Artist's illustration of a protogalaxy. This is not real, it's just a colorful image generated by Midjourney AI.

“It’s amazing to have found such a distant galaxy candidate already with Webb given that this is just the first set of data,” says Mr. Callum Donnan, a PhD student at the University of Edinburgh, and lead author of the study. “It is important to note that to be certain of the redshift, the galaxy will need follow up observations using spectroscopy. This is why we refer to it as a galaxy candidate.”

The study determined that CEERS-93316 can’t be a low-mass star or unobstructed active galactic nucleus based on imaging data from NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera), which is JWST’s primary imager. Since CEERS-93316 is could be only 250 million years old, one goal for cosmologists is to know what’s happening in galaxies that young, and so soon after the Big Bang.

“After the Big Bang the Universe entered a period known as the dark ages, a time before any stars had been born,” explains Dr. Bowler. “The observations of this galaxy push observations back to the time when we think the first galaxies ever to exist were being formed.  Already we’ve found more galaxies in the very early Universe than computer simulations predicted, so there is clearly a lot of open questions about how and when the first stars and galaxies formed.”

Given this incredible finding in just the first set of data from JWST, it’s intriguing to think how much father back in the universe this record-shattering space telescope can see, and whether it can see the Big Bang itself.

“In principle JWST can detect galaxies at redshifts greater than 20, less than 200 million years after the Big Bang,” explains Bowler. “These galaxies will likely be extremely hard to find, but the detection of CERRS 93316 gives us hope that they may exist. Watch this space!”

“The most distant phenomenon observed is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) which is the ‘afterglow’ of the Big Bang,” explains Donnan. “The light from the CMB comes from approximately 400,000 years after the Big Bang and has been observed by various instruments over the years – most notably the Planck satellite which launched in 2009. Webb won’t be able to see as far back as that, but it is able to probe the earliest stages of galaxy formation.”

While Donnan and Bowler both stated there are no further observations planned for CEERS-93316, they are hopeful that there will be in the future.

Redshift is part of what’s known as the Doppler effect, which astronomers use to measure distances in the universe. A frequent example to demonstrate the Doppler effect is the change in sound wave pitch as a loud object travels towards you then travels away from you, often by an ambulance or other first responder vehicle. The sound waves as the object travels towards you is known as blueshift, while the opposite is called redshift. This new study setting a new redshift record means scientists have measured the farthest object in the universe to date.

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

06-08-2022 om 00:53 geschreven door peter  

Sun is Older Than The Earth But The Water You Drink is Older Than The Sun

Consider this the next time you pick up a “fresh” glass of water: some of the molecules in that water are billions of years old – much older than the solar system itself.

This seems impossible at first: how could water on Earth predate the solar system in which it exists? However, recent peer-reviewed research published in the journal Science confirms this.

Astronomers arrived at this conclusion by proving that water in our solar system had to have been produced inside the thick cloud of gas and dust that preceded and was required for the formation of the star we know as the Sun. This means that the water that finally made its way to Earth through “wet rocks” such as asteroids or comets existed before the Sun exploded into a star.

Ted Bergin, an astronomy professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and one of the study’s authors, describes the discovery as “extraordinary.” “If you look back 4.6 billion years ago, there’s an incredible story to be told,” he says.

Earth was formed from microscopic particles little larger than the width of a human hair. Astronomers — who, Bergin says, are “very imaginative souls,” — call this “dust.”

These dust particles would collect so much energy from the Sun at their distance from it that they would become too hot for water to condense on them as ice. “This means that when the Earth was born, it was dry,” Bergin says. “So that’s an interesting problem: Where did the water come from?”

If we consider the matter more generally, Bergin asserts, we must ask: Where did all the water in the cosmos originate from? “The universe isn’t made of water, it’s made of atoms,” he explains. “So, at someplace, at some time, those atoms came together in the universe, via chemistry, to form water.”

Fortunately, astronomers can investigate that chemistry in Earth-based laboratories. They are capable of reproducing the circumstances that result in the formation of water. They do this using a process known as isotopic fingerprinting.

They do this using a process known as isotopic fingerprinting. The second kind is deuterium. These elements coexist in a more-or-less stable ratio throughout the solar system: for every deuterium atom, there are around 100,000 hydrogen atoms. Water has around this amount of hydrogen and deuterium.

“But chemistry tells us that under very specific conditions there can be an excess of deuterium,” says Bergin. “That’s what we call a ‘isotopic fingerprint.’ Earth contains a surplus of deuterium, as do comets and asteroids.”

The isotopic fingerprint appears only at very low temperatures, between 10 and 20 degrees above absolute zero (-441 degrees Fahrenheit). “So, because the Earth has this excess of deuterium,” Bergin explains, “we know one thing already: that whatever the source of the water was, it was really, really cold. So now we have to look at star and planet formation and ask, ‘Where is it that cold?’”

When a star starts to develop, temperatures may get so low in just two locations inside the enormous, violent system: within the cloud of gas and dust that surrounds the protostar, or within the accretion disc that begins to form around it. However, there is one more twist: water is also created by a chemical process called ionization. The researchers established that the disc is incapable of powering this chemical reaction by examining a comprehensive model of it.

“This tells you that, of the two potential sources to make the water — the disc and the cloud of gas and dust — the disc can’t do it,” Bergin explains. Therefore, the water with the isotopic fingerprint could only have emerged from the gas and dust — about a million years before the formation of the sun.

Nonetheless, this begs the issue of how this water reached Earth. According to Bergin, planets are generated from the same cloud of gas and dust that collapses and ignites to form a star. Within the cloud, rocks were thrown into space and collided with the particles that eventually created Earth. Although some of them lacked water, they collided with the Earth and amalgamated with it. Additional boulders were flung our way from a greater distance, and these rocks were chilly enough to contain water.

“So as the Earth was being born, these rocks from greater distances supplied the water,” Bergin says. “The water became part of the rocks, and it just out-gassed via volcanoes, and that created the oceans and the atmosphere, and this wonderful planet that we have today.”

Reference(s): 

• Peer-reviewed research paper, 
• Space.com

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https:// sastronomy.vercel }

06-08-2022 om 00:36 geschreven door peter  

As NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover turns 10, scientists and workers celebrate fond memories and lessons of the Red Planet mission

• On August 5, 2012 the Mars Curiosity Rover slowly eased its way onto the surface of the Red Planet and began its journey 

• 'It plays a special role in NASA's Mars exploration program,' said Mars Science Laboratory project scientist Ashwin Vasavada

• JPL systems engineer Sophia Mitchell spoke about her job as a 'space Uber driver,' as she pilots the Curiosity rover from over 100 million miles away 

• 'We're looking forward to seeing you on Mars one day. I can tell you that Curiosity is going to help protect you,' Vasavada told a child who asked a question

By ADAM KOVAC FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Happy landiversary to one of NASA’s proudest accomplishments.

On August 5, 2012 the Mars Curiosity Rover eased its way onto the surface of the Red Planet and began a journey that has gone on eight years longer than planned, collecting valuable data about whether life can be supported there - and if those conditions existed in the past.

As part of the celebration, scientists and mission members from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab and Goddard Space Flight Center, as well as the United States Geological Survey took part in a Twitter Space - basically a chat room of sorts - where they shared fond memories and lessons of the historic mission to the fourth rock from the sun.

Scroll down for video 

On August 5, 2012 the Mars Curiosity Rover slowly eased its way onto the surface of the Red Planet. The rover used the camera at the end of its arm in April and May 2014 to take dozens of component images combined into this self-portrait where the rover drilled into a sandstone target called 'Windjana'

'It plays a special role in NASA's Mars exploration program,' said Mars Science Laboratory project scientist Ashwin Vasavada. 'The ultimate goal is to figure out if life ever evolved on Mars, if it existed in the past or even today.'

To do so, Curiosity was launched on November 26, 2011 from Cape Canaveral. After its months-long journey through space, the 2,000 pound, car-sized rover touched down inside the 3.7 billion-year-old, 100-mile long Gale crater and began its methodical exploration of Mars’ surface.

JPL systems engineer Sophia Mitchell spoke about her job as a 'space Uber driver,' as she pilots the Curiosity rover from over 100 million miles away.  

'It’s definitely a dream job,' she said. 'I'm an aerospace engineer and but I really think of myself as an explorer and so the ultimate exploration job in my mind is getting to drive a massive science robot around on a different planet.'

'It plays a special role in NASA's Mars exploration program,' said Mars Science Laboratory project scientist Ashwin Vasavada. 'The ultimate goal is to figure out if life ever evolved on Mars, if it existed in the past or even today.' The Red Planet is pictured above in a handout from NASA

NASA scientists say that now-dusty Mars was once covered in bodies of water – an indication that this barren planet may have once been host to some form of life, or at least had the capacity to do so. The Mars Curiosity Rover snapped this panorama (above) of the Red Planet

What the rover learned has helped scientists paint a picture of what the planet likely looked like billions of years ago. The answer is that now-dusty Mars was once covered in bodies of water – an indication that this barren planet may have once been host to some form of life, or at least had the capacity to do so. 

That possibility was reinforced by Curiosity’s discovery of organic molecules found while drilling into shallow parts of the planet’s surface. The team spoke excitedly of future missions, such as the European Space Agency’s ExoMars rover, which will be able to dig deeper than Curiosity’s tools allowed.

While the past decade has been filled with discovery, it’s also been fraught with challenges. What was supposed to be a two-year mission has been extended indefinitely and Curiosity has started to show its age, with wear-and-tear on the wheels and a drill that doesn’t operate the way it once did. 

As Mitchell noted, when something breaks on Mars, 'We can’t send someone there to repair it. We just have to figure out how to use what we have to still be able to do what we want.'

Though robots have visited our closest celestial neighbor, that’s a trip that no human has yet been able to take. 

The team enthusiastically endorsed the possibility of mankind one day making it to Mars, a trip that will be aided by vital data on radiation being collected by Curiosity - and probably with the help of Elon Musk's Starship, after it successfully conducts a orbital launch test and brings people to the moon first. 

'I can just say I hope you go to Mars,' Vasavada told one curious child who was picked to ask a question. 'We're looking forward to seeing you on Mars one day and I can tell you that Curiosity is going to help protect you.' 

As Mitchell noted, when something breaks on Mars, 'We can’t send someone there to repair it. We just have to figure out how to use what we have to still be able to do what we want.' This is an artist's concept of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft approaching Mars

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

06-08-2022 om 00:17 geschreven door peter  

The Curiosity rover has been exploring Mars for 10 years. Here's what we've learned.

Related: 

• Celebrate 10 years of NASA's Curiosity rover with these incredible images (gallery)

In order to find these key signatures of habitability on Mars, Curiosity carries with it tools to drill into the surface of the planet and spectrometers like the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) and Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) that can analyze the resulting samples. Within the rover's first few years on the planet, it had already discovered key requirements for life.

"So we found, one, Mars was habitable, and two, that those habitable environments persisted for tens of millions of years, most likely, maybe even hundreds of millions of years, which was surprising and exciting," Fraeman said.

The rover's research into the rock and soil of Mars also yielded new information about groundwater cycles on Mars. "All of the rocks that we've driven through show not only the signature of water when they were originally deposited, but this later overprinting of one or two or dozens of cycles of groundwater circulating through the rocks," Fraeman said. "And so it really emphasized the importance of subsurface water on Mars, which is something that would have been a really important process."

But in a decade of exploration, Curiosity has discovered much more than the building blocks of life. "One of the types of science that doesn't get mentioned a whole lot, but is really important and really interesting, is the environmental science we've been doing," Fraeman said.

Curiosity has radiation detectors and environmental and atmospheric sensors that have been put to good use on Mars. For instance, throughout its wanderings, when Curiosity approached geological formations like cliffs and buttes, the rover's instruments detected that the rocks blocked radiation from reaching it. "We can now use that for models for future astronauts. For example, can you use natural terrain as shielding?" Fraeman said.

She's also enthralled by Curiosity's study of Martian weather, noting that just last year, Curiosity photographed beautiful clouds known as noctilucent clouds, which appear at sunset during winter.

Although Curiosity's original mission timeline lasted just under two Earth years, a decade out the rover continues to be in relatively good health — good enough to continue its work. "We do have a little bit of arthritis, a little bit of aches and pains in the joints," Fraeman said. Its wheels, for instance, have developed quite a few holes after some 17.5 miles (28 kilometers) of travel with a 2,000-foot (600 meters) elevation gain. But Fraeman noted that the wheels are accumulating damage at a relatively slow rate, allowing Curiosity to continue moving.

"I think what's most remarkable to me is all the science instruments are basically working as well as they did when we landed," she said. "We're still able to do the same quality and breadth of science that we were 10 years ago, and that's pretty extraordinary."

Next up for Curiosity is an investigation into what happened to the once-habitable climate of Mars and how long the region remained habitable as the water began to dry up. While the rover spent the past decade exploring lake environments — most recently, a region where sand dunes formed as lakes disappeared — the team is now sending the explorer even higher up Mount Sharp.

"We're so close to reaching what we call the Layered-Sulfate unit, which is a completely different portion of Mount Sharp," Fraeman said. "We see from orbit that it has a different texture, a different mineralogy, and we think this is going to represent a very different environmental time on Mars. We're excited to see just what this environmental change was, how it's reflected in the rock record, and what that means for habitability."

But before Curiosity gets to all that, the team is going to spend a little time celebrating the anniversary. "Those of us who are local in Pasadena, we're going to have a party. We're going to get some Thai food, we'll have a raffle," Fraeman said. "I think it'll just be a joyous occasion to celebrate the accomplishments and hopefully look forward to more fun science.

• Follow Stefanie Waldek on Twitter @StefanieWaldek. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. 

{ https://www.space.com/ }

05-08-2022 om 23:59 geschreven door peter  

After death, you’re aware that you’ve died, say scientists

05-08-2022 om 23:21 geschreven door peter  

In recent decades, scientists have been studying near-death experiences (NDEs) in an attempt to gain insights into how death overcomes the brain. 

Some people who have NDEs can later report, with accuracy, what was taking place around them, even though medical professionals considered them clinically dead or unconscious at the time. 

While the exact mechanisms behind NDEs remain unclear, research suggests that we remain conscious for about two to 20 seconds after our breathing and heartbeat stop... Read more 

A psychiatrist studied 1,000 near-death experiences. Here’s what he discovered.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

05-08-2022 om 23:00 geschreven door peter  

3 UFOs or possibly a triangle UFO over Benidorm, Spain

This triangular formation was filmed over Benidorm, Spain on 10th July 2022.

Witness report: 

In the early morning of July 10th 2022 at 1:31 A.M. I was sitting outside with my Night Vision monocular watching the stars when suddenly 3 lights came flying in my field of vision. I immediately started recording and followed the lights for about 20 seconds until they disappeared behind a branch of a tree in the forefront. At first I thought they were 3 separate UFOs but it could as well have been a single big triangular UFO turning on its axis. Attached you find the recording so you can judge for yourself.

RELATED VIDEOS ( peter2011)

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

05-08-2022 om 22:55 geschreven door peter  

Pilot Andy Danziger on witnessing a huge UFO on a flight from Kansas to Iowa, 1989 #uap

Large white disc turned into a giant red ball. April 1989, on a flight between Kansas and Iowa.

Witnessed by pilot Andrew Danziger.
Date interview: May, 2015.

{  https://www.youtube.com/ }

05-08-2022 om 00:23 geschreven door peter  

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

04-08-2022 om 23:56 geschreven door peter  

{ https://nationalufocenter.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 23:12 geschreven door peter  

UFO Sightings in the United States

Sightings are from MUFON CMS

Arizona Lights

Tonalea on July 22, 2022, we looked up and thought it was a shooting star but it didn’t change at all. It was a long string of lights that were at an angle but didn’t fly in an angle. It went straight across the sky and never faded or changed. The lights reminded me of white Christmas lights, but they didn’t twinkle.

California Object

Fresno on July 22, 2022, Huge cigar shaped object moving at a slow constant pace for the south to the north with a slight decent’

Colorado Light

Fort Garland on July 22, 2022, craft itself was dark, and did not reflect. Looked super low and slow, with 12 port holes. Felt like I was on display. I had my laser pointer on and I got Lazard back. I was able to capture a light trail in one photo.

Connecticut Object

Stratford on July 15, 2022, observed a black object high overhead in a cloudless sky. Object remained fixed in position at roughly 50,000 feet. Used my Galaxy 10 to get 16 pictures and each object is a totally different shape. It appears to be a portal as it disappeared instantly.

Florida Disc and Lights

Sanderson on July 16, 2022,  we were driving through the forest near a lake ‘took a picture. ‘I noticed something in the image and zoomed in and it looked like a UFO, so I quickly took another but nothing there. My son caught the image too.

Illinois Lights

Granville on July 8, 2022, it was hovering above the store I noticed it when I approached my car

Kansas Orbs

Leavenworth on November 11, 2021, I saw 9 orbs flying in formation toward a flight of F-16’s during the Annual Veterans Day Parade. Prior to the flyby I witnessed the orbs forming into various groups.  At least six orbs were in a three by two formation. After passing the flyby they formed a four-point formation then all of them disappeared to the west at a great speed.

Update – July 23, 2022: The video taken by the witness has been clipped to the time when the objects passed by the jets.  Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/

Massachusetts Light

Chelmsford on July 15 2022, Tic tac, oblong shaped object in the sky with a trail, disappeared after second photo. 8:01 PM, Friday, 15 July 2022. No other objects in the sky.

Michigan Light

Cheboygan on July 12 , 2022,  saw a rectangle shape in the sky flying very slow straight line. It was very white in color after it flew pass the tree and was gone

Missouri Object

Mountain Grove on June 28, 2022, I was out in my back yard to take some photos of the sun. Looking thru the pictures I took I noticed a flying object in 2 of the photos taken. The second photo taken at 1:00 it has changed direction and is on the left side of the sun.

New Jersey Lights

Maple Shade on July 17, 2022, it was moving sideways at 1 am as a red light but flashed a bright white or blue. It would move up and down. I got a little scared because the UFO would come towards me. When it came close it shined real bright. I’m still in awe.

New York Object

Haverstraw on July 14 , 2022,  anomalous silent object seemed to change shape. No blinking lights but seemed to have a fixed bright light or may have been reflection from the su.

North Carolina Orb

Nagshead on July 20, 2022,  see the video seen in multiple cameras.

South Carolina Lights

Spartanburg July 18, 2022, we saw these lights at about 10:30 PM off of Carolina Country Club Road. The objects were moving east out of the woods behind our home. These were not meteors. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/

Texas Object

While on June 12,  2022,. I like to take images of birds and saw the object for a few minutes that I thought was moving like a balloon. I noticed the Sun making it shine on the outside and it appeared to be spinning. The out- side was gray and each side had a different shape and a white circle in the middle..

Virginia Object

On July 6, 2022, I have an interesting way of taking videos of aliens. I start by calling them in saying ancient space words Marc Brinkerhoff has taught: “Adonai Vasu Barragas, Ahum Sah-bah Sinmah Nurem, Ne Selnik Mu Shulmac Tublia Nic Tu Nah and Sha-Neh-Ki Tah-Kah Takeh Thumie.” I then point my camera towards the sky and start taking my videos, indiscriminately. I am taking videos of only a small portion of the sky, but I feel the ETs will pose for me. I go and put the videos on my computer. I send love, gratitude and reverence and thank the ETs for showing up. Thanks to Dan Johnson to the honor and glory of God,

Washington D.C. Lights

District of Columbia May 7, 2021, I felt as if something was around, I could feel it in my gut, then captured this action and took a photo

Wisconsin Object

Milwaukee on July 23 , 2022,  US Air Show with jets – video shows something exiting stage left quickly. I was using an iPhone 13 Pro.

Worldwide UFO Sightings

Australia  Lights

Perth on July 12 , 2022,  saw a row of 30-40 lights continued in a straight, synchronised line, from one side of the horizon to the other. My son and I felt we could make out a rectangular shape structure. Note: The witnesses saw Star-Link communication satellites.

Magill on July 17, 2022, about 10 lights flew in the northeast direction at regular intervals. One light in the middle moved backwards, and after awhile it disappeared. I took it with my cell phone camera.

Canada Rectangle

‘ Kitchener on July 15 , 2022,  I was in my bedroom when I was surprised to see a pulsating glowing actual craft. I looked out my window it suddenly shot straight up and disappeared. The shape was rectangular and it  was surrounded by red and orange glowing lights. In January, I saw a white glowing orb leave my property.

Costa Rica Disk

Santa Barbara on June  6, 2022,  I got pictured, then 6 seconds later it was gone

Ecuador Lights

Guayaquil on July  28 , 2022,  took several pictures with family. After reviewing all pictures, I noticed up to 5 objects in the sky of different sizes, colors and have an orb halo surrounding it.

UK/England Object

Moreton  on July  8, 2022,  I was visiting from Qatar, where I work as an Editor for a think tank. I watched a commercial jet descend into London Airport, 20 miles from our house, and then saw a glowing object hurtling through the sky. The object above the garden, tossed and turned, darkened and then lit up and disappeared

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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women; God Bless Our Troops, and Georgie, Elizabeth, and Victoria Filer, and Eddie Pedrick. May the Angels be your guide and take you to paradise.

Put another way, a young person in the U.S. is nearly 11 times as likely to die in a swimming pool than in a school shooting. Few public officials would say pools are doing a poor job protecting swimmers, but the statistics suggest that we need “more lifeguards at pools, as opposed to guards at schools,” Fox said

The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.

CAUTION MOST OF THESE ARE INITIAL REPORTS AND REQUIRE FURTHER INVESTIGATION. If you wish to stop receiving these files, please send a message to Majorstar@verizon.net.

Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.

{ https://nationalufocenter.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 23:12 geschreven door peter  

Galactic wagon wheel! James Webb Space Telescope captures stunning new infrared image of the Cartwheel Galaxy and its central black hole 500 million light-years from Earth

• James Webb Space Telescope has peered into chaos of the Cartwheel Galaxy, revealing new details about star formation and the galaxy's central black hole

• The stunning image provides new view of how Cartwheel Galaxy has changed over billions of years

• The Cartwheel Galaxy, located about 500 million light-years away, is a rare sight

By SAM TONKIN FOR MAILONLINE

It has been carrying out scientific operations for less than a month but NASA's James Webb is once again wowing with its view of the universe.

The super space telescope has now peered into the chaos of the Cartwheel Galaxy, revealing new details about star formation and the galaxy's central black hole.

Its powerful infrared gaze produced a detailed image of the Cartwheel and two smaller companion galaxies against a backdrop of many other galaxies.

Located about 500 million light-years away in the Sculptor constellation, the Cartwheel Galaxy is a rare sight. 

Its appearance, much like that of the wheel of a wagon, is the result of an intense event — a high-speed collision between a large spiral galaxy and a smaller galaxy not visible in this image.

Other telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, have previously examined the Cartwheel. 

But the dramatic galaxy has been shrouded in mystery — perhaps literally, given the amount of dust that obscures the view. 

Fireworks: The James Webb Space Telescope is once again wowing with its view of the universe. It has peered into the chaos of the Cartwheel Galaxy (pictured), revealing new details about star formation and the galaxy's central black hole

This image from Webb's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) shows a group of galaxies, including a large distorted ring-shaped galaxy known as the Cartwheel

Webb, with its ability to detect infrared light, now uncovers new insights into the nature of the Cartwheel.

The Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), Webb's primary imager, looks in the near-infrared range from 0.6 to 5 microns, seeing crucial wavelengths of light that can reveal even more stars than observed in visible light. 

This is because young stars, many of which are forming in the outer ring, are less obscured by the presence of dust when observed in infrared light. In this image, NIRCam data are colored blue, orange, and yellow. 

The galaxy displays many individual blue dots, which are individual stars or pockets of star formation. 

NIRCam also reveals the difference between the smooth distribution or shape of the older star populations and dense dust in the core compared to the clumpy shapes associated with the younger star populations outside of it.

The $10 billion (£7.4 billion) observatory's image also provides a new view of how the Cartwheel Galaxy has changed over billions of years. 

Collisions of galactic proportions cause a cascade of different, smaller events between the galaxies involved; the Cartwheel is no exception.

The collision most notably affected the galaxy's shape and structure. 

The Cartwheel Galaxy sports two rings — a bright inner ring and a surrounding, colorful ring. These rings expand outwards from the center of the collision, like ripples in a pond after a stone is tossed into it. 

Because of these distinctive features, astronomers call this a 'ring galaxy', a structure less common than spiral galaxies like our Milky Way.

The bright core contains a tremendous amount of hot dust with the brightest areas being the home to gigantic young star clusters. 

On the other hand, the outer ring, which has expanded for about 440 million years, is dominated by star formation and supernovas. As this ring expands, it plows into surrounding gas and triggers star formation.

Webb's infrared capabilities allow it to 'see back in time' to the Big Bang, which happened 13.8 billion years ago. Light waves move extremely fast, about 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, every second. The further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking. This is because of the time it takes light to travel from the object to us

The $10 billion (£7.4 billion) observatory (pictured) provided a new view of how the Cartwheel Galaxy has changed over billions of years

Learning finer details about the dust that inhabits the galaxy, however, requires Webb's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). 

MIRI data are coloured red in this composite image, revealing regions within the Cartwheel Galaxy rich in hydrocarbons and other chemical compounds, as well as silicate dust, like much of the dust on Earth. 

These regions form a series of spiraling spokes that essentially form the galaxy’s skeleton. 

The spokes are evident in previous Hubble observations released in 2018, but they become much more prominent in this Webb image.

While Webb gives us a snapshot of the current state of the Cartwheel, it also provides insight into what happened to this galaxy in the past and how it will evolve in the future.

Last month the telescope's dazzling, unprecedented images of a 'stellar nursery', dying star cloaked by dust and a 'cosmic dance' between a group of galaxies were revealed to the world for the first time.

It put an end to months of waiting and feverish anticipation as people across the globe were treated to the first batch of a treasure trove of images that will culminate in the earliest ever look at the dawn of the universe.

Webb's infrared capabilities mean it can 'see back in time' to within a mere 100-200 million years of the Big Bang, allowing it to snap pictures of the very first stars to shine in the universe more than 13.5 billion years ago.

Its first images of nebulae, an exoplanet and galaxy clusters triggered huge celebration in the scientific world, on what was hailed a 'great day for humanity'.

Researchers will soon begin to learn more about the galaxies' masses, ages, histories and compositions, as Webb seeks to explore the earliest galaxies in the universe.

The James Webb Telescope: NASA's $10 billion telescope is designed to detect light from the earliest stars and galaxies

The James Webb telescope has been described as a 'time machine' that could help unravel the secrets of our universe.

The telescope will be used to look back to the first galaxies born in the early universe more than 13.5 billion years ago, and observe the sources of stars, exoplanets, and even the moons and planets of our solar system.

The vast telescope, which has already cost more than $7 billion (£5 billion), is considered a successor to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope

The James Webb Telescope and most of its instruments have an operating temperature of roughly 40 Kelvin – about minus 387 Fahrenheit (minus 233 Celsius).

It is the world's biggest and most powerful orbital space telescope, capable of peering back 100-200 million years after the Big Bang.

The orbiting infrared observatory is designed to be about 100 times more powerful than its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope.

NASA likes to think of James Webb as a successor to Hubble rather than a replacement, as the two will work in tandem for a while. 

The Hubble telescope was launched on April 24, 1990, via the space shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.

It circles the Earth at a speed of about 17,000mph (27,300kph) in low Earth orbit at about 340 miles in altitude. 

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04-08-2022 om 21:37 geschreven door peter  

James Webb Space Telescope maakt foto van ringvormig Karrenwielstelsel

NASA, het Europees ruimtevaartagentschap ESA en de Canadese ruimtevaartorganisatie CSA hebben een nieuwe foto gepubliceerd die afkomstig is van de James Webb Space Telescope. Het betreft een composietfoto van het aparte Karrenwielstelsel, dat zich op zo’n 500 miljoen lichtjaar van de aarde bevindt.

Joris Jansen 

Bron: Tweakers

Het Karrenwielstelsel was volgens de ruimtevaartorganisaties tot nu toe altijd een beetje in nevelen gehuld door de grote hoeveelheden stof. Hubble heeft voorheen ook naar dit sterrenstelsel gekeken, maar bijvoorbeeld de ‘spaken’ in het wiel zijn veel beter zichtbaar op de nieuwe afbeelding. Hubble is dan ook veel minder dan James Webb gespecialiseerd in het infrarode deel van het spectrum en die specifieke capaciteit is nodig om door stof heen te kijken. 

Lees ook

• 

  James Webb-telescoop vindt verst verwijderde sterrenstelsels, die zowat 250 miljoen jaar na de oerknal ontstonden

• 

  James Webb-telescoop loopt volgend jaar weer gevaar op beschadiging door gruis van komeet Halley

De verschillende instrumenten van de James Webb-telescoop brengen een aantal zaken aan het licht. Zo zijn individuele sterren en sterrenvormingsregio’s in het sterrenstelsel te zien en is in het centrum het gedrag van een zwart gat zichtbaar. De afbeelding is een composiet, een samenstelling van data van de Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) en het Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI).

De data van James Webb maken eens te meer duidelijk dat het Karrenwielstelsel zich in een overgangsfase bevindt. Het was vermoedelijk ooit een normaal sterrenstelsel zoals de Melkweg, maar in het verleden was er een botsing op hoge snelheid tussen een groot spiraalstelsel en een klein sterrenstelsel dat niet zichtbaar is op de afbeelding. Door de botsing zijn de vorm en structuur veranderd; er is sprake van twee ringen en astronomen noemen het dan ook een ringsterrenstelsel. Vorige maand publiceerden de ruimtevaartorganisaties de eerste vijf afbeeldingen van James Webb.

Lees ook:

• James Webb-telescoop vindt verst verwijderde sterrenstelsels, die zowat 250 miljoen jaar na de oerknal ontstonden

• NASA toont nieuwe spectaculaire beelden van James Webb-telescoop: bekijk ze hier

• Zo heb je Jupiter nog nooit gezien: James Webb-telescoop maakte nog meer verbluffende beelden

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04-08-2022 om 21:00 geschreven door peter  

Most Bizarre Discoveries Found On The Beach!

If you’re an ardent beach goer, then you must have seen different creatures on the beach sands or maybe even made some discoveries of your own. However, whatever you may have found is nothing compared to the creatures and things in our list of 10 of the most bizarre discoveries found on the beach. Are you keen to find out for yourself?

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 20:43 geschreven door peter  

A Massive Hole Just Opened Up in Chile — And It’s Still Growing

By Elijah Cohen

Geologists in Chile are investigating a strange sinkhole that emerged over the weekend that’s still growing, leaving local authorities baffled.

The massive hole — 656-feet deep and the width of the White House (82 feet)—appeared over the weekend outside of the town of Tierra Amarilla in the Atacama region on land owned and operated by Canada’s Lundin Mining company.

“There is a considerable distance, approximately 200 meters (656 feet), to the bottom,” David Montenegro, Sernageomin’s director, said in a statement. “We haven’t detected any material down there, but we have seen the presence of a lot of water.”

Chile’s National Service of Geology and Mining, Sernageomin, sent specialists to help all relevant authorities with the investigation into the area—roughly 413 miles north of the capital, Santiago—to see if the massive sinkhole has a connection to the Canadian company’s mining operations in the region.

The entire mining site has been shut down for the investigation as local authorities have so far been unable to offer an explanation for the 656-foot-deep hole.

Lundin Mining said in their statement that none of the workers present were hurt or in any way impacted by the massive sinkhole.

“Upon detection, the area was immediately isolated, and the relevant regulatory authorities notified. There has been no impact to personnel, equipment or infrastructure.”

“The closest home is more than 600m (1,969ft) away while any populated area or public service are almost a kilometre away from the affected zone,” the official statement from the company added.

However, Canadian mining companies have been operating throughout Latin America over the years, having been accused of a wide variety of environmental and human rights violations.

Tierra Amarilla’s mayor, Cristóbal Zúñiga, told a local radio station that the community living near the mine “has always had a fear that something like this could happen.”

“Today it happened in a space that’s an agricultural property, but our greatest fear now is that this could happen in a populated place, on a street, in a school,” said Zuñiga.

“Protecting the integrity of our inhabitants is our greatest concern at the moment.”

Unfortunately for this community, the mysterious sinkhole nearby is still growing.

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Source: 

• The Mind Unleashed

Source: 

• https://www.naturalblaze.com/2022/08/strange-sinkhole-appears-a-massive-hole-just-opened-up-in-chile-and-its-still-growing.html

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

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04-08-2022 om 20:16 geschreven door peter  

Dark matter from 12 billion years ago detected for the 1st time

By Robert Lea 

Scientists used a fossil relic left over from the Big Bang to perform the earliest detection of dark matter ever.

An artist's depiction of a galaxy. 

(Image credit: iStock/Getty Images Plus)

Scientists have discovered dark matter around galaxies that existed about 12 billion years ago, the earliest detection yet of this mysterious substance that dominates the universe. 

The findings, achieved by a collaboration led by researchers from Japan's Nagoya University, suggest that dark matter in the early universe is less 'clumpy' than predicted by many current cosmological models. If further work confirms this theory, it could change scientists' understanding of how galaxies evolve and suggest that the fundamental rules governing the cosmos could have been different when the 13.7 billion-year-old universe was just 1.7 billion years old. 

The key to mapping dark matter in the very early universe the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a sort of fossil radiation left over from the Big Bang that is distributed throughout the entire cosmos. 

"Look at dark matter around distant galaxies? It was a crazy idea. No one realized we could do this," University of Tokyo professor Masami Ouchi said in a statement. "But after I gave a talk about a large distant galaxy sample, Hironao came to me and said it may be possible to look at dark matter around these galaxies with the CMB."

Related: 

• With the James Webb Space Telescope in full operations, scientists look to reveal the earliest galaxies

Because light takes a finite time to travel from distant objects to Earth, astronomers see other galaxies as they existed when the observed light left them. The more distant a galaxy, the longer the light has been traveling to us and thus the further back in time we see them, so we see the most distant galaxies as they were billions of years ago, in the infant universe. 

Observing dark matter is even trickier. Dark matter is the mysterious substance that makes up around 85% of the total mass of the universe. It doesn't interact with matter and light like the everyday matter made of protons and neutrons that fills stars, planets and us.

Detecting 'early' dark matter 

To 'see' dark matter at all, astronomers must rely on its interaction with gravity. 

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, objects of tremendous mass cause the curvature of space-time. A common analogy is a stretchy rubber sheet holding balls of increasing mass. The greater the mass, the larger the 'dent' it causes in the sheet. Likewise, the larger the cosmic object, the more extreme the warping of space-time it causes.

Massive objects like galaxies cause space-time to curve so strongly that light from sources behind a galaxy is curved, just like the path of a marble rolled across the stretched rubber sheet would deviate. This effect shifts the position of the light source in the sky, a phenomenon called gravitational lensing.

To study the distribution of dark matter in a galaxy, astronomers can observe how light from a source behind that galaxy is changed as it passes the 'lens galaxy.' The more dark matter a lens galaxy contains,s the greater the distortion of the light passing it. 

But the technique has limitations. 

Because the earliest and most distant galaxies are very faint, as astronomers look deeper into the universe and further back in time, the lensing effect becomes more subtle and difficult to see and scientists need both a lot of background sources and a lot of early galaxies to spot lensing by dark matter. This problem has limited the mapping of dark matter distribution to galaxies that are around 8 to 10 billion years old. 

But the CMB provides a more ancient light source than any galaxy. The CMB is ubiquitous radiation that was created when the universe cooled enough to allow atoms to form, reducing the number of photon-scattering free electrons in a moment cosmologists call 'the last scattering.' The reduction in free electrons allowed photons to travel freely, meaning that the universe suddenly stopped being opaque and became transparent to light.

And just like light from other distant sources, the CMB can be distorted by galaxies with dark matter due to gravitational lensing.

"Most researchers use source galaxies to measure dark matter distribution from the present to 8 billion years ago," University of Tokyo assistant professor Yuichi Harikane said in the statement. "However, we could look further back into the past because we used the more distant CMB to measure dark matter."

The team combined lensing distortions of a large sample of ancient galaxies with those of the CMB to detect dark matter dating back to when the universe was just 1.7 billion years old. And this ancient dark matter paints a very different cosmic picture.

"For the first time, we were measuring dark matter from almost the earliest moments of the universe," Harikane said. "12 billion years ago, things were very different. You see more galaxies that are in the process of formation than at the present; the first galaxy clusters are starting to form as well." 

These clusters can be comprised of between 100 and 1,000 galaxies bound to large amounts of dark matter by gravity.

Is dark matter clumpy? 

One of the most significant aspects of the team's findings is the possibility that dark matter is less clumpy in the early universe than many current models suggest it should be. 

For example, the widely accepted Lambda-CDM model suggests that tiny fluctuations in the CMB should have resulted in gravity creating densely packed pockets of matter. These fluctuations eventually lead matter to collapse to form galaxies, stars and planets, and should also result in dense pockets of dark matter. 

"Our finding is still uncertain," Harikane said. "But if it is true, it would suggest that the entire model is flawed as you go further back in time. This is exciting because if the result holds after the uncertainties are reduced, it could suggest an improvement of the model that may provide insight into the nature of dark matter itself."

The team will continue to collect data to assess whether the Lambda-CDM model conforms to observations of dark matter in the early universe or if the assumptions behind the model need to be revised. 

RELATED STORIES:

• Dazzling James Webb Space Telescope image prompts science scramble
• Hubble telescope looks deep into the Needle's Eye in this dwarf spiral galaxy photo
• James Webb Space Telescope beats its own record with potential most distant galaxies 

The data used by the team to reach their findings originated from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey, which analyzes data from a telescope in Hawai'i. But the researchers have used only a third of this data thus far, meaning that a better dark matter distribution map could be available as the rest of the observations are incorporated. 

The team is also looking forward to data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) which could allow the researchers to look at dark matter even further back in time.

"LSST will allow us to observe half the sky," Harikane said. "I don't see any reason we couldn't see the dark matter distribution 13 billion years ago next."

The team's research was published Aug. 1 in the journal Physical Review Letters. 

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04-08-2022 om 17:52 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers Measure the Signal of Dark Matter From 12 Billion Years ago

Although the particles of dark matter continue to allude us, astronomers continue to find evidence of it. In a recent study, they have seen its effect from the edge of visible space, when the universe was just 1.5 billion years old.

An artist's depiction of a galaxy. 

(Image credit: iStock/Getty Images Plus)

Dark matter doesn’t emit its own light, nor does it absorb light like a dark cloud. But it does affect light gravitationally. So clumps of dark matter create a gravitational lens that deflects and focuses light. Astronomers have long used this effect to map dark matter within galactic clusters. You can even see this lensing effect in the recent Webb deep field images. The light from more distant galaxies is warped by the mass of closer galaxies, which astronomers can map to calculate the distribution of dark matter in those closer galaxies.

But in this latest study, the galaxies are so distant that there aren’t really any more distant galaxies. Certainly none bright enough that we can see their lensed light. So instead, the team used the light from the cosmic microwave background (CMB). To map dark matter, the team used data from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey (HSC), and identified about 1.5 million faint and distant galaxies. They then used data from the Plank satellite to see how CMB light was deflected. From this, they created a map of dark matter in the early universe.

It’s the most distant measure of dark matter ever made, and it opens a possible crack in our current model of the universe. In the standard cosmological model, known as the LCDM model, dark energy drives the expansion of the universe, striving to push galaxies apart, while the gravitational attraction of matter and dark matter cause galaxies to clump together. According to LCDM, the scale at which we observe fluctuations in the cosmic background drives the scale at which galaxies cluster together, which tells us how densely galaxies should be clustered in the early universe. In this latest work, the amount of galactic clustering in the early period is slightly less than predicted by the LCDM model.

The uncertainty of the team’s measurements means their result isn’t conclusive. It’s possible that they simply under measured the clumping scale. But if it’s right, it suggests that the laws of the universe were a bit different 12 billion years ago. Combined with observations that show a tension in the rate of cosmic expansion, they could be on to something.

There are a lot of possibilities. But the biggest success of this work is that we now have actual data. It’s a big first step, and as we get more data from telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Vera Rubin Observatory, we should be able to solve this mystery, and finally learn if the cosmic laws really were different in the dark and distant past.

Reference: 

• Miyatake,Hironao, et al. “First Identification of a CMB Lensing Signal Produced by 1.5 Million Galaxies at z ~ 4: Constraints on Matter Density Fluctuations at High Redshift.” Physical Review Letters 129.6 (2022): 061301.

The post Astronomers Measure the Signal of Dark Matter From 12 Billion Years ago appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/157006/astronomers-measure-the-signal-of-dark-matter-from-12-billion-years-ago/

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04-08-2022 om 17:25 geschreven door peter  

White Craft Over Maceio, Brazil On July 10, 2022, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: July 10, 2022
Location of sighting: Maceio, Brazil

 

Watch this video and you will see a white disk craft moving across the Brazilian sky. At one point you can see it tilting and see that it is a disk. Remarkable footage and very steady hand with the camera. Hats off to this eyewitness on his camera skills. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 16:50 geschreven door peter  

Glowing Object Over Cortez, Colorado On Aug 1, 2022, - Video - UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Aug 1, 2022

Location of sighting: Cortez, Colorado, USA

 

A glowing object was recorded over Colorado a few days ago. The object moved with purpose and seemed to be intelligently controlled. Colorado is the #1 state in the US for white sphere UFO. #2 is Texas. So many people in Colorado have seen these UFOs that police officers, mayors, governors and judges are among a few. Often thousands at a time witness them. This came from the alien base below the Rocky Mountains. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

Eyewitness states: 

Camping with my son observing many stars in cloudless sky. Observed planes and satellites throughout night with identification of blinking lights and obvious satellite identification. Observed a very bright, silent, slow-moving light, starting from the northeast from a vantage point looking at ~45° angle from 5'5" individual from coordinates 37°21'39.9"N 108°57'13.1"W facing to the northeast and traveling over a 2 minute or more period a 45°span to the southeast, at which point it appeared to "turn" or change course to directly east direction and "faded" (appeared to move quickly with no trail) absolutely silently out of sight. In attached video you can see the relative brightness of the object as it passes by a bright star. Was standing ~5 back from a ~12 tall tree used as movement reference.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 16:41 geschreven door peter  

Dozens of UFOs show up at Space Station, NASA cuts off screen, 7-22-2022 UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: 7-22-2022

Location of sighting: Earths orbit at ISS

Source: Email Report

Youtuber: Cosmic Navigation at

•  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYr9w6OeYVs

I got this email report today from a researcher who caught several glowing objects moving past the space station. Some of the objects even turn to join others. Very cool, very amazing and 100% proof that intelligent aliens exist. What more can you ask for? These are disks, the classic types with the humps in the middle. The hump is facing the spaces station because the pilots want to see the ISS up close and personal with their own eyes. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

04-08-2022 om 16:35 geschreven door peter