Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
10-09-2022
The Late Frank Drake, the Drake Equation, Project Ozma and His Lifelong Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
The Late Frank Drake, the Drake Equation, Project Ozma and His Lifelong Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
UFO researchers and proponents for the search for intelligent life (SETI) are treated like rock stars these days – in fact, some like Blink-182’s Tom DeLonge ARE rock stars. However, they all owe a debt of gratitude to those who paved the way for them – making a path that was mostly rocky dirt roads filled with pothole and traps set by those who wished to disrupt or ridicule their quest to find or prove the existence of extraterrestrial life. One of those people is best known by his last name and a mathematical term that together have given hope to those on traveling on that path that has now become a highway paved and repaired with government support. We’re referring of course to the Drake Equation – a formula for estimating the number of active extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy – and Frank Drake, its inventor, whopassed away recently at the age of 92.
Arecibo Observatory
Frank Donald Drake was born on May 28, 1930, in Chicago, Illinois, and said he first considered the idea of life on other planets as an eight-year-old far beyond his years contemplating what it might mean if intelligent life was the result of chance. Drake studied astronomy at Cornell University while pursuing a degree in Engineering Physics, followed by graduate school at Harvard University where he received a M.S. and Ph.D. in Astronomy. From Harvard, Frank Drake moved to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia, to a job in radio astronomical research. It was there he mapped the center of the Milky Way Galaxy for the first time and discovered the ionosphere and magnetosphere of Jupiter. It was also at NRAO that Drake first connected to another giant in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence – the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Like Drake, Arecibo was a giant in SETI for decades (the world's largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years) until breaks in cables forced it to be decommissioned and demolished in 2020.
“In 1960, radio astronomer Frank D. Drake, then at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia, carried out humanity's first modern attempt to detect interstellar radio transmissions. Project Ozma was named after the queen of L. Frank Baum's imaginary land of Oz -- a place "very far away, difficult to reach, and populated by strange and exotic beings."”
To this day, not many people know about Project Ozma, but even fewer knew of it in 1960 because Drake and the project team at NRAO decided to keep it quiet for fear of being ridiculed by the science and astronomy communities and the general public. “Ozma” was the perfect name because L. Frank Baum, the Oz series author, claimed he communicated with Oz by radio to learn of the events taking place in The Emerald City. Drake used the NRAO’s 26-meter radio telescope to search for possible signals from the stars Tau Ceti (in the constellation Cetus) and Epsilon Eridani (in the constellation Eridanus) star systems – both are nearby and Sun-like.
“From April to July 1960, for six hours a day, the receiver on the 85-foot antenna was tuned to the frequency of the 21-centimeter emission line of interstellar hydrogen. The assumption was that this frequency, 1420 MHz, would be known by any technologically sophisticated society, and would constitute a universal “hailing frequency.”
The total cost of the project was about two thousand dollars.”
Compare that to today’s ‘rock star’ budgets and rock star publicity for SETI projects and you have some idea of how challenging Project Ozma was. Unfortunately, the six months of listening picked up no extraterrestrial signals and the project was terminated in July 1960. One benefit – the project intrigued Carl Sagan, then a graduate student, and he and Drake became lifelong friends and collaborators. A second benefit, pointed out by the SETI Institute website, was that Ozma inspired other searches for signals from other stars, prompting in 1961 the first scientific meeting at NRAO to discuss SETI searches … that meeting was where Frank Drake unveiled the equation that bears his name.
The Drake equation has been called “second most-famous equation in science (after E= mc2)” and, since it was developed for astronomers, is not an easy one to simplify. Per the SETI Institute (full explanation here), the first six terms, when multiplied together, yield the average number of new technologically transmitting societies that are formed in the Milky Way galaxy each year. When multiplied by the last term, L: the average lifetime they stay on the air, you get the average number of message-transmitting intelligent societies in the Milky Way Galaxy now. The higher that number, the better the chances of finding extraterrestrials.
At the time of the NRAO meeting in 1961, Drake was hoping the equation would stimulate conversations amongst the attendees, since only one of the variables was known at that time. Drake plugged in his own estimates for the variables and came up with an average of 10,000 intelligent civilizations per year. As expected, determining the probability of life being intelligent is the hardest to quantify. It is a credit to Frank Drake that, while his equation has been exercised and criticized for 60 years, no one has developed a better one.
Creating such a famous equation would be enough for many astronomers and scientists, but Frank Drake went on to teach and influence an army of followers as an astronomy professor at Cornell and the University of California, Santa Cruz. At Arecibo, he was involved in a project that beamed a radio message to a cluster of stars. He also directed the SETI Institute's Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe and chaired the institute's board of trustees. With Carl Sagan, he helped create two messages sent from humanity that were engraved on a plaque on the Pioneer 10 and 11 probes and on gold records placed on the Voyager 1 and 2 probes. Frank Drake continued to serve on the SETI Institute's board of trustees until he died on September 2, 2022, at his home in Aptos, California, from natural causes at the age of 92.
Thank you, Frank Drake, for your service to astronomy,science and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
Throughout the field of the UFO phenomena there are those that study it, and those who seem to have actually become a part of it. In some cases we have the tales of what have come to be called "contactees," or those people who have met or even been abducted by these otherwordly entities. They almost always have rather strange stories to tell, and one of these is certainly the tale of a woman who seems to have been targeted by aliens from an early age and would become a mainstay on the UFO convention circuit along with her entourage of two of the most famous UFO researchers in the field at the time.
Barbara Hudson was initiated fairly early into the world of UFO weirdness. When she was just 15 years old she claims that she had been awoken one night by a tall man standing near her bed, his features indistinct in the shadows. Barbara thought at first it was a human intruder, but as she was about to scream out to her parents, the stranger released beams from his eyes that supposedly paralyzed her and held her in place, completely frozen. She also felt her mind become foggy, entering a sort of daze or trance, and when the man held his hand out and asked her to follow him she found that she was unable to resist. A grey mist then appeared, and within this mist was what looked like an elevator, which she was ushered into and then brought to a large room with screens on the wall showing the planet earth, as well as “many instruments and colored lights” and more of those strange tall beings. These figures gave her some fruit to eat, before taking her back into the elevator and into her room, leaving her there to lose consciousness.
For years Barbara would try to put this strange incident out of her mind and get on with her life. She would eventually move to New York City, marry and have a child, although she divorced, renting out an apartment in Manhattan where she lived with her parents. Life had seemed to have gotten somewhat back to normal, but just when she thought that she had seen the last of those tall strangers, her life would get weird again. One cold afternoon in February of 1960, Barbara was changing her baby’s diapers when the doorbell rang. It was a bit odd because she hadn’t been expecting anyone, but she didn’t think much of it at first and went to the door to see who it was. She opened the door on its chain just a crack, and there standing in the hall was a man she had never met and who had a demeanor of utter strangeness.
This stranger was described as standing around a bit over 6 feet in height and with a very slender, almost skeletal build, wearing an ill-fitting navy blue suit with a dark tie and a white shirt that all hung awkwardly off of his bony frame. His skin was dark, his eyes deeply set within his face beneath a mop of brown, wavy hair. For a moment he just stood there staring at her with a neutral look that was impossible to read, and just as Barbara was about to close the door in his face he spoke, telling her that he was the exterminator who had been sent by the management of the apartment to spray her apartment for bugs. Looking at his hands, she could see that he was indeed carrying an insect sprayer, as well as a black briefcase, but it was weird because no one had told her anything about an exterminator coming over. As odd as the situation was, Barbara nevertheless showed the man in, where he went to the kitchen and began spraying.
At some point, the man stopped and turned to Barbara, told her not to be afraid and that he meant her no harm, and then marched across the room to pick up a book on the bookshelf, specifically one called Flying Saucers Have Landed, by another alien contactee by the name of George Adamski. Oddly, the man had gone straight to the book and knew exactly where it was, and when he picked it up was described as fondling it lovingly with both hands. He then asked Barbara what she thought of the book, and whether she believed anything within its pages, to which she responded that she did. The man then asked her where she thought aliens came from, and she answered that they were probably from Mars or Venus. This elicited a smile from the stranger as he gently put the book back down and leaned forward to kiss Barbara on the cheek before heading towards the door.
Despite the sheer bizarreness of the situation, not only was Barbara completely calm throughout all of this, but she even went ahead to open the door for the stranger. The man quietly walked out and went down the stairs to the first floor, where he turned to face her again. This time the man spoke again, telling her that she was wrong and that he was in fact an alien but that he was not from Mars or Venus, but rather he was from Saturn, before telling her he would see her again and hurrying off. When he was gone, whatever spell he had placed on her wore off, and Barbara was hit with a sudden wave of fear and panic. She quickly closed the door and locked it, before hurrying to the window to look outside, but the man seems to have never come back out of the apartment as far as she could see, leaving her sitting there with a cold, wet feeling of dread. Unfortunately for her, this would not be the end of such strange incidents.
Later that same year, three tall, thin men in dark suits and with gaunt faces very similar to that of the “exterminator” she had met came to her apartment and once again she felt as if they had put her into a sort of hypnotic trance. The men told her they wanted her to join a secret organization they called simply “the group,” and that they had something to show her that concerned UFOs. They invited her to come out for a drive with them and she felt oddly compelled to do as they said, following them out to the street to a waiting dark sedan. They drove her out to a remote locale at Long Island, remaining silent the entire way, and when the car stopped they were at some sort of compound populated by both humans and aliens alike. The men with her explained that this was “the group,” and that they had been recruited from both Earth and around the galaxy for the purpose of letting the world know about aliens and UFOs. They then instructed her that she was to go to seminars being held by the author and UFO researcher James Willett Moseley at the series of Giant Rock Flying Saucer Conventions going on at the time so that she could “keep an eye on things.” Thus would begin the next strange chapter of her weird story.
At the convention, Barbara would meet Moseley, as well as the UFO author Gray Barker, who was perhaps most well-known for introducing the world to the notion of the Men in Black with his 1956 book They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers. The two researchers were fascinated by Barbara’s story, and from there her, Barker and Beckley seem to have become an inseparable trio, with them even inviting her along when they did an investigation into the Mothman sightings at Point Pleasant, West Virginia, with some of these activities being covered in Gray Barker’s The Silver Bridge (1970). Barbara became very involved with the UFO conference scene, often appearing with Moseley and Barker, and she started work on a book about her experiences, an excerpt of which would appear in Beckley’s UFO newsletter Saucer News, in an article entitled A Visitor From Saturn? Rather strangely, Barbara would allegedly send a rough draft of some of her writings to the writer George H. Smith, who was famous for adult-themed schlock with titles like Orgy Buyer and The Sex and Savagery of the Hells Angels, who used Hudson’s name as a pseudonym and whipped up her outline into a lurid, sex-soaked work of fiction called Those Sexy Saucer People (1967). As for Barbara’s own book, it never would be fully finished and would forever remain a work in progress.
Gray Barker
As for Moseley and Barker, they would claim that they fully believed Barbara’s story and found her to be very reliable, enthusiastically endorsing her weird story. They also gave other strange anecdotes about their time with her, telling of a time at Point Pleasant where she had met possibly one of her friends from Saturn in the form of a tall gaunt man she had seen weeping and whistling the theme of Gone With the Wind in the dark in the abandoned power-plant. On another occasion, Barker claimed to have seen Barbara’s doppelganger while at a separate convention across the country. Unfortunately, most of the information we have on Barbara Hudson and her experiences were related by Barker himself, and here is where we get into some problems.
Although he was a prolific author on UFOs and the paranormal and his books advocated the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrials, Barker himself was known to be privately a pretty hardcore skeptic. He mostly churned out his various UFO writings for money, but didn’t really believe in most of what he wrote, even telling friends and family that the subject matter was a joke and calling his own books “kookie books.” He was also known to intentionally greatly embellish facts in his books and omit certain things or play up certain angles in order to make the cases he covered seem more outlandish and mysterious. This personal disdain for the UFO field and for the true believers out there fueled a series of elaborate hoaxes he concocted to fool UFO enthusiasts, and he is known for having relentlessly pranked John Keel during his investigation into the Mothman phenomenon.
His partner in crime, Moseley, was no better. Also a private skeptic, Moseley went through great lengths to orchestrate elaborate hoaxes to discredit UFO believers. He did not do this necessarily out of spite or for kicks, but rather because he believed the UFO field was full of fakers, hoaxes and nonsense that muddied the waters because people were too quick to accept it as real. He believed that some of the UFO phenomena truly was unexplainable and mysterious, but that it was hard to get at the real truth, and that only after weeding out the hoaxes, conspiracy theories, and misidentifications could one truly get close to the truth. To him, his hoaxes were simply to prove that many in the UFO community were too quick to accept something as real and were a gullible lot.
James Moseley
Together, Moseley and Barker came up with some doozies. In one hoax, they faked a letter from the United States government and sent it to self-proclaimed alien contactee George Adamski. The letter stated that the United States Department of State was pleased with Adamski's research into UFOs, that the government knew that Adamski had actually spoken to extraterrestrials in a California desert in 1952, and that they had their own evidence bearing out his extraordinary claims. The letter was even printed on official State Department stationary and letterhead complete with white-seal, blue-embossed paper, the American eagle watermark and the Seal of State impressed upon it, and it was signed by a R.E. Straith. Barker would use the hoax in his 1967 book on Adamski, calling the letter "one of the great unsolved mysteries of the UFO field.” Adamski would swallow the bait hook, line, and sinker, widely publicizing the letter and using it as evidence to back his various bizarre claims on UFO contacts, exactly proving Moseley’s point. The letter would be debated within the UFO community for years as possibly real, and even when Moseley publicly admitted that it was all a hoax there have been those right up to the present day who still suspect it might be the real deal.
Another one of Barker and Moseley’s more infamous hoaxes was the so-called Lost Creek saucer video. In 1966, the two had the idea to create footage of a flying saucer they planned to present as real and see how far or how blindly people would believe it. To this end, they had an assistant hold a fake saucer on a fishing pole in front of a car as Moseley drove and Barker filmed. The resulting footage was presented as the real deal and made big waves at the time, inspiring a lot of discussion and with many in the UFO community hailing it as an amazing piece of genuine footage. Barker himself would carry it around to his lectures at UFO conventions before eventually admitting it was fake and explaining how he had done it.
Considering this ruthless trolling of the UFO community by Barker and Moseley, it is hard to know just what to make of the fact that they were such champions of Barbara Hudson’s story and made such a point of traveling around to conventions with her. It seems very likely that, while she likely believed what she was saying, Barker and Moseley almost certainly did not, and that she was just another one of their trolling runs. How much of what she said of her experiences was actually true and how much of it was fed to her, played up, or even fabricated by Barker and Moseley? They were such unrepentant hoaxers that it is really hard to say for sure, and we are left to wonder. Was Barbara Moseley the real deal? Was she just a delusional woman? Was she perhaps the victim of two of the most notorious hoaxers in the UFO field? Whatever the case may be, it sure is a strange tale of one of the weirder UFO contactees out there.
The U.S. Navy has released a new video from an incident that involved six unidentified drones flying over its most advanced surface combatant, the USS Zumwalt. The incident occurred in the waters off the coast of Southern California in April 2019.
The War Zone received the video via the Freedom of Information act as part of our ongoing investigation into reports of drone swarm incidents that occurred near Navy vessels intermittently throughout 2019 off Southern California. Our previous update in the investigation produced a number of briefing documents, including an unclassified video and photographs that provided a significant increase in detail about these strange incidents. While the bulk of the drone swarm events occurred in July of 2019, we learned of several new events that occurred earlier in the year. Among these was the incident involving the USS Zumwalt.
The incident occurred at approximately 8:30 PM Pacific Time on April 24th 2019, around 17 nautical miles from the Marine Corps base at Camp Pendleton in international waters. During the event, the USS Zumwalt reported that as many as six unknown unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were seen operating nearby at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1000 feet. At one point in the incident, the UAS reportedly crossed over the deck of the USS Zumwalt. As in similar past incidents, the drones were documented by the Ship Nautical Or Otherwise Photographic Interpretation and Exploitation team, or "SNOOPIE team." These sailors essentially act to document dangerous, uncertain, or unusual situations using a variety of commercial-grade cameras.
You can view the newly obtained footage from the incident and listen to a sailor’s accompanying narration here:
A briefing slide and photograph from the incident was previously published by The War Zone, and is shown again below:
US Navy via FOIA
It should be noted that the USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) is a unique vessel as the lead ship in its class of controversial, but technologically advanced stealthy surface combatants. The ship'sstealth technology is designed to allow it to be more survivable than other destroyers, including being able to operate closer to enemy territory during certain operations.
Detailed analysis of the low-resolution video is difficult given that it was taken at night. While unclassified records released to the public tend to be underwhelming, it is likely that the USS Zumwalt had access to a range of sophisticated sensors during the incident.
The only clear feature in the video is a set of several lights in a rectangular formation. The lights appear to be white and green, with an intermittently blinking red light presumed to be in the center of the object. A sailor comments that the UASs do not appear to be armed in the narration.
For further analysis, we spoke with David Kovar, CEO of URSA Inc. Kovar’s firm specializes in drone security issues, including criminal investigations and UAV threat management. Kovar stated that “I’m unable to determine much of the configuration of the aircraft. It appears to have four regularly spaced running, or navigation lights.”
Kovar stated that given the context of the narration and the briefing slide, the object could be a “multi-rotor, likely a quad, UAV with running lights.” However, he noted that this assessment is based on a typical configuration of quadcopter lights. He stated that while the video could match other objects, as well, given the lack of detail in the video, it appears consistent with the description of a UAS in the narration and the briefing slide. Of course, other potential types exist, including smaller gasoline-powered fixed-wing types that pack long ranges or hybrid types that can takeoff and land vertically but are more efficient in forwarding flight with the help of a pusher propeller and wing-like appendages. The latter has become a favorite of the Chinese Navy.
A former drone industry analyst who declined to be named due to their current employment highlighted several other features of interest. The analyst commented that “while the video isn't of the best quality, I don't see anything on the drone that would make me think it's something that couldn't be purchased off the shelf from a current commercial drone manufacturer.” The analyst added, “the fact that the narrator said that there was a pattern of flight where there were no changes in altitude tells me that the drones were either programmed to fly a certain route or controlled from a distance while possibly on altitude hold, which to me isn't the hallmark of any advanced technology.”
They further commented, “what is interesting is that they reported 6 drones and they were 17 miles off the coast of Southern California. This tells me that these drones were likely launched from a boat and that this was likely a planned 'mission' because no one has 6 drones on a boat for recreational purposes.” The analyst further stated that physically capturing the drone “is really the only way a forensic assessment can be made to determine the origin and capabilities associated with an [unidentified] drone.”
The observation of bright lights on unidentified UAS has been a recurring feature in several of the other drone swarm incidents we have investigated. In a previous interview, DroneSec CEO Mike Monnik told The War Zone that his firm’s database of drone incidents has registered an uptick in swarm events, and that in some cases less capable drones are used as “canaries” that intentionally distract or probe the defense of a potential target. There is also a long Cold War history of technologies designed to intentionally stimulate air defense systems in order to capture valuable signals intelligence, which you can read more about here.
As in the other drone swarm cases from this general area and timeframe, several key questions remain unanswered. Based on the briefing slide above, we have reached out to Carrier Strike Group Nine to inquire if the operator of the drones was ever positively identified, or if any effort was made to track the drones to their ultimate destination. They have not responded at the time of writing. The Chief of Naval Operations Michael Gilday previously stated that the Navy did not get to the bottom of similar incidents that occurred in the same region later in the same year. In a congressional hearing earlier this year, representatives of the Navy and Department of Defense explained that several of the incidents were in fact related to drone swarms, but did not offer further details.
While details about these incidents have been difficult to come by, drone swarms are becoming a general area of increasing interest for the Navy. Just in the last month, the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division ran an event called “Silent Swarm 22.” Conducted at ranges with the Michigan National Guard's National All-Domain Warfighting Center, this was a “large scale experimentation event” that brought together over 150 participants to focus on “Electromagnetic Warfare (EW) employed on small multi-domain unmanned systems (UxS).”
Notably, the logo, seen below, for the event depicts a warship surrounded by a web and a swarm of various fixed-wing and rotor-wing drones. Reflections of the drones can be seen in the water, perhaps a nod to the “multi-domain” reference and the more inclusive UxS acronym in the event’s description.
Michigan National Guard
This is just one of a number of major Navy exercises focusing on unmanned systems, and those efforts are only accelerating and have been for years
While the Navy focuses on forward-looking efforts to employ drone swarms, it is not the only player in this space. The string of drone swarm incidents throughout 2019 demonstrates that surveillance of key naval assets is being conducted in the areas where they train – often within miles of the American coast. Drone swarms are not a theoretical emerging technology threat, but rather a present tense reality. U.S. adversaries are openly developing and deploying these capabilities and all indications point to the fact that networked swarms of lower-end drones will be absolutely critical to prevailing in future high-end maritime conflicts.
The inherent difficulty of reliably detecting, tracking, and countering drones has created a unique challenge for the Pentagon in recent years. In fact, it is among the department’s biggest tactical and strategic concerns. The often ambiguous footage from incidents has led to an overlap of the drone issue with longstanding cultural interest in UFOs – a dilemma that The War Zone has reported on for some time. Disambiguating drone surveillance incidents from headier claims appears to be a priority of lawmakers, though it remains to be seen how the Department of Defense will make such distinctions in practice.
Perhaps more importantly, it remains to be seen how effective the Navy and Department of Defense will be in investigating and resolving these incidents in an era when once considered highly advanced drone technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated and accessible.
Update 9/1/22:
We reached out to DroneSec, a drone security intelligence firm based in Melbourne, for their comment on the video from the USS Zumwalt incident. Due to the time zone difference, we were not able to include their response before initial publication. DroneSec CEO Mike Monnik told us via email that “given the alleged unaltered speed and altitude, it was possibly on a preplanned route. Either this was enabled as the UAS approached the ship, or it was already conducting its preprogrammed route and the USS Zumwalt entered the area.” Monnik stated, “in our opinion, we don't believe it is a fixed-wing given the slight visibility of the cross-section.” He also told us that the DroneSec team found visual similarities with the DJI Inspire, which also has lights in a box shape and a comparable LED light sequence. A video of the DJI Inspire operating at night can be seen below:
Note that given the clarity of the video, this is not a positive identification, but rather an estimate of the general type of drone that may have been employed. While LED light sequences can be helpful in identifying drones in some cases, there are significant limitations in drawing inferences based on this alone. Monnik emphasized that “UAS can often modify their own light sequence by color, frequency and speed,” and that these features are readily available in some commercially available drones.
The USS Zumwalt is the most advanced United States Navy guided missile destroyer in existence today. Much larger than any other active destroyer or cruiser in the US Navy, the USS Zumwalt’s futuristic appearance is the result of a design that gives the ship stealth capabilities against radar detection and a wave-piercing tumblehome hull to dramatically reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency. Powered by an integrated electric propulsion (IEP) system and managed by a much smaller crew that previous warships, the USS Zumwalt was created to be the next generation in fighting ships and to strike fear in enemy navies. While that may be true, a recently released video shows that one enemy laughs in the pointed face of the USS Zumwalt -- drones. The video, released by the U.S. Navy, shows as many as six mysterious drones or unmanned aerial systems (UAS) swarming the USS Zumwalt in the waters off the coast of Southern California in April 2019. Who … or what … controls these mysterious aircraft that seem fearless against the latest and best of the U.S. Navy?
The USS Zumwalt
“The War Zone received the video via the Freedom of Information act as part of our ongoing investigation into reports of drone swarm incidents that occurred near Navy vessels intermittently throughout 2019 off Southern California.”
Credit for convincing the U.S. Navy to release the video goes to the intrepid team at The War Zone/The Drive, which has obtained a number of such videos, photos and data files via its relentless requests under the Freedom of Information Act. The War Zone is responsible for obtaining a number of videos of drone swarm events around naval warships off the coast of California in July of 2019, but the bulk of those have been around conventional warships and aircraft carriers … not the next generation in fighting vessels.
“The incident occurred at approximately 8:30 PM Pacific Time on April 24th 2019, around 17 nautical miles from the Marine Corps base at Camp Pendleton in international waters. During the event, the USS Zumwalt reported that as many as six unknown unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were seen operating nearby at altitudes ranging from 300 to 1000 feet.”
An altitude of 300 feet is a mere stone’s throw to a ship like the USS Zumwalt – almost within swatting distance. In fact, one of the drones was reported to have crossed directly over the deck of the USS Zumwalt. That should make them a piece of cake to identify, right? Well, take a look at the video yourself here and see if you can identify them. Finished?
What do you think? As The War Zone points out, all you can see in this nighttime, low-resolution video is a group of bright lights flying in a rectangular formation – the lights are green and white with an intermittently blinking red light in the center. That’s even worse than most UFO/UAP videos. Fortunately, the USS Zumwalt had a SNOOPIE Team -- Ship Nautical Or Otherwise Photographic Interpretation and Exploitation team – which immediately investigates and documents unusual UAS encounters such as this one. A chart showing the Zumwalt’s “Interaction with MULTIPLE UNK UAS” and a timeline of the events can be seen on The War Zone’s website. That chart includes another photo, a map showing the location of the USS Zumwalt at the time of the encounter, and a plot of the path of the drones superimposed on the path of the Zumwalt. All of this data adds up to what looks to be a very close encounter between the Navy’s latest warship and a swarm of unknown aerial phenomena.
“What is interesting is that they reported six drones, and they were 17 miles off the coast of Southern California. This tells me that these drones were likely launched from a boat and that this was a planned ‘mission’ because no one has six drones on a boat for recreational purposes.”
So, what did the USS Zumwalt encounter on the night of April 24th 2019? The War Zone asked an anonymous (by their request) drone analyst who suspected this was a military exercise using pre-programmed drones flying predetermined paths and hovering at selected locations. That did not impress the analyst as being the actions and maneuvers of “any advanced technology” – it could be done off-the-shelf, non-military, commercial drones. David Kovar, CEO of URSA Inc., a drone security company, agreed.
“Given the context of the narration and the briefing slide, the object could be a multi-rotor, likely a quad, UAV with running lights.”
While those analyses hint at ‘what’ these mysterious UAS are, they don’t indicate ‘whose’ they are. Earlier this year, the War Zone obtains photographs of UAP encounters in 2019 reported by the USS Kidd, USS Rafael Peralta, USS Russell, USS John Finn, and USS Paul Hamilton during weeks of maneuvers near California’s Channel Islands, and was able to identify the possible source of the swarms of drones – the Hong Kong-flagged bulk carrier MV Bass Strait. In that group of photos, one image was labeled “Quadcopter style UAS.” Could the drones harassing the USS Zumwalt have been from a Hong Kong carrier too?
“The Chief of Naval Operations Michael Gilday previously stated that the Navy did not get to the bottom of similar incidents that occurred in the same region later in the same year.”
The War Zone received no response to requests for information on the identity of the drones’ operators – noting that not all drone swarms were linked to the Honk Kong vessel or any other ship. It also noted that the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division held an event in July 2022 called “Silent Swarm 22” at the Michigan National Guard's National All-Domain Warfighting Center which tested “Electromagnetic Warfare (EW) employed on small multi-domain unmanned systems (UxS).” The logo of the exercise (these days, you can’t have an exercise without a logo for a patch) shows drones flying around a ship and, interestingly, reflections of the drones on the surface of the water. The War Zone thinks this is a wink to the biggest concern of Pentagon’s new UAP investigation department – transmedium or multi-domain UAPs.
As of this writing, no other information is available about mysterious, unidentified UAPs swarming the USS Zumwalt, the U.S. Navy’s latest stealth flagship destroyer. Kudos as always to the team an The War Zone.
I figured that having just published an article on the mysteries of the planet Mars, I would now write one that focuses on our Moon. And, there are more than a few mysteries out there, to be sure! Our strange Moon story goes back to the 1970s, but it is still a fascinating story. According to the family of a Raymond Wallis, he was someone who, way back in 1975, took on the alias of a “Mr. Axelrod,” when a team of remote-viewers at Area 51 were focusing their attention not on the Russians or even the Chinese, but on the Moon itself. Something strange had caught the attention of those working on the program. Answers needed to be found. Reportedly, and incredibly, several of the remote-viewers had significant success in psychically uncovering evidence that there were several underground, alien bases on the Moon. So the story goes, the team hit a brick-wall because, in a rather sinister fashion, the aliens somehow knew when they were being watched. So, the team decided to do something that they rarely ever did. They decided to go outside of the box – or in their case a secure series of rooms at Area 51’s S-4 – and approach one of the leading figures in the field of remote-viewing, a man named Ingo Swann. Before we get directly to Swann, let's have a look at the phenomenon of Remote-Viewing.
(NASA) The surface of the Moon
Extra-sensory perception (ESP), clairvoyance, precognition, and astral-projection have all been utilized by the CIA, the KGB, and British Intelligence on more than a few occasions. As astonishing as it may sound, the world of psychic 007’s is all too real. It’s a subject that has been researched, with varying degrees of success, for decades. Remote Viewing is also a phenomenon that allows for travel into different realms of time. The earliest indication of serious interest on the part of the U.S. Government in the field of psychic phenomena can be found in a formerly classified CIA document written in 1977 by Dr. Kenneth A. Kress - then an engineer with the CIA’s Office of Technical Services - and titled Parapsychology in Intelligence. According to Kress: “Anecdotal reports of extrasensory perception capabilities have reached U.S. national security agencies at least since World War II, when Hitler was said to rely on astrologers and seers. Suggestions for military applications of ESP continued to be received after World War II.
In 1952, the Department of Defense was lectured on the possible usefulness of extrasensory perception in psychological warfare. “In 1961, the CIA’s Office of Technical Services became interested in the claims of ESP. Technical project officers soon contacted Stephen I. Abrams, the Director of the Parapsychological Laboratory, Oxford University, England. Under the auspices of Project ULTRA, Abrams prepared a review article which claimed ESP was demonstrated but not understood or controllable.” Kress added with these words: “The report was read with interest but produced no further action for another decade.” Indeed, it was in the early part of the 1970s that the research really took off. In April 1972, Dr. Russell Targ, a laser physicist with a personal interest in parapsychology and the power of the human mind, met with CIA personnel from the Office of Strategic Intelligence, specifically to discuss paranormal phenomena. Now, let us get back to our main character in this story, Ingo Swann.
(Nick Redfern) A Moon-Area 51 connection?
A secret, Area 51-based group interested in the mysteries of the Moon? It sounds wild. The possibility that the Moon could be home to a race of extraterrestrials that live deep below its surface? It sounds incredible, right? It is, however, amazing fact: Swann himself publicly confirmed the sensational story, which probably did not please the team at Area 51. Swann, who died in 2013, was considered to be one of the U.S. Government’s leading Remote-Viewers, those near-unique individuals whose psychic powers and extra-sensory perception (ESP) were harnessed, from the 1970s onwards, to spy on the former Soviet Union. Swann proved to be a highly-skilled remote-viewer, one whose talents were employed on a number of espionage-themed operations focusing on overseas targets that might have proven hostile to the United States. As a result, Swann came into contact with a variety of shadowy figures within the realm of government secrecy, and the world of intelligence-gathering, including a truly Machiavellian character known, very mysteriously, only by the name of Mr. Axelrod – seemingly a leading figure in this hidden, mysterious group.
It was in February 1975 that Swann was contacted out of the blue by what he personally described as a certain highly-placed figure in Washington, D.C., who guardedly advised Swann that he, Swann, would soon be receiving a telephone call from the aforementioned Mr. Axelrod. Swann’s source quietly advised him that while he could not offer much at that time by way of a meaningful explanation, Swann should be keenly aware that the call would concern a matter of great urgency and importance. A somewhat concerned Swann waited…and waited…and waited. You get the picture. Finally, roughly around four weeks later, a call arrived, and Swann was asked to make a cloak-and-dagger rendezvous, only mere hours later, at the National Museum of Natural History within the Smithsonian. Despite the somewhat fraught, last-minute nature of the conversation, Swann unhesitatingly agreed, and quickly – albeit with a degree of concern and trepidation – made his careful way to the meeting-place, where he was greeted by a man who Swann said "looked like a Marine." Although all the basic formalities were exchanged, Swann was hardly clear on what was afoot: he was driven by car to a second location, where nothing less than a helicopter was waiting to take him to a destination unknown. Such was the security and secrecy surrounding the journey Swann was blindfolded for the approximately thirty-minute flight. In other words, the experience was rapidly becoming one of near-007-like proportions.
On landing, Swann was then taken to an elevator that descended for an incredibly significant period of time – perhaps into the bowels of some secret, underground installation, Swann thought, and probably with a high degree of logical justification. With the blindfold finally removed, Swann gathered his bearings, and was then introduced to the enigmatic Mr. Axelrod (in reality, Raymond Wallis), who admitted this was not his real name, but suggested to Swann it was an identity that served the particular purposes of the meeting. Axelrod wasted no time, at all, and got straight to the absolute point, asking Swann a great deal of curious questions about the nature of remote-viewing. Axelrod also made it clear that he wished to make use of Swann’s skills – on what was clearly a secret operation – for a significant sum of money. It truly was one of those offers that one cannot refuse. And Swann, most assuredly, did not refuse it. Axelrod asked Swann, pointedly, what he knew about our Moon. Now, finally, the purpose of the strange meeting was becoming much clearer. Someone within officialdom was secretly looking to have the Moon remote-viewed – which is precisely what Swann went ahead and did.
By Swann’s own admission, he was utterly floored by what he found: during an initial targeting, his mind focused in on sensational imagery of what looked to be a huge tower, similar in size to the Secretariat Building at the United Nations, but one that soared upwards from the Moon’s surface. This was no human-made structure, Swann was told: it was the work of nothing less than mysterious extraterrestrials. In follow-up remote-viewing sessions, Swann was able to perceive on the surface of the Moon a wealth of domed structures, advanced machinery, additional tall towers, large cross-like structures, curious tubular constructions across the landscape, and even evidence of what looked like extensive mining operations. Someone, or something, had secretly constructed nothing less than a Moon-base.
Intriguingly, Swann was also able to focus his mind on what appeared to be a group of people – that appeared very human – housed in some sort of enclosure on the Moon, that were busily burrowing into the side of a cliff. The only oddity: they were all utterly naked. Rather ominously, and very quickly, at that point Axelrod terminated the experiment, amid dark and disturbing allusions to the possibility that the Moon-based entities were possibly acutely aware they were being spied upon via the means of astral-travel. It was even implied that Swann’s very actions might now place him in grave danger, if the beings decided to turn the tables and pay him a visit of a deadly, cosmic kind – which, very fortunately for Swann, they did not. Notably, Axelrod also inquired of Swann if he knew of a man named George Leonard. Swann replied that, no, he was not familiar with the name. It transpired that during that very same time frame that the shadowy Axelrod was employing Swann to seek out the mysteries of the Moon, Leonard, an author, was hard at work, toiling on a manuscript titled Somebody Else is on the Moon. In 1977, Leonard’s manuscript appeared in book form, and, to a significant degree, focused its attention upon the very matter about which Axelrod was so deeply troubled: namely, unusual, intelligently-designed structures, or installations, on the Moon.
Before we go any further in this strange saga, let's have a look at the Moon itself. As NASA says: "The brightest and largest object in our night sky, the Moon makes Earth a more livable planet by moderating our home planet's wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate. It also causes tides, creating a rhythm that has guided humans for thousands of years. The Moon was likely formed after a Mars-sized body collided with Earth. Earth's Moon is the fifth largest of the 200+ moons orbiting planets in our solar system. Earth's only natural satellite is simply called 'the Moon' because people didn't know other moons existed until Galileo Galilei discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610." Now, let us get back to the key parts of the story.
On one particular occasion Axelrod casually asked Swann if he had heard of a man named George Leonard. At the time, Swann had not heard of Leonard. He soon would, though. Axelrod told Swann, on a particular date in 1975 that Swann could not recall when he went public with the story, that Leonard was working on a book that was, said Axelrod, “of interest to us.” Not only that: the book would focus, in part, of some of the things that had concerned Axelrod and his team in 1975. The implication was that someone “on the inside” was secretly and constantly monitoring Leonard’s research and writing. Swann was amazed when, in 1976, he was provided – by Axelrod - with a then-newly-surfaced copy of Leonard’s book, Somebody Else is on the Moon, which was published by David McKay. Notably, the back-cover of the book details for the reader some of the highlights of the story: “Immense mechanical rigs, some over a mile;” “Strange geometric ground markings and symbols;” “constructions several times higher than anything built on Earth;” and “Somebody is doing something on our Moon – and doing it right now, on a stunningly massive scale!” To Swann, this sounded very much like what Axelrod knew back in 1975. And it most certainly mirrored what Swan had found for Axelrod.
The odd, near-Deep-Throat-like meetings between Swann and Axelrod / Wallis – on the nature of what was afoot on the Moon – continued until 1977, after which time they came to an abrupt end, with Swann, unsurprisingly, left scratching his head about the distinctly odd sequence of events. Had Swann really psychically accessed a fantastically-advanced base on the Moon that had been constructed by space-faring extraterrestrials? Or, does the fact that Swann recalled those working on the facility looked like everyday members of the Human Race – albeit naked ones! – mean that this was a secret installation of very terrestrial origins, one that Axelrod was trying to learn more about, due to being left out of a particular, highly classified governmental loop? Could there be sinister extraterrestrials below the surface of our Moon? Just maybe, there really could.
NOTE:
The photo of the Moon used in this article was taken by employees of NASA. Because NASA is an arm of the U.S. Government, the picture is considered public domain.
Check out this strange circular rainbow cloud spotted in China on August 21, 2022.
This is called a "scarf cloud", which occurs when a thunderstorm's updraft creates a pileus cloud and the sun's angle interacts with the ice crystals in the pileus cloud.
The scarf cloud is formed by the cooling and condensation of moist air forced up and over the peak. When the sunlight is at the right angle, the light diffracts between the droplets and the ice crystals in the cloud, creating a rainbow color.
Long cigar shaped UFO moving slowly over Orange Park, Florida 4-Sep-2022
Long cigar shaped UFO moving slowly over Orange Park, Florida 4-Sep-2022
This really long bright cigar-shaped UFO was seen and recorded in the sky above Orange Park, Florida on 4th September 2022.
Witness report:
Observed this long rectangular/cigar shaped might moving slowly from the northeast to east. I filmed it for about 10 seconds before it went behind the treeline. Estimate that it was probably 5 miles away and would have been in the vicinity of buckman bridge in Jacksonville.
Indonesia’s 31,000-year-old Amputee Shatters the History of Surgery
Indonesia’s 31,000-year-old Amputee Shatters the History of Surgery
Archaeologists in Borneo, Indonesia have unearthed the skeleton of a man who was an amputee, and he underwent his complicated medical procedure some 31,000 years ago!
Until now, all archaeological evidence has suggested the first medical procedures began when humans started inhabiting agricultural settlements during the so-called Neolithic Revolution, which began around 10,000 years ago. Historians of human physiological development generally agree that having bodies designed to walk over 20 miles (32.2 kilometers) a day, for foraging, hunting and fishing, would have been subjected to multiple medical issues when farming began.
Archaeologists in China and Egypt have discovered ancient remains with signs of amputated toes and fingers, with one prosthetic toe dating back 3,000 years . And in 2016 StatNews reported on the discovery of a 6th-century-AD skeleton found in a Frankish Empire-era cemetery in Austria. With an “iron-and-wood prosthetic foot,” this amputee represented the oldest skeleton found in Europe with a prosthetic limb.
Now, according to a new paper published in the journal Nature, a team of researchers has identified the oldest evidence of an amputee surgery, in Borneo, dating way back to 29000 BC.
Liang Tebo burial features of the 29000 BC amputee of Borneo, Indonesia: a) A single adult inhumation (TB1); the skull is to the right of the scale bar; b) in situ nodule of red ochre (a natural earth pigment) next to the mandible; c) Maxilla and mandible. Scale bar, 5 centimeters or 2 inches.
The Assumption That Farming Led to Amputee Tech is False
When humans first turned to agriculture around 10,000 years ago, no matter where on the globe or what type of crops were being grown, the height, strength and general health of the people rapidly declined. This demonstrable fact has led to the widely-accepted assumption that the onset of farming also brought about the necessity of more advanced surgical procedures.
In this new study, however, lead researcher and author, Professor Tim Ryan Maloney of Griffith University, Australia demonstrates that the “assumption” couldn’t have been further from the truth. His new study on the discovery of a 31,000-year-old amputee in Borneo demonstrates the origins of surgery began in prehistoric times, way before farming.
Legacy of Borneo’s 31,000-year-old Amputee Surgeons
The new paper focuses on a discovery made in 2020 on the Sangkulirang–Mangkalihat Peninsula of East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Approximately 2.5 kilometers (15.53 miles) from the Marang River, a matrix of caves and rock shelters are peppered across the karst terrain. Excavations in the vast three-chambered Liang Tebo limestone cave revealed evidence of prehistoric human occupation, including rock art that was painted at least 40,000 years ago, representing some of the earliest rock art ever created.
In 2020, archaeologists dug a trench in which they discovered an adult skeleton (TB1) who had “the distal third of their left lower leg surgically amputated.” The scientists write in their paper that the amputation most probably occurred when the person was a child and that they lived for another 6–9 years after the operation. And dating to “at least 31,000 years ago” this find changes everything that was previously assumed about the origins of surgical procedures.
Surgically amputated site of the left tibia and fibula showing the evidence of amputation.
The Liang Tebo cave skeleton’s limb amputation suggests groups of modern humans foraging in Asia “had developed sophisticated medical knowledge and skills long before the Neolithic farming transition,” according to the new Nature study. The paper says the surgical amputation of TB1’s left lower leg 31,000 years ago “has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of pre-Holocene (the last 11,700 years) human medico-socio-cultural practices.” Until now, scientists generally assumed that complex surgical procedures like this were way beyond the capabilities of foraging cultures .
What is perhaps most interesting about this discovery is that until about 100 years ago in Western medicine, successful surgical amputations without antibiotics generally resulted in blood infections and often death. But in the 31,000-year-old case of TB1, the new study implies that “the Late Pleistocene ‘surgeon(s)’ who amputated this individual’s lower left leg must have possessed detailed knowledge “of limb anatomy and muscular and vascular systems to have prevented fatal blood loss and infection.”
Artist ‘s impression of Tebo1, the oldest amputee on record. The individual had their lower left leg amputated as a child and survived into early adulthood in an artistic community 31,000 years ago in Borneo, Indonesia.
Now that the “great assumption” about Neolithic tech has been shattered, some new assertions are being made based on the discovery of the 31,000-year-old amputee.
The ancient surgeons must have used plants (and perhaps maggots) to clean, dress and disinfect the man’s severed leg wound. They must also have administered some kind of pain relief while controlling their patient’s temperature, diet and recovery movements, to have prevented post-op infection.
Furthermore, the fact that the man recovered after the amputation in what is a very challenging karst stone terrain suggests a very caring community of people looked after him after the operation, and for the rest of his life.
The scientists concluded their paper by suggesting early human colonists in what are today the rainforests of Borneo were challenged by the warmer and much more humid climate. Experiencing an increase in wound infections the people responded by making rapid advances “in medical technology.” Thus, they must have developed new pharmaceuticals from the bountiful and biodiverse environment in which they lived as hunter-gatherers.
Top image:Left: Liang Tebo burial features of the 29000-BC amputee of Borneo, Indonesia: a) A single adult inhumation (TB1); the skull is to the right of the scale bar; Middle: Artist ‘s impression of Tebo1, the oldest amputee on record; Right: Surgically amputated site of the left tibia and fibula showing the evidence of amputation.
Source: Maloney, et al. / Nature; Jose Garcia ( Garciartist) and Griffith University / Nature; Maloney, et al. / Nature
MYTHISCH VERZONKEN EILANDENRIJK BIJ WALES BESTOND WELLICHT ECHT: OUDE LANDKAART KOMT OVEREEN MET BODEMVONDSTEN
MYTHISCH VERZONKEN EILANDENRIJK BIJ WALES BESTOND WELLICHT ECHT: OUDE LANDKAART KOMT OVEREEN MET BODEMVONDSTEN
Jeannette Kras
Verdwenen eilanden die in oude literatuur worden beschreven, spreken ook nu nog tot de verbeelding. Zo zijn er twee eilanden voor de westkust van Wales die op een belangrijke landkaart uit de Middeleeuwen zijn weergegeven en die opduiken in de lokale folklore en poëzie.
Het is heel aannemelijk dat deze eilanden echt hebben bestaan, maar door de zee zijn opgeslokt ergens rond de zestiende eeuw na Christus. Wetenschappers hebben nieuw bewijsmateriaal gevonden en dat aan elkaar gekoppeld. Daarmee wordt er meer bekend over de mogelijke evolutie van de kustlijn van West-Wales.
Op basis van geologische gegevens en een middeleeuwse landkaart maken onderzoekers van de Universiteit van Swansea en de Universiteit van Oxford een reconstructie van het ontstaan en de ondergang van de twee mythische eilanden die waarschijnlijk niet ver van de Britse kust af hebben gelegen en mogelijk generaties lang bewoond zijn door mensen. Er werd in de folklore gesproken over Cantre’r Gwaelod (‘The Lowland Hundred’), een gezonken koninkrijk.
De studie is geïnspireerd op de Gough Map, de oudste bewaard gebleven kaart van Groot-Brittannië. Deze bijzondere kaart vindt waarschijnlijk zijn oorsprong in de dertiende eeuw na Christus en wordt bewaard in de Bodleian Library van de Universiteit van Oxford.
Vergaan eilandrijk De middeleeuwse cartografen verantwoordelijk voor de Gough Map gingen uiterst zorgvuldig te werk. De kaart toont twee eilanden in Cardigan Bay in het westen van Wales, die niet meer bestaan. Elk eiland is afgebeeld op ongeveer een kwart van de grootte van het eiland Anglesey in Noord-Wales. De ene ligt tussen Aberystwyth en Aberdovey en de andere tussen Aberdovey en Barmouth in het noorden.
De studie, gepubliceerd in vakblad Atlantic Geoscience, onderzoekt cultuurhistorische bronnen en geologisch bewijs van de kustlijn en de zeebodem. Zo komen de wetenschappers tot een model van hoe de kust is geëvolueerd sinds de laatste ijstijd, die ongeveer tienduizend jaar geleden eindigde. Al met al biedt het team een plausibele verklaring voor de ‘verloren’ eilanden.
Gletsjerafzettingen en erosiekrachten De eilanden zouden de overblijfselen zijn geweest van laaggelegen land dat bedekt was met relatief zachte gletsjerafzettingen, die zijn ontstaan tijdens de laatste ijstijd. In de duizenden jaren daarna heeft erosie het land uitgesleten en bleven de eilanden over, waarna die rond de zestiende eeuw ook waren weggesleten en verdwenen.
Wanneer fijnere sedimenten van gletsjerafzettingen in de loop van de tijd door erosie verdwijnen, blijven het grovere grind en de keien op de zeebodem achter. De ligging van de eilanden valt samen met de locatie van onderzeese ophopingen van grind en keien, die lokaal ook wel ‘sarns’ worden genoemd.
Ptolemaeus “We weten dat de kust van West-Wales in de loop van de tijd aanzienlijk is veranderd. Bewijs van de Romeinse cartograaf Ptolemaeus suggereert dat de kustlijn tweeduizend jaar geleden misschien zo’n dertien kilometer verder in zee lag dan nu het geval is”, legt professor Simon Haslett van Swansea University uit. “De Gough Map is buitengewoon nauwkeurig als je bedenkt welke primitieve middelen de middeleeuwse cartografen slechts tot hun beschikking hadden. De makers hebben de twee eilanden duidelijk gemarkeerd op de landkaart.”
Eerste klimaatvluchtelingen “Dit onderzoek vergroot ons begrip van de mogelijke processen die langs de kust van Cardigan Bay plaatsvonden en die ertoe hebben geleid dat het er nu zo uitziet. Het kan ook helpen bij toekomstig onderzoek naar de postglaciale evolutie van vergelijkbare laaglanden in andere delen van Noordwest-Europa”, vertelt Haslett.
“Het begrijpen van de kustlijndynamiek is nog nooit zo belangrijk geweest. Sommige steden in het gebied dat we hebben bestudeerd, zijn extra kwetsbaar voor klimaatverandering. Het zou goed kunnen dat dit gaat leiden tot de eerste klimaatvluchtelingen in het Verenigd Koninkrijk”, aldus de onderzoeker.
The Lowland Hundred Onderzoeker professor David Willis van de Universiteit van Oxford voegt hier nog aan toe: “Ons bewijsmateriaal biedt een verklaring voor het ontstaan van het verhaal van Cantre’r Gwaelod (‘The Lowland Hundred’). Dit verloren land zou in een ver verleden verwoest zijn door een catastrofale overstroming. Er wordt in de middeleeuwse poëzie naar verwezen in het Black Book of Carmarthen en neemt ook in latere folklore een belangrijke plaats in.” Hoe bijzonder is het dat dit eilandenrijk niet alleen in sprookjes, maar wellicht ook in het echt heeft bestaan.
HET REGENT DIAMANTEN OP NEPTUNUS WAARDOOR NIEUWE IJSSOORT ONTSTAAT: HET BIZARRE SUPERHETE ZWARTE IJS
HET REGENT DIAMANTEN OP NEPTUNUS WAARDOOR NIEUWE IJSSOORT ONTSTAAT: HET BIZARRE SUPERHETE ZWARTE IJS
Jeannette Kras
Het regent diamanten, niet op aarde helaas, wel op Neptunus en Uranus. Volgens een nieuwe studie komen diamantregens zelfs nog vaker voor dan gedacht.
De wetenschappers ontdekten dat zuurstof de vorming van diamantregen stimuleert. Ook vonden ze bewijs dat door de diamanten een hele vreemde toestand van water zou kunnen ontstaan, die wordt omschreven als ‘superheet, zwart ijs’.
Dit superionische ijs ontstaat onder hoge druk en hoge temperaturen. Onder deze extreme omstandigheden breken watermoleculen uit elkaar en vormen zuurstofatomen een kristalrooster waarin de waterstofkernen vrij rondzweven. Omdat deze vrij zwevende kernen elektrisch geladen zijn, kan superionisch water elektrische stroom geleiden en de ongebruikelijke magnetische velden op Uranus en Neptunus verklaren.
Zwart, zwaar en superheet ijs Een zwart ijsblokje is vier keer zo zwaar als een gewoon ijsblokje en heeft een temperatuur van duizenden graden Celsius. Deze vorm van water is misschien wel een van de meest voorkomende in het universum. De kernen van ijsreuzen als Neptunus en soortgelijke exoplaneten zouden weleens vol kunnen zitten met het zwarte goedje.
De studie, die in Science Advances verscheen, simuleert de omstandigheden op ijsreuzen door in het laboratorium met een enorm sterke laser op een stuk PET-plastic te schieten. Wonderlijk genoeg lijken deze processen chemisch gezien erg op elkaar en ontstaan er op deze manier nanodiamantjes en superionisch ijs. De bevindingen vormen een basis voor een nieuwe manier om nanodiamanten te fabriceren, die nuttig zijn voor het toedienen van medicijnen, om medische sensoren te maken, voor niet-invasieve chirurgie, duurzame productie en kwantumelektronica.
Schieten op plastic In het vorige experiment bestudeerden de onderzoekers een plastic materiaal gemaakt van een mengsel van waterstof en koolstof, belangrijke componenten van de algehele chemische samenstelling van Neptunus en Uranus. Maar naast koolstof en waterstof bevatten de ijsreuzen ook andere elementen, zoals grote hoeveelheden zuurstof.
In het meer recente experiment gebruikten de onderzoekers PET-plastic – vaak gebruikt in voedselverpakkingen, plastic flessen en containers – om de samenstelling van deze planeten nauwkeuriger te reproduceren. “PET heeft een goede balans tussen koolstof, waterstof en zuurstof om de activiteit in ijsplaneten te simuleren”, zegt Dominik Kraus, professor aan de Universiteit van Rostock.
Schokgolf Er werd dus met een laser op een dun vel PET-plastic geschoten. De sterke laserflitsen die het folie-achtige materiaal raakten, verhitten het kort tot 6000 graden Celsius en genereerden zo een schokgolf die de materie gedurende enkele nanoseconden tot miljoenen keren de atmosferische druk comprimeerde. De wetenschappers konden vaststellen dat kleine diamanten, zogenaamde nanodiamanten, zich onder extreme druk vormden.
“Het effect van de zuurstof was een versnelling van de splitsing van koolstof en waterstof om zo de vorming van nanodiamanten te stimuleren”, zei Kraus. “Het betekende dat de koolstofatomen gemakkelijker konden combineren en diamanten konden vormen.”
De onderzoekers voorspellen dat diamanten op Neptunus en Uranus veel groter worden dan de nanodiamanten die in deze experimenten werden geproduceerd. In de loop van duizenden jaren zouden de diamanten langzaam door de ijslagen van de planeten kunnen zinken en samenkomen in een dikke laag rond de vaste planetaire kern. Het team vond ook bewijs dat zich in combinatie met de diamanten superionisch water zou kunnen vormen, ook wel ‘heet, zwart ijs’ genoemd.
Veel ijsreuzen De bevindingen kunnen ook van invloed zijn op ons begrip van planeten in verre sterrenstelsels, te meer omdat wetenschappers nu denken dat ijsreuzen de meest voorkomende planeten buiten ons zonnestelsel zijn. “We weten dat de kern van de aarde voornamelijk uit ijzer bestaat, maar veel experimenten onderzoeken nog steeds hoe de aanwezigheid van lichtere elementen de omstandigheden van smelting en andere faseovergangen kan veranderen”, zegt onderzoeker Silvia Pandolfi. “Ons experiment laat zien hoe deze elementen de omstandigheden kunnen veranderen waarin diamanten zich vormen op ijsreuzen. Als we planeten nauwkeurig willen modelleren, moeten we zo dicht mogelijk bij de werkelijke samenstelling van de planeten komen.”
Ruwe diamanten Het onderzoek helpt ons niet alleen om andere planeten beter te begrijpen, het is ook een stap vooruit in de productie van nanodiamanten op aarde. “De manier waarop nanodiamanten momenteel worden gemaakt, is door een hoop koolstof of diamant te nemen en die op te blazen met explosieven”, zegt wetenschapper Benjamin Ofori-Okai. “Dit creëert nanodiamanten van verschillende groottes en vormen en is moeilijk te controleren. Wat we in dit experiment zien, is een andere reactiviteit van dezelfde soort diamant onder hoge temperatuur en druk. In sommige gevallen lijken de diamanten sneller gevormd te worden dan in andere gevallen, wat suggereert dat de aanwezigheid van de andere chemicaliën dit proces kan versnellen. Laserproductie zou een schonere en gemakkelijker gecontroleerde methode kunnen zijn om nanodiamanten te produceren. Als we manieren kunnen bedenken om sommige dingen aan de reactiviteit te veranderen, kunnen we ook veranderen hoe snel ze vorm krijgen en dus hoe groot ze worden.”
Ethanol Vervolgonderzoek is al in de maak: de onderzoekers willen soortgelijke experimenten uitvoeren met vloeibare monsters die ethanol, water en ammoniak bevatten – waar Uranus en Neptunus voor een groot gedeelte uit zijn opgebouwd – waardoor ze nog beter kunnen begrijpen hoe de diamantregen precies ontstaat op andere planeten.
Human and Neanderthal brains were roughly the same size.
Credit: Adapted from Alamy
More than 500,000 years ago, the ancestors of Neanderthals and modern humans were migrating around the world when a fateful genetic mutation caused some of their brains to suddenly improve. This mutation, researchers report in Science1,2, dramatically increased the number of brain cells in the hominins that preceded modern humans, probably giving them a cognitive advantage over their Neanderthal cousins.
“This is a surprisingly important gene,” says Arnold Kriegstein, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco. However, he expects that it will turn out to be one of many genetic tweaks that gave humans an evolutionary advantage over other hominins. “I think it sheds a whole new light on human evolution.”
When researchers first fully sequenced a Neanderthal genome in 20143, they identified 96 amino acids — the building blocks that make up proteins — that differ between Neanderthals and modern humans in addition to a number of other genetic tweaks. Scientists have been studying this list to learn which of these helped modern humans to outcompete Neanderthals and other hominins.
Cognitive advantage
To neuroscientists Anneline Pinson and Wieland Huttner at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden, Germany, one gene stood out. The gene, TKTL1, encodes a protein that is made when a fetus’s brain is first developing. A single genetic mutation in the human version of TKTL1 changed one amino acid, resulting in a protein that is different from those found in hominin ancestors, Neanderthals and non-human primates.
The team suspected that this protein could be driving neural progenitor cells — which develop into neurons — to proliferate as the brain develops, specifically in an area called the neocortex, which is involved in cognitive function. That, they reasoned, could be a contributor to modern humans’ cognitive advantage over human ancestors.
To test this, Pinson and her team inserted either the human or ancestral version of TKTL1 into the brains of mouse and ferret embryos. The animals with the human gene developed significantly more neural progenitor cells. When the researchers engineered neocortex cells from a human fetus to produce the ancestral version, they found that the fetal tissue produced fewer progenitor cells and fewer neurons than it normally would. The same was true when they inserted the ancestral version of TKTL1 into brain organoids — mini-brain-like structures grown from human stem cells.
Brain size
Fossil records suggest that human and Neanderthal brains were roughly the same size, meaning that the neocortices of modern humans are either denser or take up a larger portion of the brain. Huttner and Pinson say that they were surprised that such a small genetic change could affect neocortex development so drastically. “It was a coincidental mutation that had enormous consequences,” Huttner says.
Neuroscientist Alysson Muotri at the University of California, San Diego, is more sceptical. He points out that different cell lines behave differently when made into organoids and would like to see the ancestral version of TKTL1 tested in more human cells. Furthermore, he says, the original Neanderthal genome was compared with that of a modern European — human populations in other parts of the world might share some genetic variants with Neanderthals.
Pinson says that the Neanderthal version of TKTL1 is very rare among modern humans, adding that it’s unknown whether it causes any disease or cognitive differences. The only way to prove that it has a role in cognitive function, Huttner says, would be to genetically engineer mice or ferrets that always have the human form of the gene and test their behaviour compared with animals that have the ancestral version. Pinson says she is now planning to look further into the mechanisms through which TKTKL1 drives the birth of brain cells.
Repair Work Underway, Preparations Continue for Next Launch Opportunity
Repair Work Underway, Preparations Continue for Next Launch Opportunity
NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket is seen at Launch Pad 39B Thursday, Sept. 8, 2022, at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida as teams work to replace the seal on an interface, called the quick disconnect, between the liquid hydrogen fuel feed line on the mobile launcher and the rocket.
Photo Credit: (NASA/Chad Siwik)
Engineers are making progress repairing the area where a liquid hydrogen leak was detected during the Artemis I launch attempt Sept. 3, and NASA is preserving options for the next launch opportunity as early as Friday, Sept. 23.
Technicians constructed a tent-like enclosure around the work area to protect the hardware and teams from weather and other environmental conditions at Launch Pad 39B. They have disconnected the ground- and rocket-side plates on the interface, called a quick disconnect, for the liquid hydrogen fuel feed line, performed initial inspections, and began replacing two seals – one surrounding the 8-inch line used to fill and drain liquid hydrogen from the core stage, and another surrounding the 4-inch bleed line used to redirect some of the propellant during tanking operations. The SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft are in good condition while remaining at the launch pad.
Once the work is complete, engineers will reconnect the plates and perform initial tests to evaluate the new seals. Teams will check the new seals under cryogenic, or supercold, conditions no earlier than Sept. 17 in which the rocket’s core stage and interim cryogenic propulsion stage will be loaded with liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to validate the repair under the conditions it would experience on launch day. Engineers are in the process of developing a full plan for the checkouts.
NASA has submitted a request to the Eastern Range for an extension of the current testing requirement for the flight termination system. NASA is respecting the range’s processes for review of the request, and the agency continues to provide detailed information to support a range decision.
In the meantime, NASA is instructing the Artemis team to move forward with all preparations required for testing, followed by launch, including preparations to ensure adequate supplies of propellants and gases used in tanking operations, as well as flight operations planning for the mission. NASA has requested the following launch opportunities:
Sept 23: Two-hour launch window opens at 6:47 a.m. EDT; landing on Oct. 18
Sept. 27: 70-minute launch window opens at 11:37 a.m.; landing on Nov. 5
NASA’s teams internally are preparing to support additional dates in the event flexibility is required. The agency will evaluate and adjust launch opportunities and alternate dates based on progress at the pad and to align with other planned activities, including DART’s planned impact with an asteroid, the west coast launch of a government payload, and the launch of Crew-5 to the International Space Station.
Listen to a replay of today’s media teleconference on the status of the Artemis I mission. Artemis I is an uncrewed flight test to provide a foundation for human exploration in deep space and demonstrate our commitment and capability to extend human existence to the Moon and beyond.
Disk Shaped UFO Sighted Over Freeway In Los Angeles, California. September 3, 2022
This footage was captured while the witness was driving along the freeway and he took three quick videos and upload them to Instagram. In the footage we can see what looks like a disk shaped UFO just cruising along to the shock of the witness. This was sighted over Los Angeles, California on September 3, 2022 around 9:30am
Thanks to 19th Galaxy for allowing me the use of this footage and to view the original:
UFOs Sighted From The ISS, SpaceX & Bogotá, Colombia. As Seen On The Live Show. September 7, 2022
Guys, This video i did without me talking as these are some of the footages i've showed on my live show so if you would like to hear my opinions on the footages please check out the show:
Clip 1.This was sighted durning the Russian cosmonauts spacewalk on September 2, 2022 and in the footage this object comes into view with the camera operater asking "What is that object?" and following the UFO with the camera until it's out of view. Go to the 7.22.55 to 7.27.55 mark in the video to see and hear.
Clip 2.This object was spotted durning the SpaceX launch of 51 Starlink satellites Sunday, September 4, 2022 at 10:09 p.m. This UFO flies past the rocket but could this be more ice? Go to 22:44 mark in the video and have a look.
Strange UFO Seen in Shakopee, Minnesota, Sept 2022 👽
Video shared on Reddit by Smencil and filmed on September 3, 2022 at 5:46PM in Shakopee, Minnesota. There’s more to say, more to explore together and we invite you now to join this new journey with us on Section 51 ! Subscribe now !
New UFO Video allegedly declassified by the Pentagon
"The Pentagon has declassified a new video from 4/24/19 involving the USS Zumwalt, detecting six unidentified objects on it, including one crossed the deck according to the report. Spokeswoman Susan Gough announced that they have no information about its origin."
UFO Lights in Austria, Feb 2015
Video shared on Instagram and filmed in Gesause National Park in Austria in February 2015. No further information...
Strange Lights in the Sky, USA, July 2021
Video shared on Reddit by Shibby_Laterr187 and filmed in USA, uploaded on Odysee in July 2021. No further information...
The UFO Lie: Shocking truth of Pentagon AAWSAP program | The Basement Office
Everything you were told is wrong. In 2017, the New York Times released a bombshell story revealing AATIP, the Pentagon's "UFO program" and Lue Elizondo, the director of that program.
It proclaimed a shocking truth:
UFOs are real. Since then, that story has been reprinted hundreds and thousands of times across the world and Mr. Elizondo has reached the status of cultural icon. But we've since learned that the whole story... was wrong. In this episode, we reveal the real story of the Pentagon's AAWSAP program - led by scientist James Lacatski - and it's even crazier than you could possibly imagine: $22 million in taxpayer money spent on werewolves, ghosts, goblins, and "dinobeavers" at the infamous Skinwalker Ranch in Utah. But UFO advocates, who are currently lobbying Congress to spend money on UFO investigations, hope you never find out about that. | Season 3, Episode 1
Hi folks, I work hard to put these videos together everyday and all I ask is that you take a moment to "like", "share" and or "subscribe" to the channel. Thank you so much, UFO Video Addicts
US Navy fighter pilot Clarence Clem talks about a UFO hovering over the Hanford nuclear site in 1945
US Navy fighter pilot Clarence Clem talks about a UFO hovering over the Hanford nuclear site in 1945
In July 2014, UFO historian Jan Aldrich revealed that his research group, Project 1947, had secured World War II-era documents from Headquarters Fourth Air Force, which referred to overflights of the Hanford site by “unidentified aircraft”.
One of them, dated January 23, 1945, and directed to the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces and the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Training, states:
Resulting from an unidentified aircraft flying over the Hanford Engineering Company Plant at Pasco, Wash. on at least three nights in the past month (this Company is engaged in undisclosed projects for the War and Navy Departments) this HQ was requested by [Western Defense Command], about ten days ago, to move one [battery] of searchlights from Seattle to the Pasco plant. The Thirteenth Naval District has made arrangements for Naval Air Station, Pasco, to employ both radar and fighter aircraft in attempting interception of these unidentified aircraft. The airspace over the Hanford Company is both a Danger area and a Restricted area. Our battery of searchlights has been in place since 15 January; one incident has occurred since that date in which a brief radar contact was made—attempted night interception again failed.
So here we have an official document referring an unidentified aircraft flying over the Top Secret Hanford atomic materials production plant on three occasions in January 1945. At least one of those “aircraft” was tracked on radar and successfully eluded the U.S. Navy fighter sent up to intercept it. In conclusion, declassified military documents confirm the events described by former USN fighter pilot Bud Clem. Unfortunately, when Robert Hastings attempted to notify Clem of the discovery of those documents by Jan Aldrich, in July 2014, he learned that Clem had died the previous month. UFO incursions at U.S. atomic/thermonuclear weapons sites, from the 1940s onward, are detailed in thousands of declassified Army, Air Force, Navy, FBI, and CIA documents.
Moreover, hundreds of U.S. military veterans have now discussed their involvement in one or more of those incidents in video interviews. One of them, former U.S. Navy Lieutenant Junior Grade Clarence R. “Bud” Clem, says that a UFO monitored one of our fissile materials facilities—the Hanford plutonium-production plant in Washington State—on three different nights in January 1945, some seven months before Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed. Clem says that members of his Navy Hellcat F6F fighter squadron chased them away.
UFOs and Nukes researcher Robert Hastings first learned of the incidents when Clem wrote to him in 2009, but it was not until December 2013 that funds became available to capture the former fighter pilot on video.
Breaking: NASA Just Released First-Ever Images Of Venus’ Surface Taken With Visible Light
Breaking: NASA Just Released First-Ever Images Of Venus’ Surface Taken With Visible Light
The Parker Solar Probe has taken the first visible-light photographs of Venus’s surface. Normally, the planet’s surface is shrouded by dense cloud cover, but the probe was recently able to picture the nightside of Venus using its Wide-Field Imager (WISPR) in wavelengths that the human eye can observe.
The Parker Solar Probe took images of the night side of Venus, revealing surface features in dark and light markings.
Image via NASA.
Brian Wood, lead author on the new study and physicist at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, said: “Venus is the third brightest thing in the sky, but until recently we have not had much information on what the surface looked like because our view of it is blocked by a thick atmosphere. Now, we finally are seeing the surface in visible wavelengths for the first time from space,”
Unexpected Capabilities
The first WISPR images of Venus were taken in July 2020 as Parker embarked on its third flyby, which the spacecraft uses to bend its orbit closer to the Sun. WISPR was designed to see faint features in the solar atmosphere and wind, and some scientists thought they might be able to use WISPR to image the cloud tops veiling Venus as Parker passed the planet.
“The objective was to measure the speed of the clouds,” said WISPR project scientist Angelos Vourlidas, co-author on the new paper and researcher at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
But instead of just seeing clouds, WISPR also saw through to the surface of the planet. The images were so striking that the scientists turned on the cameras again during the fourth pass in February 2021. During the 2021 flyby, the spacecraft’s orbit lined up perfectly for WISPR to image Venus’ nightside in entirety.
“The images and video just blew me away,” Wood said.
Glowing like an Iron from the Forge
Clouds obstruct most of the visible light coming from Venus’ surface, but the very longest visible wavelengths, which border the near-infrared wavelengths, make it through. On the dayside, this red light gets lost amid the bright sunshine reflected off Venus’ cloud tops, but in the darkness of night, the WISPR cameras were able to pick up this faint glow caused by the incredible heat emanating from the surface.
“The surface of Venus, even on the nightside, is about 860 degrees,” Wood said. “It's so hot that the rocky surface of Venus is visibly glowing, like a piece of iron pulled from a forge.”
As it passed by Venus, WISPR picked up a range of wavelengths from 470 nanometers to 800 nanometers. Some of that light is the near-infrared – wavelengths that we cannot see, but sense as heat – and some is in the visible range, between 380 nanometers and about 750 nanometers.
Venus in a New Light
In 1975, the Venera 9 lander sent the first tantalizing glimpses of the surface after landing on Venus. Since then, Venus’ surface has been revealed further with radar and infrared instruments, which can peer through the thick clouds by using wavelengths of light invisible to the human eye. NASA’s Magellan mission created the first maps in the 1990s using radar and JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft gathered infrared images after reaching orbit around Venus in 2016. The new images from Parker add to these findings by extending the observations to red wavelengths at the edge of what we can see.
The WISPR images show features on the Venusian surface, such as the continental region Aphrodite Terra, the Tellus Regio plateau, and the Aino Planitia plains. Since higher altitude regions are about 85 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than lower areas, they show up as dark patches amidst the brighter lowlands. These features can also be seen in previous radar images, such as those taken by Magellan.
As Parker Solar Probe flew by Venus on its fourth flyby, its WISPR instrument captured these images, strung into a video, showing the nightside surface of the planet.
Credits: NASA/APL/NRL
The first of these photographs were captured by the Parker Solar Probe in July 2020, during its third flyby of Venus to tilt its orbit closer to the Sun. Scientists opted to analyze the Venusian clouds with the capacity to resolve fine detail in the solar atmosphere but were shocked to discover the planet’s complete nightside as well. The camera captured a faint glow emanating from the planet since WISPR also records certain infrared wavelengths that the planet emits owing to its extraordinarily hot surface, which is roughly 860 degrees Fahrenheit even at night.
Show only Left Show only Right Surface features seen in the WISPR images (left) match ones seen in those from the Magellan mission (right). Credits: NASA/APL/NRL (left), Magellan Team/JPL/USGS (right)
Nicola Fox, division director for the Heliophysics Division at NASA Headquarters, explained: “We’re thrilled with the science insights Parker Solar Probe has provided thus far. Parker continues to outperform our expectations, and we are excited that these novel observations taken during our gravity assist maneuver can help advance Venus research in unexpected ways,”
Beyond looking at surface features, the new WISPR images will help scientists better understand the geology and mineral make-up of Venus. When heated, materials glow at unique wavelengths. By combining the new images with previous ones, scientists now have a wider range of wavelengths to study, which can help identify what minerals are on the surface of the planet. Such techniques have previously been used to study the surface of the Moon. Future missions will continue to expand this range of wavelengths, which will contribute to our understanding of habitable planets.
This information could also help scientists understand the planet’s evolution. While Venus, Earth, and Mars all formed around the same time, they are very different today. The atmosphere on Mars is a fraction of Earth’s while Venus has a much thicker atmosphere. Scientists suspect volcanism played a role in creating the dense Venusian atmosphere, but more data are needed to know how. The new WISPR images might provide clues about how volcanos may have affected the planet’s atmosphere.
In addition to the surface glow, the new images show a bright ring around the edge of the planet caused by oxygen atoms emitting light in the atmosphere. Called airglow, this type of light is also present in Earth’s atmosphere, where it’s visible from space and sometimes from the ground at night.
Flyby Science
While Parker Solar Probe’s primary goal is solar science, the Venusian flybys are providing exciting opportunities for bonus data that wasn’t expected at the mission’s launch.
WISPR has also imaged Venus’ orbital dust ring – a doughnut-shaped track of microscopic particles strewn in the wake of Venus’ orbit around the Sun – and the FIELDS instrument made direct measurements of radio waves in the Venusian atmosphere, helping scientists understand how the upper atmosphere changes during the Sun’s 11-year cycle of activity.
In December 2021, researchers published new findings about the rediscovery of the comet-like tail of plasma streaming out behind Venus, called a “tail ray”. The new results showed this tail of particles extending nearly 5,000 miles out from the Venusian atmosphere. This tail could be how Venus’ water escaped from the planet, contributing to its current dry and inhospitable environment.
While the geometry of the next two flybys likely won’t allow Parker to image the nightside, scientists will continue to use Parker’s other instruments to study Venus’ space environment. In November 2024, the spacecraft will have a final chance to image the surface on its seventh and final flyby.
The Future of Venus Research
Parker Solar Probe, which is built and operated by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, isn’t the first mission to gather bonus data on flybys, but its recent successes have inspired other missions to turn on their instruments as they pass Venus. In addition to Parker, the ESA (European Space Agency) BepiColombo mission and the ESA and NASA Solar Orbiter mission have decided to gather data during their flybys in the coming years.
More spacecraft are headed to Venus around the end of this decade with NASA’s DAVINCI and VERITAS missions and ESA’s EnVision mission. These missions will help image and sample Venus’ atmosphere, as well as remap the surface at higher resolution with infrared wavelengths. This information will help scientists determine the surface mineral make-up and better understand the planet’s geologic history.
“By studying the surface and atmosphere of Venus, we hope the upcoming missions will help scientists understand the evolution of Venus and what was responsible for making Venus inhospitable today,” said Lori Glaze, director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters. “While both DAVINCI and VERITAS will use primarily near-infrared imaging, Parker’s results have shown the value of imaging a wide range of wavelengths.”
The congressional document reveals that someUFOs are not man-made and pose a national security threat to the United States. Finally, the subject of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) is considered serious due to the lack of information about them and increasing military encounters. Meanwhile, UFO enthusiasts are waiting for the Pentagon to release a 23-minute video that will reportedly leave viewers “rattled.” Luis Elizondo claimed that it shows UFOs moving in a strange pattern.
It is more than 4 years since the New York Times article revealed the existence of the secret program (AATI) funded by the United States Army to investigate UFOs. Luis Elizondo ran the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATI) from 2007 to 2012. Since then, he has spoken about various incidents that happened to the US pilots and possibilities of alien existence.
Elizondo, who resigned from the Pentagon in 2017, has made several bold statements since then. His claims literally change the US government’s perspective on viewing UFOs. Moreover, he refused to talk more as he is afraid of being arrested.
In 2021, he stated to have seen the UFO footage, describing it as showing unidentified floating objects for 23 minutes. He made this revelation while talking to the YouTube channels Fade to Black and Witness Citizen UAP. During the talk, Elizondo revealed that the UFO video was extremely compelling.
According to Elizondo, the video is said to show multiple UFOs which are moving in ways and strange “patterns” that humans do not conventionally understand – with data recorded using US military systems.
Lue Elizondo was a former US Army intelligence officer who helped trace terrorists after 9/11. credit: The Sun
He also mentioned this video in his interview with GQ. He stated: “It was the overwhelming weight of evidence and data. I was talking to pilots routinely. There’s videos out there [in government, that the public haven’t seen] – there’s one that’s 23 minutes long. There’s another one where this thing is 50 feet away from the cockpit. I mean, it ain’t ours. We know that. Sometimes you just couldn’t believe it – you’d have seven or eight incidents in a single day. I’d get these emails from an admiral or a ship’s captain saying, ‘Lue, what do you want me to do? I can’t keep people below deck forever. These things are swarming my ship, they’re all over the place.’ That’s tough. I kept promising the cavalry was coming and I’d have answers for them and the cavalry never came. Senior leadership didn’t want to deal with it.”
While discussing the 23-minute UFO video, Elizondo mentioned that it is a very compelling footage. “I did not say what it was. I sent it out to some highly trained experts in the ISR (Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) community. And when they came back to me, the title of the email was quote unquote ‘that UFO video’.”
He added: “It is definitive and its perplexing, every time you think you are like ‘thats what I am looking at’ – bang, it changes.”
When quizzed by host Jimmy Church on the way the object moved, its speed and if it was “beyond our capabilities,” Elizondo said it was enough to make officials “raise our eyebrows and say woah.”
Here is the transcript of Luis Elizondo’s interview with Sean of Witness Citizen, where he talked about the 23-minute video and 50-foot photo:
Elizondo: You know, the problem is that this battle isn’t over. We won a major battle with the report coming out of the UAP report, it was historic like you said, in the very first sentence of the very first paragraph. It says this is a preliminary report which means there are other reports, you know, congratulations, you won, you got it, right? And then it said that there were 144 incidents and only one they were able to identify. By the way, that was only in the last year and a half, it was from November 2019 and forward. By the way, it only involved the navy, right, so yeah, so people say, well there was one from the Nimitz, okay.
Sean: That equipment sucks or…
Elizondo: This is… well, so, you’ve got a lot of stuff happening, right? So, you know, we’re just now starting this journey together.
Sean: Yeah, you know, it is kind of overwhelming for a lot of people but I’ll tell you, the message is getting out there in the right way and the way that I kind of… uh… evaluate, that is talking to my wife because she’s not very into this stuff, so not that, she’s not against it, we did see something together but she’s not like me, she doesn’t have a podcast. But the news comes on, they talk about the report, I come home later, ask her about it, what was your takeaway? And she says, well, I guess they only identified one out of what a hundred something, and I’m like, yes…
Elizondo: Right.
Sean: …That’s exactly right, honey.
Elizondo: Exactly, by the way, some of these things were really, really close, so you know, you tell me.
Sean: Wow, that’s crazy, yeah… Oh, when are we going to see that 50-foot away pic?
Elizondo: Oh, man, that’s not up to me, but yeah, there’s a couple there that will rattle you pretty good, um… Yeah, there’s one I won’t go into detail, but the video is about 23 minutes long, it’s pretty good, man, gotta get that popcorn and some 3D glasses and maybe some coca-cola or something…
In order to have a glimpse of what the Navy and Air Force might capture in their camera, see the video below by the U.S. Navy that has been recently released, showing the support ship Shahid Baziar, from Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy, unlawfully towing the Saildrone Explorer. From this video, one may wonder how many high-quality UFO videos are in possession of the US Navy.
Elizondo clarifies that his job was never intended to study UFOs. It was to hunt terrorists and spies – and then use those same skills to hunt UFOs. “It’s the same thing,” he said. He further noted: “I didn’t care if it was supernatural technology, bottom line is there is something over controlled US airspace performing in ways we can’t – we’ve got to figure it out.” (Source)
He compared the growing push for disclosure on what the US knows about the mysterious craft to when mankind first came out of caves to look at the stars, or when man-made fire. He said the world may see a “paradigm shift” in our thinking – just like when the astronomer Galileo established the Earth was not the center of the Solar System.
“They tried to persecute him, to put him to the death – but at the end [the revelation] didn’t disrupt society and it benefited the species,” Elizondo said.
Most Mysterious Recent Archaeological Finds Scientists Still Can't Explain
Most Mysterious Recent Archaeological Finds Scientists Still Can't Explain
Archaeologists put in relentless efforts to discover new historically significant sites and artifacts every single day. The discovery of such sites is always a remarkable achievement but the next job for archaeologists commences here onward as they have to explain its purpose, importance and history. It is not an easy job for them as well as other experts working with them in related fields. At times they get stuck in pursuing an answer to certain questions and they may not be successful for quite a long time. Resultant, certain archaeological sites and artifacts remain unexplained. This means there are several recent discoveries which are still without any logical explanation
What is the greatest challenge facing humans as we prepare for the first crewed missions to Mars? Solar and cosmic radiation? Atrophying bone and muscle? Growing food? How about laundry? It’s strange but true, right now we don’t have a way to clean laundry in space.
In the microgravity environment of space, just about every single aspect of how we do our laundry here on Earth becomes a deadly hazard with a single point of failure. All that sudsy water, heat cycling, spinning mass, and even the buildup of static electricity, lint, or fumes could compromise a mission or even cost lives. But surely it’s just a matter of engineering, right? If other hygiene activities like showering have been successfully adapted for life in space, why not laundry?
Making Do Without
For shorter missions it’s just not needed. The longest Apollo and Shuttle missions were generally about two weeks long, which you may know from experience you can pack for. Lugging all that laundry around is still lighter and cheaper than bringing a washer and dryer with you, especially if you’d be shipping them to space at a cost of roughly $50,000 per kilogram.
Every space station we’ve built so far has orbited just a few hundred miles above the Earth, so while missions can last up to a year, laundry is just part of the resupply process. Fresh new clothes and linens, rigorously washed many times on Earth to remove lint, are launched aboard a resupply mission. Used clothes and linens are later packed into the resupply vessel which then undocks, de-orbits, and burns up as it re-enters Earth’s atmosphere. While this sanitizes the clothing with unparalleled effectiveness, it also makes them impossible to wear again.
But for the journey to Mars, which takes six or seven months in microgravity with no chance for resupply, with current methods every astronaut would require at least 35 kilos (75 pounds) of laundry per transit. Certainly to go beyond Mars, we reach a point where cleaning laundry in microgravity, and reclaiming used air and water, becomes more mass- and power-efficient than bringing hundreds of pounds of limited-use garments per person on every mission.
Non-Liquid Solutions
One key strategy is to somehow make clothes soil slower. Simple things like wearing the same clothes on alternating days helps. Spacecraft environments are engineered to maintain a comfortable temperature and humidity, which reduces sweating. Also in microgravity clothes tend to float away from the skin, slowing their absorption of sweat and oils.
Pushing the envelope starts with experiments like NASA’s Intravehicular Activity Clothing Study and Advanced Clothing System (ACS), and JAXA’s J-Wear, which have effectively demonstrated that antimicrobial materials and treatments can make clothing last for weeks instead of days. The two main strategies are including copper oxide or silver in the fabric, or dousing the fabric in antimicrobial compounds.
Commander Ken Bowersox of Crew 6 washed his shorts in a plastic bag!
Credit: NASA
Another way to save mass is to find ways to use soiled laundry. During the Mir program Russian scientists designed a bacteria farm that could digest cosmonauts’ undergarments and produce methane for power or propulsion. More recently ISS Expedition 6 Science Officer Don Pettit used folded dirty underwear in lieu of actual soil to fashion planters for tomato and basil seeds. Expedition 6 also saw Commander Ken Bowersox wash his shorts in a plastic bag. This never became a common practice on the ISS.
Counterintuitively, fluid-less options like vacuum exposure, ultraviolet, and microwaves have been found to only half work. While they kill many bacteria, they can have trouble penetrating biofilms and do not remove the bacteria’s waste products or physical remains – which is what causes the malodor of used clothing.
Weightless Washing
Perhaps the earliest practical attempt at a microgravity washing machine is the Advanced Microgravity Compatible Integrated Laundry System (AMCILS), conceptualized by UMPQUA Research Company in the 1980s. This washer-dryer combo notably relied on water jets to agitate the clothes and microwaves to dry them. As of 2017 a prototype completed parabolic zero-G testing.
In 2021 six teams of summer interns at NASA’s Glenn Research Center each spent a week designing a space washing machine. The overall Best Design award went to a team that used a central corkscrew rather than a drum, to soak and agitate the laundry. NASA has hinted that the program may grow in the coming years, taking on the scale of programs like the Human Exploration Rover Challenge.
In August of 2020 parties from NASA and Tide’s parent company Proctor and Gamble jointly signed a Space Act Agreement to develop low-toxicity detergent use in microgravity, compatible with the water reclamation system on the ISS. The result of the Agreement is P&G Telescience Investigation of Detergent Experiments (PGTIDE), to-date the most rigorously flight-tested space laundry experiment.
jsc2021e064546 (11/30/2021)
Jessica Zinna, Tide Scientist at P&G, prepares a load of laundry that will be washed in Tide’s laundry detergent solution for P&G Telescience Investigation of Detergent Experiments (PGTIDE). The detergent will be on board SpaceX CRS-24.
Following the signing of a Space Act Agreement with NASA, Tide is developing a detergent solution for space that will aid in planned space travel such as the Artemis Moon missions and a crewed roundtrip Mars mission.
Image courtesy of P&G.
The PGTIDE experiment consists of three distinct efforts. Launching in December of 2021, Objective 1’s payload is a sample of Tide Infinity, the experimental detergent. In the O-1 experiment Astronauts on the ISS produced a variety of stains on a variety of fabrics and tested the effectiveness of Tide Infinity at removing them. The experiment was repeated on the ground to control for the effect of microgravity on the detergent. Throughout this phase scientists monitored the stability of Infinity during months of microgravity and the higher ambient radiation levels of space.
Objective 2 payloads, including Tide To Go Pens and Wipes and Tide Rescue Spray, launched to the ISS in July of this year. The main O-2 experiment will have astronauts treat a sample group of pre-stained fabrics from Earth and a group of fabrics they stain in flight. The dependent variable will be the stain removal efficacy of unmodified To Go products in space over the course of several months.
Lastly, NASA and Tide researchers may design a combo washer-dryer that uses the Infinity detergent with as little power and water as possible. The washer-dryer would be intended for use in the low-gravity environment of a Moon or Mars colony, so unfortunately we may still be years away from true deep space washing.
Tide Infinity And Beyond
Picture your favorite science fiction scene. Maybe it’s a great battle. Maybe it’s an impassioned speech that has stuck with you for years. Maybe it’s a moment where you realize just how deep a friendship runs between two characters. Now ask yourself, in that scene, are their socks clean?
Doing laundry in space is not as flashy as, for example, a full-flow staged combustion engine. But it may prove equally important for going to Mars and beyond. Both technologies are essentially ways to get more performance for less mass. And in space, dropping mass is the only way forward.
For as long as we have been recording our lives in history, humanity has been preoccupied with longevity and immortality. So far, we haven’t even gotten close.
In the rest of the animal kingdom, however, we’ve seen amazing instances of death defiance. From animals that keep living even after being cut in half, to animals that can withstand crazy temperatures and radiation, to long-living animals, and immortal beings. Immortal?! Wait for it – we’re getting there.
Star Formation in the Center of the Milky Way Started at the Core and Then Worked its way out
Star Formation in the Center of the Milky Way Started at the Core and Then Worked its way out
One of the biggest questions facing astronomers today concerns star formation and its role in the evolution of galaxies. In particular, astronomers are curious whether the process began in the central regions of galaxies, where stars are more tightly bound. Previous observations have shown that numerous galaxies experienced intense periods of star formation in their centers roughly one billion years after the Big Bang. For some time, astronomers have wanted to conduct similar observations of the Milky Way’s Galactic Center to study rapid star formation more closely.
Unfortunately, it has been very difficult for astronomers to study the center of the Milky Way because of how bright and densely packed the region is, which makes it difficult to discern individual stars and clusters. Thanks to a new analysis of a high-resolution infrared survey, a team of astronomers has created the first reconstruction of the star formation history in the Galactic Center. According to their findings, most young stars in this region formed in loose stellar associations that dispersed outwards to fill the Galactic Disk over the course of many eons (as opposed to tightly-knit massive clusters).
This is an image of the center of the Milky Way. The bright white area right of center is home to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A star. Credit: By NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/CXC/STScI
While astronomers use our galaxy to learn about the properties of galaxies in general, there are notable differences between the Milky Way and others. For starters, our galaxy has a relatively low rate of stellar formation (only a few solar masses a year), whereas “starburst” galaxies experience episodes that last a few million years where they produce tens or even hundreds of solar masses per year. Interestingly, that high formation rate was the norm among galaxies ten billion years ago, with tens of solar masses produced every year.
But in the Milky Way’s central region, about 1,300 light-years around our galaxy’s supermassive black hole (SMBH), star formation rates over the past 100 million years have been observed to be ten times higher than on average. In short, our galaxy’s core is as productive as a starburst galaxy or as productive as galaxies were ten billion years ago. Astronomers have been hoping to study this region to learn more about the factors influencing star formation in galaxies. Unfortunately, this has been far more difficult than studying other galaxies because of how our Solar System is embedded in the Milky Way’s disk.
Our observatories must contend with the massive amounts of light-obscuring dust between Earth and the Galactic Center. To circumvent this problem, astronomers rely on instruments that observe the Universe in the infrared, millimeter-wave, or radio wavelengths. These can image the radiation absorbed by the dust, or passes through it, thus revealing objects that are otherwise obscured in visible light. Another issue (already mentioned) is how the Galactic Center is so crowded, making it difficult to discern individual stars (except for the very bright ones that stand out from the rest).
Astronomers know that stars continue to form in the Galactic Center, as indicated by ionized radiation and x-ray emissions. But it has been extremely difficult to spot young stars, those that formed in the past few million years. Prior to this analysis, astronomers could only account for two massive star clusters and a few isolated young stars at the center of our galaxy – about 10% of the expected stellar mass. This has left many questions unanswered about the locations of all the other young stars and their properties.
The central region of the Milky Way in infrared light, acquired by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/S. Stolovy (Spitzer Science Center/Caltech)
To address this question, Nogueras-Lara, Neumayer, and Schödel consulted data from the GALACTICNUCLEUS campaign, a survey that uses the HAWK-I infrared camera – part of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the Paranal Observatory in Chile. Together they took nearly 150 short-exposure pictures of the Milky Way’s central region in the J, H, and Ks infrared bands and examined an area totaling 64,000 square light-years around the Galactic Center. These pictures were then combined via holographic imaging to correct for atmospheric distortion and map the region in much finer detail than ever before.
Whereas only a few tens of stars had been previously mapped, the GALACTICNUCLEUS survey provided individual data for 3 million stars in the Galactic Center. Moreover, the team noticed that the area known as Sagittarius B1 contains considerably more young stars than other regions, made evident by the way they ionize surrounding gas clouds. With these high-resolution observations, Nogueras-Lara and his colleagues were able to study the region’s stars in detail for the first time – including the statistical distribution of stellar luminosity.
This is particularly important because luminosity distribution changes gradually (and in a predictable fashion) for stars that formed around the same time. Given such a distribution, it is possible to reconstruct a history of star formation based on those that formed more than 7 billion years ago, between 2 and 7 billion years ago (the “intermediate bracket”), and within the last 2 billion years. Upon analyzing their data, the team found that Sag B1 had an older “intermediate bracket” population and a large population of stars that were 10 million years old or younger. As Nogueras-Lara said in an MPIA press release:
“Our study represents a big step forward in finding the young stars in the Galactic Center. The young stars we found have a total mass of more than 400,000 solar masses. That is nearly ten times higher than the combined mass of the two massive star clusters that were previously known in the central region.”.
The all-sky view that the Gaia survey would have of a simulated Milky-Way-like galaxy.
Credit: Sanderson et al.
Interestingly, the stars were also found to be dispersed and not part of a massive cluster, which suggests they were born in one or more looser stellar associations that rapidly dissolved as they orbited the Galactic Center over several million years. While these results pertain specifically to Sag B1, they could mean that young stars in the Galactic Center were generally born in loose associations that have since dispersed into separate stars. This would explain why the young populations are so much harder to resolve and require high-resolution surveys in multiple wavelengths.
Another interesting finding was that there is also an older population of stars in Sag B1. In the innermost regions of the Galactic Center, there are stars more than 7 billion years old but virtually no stars in the intermediate range. This could mean that star formation began in the innermost part of the Galactic Center and then spread to the “nuclear disk,” the small disk of stars surrounding the center. Indications of this inside-out mechanism of star formation have already been observed in other galaxies, and these latest results suggest this is also true of the Milky Way.
Looking ahead, the team hopes to conduct follow-up observations using the K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) instrument on the VLT. By adding spectral observations to the overall luminosity distribution they observed, they hope to identify some of the very young stars in the Galactic Center directly. In addition, there are plans to track the proper motions of the newly-discovered stars based on data obtained by missions like the ESA’s Gaia Observatory. While stars that formed in the same association get dispersed over time, their motion is still likely to be very similar, indicating a common origin.
Ergo, tracking the proper motion of stars in Sag B1 will allow astronomers to deduce if the young stars observed there were indeed born in one or more loose associations. As Nadine Neumayer summarized:
“Both kinds of measurements will serve to hopefully confirm, but definitely refine, the results of the now-published work. At the same time, we and our colleagues will start exploring what the new insights into star formation in the Galactic Center can tell us about high-productivity star formation in other galaxies.”
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
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