is an ambitious plan to send a lander to Mars, pick up Percy's samples, rocket them off the surface and bring them back to Earth for close study. The mission is under development. If all goes as planned, those rocks could be here by 2033.
The complexity and importance of MSR means NASA and its partners are working out ways to ensure the samples can be collected. There's hope Perseverance will still be operating in good condition by the time the MSR lander arrives, and will be able to meet it and personally deliver samples. Leaving some samples on the ground this early in the mission at a cache site in the crater will give MSR another opportunity to get the precious rocks on board.
Percy has been collecting paired samples. For example, it could keep one Wildcat Ridge tube on board and drop the other on the ground. "That we are weeks from deploying Perseverance's fascinating samples and mere years from bringing them to Earth so scientists can study them in exquisite detail is truly phenomenal," said NASA JPL Director Laurie Leshin. "We will learn so much."
What's next for Percy
As thrilling as the delta has been, the rover team is looking ahead at future adventures beyond it. Perseverance could wander up the crater rim, with the team eyeing several possible paths for the climb. Its companion Ingenuity helicopter is in good health and expected to take to the air again.
NASA chose Jezero Crater for exploration because of its fascinating history of water and how the rocks there might preserve evidence of ancient life, if it existed during more habitable times on Mars. Sherloc scientist Sunanda Sharma likened the mission to a treasure hunt for organic life on another planet, saying the samples with aromatics are a clue. The Martian mystery is only just beginning to unfold.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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