Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
31-08-2022
Ancient Aliens: Irish Myth Exposes Extraterrestrial Technology
Ancient Aliens: Irish Myth Exposes Extraterrestrial Technology
Ancient Astronaut Theorists believe “The Shining Ones” used magical powers stemming from extraterrestrials, in this clip from Season 18, “The Shining Ones.”
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Nuns Reveal Hidden Truth About Roswell ‘UFO Crash’
Nuns Reveal Hidden Truth About Roswell ‘UFO Crash’
A contemplative religious community in New Mexico compares the 1947 incident to ‘something far more compelling and amazing’ that occurred 2,000 years ago.
The Roswell Poor Clares live a Eucharistic life in New Mexico. (photo: Courtesy of the Roswell Poor Clares)
ROSWELL, N.M. — It was 75 years ago, in July 1947, when press reports surfaced that a crashed “flying saucer” had been recovered near Roswell, New Mexico.
The ‘Roswell Daily Record’ reports on the unusual incident. | Public domain(Photo: Public domain)
Days later, an official denial came from the same source that had initially confirmed the capture, namely, the U.S. military.
In those few days the template was set for the modern unidentified flying object (UFO) phenomenon — reports followed by counter-reports, sightings by official explanations, cries of disinformation, talk of alleged cover-ups accompanied by the insistence on various “proofs” that “we are not alone.”
What are Catholics to make of all this?
Jimmy Akin is a convert to the Catholic faith and a Register contributor. He is also a popular apologist for the Catholic faith and host of the podcast Jimmy Akin’s Mysterious World. Speaking to the Register, he was clear that, based on his research, “the most likely explanation of the Roswell incident is that a Project Mogul balloon chain crashed.”
Akin explains that Project Mogul was a top-secret U.S. Army Air Forces effort to monitor Soviet nuclear testing. He says that since the project was classified, “there was a cover-up that initially included a story about the U.S. military recovering one of the ‘flying discs’ that had just been in the news a couple of weeks earlier due to the Kenneth Arnold sighting (one of the first post-war alleged encounters with ‘flying saucers’) which launched the UFO craze. When this story backfired, they — the U.S. military — quickly walked it back, but they couldn’t tell anyone what had really happened due to the classified nature of the project.”
“The seed was planted,” he said, “and after the case was rediscovered in the 1980s, people have been fascinated with it ever since.”
And people continue to be.
“With UAP (unidentified aerial phenomena,aka UFOs), we may actually be dealing with extraordinary phenomena of various origins despite similar characteristics,” said Paul Thigpen, author of Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the Catholic Faith: Are We Alone in the Universe With God and the Angels? (TAN Books). Speaking to the Register, he said that “the extra-terrestrial hypothesis — the notion that we are encountering non-human intelligences from locations in this universe beyond Earth — best accounts for many UAP. The diabolical hypothesis (that they are demons) best accounts for some UAP reports, especially some of the so-called ‘alien abductions’ that demonstrate clear parallels with what the Church knows as demonic encounters.”
Thigpen posits other possibilities for the origins of UFOs: ultra-terrestrials. These, he says, are “non-human intelligences that share our planet as their home, largely hidden from us. This would include entities that have presented themselves in various forms throughout history, such as ancient mythological creatures, faerie folk …” He also alluded to two other possible explanations for certain kinds of UFOs/UAPs: ultra-dimensional beings. He says that these “originate from other dimensions of existence altogether that at times intersect with our own; or time-traveling humans from our future. Such realities would not lie beyond the creative wisdom and power of our omniscient, omnipotent Creator. If they do exist, he has made them and he sustains them in existence.”
In 1947, Roswell started a modern mania with its reports of crashed “aliens” and has been the global center of attention for such matters ever since. What is less well known is that, one year after the incident, and with much less publicity but much greater significance, that same city welcomed its first contemplative community, namely, the Poor Clare Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
They are the true center of an ongoing Roswell “incident.
It was in November 1948 that a small group of Chicago-based Poor Clares set out for New Mexico. They were responding to the urgent invitation of Archbishop Edwin Byrne of Santa Fe, who desired to found a new monastery in his archdiocese. He wanted “praying nuns” to encircle his vast archdiocese with their lives of prayer and penitence. No doubt, since its founding, the Roswell community has blessed the local community. The monastery has also founded or restored six “daughter” monasteries: five in the United States (two in Virginia; one in Los Altos Hills, California; one in Belleville, Illinois; and the latest in Chicago) and one in the Netherlands.
The 1947 Roswell incident, and the endless books, movies and fevered speculation it spawned, have brought few closer to Christ. By contrast, the 1948 founding of the Poor Clare Monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe, without fanfare, without media, has done more to bring souls to Our Lord than we or the sisters shall know this side of eternity. One wonders what, if anything, do these contemplative nuns make of Roswell’s ongoing notoriety?
Speaking to the Register, the monastery superior, Mother Mary Angela, has a certain reluctance in sharing thoughts on the events of July 1947. She feels, perhaps wisely, “not fully informed about the events, nor on the results of the investigations that have taken place.” She added that the community have never really sought “to be informed, although we are naturally interested in what is said to have taken place in our locality.”
However, Mother Mary Angela goes on to add that “something happened” — but like the rest of the world, the community has no idea what exactly that was.
“We don’t know if there was a cover-up or a withholding of information, or for what reason information might have been withheld. We do understand that there has been serious scientific investigation as well as a great deal of lightweight commercialization of whatever event occurred.”
She pointed out that the truth of what happened may never be known now that the primary participants in the events are likely dead. “Much will remain uncertain and murky,” she said, “but it makes no difference in the way we are called to live our lives today. We don’t need to know. Through natural law and divine Revelation, we already have all we need to know in order to make good decisions today, to live a good life — a great life — right now.”
“We strive to live in the present moment,” she continued, “rooted in reality and the possibilities of response that can only be achieved in the present moment, not an unknown past (the Roswell ‘incident’) or an unknown future. For us as contemplatives, there is no compelling reason to fix our attention on the matter for very long. Something far more compelling and amazing occurred in a desert land very like Roswell some two millennia ago. Simple shepherds in the fields outside Bethlehem were easily able to identify the flying objects in the sky as heralds of the most significant ‘incident’in the history of mankind: The Hope of the World lay in a manger — and now at this moment is really present on our altar in the Blessed Sacrament. We want with all our hearts to keep our gaze fixed on him, on Jesus, the Firstborn of All Creation!”
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Greek Goddess Rhea: Mother of the Gods & Queen of the Titans
Woman and lion drawing, representative of Rhea.
Source: jozefklopacka/ Adobe Stock
Greek Goddess Rhea: Mother of the Gods & Queen of the Titans
Rhea is one of the most important ancient Greek gods. Although a Titan, she was responsible for both the birth and survival of the most famous Greek Gods such as Zeus and Hera. However, today while people with even a passing knowledge of Greek mythology know many Greek gods’ names, Rhea rarely gets the respect she deserves. Learn more about Rhea, Mother of the Gods, and Queen of the Titans.
Rhea in Mythology
Most major Greek gods have long and complicated histories. Most of the Titans on the other hand do not; they’re usually little more than narrative devices used to introduce more important gods. Rhea is interesting because she sits somewhere in between. She plays an important enough role to receive more characterization than the other Titans, but she doesn’t appear in many myths.
The family tree of the gods is a complicated and incredibly incestuous one. Greek mythology begins with the two primordial parents, Uranus and Gaia. Uranus represented the sky while Gaia represented the Earth. Greek mythology gets incredibly complicated, with different ancient historians and poets giving different takes on the same old tales. For the sake of simplicity, we will focus on Hesiod’s telling, naming other versions where and when applicable.
Uranus and Gaia (depending on the version) had quite a few children together. The most important were the 12 (or 13) Titans: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus and the Titanides- Theia, Rhea, Thermos, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys.
In addition to the Titans, they had various monsters together, such as the Cyclopes, the Hecatoncheires (three massive 50-headed, hundred-handed giants), giants, Meliae (nymphs), and the Erinyes (also known as the Furies, female gods of vengeance).
In the most common versions of the myth, such as Hesiod’s, Uranus feared his children would rise up against him, and so he imprisoned them. Uranus was right to be worried. As soon as he came of age, his youngest son, Cronus, rebelled, and overthrew Uranus with the help of his mother.
In doing so, he became king of Titans and freed his siblings. To celebrate, Cronus married his sister, Rhea. Rhea and Cronus would go on to have an infamously antagonistic marriage.
Thus followed the age of the Titans. The Titans were the gods prior to the Olympians, and ruled over land, sea, and sky together. Of all the Titans, Cronus and Rhea were the most important. Despite being brother and sister, they had children, and Rhea gave birth to the first Olympians: Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera.
This was not a happy coupling though. Both Gaia and Uranus warned Cronus that history would repeat itself. He would be overthrown by his children, like his father before him. Knowing from his own history that simply imprisoning his children was no guarantee of safety, Cronus opted for eating his offspring instead.
Perhaps unsurprisingly Rhea did not take well to Cronus devouring her babies. Rhea teamed up with both Gaia and Uranus to hatch a plan to save the youngest child, Zeus. Rhea fled and gave birth to Zeus in a cave on the island of Crete. She then tricked Cronus with a rock wrapped in swaddling, which he quickly gobbled up.
Rhea hid her favorite son in a cave on Mount Ida, one of the two Greek sacred mountains. There, he was protected by the Kouretes and the Dactyls, two warrior races who worshipped the Titans. Zeus would later grow up and start the Titanomachy, the ten-year war between the Olympian gods and the Titans.
Aside from her role in raising Zeus, there are two other pre-Titanomachy myths that involve Cronus and Rhea. The first takes part while Zeus was still hidden away in Crete.
In this story, Rhea caught Cronus enjoying some time with his mistress Philyra (an Oceanid). Upon being discovered, Cronus panicked, transformed into a horse, and fled. His transformation into a horse in mid-coitus caused Philya to give birth to Chiron, usually mentioned as the first and greatest centaur.
The second myth focused on Rhea and Cronus is a story of married Greek gods actually working together for a change. In this story, the children of Oceanus take control of Mount Olympus at an early age and start to rule as the first gods. Cronus and Rhea can’t abide by this and decide to fight them. Ultimately, they throw them back into the ocean they came from. In this myth, Rhea is portrayed as a skilled wrestler.
Rhea after the Titanomachy
The Titanomachy ends with Zeus hurling his mighty lightning bolt at the Titans, defeating them and sending them plummeting into Tartarus (the part of the underworld saved for the wicked). However, it has never been clear exactly which Titans ended up in Tartarus besides Cronus.
Of the male Titans, it seems Oceanus remained free because he had helped the Olympians in their fight. It also seems apparent that the female Titans were allowed to remain free.
Rhea certainly remained free following the Titanomachy, since she crops up in several different myths. She is usually portrayed as having a somewhat antagonistic relationship with Zeus’ wife, her daughter Hera. Rhea had a habit of turning up to save her grandchildren.
Apollo was the bastard son of Zeus and Leto (Zeus’s previous wife and/or mistress). Hera, the goddess of childbirth, refused to attend Apollo’s birth out of jealousy/ spite, leaving Leto in agony. Rhea chose to attend the birth in Hera’s stead. As the original goddess of motherhood, Rhea’s presence eased Leto’s suffering.
Later, Dionysus (another bastard son of Zeus) was inflicted with madness by the spiteful Hera. When Dionysus’s mother died, Rhea took him under her wing and raised him. She later cured his madness and gifted him an amethyst that prevented drunkenness.
Rhea also made an important appearance in the story of Hades and Persephone. In most versions of the story, such as the Homeric Hymns, it is Rhea who visited Demeter after Persephone's kidnapping and persuaded her to meet with the Olympians to find a solution.
However, in one Orphic version of the myth, Rhea’s role was much more unpleasant. In this version, Zeus wished to marry his mother. Rhea refused his incestuous advances and transformed into a snake to escape him. This did little to deter Zeus, who responded by also taking the form of a serpent and raping his mother. Persephone is the result of this rape.
According to the Orphic myth, after Persephone’s birth, Rhea transformed and became Demeter. It could be that this version of the myth is an attempt to explain Rhea’s decreased prominence in Greek mythology after a certain point.
Etymology of the name Rhea
No one is entirely sure where the name Rhea comes from, but there are several popular theories. Some ancient etymologists believed Rhea came from the old Greek words for ground or earth. Some modern scholars have also supported this theory, pointing to the traditional connection between the portrayal of mother gods and the earth.
Other Greeks, such as Plato, pointed towards a different origin word for Rhea. Plato claimed Rhea was the feminine version of the Greek word rheō, for flow, discharge, or stream. The thought process here was that women sustain their babies through the flow of breast milk and experience the flow of blood during the menstrual cycle.
We will likely never know for certain the true etymology. Most modern etymologists support the flow theory, which is the one put forward in A Greek-English Lexicon .
Rhea and her Historical Twin Cybele
Ancient civilizations had a habit of adopting and/or bastardizing each other’s’ gods and mythology. As these civilizations interacted, they would take aspects of the religions they liked and incorporate them into their own.
Cybele is a prime example of this. Once her own entity, originating from Anatolia, by the 4th century BC, Rhea and Cybele's names were being used interchangeably in Greek literature and worship. As such, the attributes and depictions of the two goddesses became almost completely indistinguishable.
Both are usually depicted as wearing a tall crown or veil and sitting on a throne, surrounded by lions. When not sitting on a throne they are usually either riding a lion or on a chariot drawn by lions. Although both are depicted as mother gods, there are two important differences.
First, in her own mythology, Cybele was the Phrygian Great Mother, a universal mother. Rhea, on the other hand, was only ever portrayed as the mother of gods, not a universal mother. The Greeks had other mother deities on top of Rhea, like Gaia, Hera, and Demeter.
Second, their origins are very different. Cybele started her life as a hermaphrodite god called Agdistis. The other Phrygian gods feared Agdistis and cut off their male genitalia, creating the female mother god Cybele. The severed genitalia then grows into a beautiful young man from Phrygia named Agdistis. Cybele fell in love with Agdistis, but he was unfaithful so she drove him mad, causing him to castrate himself.
Although Cybele and Rhea are often closely linked, no part of Cybele’s hermaphrodite origin or love story with Agdistis ever made it into Rhea’s mythology. As time went on people simply tended to forget Cybele’s unique history, and she became synonymous with Rhea.
The Cult of Rhea
In general, the Titans didn’t get their own cults in ancient Greece and were not worshipped. They simply functioned as a genealogical origin story for the Olympian gods, whom the Greeks did worship. Rhea, however, is slightly different. Although she does not appear to have had a strong cult of her own, she does appear to have been worshipped, especially early on.
Rhea was first worshipped in Crete, the site of Zeus’ birth. Her worship here was loud, raucous, and rhythmic. Worshippers would dance to the sound of the tympanon (a large drum) to provoke religious ecstasy. The loud and energetic worship of Rhea is often connected to her role in raising Dionysus, whose worshippers were similarly enthusiastic.
The Greeks often called Rhea the “Mother of Gods” or Meter Theon . Several temples in ancient Greece appear to have been dedicated to Meter Theon . A Greek traveler and geographer from the second century AD named Pausanias mentioned temples located in Attika, Arkadia, Corinth, Olympia, and Athens dedicated to her. Besides her own temples, her role in birthing and then protecting the Olympians meant that statues of her often stood in the sanctuaries of other gods.
Conclusion
Rhea’s importance to Greek mythology cannot be underestimated. She played a major role not just in the birthing of the Olympian gods but also in the Titanomachy and the overthrow of the old gods. Next to Cronus, she is also one of the very few Titans who actually received any characterization and appears to have been the only Titan with her own loyal worshippers.
Rhea is also a rare example of positive female representation in Greek mythology. She is portrayed as the ultimate mother, betraying her cruel spouse to ensure the survival of her children. Hera the Olympian mother god is often portrayed as being cruel and jealous; however, Rhea is never portrayed in that way. Rhea repeatedly comes to the aid of the grandchildren that Hera seeks to punish.
Rhea truly deserved her name Meter Theo , Mother of the Gods.
Top image: Woman and lion drawing, representative of Rhea.
Study Shows Humans and Neanderthals Interbred Primarily in the Near East
Study Shows Humans and Neanderthals Interbred Primarily in the Near East
Study Shows Humans and Neanderthals Interbred Primarily in the Near East
Multiple research projects have proven that Neanderthal DNA can be found in the genome of modern humans. This likely happened as a result of many interbreeding events that took place in the various locations where Neanderthals and early modern humans shared resources and living space. But researchers tracing the twisting pathways of human evolution don’t have to rely exclusively on genetic studies to learn about interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. Anatomical studies of prehistoric skeletal remains can also disclose valuable information about this fascinating aspect of human genetic history, as has now been demonstrated by a new study just published in the journal Biology.
In this innovative research project, a team of geneticists and anthropologists from North Carolina State and Duke Universities in the United States and the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa analyzed the facial structure of more than 300 modern human and Neanderthal skulls, which had been recovered from different locations in Asia, Europe, and Africa. The purpose of the analysis was to search for signs of Neanderthal influence on human facial anatomy, which would result from interbreeding events.
Some of the ancient skulls did in fact show evidence of human and Neanderthal interbreeding. The cumulative results of this anatomical comparative analysis suggest that much of the interbreeding took place in the Near East, a region ranging from North Africa eastward to Iraq. This sharing of genetic material would have occurred between approximately 50,000 and 40,000 years ago, when Paleolithic-era (Old Stone Age) modern humans lived at the same time as and in some of the same regions as the Neanderthals.
How Interbreeding Evolution is Reflected in the Face
"Ancient DNA caused a revolution in how we think about human evolution," Steven Churchill, co-author of the new study and a professor of evolutionary anthropology at Duke University, explained in a North Carolina State University press release announcing the results of the comparative facial structure study. "We often think of evolution as branches on a tree, and researchers have spent a lot of time trying to trace back the path that led to us, Homo sapiens . But we're now beginning to understand that it isn't a tree—it's more like a series of streams that converge and diverge at multiple points."
In this instance, the “multiple points” referenced would be marked by both place and time. The migratory movements of both early modern humans and Neanderthals would have determined when and where the convergences took place, and consequently when and where the possibilities for interbreeding were most abundant.
"The picture is really complicated,"Churchill explained."Modern Asian populations seem to have more Neanderthal DNA than modern European populations, which is weird because Neanderthals lived in what is now Europe. That has suggested that Neanderthals interbred with what are now modern humans as our prehistoric ancestors left Africa, but before spreading to Asia. Our goal with this study was to see what additional light we could shed on this by assessing the facial structure of prehistoric humans and Neanderthals."
At the species level, changes in facial morphology (facial shape and development) can be a reflection of changes in genetic makeup. Both types of changes occurred as a result of early modern humans and Neanderthals interbreeding .
Map of western Eurasia showing areas and estimated dates of possible Neandertal–modern human hybridization (in red) based on fossil samples from indicated sites.
"By evaluating facial morphology, we can trace how populations moved and interacted over time,"noted Ann Ross, a professor of biology from North Carolina State University and another co-author of the new study."And the evidence shows us that the Near East was an important crossroads, both geographically and in the context of human evolution ."
The scientists used data on cranial and facial morphology obtained from the recovered remains of 233 prehistoric (early modern) humans, 83 modern humans, and 13 Neanderthals. They compared measurements taken from similar facial structural features, to see if signs of interbreeding were evident. Other factors that might have caused changes in facial features were accounted for, to make sure that any revealing features identified could be definitively linked to Paleolithic-era interbreeding.
"We found that the facial characteristics we focused on were not strongly influenced by climate, which made it easier to identify likely genetic influences,"Ross said. "We also found that facial shape was a more useful variable for tracking the influence of Neanderthal interbreeding in human populations over time. Neanderthals were just bigger than humans. Over time, the size of human faces became smaller, generations after they had bred with Neanderthals. But the actual shape of some facial features retained evidence of interbreeding with Neanderthals."
The researchers weren’t sure if their anatomical comparisons would produce significant results. But their study revealed many clear links, which were especially notable in skeletons that had been collected in the Near East region where Asia, Africa, and Europe converge. This would have been a crossroads for early modern humans leaving Africa, regardless of what direction they were heading. If they bred with Neanderthals in the region, they could have later carried Neanderthal DNA to other parts of the world, such as Asia, where humans carrying Neanderthal genetic materials have been found.
Reconstruction of a Neanderthal woman’s face but reconstructions are not enough; we need more skulls from prehistory to determine more about primary Neanderthal-Sapiens’ interbreeding sites.
The researchers do acknowledge some limitations in the scope of their study. Their comparison included just six variables, reflecting the overall size and shape of the face and the shape of the eye socket and nasal openings. Also, only a relatively small number of the skulls studied showed obvious indications of a Neanderthal genetic influence, and many that did were from individuals who’d lived long after the proposed Neanderthal-modern human breeding events.
Nevertheless, the researchers believe their study “shows the utility of analyzing facial morphology for the information it may contain about population relationships and potential Neanderthal–modern human interbreeding.”
In two cases it was clear the samples they examined were either intermediate between Neanderthals and modern humans or emerged from an evolutionary branch that included both early modern humans and Neanderthals. One of these represented Middle Paleolithic early modern humans from the Near East, while the other represented early modern humans who lived in the Upper Paleolithic period in the Near East and Northeast Africa.
“While caution should be used in interpreting the results of analyses based on small sample sizes, these results could be considered consistent with the Near East being a substantial locus of Neanderthal–modern human hybridization,” the authors stated in their Biology journal study.
The scientists hope to address the small sample size issue in subsequent research. "To build on this, we'd like to incorporate measurements from more human populations, such as the Natufians, who lived more than 11,000 years ago on the Mediterranean in what is now Israel, Jordan and Syria," Churchill said.
Additional research certainly won’t disprove the new findings that identify the Paleolithic Near East as a key early modern human-Neanderthal interaction point. But they could provide additional evidence that will reveal more detailed information about the specifics of various interbreeding events.
Top image: Neanderthals or Homo Sapiens or both cooking animal meat over a bonfire, and the latest study shows the greatest Neanderthal and Homo sapiens interbreeding occurred in the Paleolithic Near East.
On Scene, UFO Crash Site, Verified by Military Documents & Secondary Reports, We Get Footage!
On Scene, UFO Crash Site, Verified by Military Documents & Secondary Reports, We Get Footage!
Small town in New Mexico outside Roswell about 100 miles that most people haven’t heard of. Its called Corona New Mexico and in 1946 a Flying Saucer crashed with Occupants in the middle of the desert. Roswell gets all the publicity but this location has a Verified UFO crash site with Miltary documents an secondary reporting to back it up. Seven witnesses saw a fireball fall from the sky also and this isn’t too far from White Sands either. Billy the Kid got into a gun fight here also and there is a lot of rich history in this town. We fly over the site with an Aerial Camera in 4K HDTV and on scene with a gopro, EMF detector and geiger counter.
NASA has scrubbed the first attempted launch of its Space Launch System (SLS) Moon rocket after running into multiple issues, one of which could not be solved in time.
The delay is bad news for the tens to hundreds of thousands of tourists who traveled to Cape Canaveral, Florida to witness the launch in person. Worse, by NASA’s own implicit admission, there’s a good chance the main problem SLS encountered could have already been dealt with and rectified in advance of the launch attempt if the space agency had finished testing the rocket earlier this summer.
Ultimately, that omission turned the first SLS launch attempt into more of a continuation of the rocket’s first four wet dress rehearsal (WDR) attempts, none of which ended as expected. NASA engineers will now have to decide how to proceed and whether the SLS rocket can be made ready in time for another launch attempt on September 2nd or 5th. If not, the next opportunity could be weeks away.
As far as SLS test operations go, the August 28/29th launch attempt was fairly ordinary, with the rocket running into multiple issues – a few minor, a few significant, and one identical to a previous problem. The first problem – a hydrogen leak near the SLS rocket’s base – came after a risk of lightning delayed the start of propellant loading by more than an hour. A very similar, if not identical, hydrogen fuel leak had already occurred during official wet dress rehearsal testing in April and July.
That leak was fixed on the fly by properly chilling all related systems, and propellant loading was eventually completed – albeit a few hours late thanks to inclement weather. Shortly after, there were reports of a crack that needed careful analysis. Only later did NASA specify that the suspected crack was in the rocket’s foam insulation rather than its structures, the latter of which could have been a catastrophic problem.
Around the same time, the true showstopper of the day occurred when NASA attempted to chill the SLS Core Stage’s four RS-25 engines, all of which flew several times aboard reusable Space Shuttle orbiters. Three engines performed (mostly) as expected, flowing a bit of liquid hydrogen fuel to cool themselves down, but one – engine #3 – was never able to make progress toward the optimal temperature needed for ignition (~5°C/~41°F). After hours of remote troubleshooting attempts, no progress had been made, and NASA ultimately decided to scrub the launch attempt at T-40 minutes to liftoff.
Over the course of four separate wet dress rehearsal attempts in April and June 2022, NASA was never able to test the core stage’s engine chill capabilities. In a post-scrub press conference, Jim Free – NASA’s Associate Administrator of the Exploration Systems Development Division – revealed that all four engines were warmer than intended, further confirming that skipping a fully nominal wet dress rehearsal was likely a mistake. Clear and present evidence aside, Free stated that he and other executives still believed skipping that test was the right decision, claiming that ending explicit WDR testing reduced the number of times the rocket needed to be moved on its transporter.
Making the situation even harder to explain, Artemis I Mission Manager Mike Sarafin revealed in the conference Q&A that Boeing had changed the design of parts of the SLS engine chill (bleed) system after the Core Stage finally conducted a nominal static fire test at Mississippi’s Stennis Space Center. Completed in March 2021, the SLS rocket then sat inside NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Florida Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) for a full year before attempting its first wet dress rehearsal tests at the launch pad.
The first round of three WDRs were not as smooth as NASA expected and instead uncovered three relatively small issues: a hydrogen leak, a single faulty upper stage valve, and problems with a ground supply of nitrogen gas. Those small issues led NASA to roll SLS back to the VAB for repairs, incurring a minimum multi-week delay that stretched into two months. SLS also failed to complete a fourth WDR attempt in July 2022, but NASA decided to overlook the rocket parts and phases of preflight operations that were never actually tested as planned, one of which was the engine chill system.
If NASA cannot fix the RS-25 chill system within the next few days, it will be forced to roll the entire rocket and mobile launch platform back to the VAB to – at a minimum – replace its flight termination system (FTS). The US Eastern Range requires that all rocket FTS systems be tested no more than 15 days before launch, and NASA was able to secure special permission for a gap of up to 25 days. However, because Boeing’s Core Stage design places the FTS system in a location that is reportedly inaccessible at the pad, the entire SLS rocket will need to roll back to the VAB to have its FTS systems “retested” after that period.
As a result, NASA’s SLS launch debut will be delayed by several weeks (at best) if it can’t recycle for another attempt on September 2nd or 5th. The next window runs from September 20th to October 4th, but the SLS rocket took 10 days to go from its latest rollout to first launch attempt – a figure that doesn’t include the time required to remove the rocket from the pad, roll it back to the VAB, and conduct any necessary repairs or tests while back in the bay. If NASA can’t fix the engine problem at the pad by September 3rd or 4th, the true delay could be more like 4-6 weeks.
With any luck, that won’t happen, but it’s clear that a lot of stress and discomfort could have been avoided if NASA had gone into its first launch attempt knowing that its SLS rocket was truly ready.
New MASSIVE triangle UFO sighting over Santa Monica Pier – MUST SEE
New MASSIVE triangle UFO sighting over Santa Monica Pier – MUST SEE
These amazing 4 UFO videos were filmed from Santa Monica pier in California on 27th August 2022. It shows a group of people that are witnessing and recording a triangular shaped craft (a possible TR-3B) over the coast.
What do you think about these UAP sighting? I’ve notices some inconsistencies in the the recordings on the phones of the witnesses and the actual movements of the phones. Let me know your thoughts below!
You can watch all four videos in the Youtube video below!
New MASSIVE triangle UFO sighting over Santa Monica Pier – MUST SEE
New MASSIVE triangle UFO sighting over Santa Monica Pier – MUST SEE
These amazing 4 UFO videos were filmed from Santa Monica pier in California on 27th August 2022. It shows a group of people that are witnessing and recording a triangular shaped craft (a possible TR-3B) over the coast.
What do you think about these UAP sighting? I’ve notices some inconsistencies in the the recordings on the phones of the witnesses and the actual movements of the phones. Let me know your thoughts below!
You can watch all four videos in the Youtube video below!
INDRUKWEKKENDE WEBB-FOTO'S VAN JUPITER: DE GROTE RODE VLEK HEEFT EEN ANDERE KLEUR
INDRUKWEKKENDE WEBB-FOTO'S VAN JUPITER: DE GROTE RODE VLEK HEEFT EEN ANDERE KLEUR
Jeannette Kras
De James Webb-telescoop van NASA en ESA blijft de wereld verbazen. Gisteren zijn er prachtige foto’s verschenen van Jupiter, waarop de gasreus scherper dan ooit te zien is.
Maar de plaatjes zijn niet alleen een lust voor het oog, wetenschappers krijgen door observaties van Webb ook meer inzicht in hoe de planeet er van binnen uitziet. “We hadden niet verwacht dat het zo goed zou zijn”, zegt planetair astronoom Imke de Pater, professor emerita aan de University of California. “Het is echt bijzonder dat we zoveel details kunnen zien op Jupiter, samen met zijn ringen, kleine satellieten en zelfs sterrenstelsels in één afbeelding.”
Infrarood De twee foto’s zijn gemaakt door de NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) die met behulp van drie gespecialiseerde infraroodfilters de details van de planeet aan ons onthult. Aangezien infrarood onzichtbaar is voor het menselijk oog, is het licht zo aangepast dat we het wel kunnen zien. In het algemeen geldt dat de langste golflengtes roder zijn en de kortste meer blauw.
De polen kleuren oranje, de grote rode vlek is wit.
Foto: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; beeld verwerkt door Judy Schmidt
De afbeelding van Jupiter zoals hierboven, is gemaakt van een compositie van verschillende beelden van Webb. Daarop is te zien hoe de Aurora zich uitstrekt tot voorbij de noord- en zuidpool van Jupiter. Het licht wordt zichtbaar met een filter dat rodere kleuren weergeeft, dat ook licht benadrukt van hoger gelegen wolken en nevels. Een ander filter, voor gele en groene kleuren, toont hoe de nevel rond de polen wervelt. Een derde filter voor de blauwe kleuren brengt licht naar voren dat reflecteert van een dieper gelegen grote wolk.
De grote rode vlek De grote rode vlek, de beroemde reuzestorm die zo groot is dat hij de aarde kan opslokken, is wit op deze foto’s, net als andere wolken. Dat komt doordat ze veel zonlicht reflecteren. “De helderheid duidt op een grote hoogte dus de grote rode vlek heeft hoge nevels, net als het gebied rond de evenaar”, zegt Heidi Hammel, een wetenschapper die Webbs observaties bestudeert. “De vele heldere witte vlekken en vegen zijn waarschijnlijk zeer hoge wolkentoppen van gecondenseerde convectieve stormen.” Daartegenover staan donkere banen ten noorden van de evenaar met weinig wolken.
De grote storm die nu wit kleurt, licht heel helder op, net als een maantje links.
Foto: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; beeld verwerkt door Ricardo Hueso (UPV/EHU) en Judy Schmidt.
Zoomen we uit, dan toont Webb ook de grotere, dunne ringen van Jupiter en nog twee kleine manen, Amalthea en Adrastea. De vage vlekken op de achtergrond zijn waarschijnlijk sterrenstelsels die het plaatje van Jupiter ‘fotobommen’.
“Deze ene afbeelding vat de wetenschap samen van ons Jupiter-programma, dat de dynamiek en chemie van Jupiter zelf, zijn ringen en zijn satellietsysteem bestudeerd”, aldus Thierry Fouchet, professor bij het Paris Observatory. Onderzoekers zijn nu al begonnen met het analyseren van de meest recente Webb-data om nieuwe ontdekkingen te doen over de grootste planeet van ons zonnestelsel.
Je ziet het heldere licht rond de polen, de twee kleine maantjes en de vage grote ringen.
Foto: NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; beeld verwerkt door Ricardo Hueso (UPV/EHU) en Judy Schmidt.
Geen keurig pakketje Data van telescopen zoals de James Webb komen niet in een keurig pakketje op aarde aan. In plaats daarvan zijn er data over de helderheid van het licht op Webbs detectors. Deze informatie komt aan als ruwe data bij het Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), het wetenschapscentrum van Webb. STScI verwerkt de data in bestanden voor wetenschappelijke analyse. Pas daarna kunnen wetenschappers de data vertalen in afbeeldingen. De officiële foto’s worden door hen gemaakt, maar ze krijgen hulp van hobbywetenschappers die in de openbare data duiken om de afbeeldingen te verwerken.
En zo ontstaan er een heleboel indrukwekkende foto’s van bijzondere plaatsen in het heelal. Deze keer van Jupiter, maar wie weet waar Webb volgende keer mee komt.
There are three possible explanations for the new find, and one involves ancient Mars microbes.
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover used two different cameras to create this selfie in front of a rock outcrop named Mont Mercou, which stands 20 feet (6 meters) tall.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
NASA's Curiosity rover has found some interesting organic compounds on the Red Planet that could be signs of ancient Mars life, but it will take a lot more work to test that hypothesis.
Some of the powdered rock samples that Curiosity has collected over the years contain organics rich in a type of carbon that here on Earth is associated with life, researchers report in a new study.
But Mars is very different from our world, and many Martian processes remain mysterious. So it's too early to know what generated the intriguing chemicals, study team members stressed.
"We're finding things on Mars that are tantalizingly interesting, but we would really need more evidence to say we've identified life," Paul Mahaffy, who served as the principal investigator of Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) chemistry lab until retiring from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, in December 2021, said in a statement(opens in new tab). "So we're looking at what else could have caused the carbon signature we're seeing, if not life."
This mosaic was made from images taken by the Mast Camera aboard NASA’s Curiosity rover on the 2,729th Martian day, or sol, of the mission. It shows the landscape of the Stimson sandstone formation in Gale crater. In this general location, Curiosity drilled the Edinburgh drill hole, a sample from which was enriched in carbon 12. (Image credit: NASA/Caltech-JPL/MSSS)
Nearly a decade of sample analysis
Curiosity landed inside Mars' 96-mile-wide (154 kilometers) Gale Crater in August 2012 on a mission to determine if the area could ever have supported microbial life. The rover team soon determined that Gale's floor was a potentially habitable environment billions of years ago, harboring a lake-and-stream system that likely persisted for millions of years at a time.
In the new study, which will be published Tuesday (Jan. 18) in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research team looked at two dozen powdered rock samples that Curiosity collected with its percussive drill from a variety of locations between August 2012 and July 2021. The rover fed this material into SAM, which can identify and characterize organics — carbon-containing molecules that are the building blocks of life on Earth.
The scientists found that nearly half of these samples were enriched in carbon-12, the lighter of the two stable carbon isotopes, compared to previous measurements of Mars meteorites and the Martian atmosphere. (Isotopes are versions of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. Carbon-12 has six neutrons, and the far less abundant carbon-13 has seven.)
These high-carbon-12 samples came from five different locations within Gale Crater, all of which featured ancient surfaces that had been preserved well over the eons.
On Earth, organisms preferentially use carbon-12 for their metabolic processes, so enrichment in this isotope in ancient rock samples here is generally interpreted as a signal of biotic chemistry. But carbon cycles on Mars aren't understood nearly well enough to make similar assumptions for Red Planet finds, study team members said.
The researchers came up with three possible explanations for the intriguing carbon signal. The first involves Mars microbes producing methane, which was then converted into more complex organic molecules after interacting with ultraviolet (UV) light in the Red Planet air. These larger organics then fell back to the ground and were incorporated into the rocks that Curiosity sampled.
But similar reactions involving UV light and non-biological carbon dioxide, by far the most abundant gas in Mars' atmosphere, could have generated the result as well. It's also possible that the solar system drifted through a giant molecular cloud rich in carbon-12 long ago, the researchers said.
The new find is especially intriguing because of the carbon-12 enrichment, but Curiosity has detected organic compounds on Mars before. For example, the mission team previously reported the detection of organics in powdered rock samples. The six-wheeled robot has also driven through plumes of methane, the simplest organic molecule, on multiple occasions.
It's unclear what's producing Mars' gaseous methane or how old it is. For example, the compound may be generated by microbes busily metabolizing beneath the frigid Martian surface today. It could alternatively be produced by underground interactions of rock and hot water, with no life involved. It could also be ancient material, produced either by organisms or abiotically, that was trapped underground long ago and occasionally "burps" up onto the surface today.
The Curiosity team would love to drive through another methane plume and determine its carbon-12 content, exploring the origins of these organics further. But that would take a lot of luck, given that researchers cannot predict when and where such plumes will appear.
Further helpful data could also come from another Mars rover — Perseverance, a NASA robot that landed inside a different Red Planet crater in February 2021. Perseverance is hunting for signs of ancient Mars life and collecting dozens of samples that will be returned to Earth for analysis, possibly as early as 2031.
Mike Wall is the author of "Out There(opens in new tab)" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall(opens in new tab). Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom(opens in new tab) or on Facebook(opens in new tab).
Study Predicts More Long-Term Sea Level Rise from Greenland Ice
Study Predicts More Long-Term Sea Level Rise from Greenland Ice
The Greenland Ice Sheet is the second-largest body of ice in the world, covering roughly 650,000 square miles of Greenland's surface. If it melts completely, it could contribute up to 23 feet (7 meters) of sea level rise, according to a new study using data from NASA's Operation IceBridge.
Credit: NASA / Jefferson Beck
By Jessica Merzdorf, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenland’s melting ice sheet could generate more sea level rise than previously thought if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase and warm the atmosphere at their current rate, according to a new modeling study. The study, which used data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge airborne campaign, was published in Science Advances today.
In the next 200 years, the ice sheet model shows that melting at the present rate could contribute 19 to 63 inches to global sea level rise, said the team led by scientists at the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. These numbers are at least 80 percent higher than previous estimates, which forecasted up to 35 inches of sea level rise from Greenland’s ice.
The team ran the model 500 times out to the year 3000 for each of three possible future climate scenarios, adjusting key land, ice, ocean and atmospheric variables to test their effects on ice melt rate. The three climate scenarios depend on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere in coming years. In the scenario with no reduction of emissions, the study found that the entire Greenland Ice Sheet will likely melt in a millennium, causing 17 to 23 feet (5 to 7 meters) of sea level rise.
In the scenario where emissions are stabilized by the end of the century rather than continue to increase, the model shows ice loss falling to 26 to 57 percent of total mass by 3000. Drastically limiting emissions so they begin to decline by the end of the century could limit ice loss to 8 to 25 percent. This scenario would produce up to 6 feet (about 2 meters) of sea level rise in the next millennium, according to the study.
The updated model more accurately represents the flow of outlet glaciers, the river-like bodies of ice that connect to the ocean. Outlet glaciers play a key role in how ice sheets melt, but previous models lacked the data to adequately represent their complex flow patterns. The study found that melting outlet glaciers could account for up to 40 percent of the ice mass lost from Greenland in the next 200 years.
By incorporating ice thickness data from IceBridge and identifying sources of statistical uncertainty within the model, the study creates a more accurate picture of how human-generated greenhouse gas emissions and a warming climate may affect Greenland in the future.
A Clearer Picture
Scientists at the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute used data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge to develop a more accurate model of how the Greenland Ice Sheet might respond to climate change in the future, finding that it could generate more sea level rise than previously thought. Credit: NASA / Katie Jepson. This video can be downloaded for free at NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio.
Capturing the changing flow and speed of outlet glacier melt makes the updated ice sheet model more accurate than previous models, according to the authors. As ocean waters have warmed over the past 20 years, they have melted the floating ice that shielded the outlet glaciers from their rising temperatures. As a result, the outlet glaciers flow faster, melt and get thinner, with the lowering surface of the ice sheet exposing new ice to warm air and melting as well.
“Once we had access to satellite observations, we were able to capture the surface velocity of the whole Greenland Ice Sheet and see how that ice flows. We recognized that some outlet glaciers flow very fast — orders of magnitude faster than the interior of the ice sheet,” said lead author Andy Aschwanden, a research associate professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute.
IceBridge’s detailed ice thickness measurements helped the team to be the first to model these areas where outlet glaciers are affected by warmer ocean waters, as well as to model more of the complex feedbacks and processes influencing ice loss than previously possible. They examined the importance of factors like underwater melting, large ice chunks breaking off of glaciers, changing snowfall rates and rising air temperatures. They also examined factors that could slow down ice loss, like the movement of Earth’s surface “bouncing back” from the weight of ice that is no longer there.
“At the end of the day, glaciers flow downhill,” Aschwanden said. “That’s very simplified, but if you don’t know where downhill is, the model can never do a good job. So the most important contributor to understanding ice flow is knowing how thick the ice is.”
Each of the three emissions scenarios used in the study produced different patterns of ice retreat across Greenland. The least severe scenario showed the ice retreating in the west and north, while the moderate scenario showed ice retreat around the island, except for in the highest elevation areas. The most severe scenario, in which emissions continue to increase at their present rate, showed more than half of the model runs losing more than 99 percent of the ice sheet by 3000.
At its thickest point, the Greenland Ice Sheet currently stands more than 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) above sea level. It rises high enough into the atmosphere to alter the weather around it, as mountains do. Today, this weather pattern generates almost enough snowfall to compensate for the amount of naturally melting ice each year. In the future, however, melting and flow will thin the interior, lowering it into a layer of the atmosphere that lacks the conditions necessary for sufficient replenishing snowfall.
“In the warmer climate, glaciers have lost the regions where more snow falls than melts in the summer, which is where new ice is formed,” said Mark Fahnestock, research professor at the Geophysical Institute and the study’s second author. “They’re like lumps of ice in an open cooler that are melting away, and no one is putting any more ice into the cooler.”
The team stressed that despite the need for ongoing research on exactly how glaciers will move and melt in response to warming temperatures, all of the model runs show that the next few decades will be pivotal in the ice sheet’s future outcome.
“If we continue as usual, Greenland will melt,” Aschwanden said. “What we are doing right now in terms of emissions, in the very near future, will have a big long-term impact on the Greenland Ice Sheet, and by extension, if it melts, to sea level and human society.”
Bridging the Data Gap
The model runs were performed on high-performance supercomputers atNASA’s Ames Research Center and the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), an open-source model developed at UAF and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. NASA also provided funding support for the study. While other ice sheet models could perform the simulations they did, the team said, PISM is unique for its high resolution and low computational cost.
NASA’s Operation IceBridge is the world’s largest airborne survey of polar land and sea ice. Using an array of aircraft and scientific instruments, IceBridge has collected data between the end of the first Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission in 2010 and the second, ICESat-2, which launched in 2018. It has measured the height of the ice below its flight path as well as the bedrock under the ice sheets.
“NASA’s space and airborne campaigns, like IceBridge, have fundamentally transformed our ability to try and make a model mimic the changes to the ice sheet,” Fahnestock said. “The technology that allows improved imaging of the glacier bed is like a better pair of glasses allowing us to see more clearly. Only NASA had an aircraft with the instruments and technology we needed and could go where we needed to go.”
The melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet will cause global sea levels to rise by more than 10 inches (27cm) – even if the whole world stops burning fossil fuels today, a new study has warned.
Researchers from the National Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) studied two decades worth of measurements to predict the minimum ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet from climate warming so far.
Their findings suggest that, under the best possible situation, the Greenland Ice Sheet will lose about 110 trillion tonnes of ice.
'In the foreseeable scenario that global warming will only continue, the contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level rise will only continue increasing,' said Professor Jason Box, lead author of the study.
'When we take the extreme melt year 2012 and take it as a hypothetical average constant climate later this century, the committed mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet more than doubles to 78 cm [30 inches].'
The melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet will cause global sea levels to rise by more than 10 inches (27cm) – even if the whole world stops burning fossil fuels, a new study has warned
Their findings suggest that in the best case scenario, a minimum of 3.3 per cent of the Ice Sheet will be lost, equal to 110 million tonnes of ice, or a sea level rise of 10 inches (27cm)
What time frame are we looking at?
While previous studies estimated sea level rise with climate models, this is the first time that researchers have made estimations based on measurements.
Unfortunately, the downside to this method is that it does not give a timeframe.
'In order to get the figure that we have, we had to let go of the time factor in the calculation,' Professor Box added.
'But our observations suggest that most of the committed sea level rise will occur this century.'
In the study, the researchers looked at changes in the snow line - the boundary between areas exposed to net melting during summer and areas that are not - of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 2000 to 2019.
Ice across the sheet does not melt equally, with ice along the edges at lower elevations melting the most quickly.
Further up the ice sheet, it's too cold for melting to occur, even in summer.
The snow line is set by the line where the upper layer of winter snow does not melt away in summer, but remains on top, nourishing the ice sheet.
This line varies from year to year, depending on the weather.
For example, a hot summer may move the boundary further up the ice sheet, while a colder year may push the line down towards the ice edges.
Snow falling on the ice during winter turns into new ice over time - that is, if it doesn't melt away during summer.
For the ice sheet to be in equilibrium, the added mass must equal the lost mass.
While that is the case in a stable climate, a hot summer causes the layers of snow to be lost by melt.
Professor Jason Box taking ice samples standing on exposed ice below the snow line of the Greenland Ice Sheet in West Greenland during the melt season
'When we take the extreme melt year 2012 and take it as a hypothetical average constant climate later this century, the committed mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet more than doubles to 78 cm [30 inches],' Professor Box said
That snow will then be missing in the mass budget for years to come, creating a disequilibrium.
Using a rigorous glaciological theory, the researchers calculated the average snow line needed to bring the ice sheet back into balance.
Their findings suggest that in the best case scenario, a minimum of 3.3 per cent of the Ice Sheet will be lost, equal to 110 million tonnes of ice, or a sea level rise of 10 inches (27cm).
'It is a very conservative rock-bottom minimum,' Professor Box said.
'Realistically, we will see this figure more than double within this century.'
The researchers only looked at the Greenland Ice Sheet, and did not consider sea level rise as a result of melting in Antarctica.
The glaciologist team setting up an automatic weather station on the snowy surface above the snow line during the melt season
While previous studies have estimated sea level rise with climate models, this is the first time that researchers have made estimations based on measurements.
This radically different method has raised some eyebrows in the science community according to Professor Box.
'The ice flow models are not ready in this area,' he explained. 'This is a complimentary way of calculating mass loss that has been lacking.'
Unfortunately, the downside to this method is that it does not give a time frame.
'In order to get the figure that we have, we had to let go of the time factor in the calculation,' Professor Box added.
'But our observations suggest that most of the committed sea level rise will occur this century.'
SEA LEVELS COULD RISE BY UP TO 4 FEET BY THE YEAR 2300
Global sea levels could rise as much as 1.2 metres (4 feet) by 2300 even if we meet the 2015 Paris climate goals, scientists have warned.
The long-term change will be driven by a thaw of ice from Greenland to Antarctica that is set to re-draw global coastlines.
Sea level rise threatens cities from Shanghai to London, to low-lying swathes of Florida or Bangladesh, and to entire nations such as the Maldives.
It is vital that we curb emissions as soon as possible to avoid an even greater rise, a German-led team of researchers said in a new report.
By 2300, the report projected that sea levels would gain by 0.7-1.2 metres, even if almost 200 nations fully meet goals under the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Targets set by the accords include cutting greenhouse gas emissions to net zero in the second half of this century.
Ocean levels will rise inexorably because heat-trapping industrial gases already emitted will linger in the atmosphere, melting more ice, it said.
In addition, water naturally expands as it warms above four degrees Celsius (39.2°F).
Every five years of delay beyond 2020 in peaking global emissions would mean an extra 20 centimetres (8 inches) of sea level rise by 2300.
'Sea level is often communicated as a really slow process that you can't do much about ... but the next 30 years really matter,' said lead author Dr Matthias Mengel, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, in Potsdam, Germany.
None of the nearly 200 governments to sign the Paris Accords are on track to meet its pledges.
Grote stijging zeespiegel nu onvermijdelijk door smeltende Groenlandse ijskap: “We staan met één voet in het graf”
De smelting van de Groenlandse ijskap zal wereldwijd leiden tot een onvermijdelijke stijging van het zeeniveau met minstens 27 centimeter. Ongeacht welke maatregelen we nu nog treffen om de klimaatverandering het hoofd te bieden, we staan “met één voet in het graf”, zegt Jason Box, glacioloog en hoofdauteur van de studie die werd gepubliceerd in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Nature Climate Change.
De onderzoekers maakten gebruik van beelden van de vorm van de ijskap en van satellietmetingen van het ijs dat tussen 2000 en 2019 verloren ging op Groenland. Op die manier konden ze berekenen in hoeverre de sneeuwval als gevolg van de opwarming van de aarde onvoldoende is om de hoeveelheid gesmolten ijs te compenseren. Dat leidt tot ‘zombie-ijs’: ijs dat nog steeds vastzit aan de grotere gletsjers, maar er niet meer door gevoed wordt, omdat die minder sneeuw krijgen om aan te vullen.
Dat zombie-ijs smelt af: “Het is dood ijs. Het gaat gewoon smelten en van de ijskap verdwijnen. Dit ijs is bestemd voor de oceaan, ongeacht welk (klimaat)scenario we nu volgen”, zegt William Colgan, glacioloog bij de Nationale Geologische Dienst van Denemarken en Groenland (GEUS) en coauteur van de studie. Een stijging van de zeespiegel met minstens 27 centimeter is daardoor onvermijdelijk.
“Het is een erg conservatief minimum”, zegt hoofdauteur Jason Box van GEUS over de schatting van 27 centimeter. “Realistisch gezien zullen we dit cijfer nog deze eeuw meer dan verdubbeld zien.” De schatting ligt bovendien twee keer hoger dan wetenschappers aanvankelijk hadden toegeschreven aan de smelting van de Groenlandse ijskap. Volgens de nieuwe studie zou de stijging nog kunnen oplopen tot 78 centimeter.
Komen daarbij nog de aanhoudende CO2-emissies, het afsmelten van andere ijskappen en de thermische expansie van de oceaan, en een stijging van de zeespiegel met meerdere meters wordt waarschijnlijk. “Of het nu over 100 jaar komt of over 150 jaar, het komt eraan. En de zeespiegelstijging waar we mee te maken hebben, groeit op dit moment, gezien het klimaattraject waar we op zitten”, aldus Colgan.
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A UFO, the Pentagon and a 3-year Mission to Save the World. The True Story of Valiant Thor
A UFO, the Pentagon and a 3-year Mission to Save the World. The True Story of Valiant Thor
A UFO, the Pentagon and a 3-year Mission to Save the World. The True Story of Valiant Thor On March 16, 1957, at 8 o’clock in the morning, a 300 ft long spacecraft landed in a field in Alexandria Virginia. Two local police officers arrived on the scene. The door of the craft slowly opened. The officers drew their guns, not sure what to expect. To their surprise, out walked a normal-looking guy. He smiled at the stunned officers and actually waved hello. Before the policemen could say a word, the stranger said, in clear English: “I need to see the president.” Nine months after this event, NASA was founded. This is the story of what happened in-between. This is the story of Valiant Thor. If you don’t know this one, hold on tight. We’re going on a hell of a ride.
Siberia is huge, making up 77% of Russia, but it’s only 23% populated.
In these places completely uninhabited, strange things have been discovered, and many mysterious and unexplained things have happened, like the Tunguska Event.
But scientists discovered something astonishing not long ago; a prehistoric virus that’s been sleeping beneath the ice for millions of years, and even stranger; massive craters are now mysteriously appearing across the frozen Siberian tundra.
What have scientists’ found, and should we be worried about these new discoveries?
Astronomers Find a “Massive, Dense Structure” Beneath the Largest Crater on the Moon
Astronomers Find a “Massive, Dense Structure” Beneath the Largest Crater on the Moon
"The dense mass—"whatever it is, wherever it came from"—is weighing the basin floor downward by more than half a mile..."
Astronomers have found a strange, humongous, deep-mass structure beneath the largest crater in our solar system; theMoon’s South Pole Aitken basin.
There, researchers discover an anomaly with a massive unexpected mass. Although it’s not aliens, astronomers say that the mysterious mass may very well contain the metallic remnants from the asteroid that slammed into the Moon, forming the crater.
“Imagine taking a pile of metal five times larger than the Big Island of Hawaii and burying it underground. That’s roughly how much-unexpected mass we detected,” said lead author Peter B. James, Ph.D., assistant professor of planetary geophysics in Baylor’s College of Arts & Sciences.
This photo was taken by Apollo 8 during the 1968 mission on their first approach to the Moon.
Credits: NASA.
An oval crater
The crater located on the far side of the Moon is an oval-shaped region around 2,000 kilometers wide.
Measurements throughout the years have revealed it is several miles deep.
The new, anomalous mass beneath the crater is detailed in the study “Deep Structure of the Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin,” published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
To spot the anomaly, astronomers analyzed data from NASA’s Grail Mission, which allowed them to accurately measure gravity strength changes around the Moon.
“When we combined that with lunar topography data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, we discovered the unexpectedly large amount of mass hundreds of miles underneath the South Pole-Aitken basin,” James said.
“One of the explanations of this extra mass is that the metal from the asteroid that formed this crater is still embedded in the Moon’s mantle.”
The location of the underground structure circled in the South Pole-Aitken Basin.
Image Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/the University of Arizona.
Mysterious structure
The researchers revealed that the dense mass of the structure –“whatever it is, wherever it came from” is causing the entire basin floor to weigh in by more than half a mile.
The researchers’ team revealed through computer simulations of asteroid collisions into the Moon that, under the right conditions, iron-nickel cores from asteroids could have been dispersed into the Moon’s upper mantle during collisions.
“We did the math and showed that a sufficiently dispersed core of the asteroid that made the impact could remain suspended in the Moon’s mantle until the present day, rather than sinking to the Moon’s core,” James explained.
In addition to coming from asteroid impacts, astronomers say that the mysterious structure’s origin could be related to the concentration of highly dense oxides left there by the last phases of lunar magma ocean solidification.
The human brain is one of nature's most complex structures, and scientists are still a long way from understanding its mechanics.
But a new study has come one step closer to unlocking its secrets by unravelling its immense complexity.
The research has revealed that the mind is home to shapes and structures that have as many as 11 dimensions.
And understanding these structures could help us to reveal exactly how memories are formed.
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New research has revealed that the mind is home to shapes and structures that have as many as 11 dimensions
(stock image)
HOW DO THE STRUCTURES FORM?
The human brain is a 'multi-dimensional' universe full of complicated geometric shapes, scientists have discovered.
The complex geometric shapes form when a group of brain cells - known as neurons - merge to make what scientists call a 'clique'.
Every neuron connects to its neighbour in a specific way to form an object with complex interconnections.
The more neurons that join in with the 'clique', the more 'dimensions' the object has.
Shapes that are three-dimensional have height, width and depth, like any object in the real world.
The objects don't exist in more than three dimensions in the real world, but the mathematics used to describe them can have five, six, seven or even 11 dimensions.
The research used in-depth computer modelling to understand how brain cells organise themselves to carry out complex tasks.
'We found a world that we had never imagined,' said neuroscientist Henry Markram, director of Blue Brain Project in Lausanne, Switzerland.
'There are tens of millions of these objects even in a small speck of the brain, up through seven dimensions.
'In some networks, we even found structures with up to eleven dimensions.'
The complex geometric shapes form when a group of brain cells - known as neurons - merge to make what scientists call a 'clique'.
Every neuron connects to its neighbour in a specific way to form an object with complex interconnections.
The more neurons that join in with the 'clique', the more 'dimensions' are added to the object.
Shapes that are three-dimensional have height, width and depth, like any object in the real world.
The objects discovered in this study don't exist in more than three dimensions in the real world, but the mathematics used to describe them can have five, six, seven or even 11 dimensions.
'Outside of physics, high-dimensional spaces are frequently used to describe complex data structures or conditions of systems, for instance, the state of a dynamical system in state space,' Professor Cees van Leeuwen, from KU Leuven, Belgium, told Wired.
'The space is simply the union of all the degrees of freedom the system has, and its state describes the values these degrees of freedom are actually assuming.'
The researchers used a type of maths called algebraic topology to model the whereabouts of these structures inside a virtual brain created using software. To test their model, the researchers then carried out experiments on real brain tissue
ARE MEMORIES FORMED IN THESE STRUCTURES?
The big question the researchers are asking now is whether the intricacy of tasks we can perform depends on the complexity of the multi-dimensional 'sandcastles' the brain can build.
Neuroscience has also been struggling to find where the brain stores its memories.
'They may be 'hiding' in high-dimensional cavities,' Professor Markram said.
The researchers used a type of maths called algebraic topology to model the whereabouts of these structures inside a virtual brain created using software.
To test their model, the researchers then carried out experiments on real brain tissue.
They found that the virtual brain could be stimulated to form structures with progressively higher dimensions.
In between these structures were multi-faceted cavities.
'The appearance of high-dimensional cavities when the brain is processing information means that the neurons in the network react to stimuli in an extremely organised manner,' said Ran Levi from Aberdeen University.
'It is as if the brain reacts to a stimulus by building then razing a tower of multi-dimensional blocks, starting with rods (1D), then planks (2D), then cubes (3D), and then more complex geometries with 4D, 5D, etc.
'The progression of activity through the brain resembles a multi-dimensional sandcastle that materializes out of the sand and then disintegrates.'
The big question the researchers are asking now is whether the intricacy of tasks we can perform depends on the complexity of the multi-dimensional 'sandcastles' the brain can build.
Neuroscience has also been struggling to find where the brain stores its memories.
'They may be 'hiding' in high-dimensional cavities,' Professor Markram said.
Scientists: The Human Brain Has Odd Similarities to the Entire Universe
Scientists: The Human Brain Has Odd Similarities to the Entire Univers
An astrophysicist and a neurosurgeon walked into a room.
It may sound like the start of a horrible joke, but what a group of Italian academics came up with is a truly galaxy brain take: the structures of the observable universe, they claim, are startlingly similar to the neural networks of the human brain.
In a recent research published in the journal Frontiers in Physics, University of Bologna astronomer Franco Vazza and University of Verona neurosurgeon Alberto Feletti reveal the unexpected similarities between the cosmic network of galaxies and the complex web of neurons in the human brain. According to the researchers, despite being nearly 27 orders of magnitude distant in scale, the human brain and the makeup of the cosmic web exhibit similar levels of complexity and self-organization.
The brain contains an estimated 69 billion neurons, while the observable universe is composed of at least 100 billion galaxies, strung together loosely like a web. Both actual galaxies and neurons only account for about 30 percent of the total masses of the universe and brain, respectively. And both galaxies and neurons arrange themselves like beads on long strings or filaments.
In the case of galaxies, the remaining 70 percent of mass is dark energy. The equivalent in the human brain, the duo said: water.
“We calculated the spectral density of both systems,” Vazza said in a statement about the work. “This is a technique often employed in cosmology for studying the spatial distribution of galaxies.”
“Our analysis showed that the distribution of the fluctuation within the cerebellum neuronal network on a scale from 1 micrometer to 0.1 millimeters follows the same progression of the distribution of matter in the cosmic web,” he added,“but, of course, on a larger scale that goes from 5 million to 500 million light-years.”
The clustering and number of connections emanating from each node also were oddly similar.
“Once again, structural parameters have identified unexpected agreement levels,” Feletti said in the statement. “Probably, the connectivity within the two networks evolves following similar physical principles, despite the striking and obvious difference between the physical powers regulating galaxies and neurons.”
The team is hoping that their preliminary study could lead to new analysis techniques in both cosmology and neurosurgery, allowing scientists to better understand how these structures have evolved over time.
READ MORE:
Does the human brain resemble the Universe?[University of Bologna]
We Just Found a 'Super-Earth' That Could Be an Ocean-Covered Water World
We Just Found a 'Super-Earth' That Could Be an Ocean-Covered Water World
An exoplanet just 100 light-years from Earth appears to be the best candidate yet for a sloshy, water-covered ocean world.
It's calledTOI-1452b, and measurements of its size and mass suggest a density profile consistent with a global liquid ocean. Scientists believe that worlds like this are possible, but they haven't yet conclusively found one.
We'll need to follow up with observations from the James Webb Space Telescope to study the exoplanet's atmosphere and make a more confident ruling on the nature of TOI-1452b, but the initial results are very intriguing.
"This paper reports the discovery and characterization of the transiting temperate exoplanet TOI-1452b,"writes a team of researchersled by astronomer Charles Cadieux of the University of Montreal in Canada in a paper published inThe Astronomical Journal.
"The results of our interior modeling and the fact that the planet receives modest irradiation make TOI-1452b a good candidate water world."
It's easy to see why TOI-1452b evaded detection until now, in spite of its relative closeness to the Solar System.
The exoplanet was found orbiting one of a close binary pair of small, dim red dwarfs, separated by a distance of just 97astronomical units. That's so close together that the two stars appear to be one.
However, the TESS exoplanet-hunting telescope is sensitive enough to have detected regular, faint dips in starlight that indicate an object regularly passing between us and its host star; those passages across the star are known as transits. The researchers followed up with their own highly sensitive instrument also designed to detect exoplanet transits at Mont Mégantic Observatory in Canada.
The observations from both telescopes revealed that there is indeed an exoplanet orbiting one of the stars in the TOI-1452 binary.
By looking at how much light the star emits and how much it dims when the exoplanet passes in front, the researchers were able to ascertain that the exoplanet is relatively small, coming in at 1.672 times the size of Earth – what we call a super-Earth.
It's on an 11-day orbit with its star, which seems insanely close to us, with our comparatively leisurely 365-day orbit. However, because the star is so cool and dim compared to the Sun, this places the exoplanet bang in the middle of the star's temperate zone. This is not so far from the star, out in the cold, that any liquid water on its surface would freeze, nor so close that the water would evaporate under the star's heat.
Next, the researchers took a closer look at the star. Specifically, they studied its radial velocity – the way it moves about due to the gravitational influence of the exoplanet. That's because any two bodies in a system orbit a mutual center of gravity – meaning that the star moves about, just a little, in its orbital arrangement with TOI-1452b.
Changes in the star's light reveal this motion and, even better, allow astronomers to calculate the orbiting body's mass by determining the strength of that movement. So, they were able to derive a mass of 4.82 times that of Earth for TOI-1452b.
And this is where it starts to get really interesting.
Once you have the size and mass of an object, you can infer its average density. For TOI-1452b, that density is 5.6 grams per cubic centimeter, and that's very close to Earth's density of 5.5 grams per cubic centimeter. But a density similar to that of Earth, for an object that has more mass, indicates that the object is composed of a lighter material, the researchers said.
"TOI-1452b is one of the best candidates for an ocean planet that we have found to date,"Cadieux says. "Its radius and mass suggest a much lower density than what one would expect for a planet that is basically made up of metal and rock, like Earth."
They modeled the exoplanet's interior composition and determined that as much as 30 percent of its mass could be water.
That's a huge amount of the wet stuff. For comparison, water makes up less than 1 percent of Earth's mass; TOI-1452b's composition seems closer to that of water moons Europa in orbit withJupiterand Enceladus in orbit with Saturn.
However, with just the measurements we have, it is impossible to say exactly what TOI-1452b is made of. This is where Webb comes in.
You remember how the exoplanet passes between us and its star? Some of the star's light will pass through the exoplanet's atmosphere, if it has one. Webb is sensitive enough to detect the difference in that light in enough detail that scientists can work out what's in the exoplanet's atmosphere.
If TOI-1452b is a water world, Webb is our best shot at discovering it.
"Our observations with the Webb Telescope will be essential to better understanding TOI-1452b,"says astronomer René Doyonof the University of Montreal. "As soon as we can, we will book time on Webb to observe this strange and wonderful world."
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
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Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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