Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
08-11-2021
Filer’s Files 43, 2021 - Does God Have an Air Force? - PART II
Houston, Texas – Ellington Air show on October 9, 2021
Filer’s Files 43, 2021 - Does God Have an Air Force? - PART II
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
Special Reports: Does God Have an Air Force? China Has New Global Nuclear Missile, Unknown Submerged Object Damages Submarine U.S.S. Connecticut, Jack Sarfatti Writes, School Boards Need Parents to Run for Election, and Strange Craft. AFA/UFO Conference October 30.
,Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Maier, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Vermont and West Virginia.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Australia, France, Germany Romania, and England in the United Kingdom.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Send these files to your friends and
UFO Sightings in the United States
Sightings are from MUFON CMS
Alabama Object
Dauphin Island – on October 21, 2021, my son & I at around 7:30 PM people on the beach started yelling that there is something massive hovering over the oil rigs a mile or two off the island. I was on the top deck of the beach turned and saw hundreds of lights light up as if communicating in a straight line. The line of lights was well over 500 feet long about a 1,000 feet or slightly higher in altitude. I know that there were ten of us that saw this object of lights. It literally lit up the night sky over the oil rigs. I’m sure someone on the oil rigs probably had a better view than us. It wasn’t a flare. The object lit up multiple times & would turn off & light up again. Orange lights, red lights, white lights, amber lights. The lights would move in a left to right pattern. My phone was charging in the beach house. I’m not sure if the witnesses on the beach were able to video tape it. I have video & photos of the area where the object was, but it was from the afternoon & not of the object.
Arizona Light
Phoenix– on October 14, 2021, I was outside the house with my dogs and saw a solid bright orange orb. It was silent so it wasn’t either a helicopter or plane. It started to move east fast as it flashes and disappears into the night sky.
California Object
Los Angeles – on September 15, 2021, I noticed something bright and metallic looking hovering in the sky. I started filming when the silent object changed shape and spun. I called the kids over and we could easily tell that it wasn’t a plane, helicopter, drone, or balloon. The object did not have a definite shape and “flashed” at times. The object e slowly moved east and disappeared. I had seen something “similar” in Los Angeles 13 days later.
Note: I agree with the witness. I don’t believe that the object is a plane, helicopter, balloon or drone. The flashing could be the object reflecting the Sun while turning on its axis? Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
Florida Lights
Lithia – on October 16, 2021, a strange ring was seen and photographed that may be a cloud, but it is quite unusual. It may not have been caused by a natural process such as a rocket launch. I have had reports where witnesses seen disk shaped UFO’s leave a ring shaped residue as if it was some sort of propulsion process. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite.
JACKSONVILLE — on September 6, 2021 – (Labor Day), I was landing on a Jet Blue flight from Boston, to as a pilot with 26 years’ experience on approach to Jacksonville. Airport. Facing Weston approach, I saw three bright white objects flying in the opposite direction. I didn’t know what they were. I couldn’t tell as they got closer, they were three long cylindrical objects. They were in a triangle pattern. They were roughly 75 feet to 150 feet above the tree line. I was above the objects. I was completely stunned what I saw.
I could clearly see these white “craft”. about the size of 2 or 3 cars (20 to 45 feet long) …. maybe a bit longer. The width was about as wide as a car. They clearly had a rounded front fuselage, and a rounded rear – everything looked completely smooth. All three were the exact same size – and they were flying in a perfect triangle. These three had NO wings, NO blades and absolutely NO exhaust. I could not see any windows. The entire encounter lasted 10-15 seconds. As they passed our Jet Blue flight, I followed them until they were out of sight. I asked the captain if he noticed anything on radar right before he turned the base leg. He said he did not notice anything. Depiction of sighting. Thanks to Peter Davenport Director of NUFORC
Idaho Object
Peter Davenport Director of the UFO Reporting Center called and said a September 3, 2021, from May, Idaho was a large football field size rectangle lighting up the whole sky.
Maine Light
Limestone – on October 19, 2021, I took my dog out at 1:15 am, and saw an odd circle with red, white, and blue strobing lights. It changed elongated shape to a circle shape with three lights randomly spinning around the outer edge. When it went to star like it was white and blue before it disappeared.
New Jersey Lights
Newfoundland– on August 15, 2021, saw this unnatural looking object moving quickly across the sky in a Northwesterly direction. There were no wings, no lights, no sounds. To was solid black, but the video and screen shots show a reflective upper surface
New York Object
Cadyville – on October15, 2021, it began with a humming sound and a feeling of electricity in my body. I heard it before I saw it and I knew right where to look. A distinct lights lit up the clouds. I could make out the form of a translucent pyramid shape of a powerful energy with 3 red lights in a triangle shape. It would move to the front of my house and fly in circles. It hovered for 20 minutes making a soft humming engine sound. Later, I was outside with my husband describing g what happened when a light appeared wasn’t moving like a plane. It continued straight toward us so slowly and seemed to glow. It did flash a silent red light, which my husband still says means it’s a helicopter.
Texas Disc
Houston– on October 9, 2021, while photographing performing airplanes at the Wings Over Houston Airshow at Ellington Air Force Base, my father noticed a small metallic object at least 12,000 a much higher altitude than the 1,000 feet performing aircraft. It hovered for about 5 minutes, and it was clear it was not an airplane. After a few minutes, the object drift to a different point in the sky and hovered. It didn’t show any evidence of engines or afterburners. My father took a picture of it with his DSLR camera and after five minutes it moved behind some clouds. My father is an engineer, and I am an engineering college student.
West Virginia Object
Seneca Rocks — on October 14, 2021, 3 Pictures taken at Seneca Rocks in progression.
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Australia Light
Merbein– on October 18, 2021, each night for the last week there has been UFO activity that occurs between 11pm and 2-3am. An orange amber colored glowing light will appear in the south sky and make sweeping transits and fade away. A few minutes later it will reappear and make another transit, as though it were circling. An hour or two later. they reappear each night.
France Object
Walrus – on October 10, 2021, we noticed a strange object in the shape of two superimposed gray balls which moved quickly and in zigzag and at low altitude it followed a rectilinear path then changed course to finally disappear
Germany Object
Munich – on October 15, 2021, the eyewitness spotted a disk cloud moving across the city. The eyewitness states, “I saw this morning from the window of a moving train.” The disk cloud which is known to hold a cloaked alien ship also has a long thin contrail moving from the ground to the cloud itself. This means the UFO…at the break of dawn…was on the ground for a while: http://hiero.ru/2251667
Romania Object
Bucharest — on May 8, 2018, I was at the summing pool with my girlfriend and my cousin between 10.00 to 11.30 am. We watched two disc shaped objects circling around a fast moving huge Boeing 747 airplane more than 5 times, and then they disappeared. The aluminum color discs were almost the same size as the plane. An hour later, I saw them higher in the sky flying with incredible speed
UK/England Lights
Winchester– on October 15 ,2021, this object was seen hovering but spinning changing light or reflection. At one point you could see two bright lights side by side, but then only one. The pictures show that it has shape.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. These files could not be published without the help of my beloved wife who cooks, cleans, washes, etc., and manages the finances. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.
The move to push the U.S. government to investigate UFOs/UAPs officially began with Senator (and Senate Majority Leader) Harry Reid and the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program. It received a boost in 2020 when Senator Marco Rubio, via the of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, ordered the Director of National Intelligence to produce a report detailing any and all information it and other agencis have on unidentified aerial phenomena and “advanced aerial threats” – the report released in summary to the public in July 2021. For those disappointed in what’s been released so far, you have a new champion in the U.S Senate — on November 4, 2021, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand submitted an amendment to the Fiscal Year 2022 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA, H.R. 4350) to establish an “Anomaly Surveillance and Resolution Office” to assume the responsibilities of the Navy-led Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force. According to those who have analyzed it, the “Gillibrand Amendment” is a big deal.
Senator Kirsten Gillibrand
(official photo)
“The Gillibrand Amendment would encourage progress towards greater UAP transparency by the government, by requiring issuance of public, unclassified reports on UAP annually, and by expanding the list of topics to be addressed in these reports to include several areas of particular interest to longtime students of the phenomena, including UAP events associated with nuclear weapons platforms.”
UFO researcher Douglas Johnson explains in his review of the amendment (included at the end of his article) that three other legislative proposals are already in front of Congress but Senator Gillibrand’s amendment requires far more resources devoted to UAPs. The Anomaly Surveillance and Resolution Office would set up a UFO reporting by government or military personnel would also be moved to a “central repository” for reports “including adverse physiological effects” suffered by military personnel exposed to UFOs.
Perhaps the most surprising new development in the Gillibrand Amendment is the formation of a new “Aerial and Transmedium Phenomena Advisory Committee” made up of both government and private sector individuals. “Transmedium” became a buzzword this summer as more reports and videos emerged of UAPs seamlessly moving between air and water. Three members of the committee would be selected by the NASA administrator and three by the head of Harvard University’s Galileo Project for the Systematic Scientific Search for Evidence of Extraterrestrial Technological Artifacts – that person is Professor Avi Loeb, perhaps the world’s leading proponent of the existence of extraterrestrials visiting Earth as demonstrated by his persistent push to consider the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua to be a spaceship.
Oumuamua
In addition to detailed annual reports to the public, the Gillibrand Amendment would provide for twice-annual classified briefings to the House and Senate armed services and intelligence committees to update them on progress in prior investigations and detail on new UAP reports.
It’s interesting that Senator Gillibrand is a proponent of UAP/UFO research and disclosure since she’s never been included in the discussions before. Gillibrand made a brief run for the presidency in 2020 – perhaps she picked up some information at that time which pushed her to get involved. Gillibrand, a Democrat, is currently on the Senate Armed Services Committee. Will she get the bipartisan support that Senator Rubio, a Republican, received when he pushed for more research and disclosure in 2020? Let’s hope so … before it’s too late.
In the late 1960s, there was a race to be the first astronaut to set foot on the Moon. In the early 2020s, another race has begun to be the first astronaut to set foot on Mars. Every fan of science fiction dreams of being the first astronaut to leave our Solar System and set foot on a planet orbiting another star. It should come as no surprise that scientists are already planning that trip. However, before you update your resume and look for a line to stand in, their chosen first astronaut is one of those tiny water bears known as the tardigrade. While many humans may be disappointed if that happens – even though that first trip will probably be a one-way mission – fans of panspermia may be looking at this as a different kind of first … the first time a being from another star system came to Earth and then left to populate another one.
Tardigrade drawing 1861
(public domain)
“Here we explore the biological and technological challenges of interstellar space biology, focusing on radiation-tolerant microorganisms capable of cryptobiosis. Additionally, we discuss planetary protection concerns and other ethical considerations of sending life to the stars.”
Researchers are thinking about the NASA Starlight program in a new study titled “The First Interstellar Astronauts Will Not Be Human,” to be published in Acta Astronautica in January 2022. Starlight, also known as the Directed Energy Propulsion for Interstellar Exploration (DEEP-IN) and Directed Energy Interstellar Studies (DIES), is one of a number of programs considering how to send small, even micro-small, spacecraft to other star systems. According to Universe Today, this study – conducted by UC Santa Barbara, the UCLA Health Center, the University of Florida, and Ruhr-University Bochum – focused not on how to propel the craft but what kind of microorganisms would make good astronauts … and whether the idea is safe and ethical.
“Tardigrade species are adversely affected by hypergravity but are more resistant than larger organisms, such as the fruit fly, D. melanogaster, while species like C. elegans fare quite well under hyperacceleration. However, tardigrades can be launched in a cryptobiotic state, with the hope that this will mitigate deleterious acceleration-dependent effects of hypergravity on their survival rate.”
Because they can survive in conditions with extreme temperatures, extreme pressures, radiation, dehydration and starvation, tardigrades have already been flown into space, left exposed to the extremes, and still brought back alive able to reproduce. They’ve already been sent to the Moon — an Israeli mission carrying thousand of dehydrated tardigrades crashed but could conceivably have survived.
If we can send tardigrades to other stars, could extraterrestrial civilizations have already done the same thing – sending them to Earth millions of years ago? That theory has been bandied about by the panspermia crowd, especially after traces of biotic material were found on 4.1 billion year old rocks in Western Australia that may have been asteroids. Whether they were propelled into space intentionally by an advanced civilization or unintentionally on space rocks, their chances of survival, especially if they were dehydrated or in some other suspended state, would be as good as the researchers in the new study believe Earth tardigrades are.
Drawing of a tardigrade on a grain of sand
“However, once initial exploratory phases have been completed and best efforts at gathering knowledge of exoplanets has been performed, there may be certain circumstances in which intentionally “seeding life” would not be unethical.”
The study considers sending Earth organisms to other star systems ethical under certain circumstances yet to be determined. However, if the tardigrades were already sent here by ETs, we’re just pulling a “they did it first” switch. The biggest challenge to Starlight and programs like it are the propulsion mechanism needed to send the micro ships at extreme speeds far beyond those of current rockets and spacecrafts. Light sails pushed by lasers are a leading candidate and the study hints that the technology is close to happening.
Should the tardigrades look forward to the beginning of a new adventure … or just the next phase of a previous one?
I have traveled to Puerto Rico on many occasions. Usually (but not always) to go on expeditions with TV companies to try and find what is popularly known as the chupacabra. As an aside, I’ll be doing another such expedition very soon. But, I’m digressing. I’ll come back to that new expedition in a forthcoming article. Today, I’m going to share with you what was the creepiest story given to me. It was 2004 and high in the hills of the El Yunque rain-forest. There comes a time in the life of every investigator of the paranormal when a case just gels. From the credibility of the witness to the importance of the story, everything combines together and in the best fashion possible. I have experienced such a deep sense of satisfaction and connection on a number of occasions. But, there is, perhaps, no greater example than the amazing affair of a woman named Norka, who had a chupacabra encounter back in 1975. Yes, this case was long before the beast was believed to have been roaming around the island. Norka was a fascinating lady, who lived in a spacious and atmospheric house high in the El Yunque rain forest. Norka’s story was one that took our quest for the truth about the chupacabra to a whole new – and largely unanticipated – level.
After me and Jon Downes (my good mate and fellow Chupacabra-seeker) devoured our breakfasts fit for a king – in the open courtyard of the Wind Chimes Inn in San Juan – our convoy of jeep, cars, and trucks once again hit the road. There were people to interview, creatures to be sought, and absolutely no time to waste. Around ninety minutes after we left bustling San Juan behind us, we arrived at Norka’s lavish home. It was dominated by a pair of huge, wrought-iron gates and a driveway that was so steep it actually required me to put the jeep in the lowest possible gear to successfully climb it. I quipped to Jon that the fortified home had probably been built to keep the chupacabra out. Who knows? After digesting what Norka said, I seriously had to wonder if my joke just may have been on target, after all. Norka, seventy-something and sporting a beaming smile, invited us in as if we were old friends. It almost felt like we were. Norka was an incredibly generous host, despite unfortunately being in failing health. She provided us with liquid refreshment and snacks, gave us a tour of her home – which was, essentially, built solidly into the hill on which it stood – and regaled us with entertaining stories of her youth, during which she was a prize-winning, passionate motorcyclist. Both Jon and I instantly bonded with Norka, who was a fellow adventurer and lover of life – and a highly skilled artist, too.
(Nick Redfern) Puerto Rico – a home of monsters
Roughly an hour after arriving, the crew had set up all of their equipment, the cameras were ready to roll, and me, Jon, and Norka assumed our required positions on the balcony of Norka’s home. It provided an incredible, panoramic view of El Yunque. Indeed, the angle of the miles-wide view, coupled with the sheer altitude of Norka’s home, provoked a slight sense of vertigo. But that was no matter. Jon and I suspected that Norka had something special to say and we wanted to hear it. We weren’t entirely sure how special, but we quickly found out. Norka’s words demonstrated that the chupacabra enigma was much older than many researchers had assumed or concluded. Norka’s account, we were fascinated to learn, dated from 1975, at the height of the summer months.
It was dusk, on a stiflingly hot, weekday night in August. The atmosphere – as day began to surrender to nightfall – was as normal and tranquil as it had ever been. It wasn’t long, however, before normality and tranquility gave way to something hideous. As Norka drove carefully and slowly along the twisting, climbing road (in a car, rather than on one of her trusty motorbikes, I should stress), something suddenly surfaced from the huge, dense trees that stood proud and tall, like gigantic green curtains, and which dominated each side of the road. Doing barely twenty miles an hour to begin with, Norka was easily able to slow down as a curious beast loomed into view. Norka, looking into the camera, said that only about twenty feet in front of her was the strangest, most terrifying animal it had ever been her misfortune to encounter. For all intents and purposes, it looked very much like a bat. Except, that is, for one astonishing thing: the abomination was around four to five feet in height.
(Nick Redfern) El Yunque rain forest
Not surprisingly, Norka could scarcely believe her eyes as the monster shuffled slowly across the road, its muscular legs taking slow but deliberate strides across the hot tarmac. With her eyes transfixed on the beast, Norka could see that its body was dark brown in color. Two large wings were folded tight against its back. The clawed fingers on its hands – that drooped in curious, limp fashion from its bony wrists – were of a distinct, white-yellow hue. Of a near-identical color were two enormous fangs that protruded from its gaping, almost slack-jawed, mouth. Most frightening of all to Norka were the eyes of the creature: focused intently on Norka herself, they were almost blazing, like red hot coals.
(Nick Redfern) Jon Downes on the look-out in Puerto Rico
After what seemed like a torturous amount of time, but which was maybe no more than twenty or so seconds, the creature unfurled its wings. At this point, Norka could see just how big those mighty, membranous appendages were: somewhere in a combined region of twelve to fifteen feet. Norka said the wings flapped in a fast, furious and loud fashion that deeply shocked her. In mere moments, the beast took to the skies, vertically, and was quickly lost from sight. It was, I said to Jon later, almost a case of the Jeepers Creepers movies come to life. He didn’t disagree in the slightest. Since this was the only interview planned for that day, there was no need for us to make a hasty drive to destinations new, and so we hung out for another hour or so, chatting further with Norka, even though the cameras had stopped rolling. Jon and I were suitably impressed. Our quest for the truth of the chupacabra had taken a major step forward – and, in terms of the date of Norka’s encounter, a major step backwards! And there was one more thing: Norka had so enjoyed the afternoon that she surprised me by presenting me with nothing less than a full-color painting she had done of the creature she encountered back in 1975. I thanked Norka for her incredible generosity. Atmospheric and captivating, her artwork has pride of place on the one wall of my office that is not dominated by mountains of bookshelves.
12 Unbelievable Things That You Will See For The First Time
12 Unbelievable Things That You Will See For The First Time
We love to discover new things, things that are surprising, strange but also fascinating. Just when you think you have seen it all, there comes a discovery that takes your breath away. We have brought for you some of the rare inventions and happenings around the world that are truly wonderful. Here is the list of cool things, we bet you would have not seen before.
UFO next to beam of light coming down through a cloud over Forest Glen Park, U.S.
UFO next to beam of light coming down through a cloud over Forest Glen Park, U.S.
Astrange beam of light and two bright spheres coming down through a cloud over Silver Spring, Forest Glen Park, U.S.
It's not the first time strange beams of light have been photographed and it seems unlikely that all these beams are just natural phenomena, camera malfunctions or digital cam glitches.
Normally we only see a beam, but this time there are two glowing spheres next to the ray. The spheres seem to be on top or connected to an oval disk-shaped construction.
It may be far-fetched, but could the beam of light be a means of teleporting a UFO that travels instantaneously between two locations without crossing the intervening space?
The battle of Los Angeles is an interesting 20th century mystery that’s still being examined to this day. On the evening of February 24, 1942, an anti-aircraft barrage of more than 1,440 rounds was launched at what is initially thought to be a Japanese aerial attack on the City of Angels. However, when the smoke cleared, just who or what had the military been firing at? Was it enemy fighters, a UFO or nothing at all? There are many theories which we will present to you today but it’s up to you to decide what you believe, as we attempt to discover the unexplained.
RT speaks to Ross Coulthart, the author of a new book, ‘In Plain Sight’, which records an array of mysterious UFO sightings around the world – and details officialdom’s extraordinary efforts to deny them or cover them up.
There’s been an explosion of UFO initiatives over the past 12 months, including the formation of the International Coalition for Extraterrestrial Research and the launch of the Galileo Project. And then there was the groundbreaking report by the Pentagon, in which it admitted there were incidents of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) that couldn’t be explained.
Yet a new book, ‘In Plain Sight’, by award-winning investigative journalist Ross Coulthart could be one of the most interesting developments yet. Coulthart has no reputation to uphold in the UFO community, but has long held a desire to tackle the big question: are we really alone?µ
“I’ve always been intrigued by the subject matter, mainly because there’s such a taboo attached to it. In journalism, there’s a real stigma,”he said.
“I can remember editors telling me, ‘Ross, we don’t do UFO stories.’ I did a lot of national security and defence intelligence-related stories. I’ve spent a large part of the past 30-something years covering wars, terrorist acts and all the miseries of the world. And a lot of those contacts [I made]… when I asked them about UFOs, they wouldn’t dismiss it [ie, the idea they existed].”
Born in New Zealand, Coulthart was fascinated by the 1978 incident in which a cameraman captured footage of an object flying alongside a plane above the town of Kaikoura on the country’s South Island. Weeks later, the authorities attributed it to either the planet Venus or a reflection from fishing boats.
“As a 16-year old boy, it sounded plausible to me, so I didn’t think much of it,” he admitted. But, at university, Coulthart secured his first scoop by tracking down those involved, who assured him what they saw was a solid object.
Fast-forward to the 90s and he’d established himself as a journalist and was working on the Australian investigative TV show ‘Four Corners’. Following the conclusion of a day’s filming at an air force base, the crew were invited by their host to have a drink in the on-site bar. Recalled Coulthart,“After a while, he leaned forward and said, ‘Can I ask you a question? Why don’t you media ever do stories about UFOs?”
“I freely admit I laughed, and I said, ‘Because they’re bulls**t’. And he went, ‘No, they are not’. I wish I could say who this chap was – he was a very, very senior official, one of the highest people in our military at the time.”
Hampered by the parameters of the mainstream media, he still managed to convince his bosses to do a UAP story in 2011 – but it was only because they’d sent him to London to interview a rock star who cancelled and they were left with a hole to fill.
Coulthart dug into reports of a 1980 sighting near the air force base RAF Bentwaters and tracked down Colonel Charles Halt, who claimed to have seen a flying object. He recalled,“We gave it half an hour for broadcast and it just went nuts. The public were very interested, and, more importantly, what blew us away were the number of people calling and offering information.”
“They were contacting me from all over Australia, saying they’d seen a similar object. They were stunned that the media was finally reporting on this story. The good thing for them was we weren’t ridiculing it – we were treating the subject with respect.”
‘In Plain Sight’ contains detailed analysis of many sightings, including Coulthart’s personal favourite of a man sitting in a deckchair at an outdoor cinema in the South Australian desert when a cylindrical craft appeared. The moviegoer claimed he could see light inside its windows.
Coulthart embarked on the book after going freelance and casting off the shackles of dismissive editors, and says the Pentagon’s recent admission that something is out there has been a really positive development.
He explained:“There is essentially a single line that is parroted by any Five Eyes nation [the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia]. If you ask, ‘Are UFOs real?’, they don’t answer the question. They say there’s no national security issue with UAPs and they don’t pose a threat to flight safety. But, in July this year, that all changed dramatically.”
“Anyone can read that report. It says very, very clearly that UFOs are a threat to flight safety and that they are a possible threat to national security. It’s a complete reversal. Nobody in the Pentagon is explaining why they’ve done this, but I think – and I’ve been told – it’s because they realise the game is up. They’ve got to come clean eventually about what they know.”
In his book, Coulthart drills down on the link between UFOs and nuclear facilities. ‘In Plain Sight’ begins with the 1991 tale of a woman called Annie Farinaccio, who had been at a party on a US base in Australia’s remote North West Cape. She was offered a ride back into town by two policemen and has never forgotten what she saw as they drove.
Said Coulthart, “Annie was sitting there petrified. She looked up through the windscreen and screamed, as there was this gigantic triangular craft with lights hovering right above as they were driving along at 100km/h down this road.”
“In the blink of an eye, it went to 1,000 feet and then it dropped down to the left-hand side of the car. By this time, she’s pleading [with the police] to drop her back in town, and then it jumps to 1,000 feet instantaneously again and drops down to the right-hand side of the car.”
The base housed very-low-frequency transmitters, which, in the event of war, would send signals to US nuclear submarines. Annie was visited by American officials, taken back to the base and told she had seen a weather balloon – even though the craft didn’t resemble one in any way.
The book records another incident, in Russia, in which the weapons in a nuclear silo had been mysteriously armed, ready for launch, without any input from the officers.
Said Coulthart,“They were panicking. The intelligence appeared to be demonstrating, whatever your security systems, they can be breached. If it is some intelligence of some kind, it seems to be sending a message – it seems to be expressing something about the use or potential misuse of nuclear weapons.”
Also featured in the book is the story of teacher Andrew Greenwood, from Clayton South, a suburb of Melbourne. Along with his high-school students, he saw a metallic disc appear in a cloudless sky.
Greenwood spoke to the local media before being silenced. Said Coulthart, “This is where things get very sinister. Two weeks after the incident, he gets a knock on the door at his private home.There on the doorstep is a man dressed in uniform – a senior officer – and the other gentleman is an official of some kind, perhaps a police officer or an intelligence official, more likely.”
“Andrew’s still angry at what they did. They flatly threatened [him] and said, ‘If you talk anymore about what you saw, we’ll make sure you lose your job – we’ll say you drank as a teacher.’ Andrew’s got no reason to lie about this and, more importantly, what he says he saw is backed up by 167 witnesses, all on the record, at the last count. It really is the most extraordinary case.”
More revelations have been dug up by Coulthart, including suggestions of recovered non-human craft. Sources claim the US and Russia each have facilities in which these are stored, but Coulthart says he is generally skeptical about such claims without having seen proof. “That’s the biggest problem I have. Governments are bloody hopeless at keeping secrets and I would’ve thought, if the United States government was sitting on secrets like that, then it would have been leaked by now, and it hasn’t been,” he said. “But, when you look in the archives of the US government… that’s why I called my book ‘In Plain Sight’. The evidence is right there, in plain sight. There are archives from the CIA that show it was working with the US Defense Department to recover what the documents refer to as ‘flying saucers’ from Nepal and Afghanistan.”
Along with the book, Coulthart has produced a UFO documentary, and has been met with an encouraging level of support from media colleagues and the public alike. “The response has just been mind-blowing. I’ve never in my career had a response like I’ve had to this subject matter,” explained Coulthart. “It has been overwhelming. I’m exhausted every day – I wake up and there are literally 300 to 500 emails, people telling me about their sightings, people offering me information. It’s like we’ve opened a wound and all of the reality is pouring out.”
The main purpose of the book, though, is to cut through the fog. According to Coulthart, it’s almost as if sections of the media don’t want to admit they’ve been asleep at the wheel.
He continued, “The media is failing here. The media is locked into the paradigm that, absurdly, it was encouraged to heed by the CIA and the US Air Force back in the 1960s.”
“The CIA decided to suppress the stories of UFOs – I don’t know why, but it’s claimed it was because they were worried that people reporting UFOs would get in the way of people providing early warning of a Russian ICBM [intercontinental ballistic missile] landing on the US. It’s an absurd argument that they wanted to stop people from jamming up the phones at NORAD [the North American Aerospace Defense Command] with sightings. It’s just ridiculous.”
For a man adept with words, Coulthart concludes by describing this complex subject appropriately succinctly. While he’s been unable so far to find out all that’s known by governments and security agencies about UFOs, he’s clear why the subject has been judged to be the pastime of fools. “We’ve been manipulated,”he said.“We’ve been had.”
ELON MUSK KEEPS BUZZ ABOUT EXTRATERRESTRIALS IN THE NEWS
ELON MUSK KEEPS BUZZ ABOUT EXTRATERRESTRIALS IN THE NEWS
He has said that we may be ET’s sims. Then this year he created an uproar by doubting UFOs — and another one months later by implying that they do exist. Huh?
Self-driving car and private space travel entrepreneur Elon Musk has been all over the map recently as far as ET is concerned. He has claimed that our universe may have been simulated by extraterrestrials. He has hinted that he himself is an extraterrestrial.
Earlier this year, he apparently reversed course and identified (on Twitter) the strongest argument for the idea that ET doesn’t even exist:
‘Strongest argument against aliens,’ Musk tweeted, along with two charts that shows camera resolution has advanced, but UFO pictures have remained the same.
The post concludes that extraterrestrials do not exist, due to most images showing floating blobs, but many of the comments argue otherwise.
One user responded with ‘that’s exactly what an alien would tweet,’ while another explains that most cameras ‘are only capturing 400-700 nanometers’ and are not capable of capturing ‘true reality.’
Whether Musk agreed with the commenters or not, later this year he decided that maybe ET does exist:
Is there life, Elon, but not as we know it? This is the question on Twitter’s lips in the wake of a post by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk about the existence of alien spacecraft.
‘I’m not saying there are UFOs … but there are UFOs,’ the entrepreneur tweeted yesterday, provoking a frenzy of responses and memes from his followers.
That last quoted comment was doubtless a jibe at Musk’s one-time claim that he is himself an alien.
The background to all this is likely the Pentagon’s June 25 report to Congress on genuinely puzzling and unexplained aerial phenomena (UAPs, formerly UFOs). According to Mailonline, “Mr Musk’s comments come in the wake of plans by the US Congress to establish a dedicated governmental office to investigate sightings of UFOs by the military.”
A Daily Mail source, former U.S. National Security director John Ratcliffe noted, re the surprising Pentagon report:
‘And when we talk about sightings, we are talking about objects that have seen by Navy or Air Force pilots, or have been picked up by satellite imagery that frankly engage in actions that are difficult to explain.
‘Movements that are hard to replicate that we don’t have the technology for. Or traveling at speeds that exceed the sound barrier without a sonic boom.’
Musk may genuinely vacillate between doubt and certainty about UFOs. But he may also be trying to focus attention on his space travel enterprises and away from his comparatively sluggish self-driving car business.
One thing we can always count on; he’ll get the hive buzzing — whether or not he is an alien:
Here’s Musk’s argument for why we probably live in a simulation (2016):
You may also wish to read: The Pentagon’s UAP (UFO) report signals a sharp attitude change. The brass have committed themselves to going “wherever the data takes us.” No, they didn’t report UFOs. But they reported enough mysteries to stop merely debunking and discrediting… and follow the evidence.
In a new incredible discovery, water has been detected in a massive galaxy located 12.88 billion light-years away from us. This is the most distant finding of a very important element for supporting life in a regular star-forming galaxy.
The large galaxy, which is called SPT0311-58, is actually two galaxies that are merging into one. They were being witnessed when the Universe was just 780 million years old – approximately 5% of its current age when the very first galaxies and stars were forming. The larger of the two galaxies contains H2O and carbon monoxide molecules which were detected by scientists who were using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
(Not the SPT0311-58 galaxy)
Sreevani Jarugula, who is an astronomer at the University of Illinois and the primary investigator of the new research, explained what they found, “Oxygen and carbon, in particular, are first-generation elements, and in the molecular forms of carbon monoxide and water, they are critical to life as we know it,” adding, “This galaxy is the most massive galaxy currently known at high redshift, or the time when the Universe was still very young. It has more gas and dust compared to other galaxies in the early Universe, which gives us plenty of potential opportunities to observe abundant molecules and to better understand how these life-creating elements impacted the development of the early Universe.”
Molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide are the two most plentiful molecules in the universe, and water comes in third on the list. Water and far-infrared emissions from dust have previously been detected in other galaxies from the early and local universe as explained by Jarugula, “The dust absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the stars in the galaxy and re-emits it as far-infrared photons.” “This further excites the water molecules, giving rise to the water emission that scientists are able to observe. In this case, it helped us to detect water emissions in this massive galaxy. This correlation could be used to develop water as a tracer of star formation, which could then be applied to galaxies on a cosmological scale.”
(Not the SPT0311-58 galaxy)
Jarugula went on to say, “Early galaxies are forming stars at a rate thousands of times that of the Milky Way,” adding, “Studying the gas and dust content of these early galaxies informs us of their properties, such as how many stars are being formed, the rate at which gas is converted into stars, how galaxies interact with each other and with the interstellar medium, and more.” The study was published in The Astrophysical Journal.
This artist’s conception shows the dust continuum and molecular lines of carbon monoxide and water seen in the pair of galaxies known as SPT0311-58.
Image credit: ALMA / ESO / NAOJ / NRAO / S. Dagnello, NRAO.
These images show the molecular lines and dust continuum seen in ALMA observations of SPT0311-58. On left: a composite image combining the dust continuum with molecular lines for water and carbon monoxide. On right: the dust continuum seen in red (top), molecular line for water shown in blue (second from top), molecular line transitions for carbon monoxide, CO(6-5) shown in purple (middle), CO(7-6) shown in magenta (second from bottom), and CO(10-9) shown in pinks and deep blue (bottom).
Image credit: ALMA / ESO / NAOJ / NRAO / S. Dagnello, NRAO.
Are you afraid of spiders? It’s a common fear and one that keeps the roll-able magazine and foldable newspaper businesses profitable. If you’re arachnophobic, Georgia is not the state to live in – entomologists announced recently that giant Joro spiders (Trichonephila clavate), an invasive species from East Asia that only showed up in 2014, has taken over the state … covering it with its massive, intricate webs. Don’t rest too easily Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida and Alabama – the entomologists say the Joro Spiders have crossed your borders with Georgia and are spreading. And, while they’re not the largest spider in North America, they may even be scaring other spiders. Is it time to subscribe to a few more magazines?
“Last year, there were dozens of spiders, and they began to be something of a nuisance when I was doing yard work. This year, I have several hundred, and they actually make the place look spooky with all the messy webs — like a scene out of ‘Arachnophobia.'”
Joro spider
University of Georgia entomologist Will Hudson explains in a statement that the Joro spiders are venomous but pose a danger only to insects caught in their webs, not humans of pets. However, their rapid spread throughout Georgia and has him concerned and he recommends killing any females one comes across – females are larger (3 inches across) and more colorful than the small brown males. Hudson himself has killed more than 300 females on his property just this year. He instructs to avoid persiticides and instead use old-fashioned methods like shovels, brinks, boots and magazines (big thick ones). And he warns it’s already too late to eradicate them from Georgia and the U.S
“Jumping spiders (Salticidae) have superb vision and are excellent predators but they can equally fall prey to other jumping spiders. In a hierarchical decision-making setup, we tested whether the common zebra jumping spider Salticus scenicus can visually recognize stationary predators.”
While Will Hudson is chasing Joro spiders, researchers led by Dr. Daniela Rößler at Germany’s University of Konstanz found something unusual about jumping spiders of the Salticidae family – they’re afraid of other jumping spiders. In a study published by the British Ecological Society and appropriately nicknamed “Arachno-Arachnophobia,” the entomologists wondered how jumping spiders, which use their springy talent to avoid predators, recognized the predators, particularly other jumping spiders. While many creatures detect, the researchers were surprised when jumping spiders recognized and backed away from a dead jumping spider. Even more interesting, Rößler says in a tweet that this behavior was present in newly hatched spiderlings too.
Jumping spider
“So, while we usually think of anti-predator adaptations in terms of morphology and behavior, we might want to include cognitive and perceptual abilities more into this discussion. Isn’t it absolutely amazing that a brain the size of a poppy seed is able to do this???”
Amazing? Yes. Frightening? Well, think about it. Something with a brain the size of a poppy seed can spot spiders before you can. And Rößler’s study only looks at jumping spiders. Do other spiders have this innate ability? Are Joro spiders already evolving to fear other spiders … boots?
Even if you’re not getting married, “Modern Bride” is a pretty thick magazine.
It’s no secret that the U.S. Space Force is worried about China’s space program, which seems to be progressing at a much faster pace than NASA or private space programs, and has a not-too-subtle tendency towards militarizing space, the Moon, other planets and beyond. A good example of this appeared recently on the screens tracking China’s satellite launches. A few days after the October 23rd launch of what was reputed to be a debris-collecting satellite, a second mysterious object pulled up alongside of it.
“US military tracking data indicated the launcher placed the Shijian 21 spacecraft into an elliptical geostationary transfer orbit ranging as high as 22,253 miles (35,813 kilometers) above Earth, with an inclination of about 28.5 degrees to the equator.”
Chinese state media reported that Shijian 21 would “test and verify space debris mitigation technologies.” That’s pretty nebulous – not that the U.S. is any more detailed on its own secret launches – but there wasn’t much concern until a few days later, as Space News reports.
“On Nov. 3 U.S. Space Force’s 18th Space Control Squadron (SPCS) catalogued a new object alongside Shijian-21 with the international designator 2021-094C. The object is noted as a rocket body and more precisely an apogee kick motor (AKM), used in some launches for a satellite to circularize and lower the inclination of its transfer orbit and enter geostationary orbit.”
The object is “noted as a rocket body” but it’s not acting like one. AKMs are usually maneuvered away from satellites after doing their job so they don’t collide — Shijian-21 and the SJ-21 AKM are flying side by side as if that was the intent. Space News speculates the mysterious object could be participating in counterspace operations tests such as rendezvous and proximity operations, refueling or manipulation using a robotic arm.
“We see their capabilities from direct-ascent ASAT, antisatellite capabilities, to on-orbit activity that they’ve done with that capability. All the while, China continues to maintain their public stance against the weaponization of space.”
Air Force Gen. James Dickinson told Congress earlier this year that Shijian-21 could use its robotic arm as a satellite crusher … and that was before its mysterious partner was discovered. This isn’t the first time a tight-formation pair of objects launched by China has been observed. In 2018, the TJS-3 (Tongxin Jishu Shiyan-3) satellite was launched unexpectedly and released a mysterious payload that performed coordinated maneuvers in what could be construed to be an attempt to confuse space tracking networks.
This could be the next step towards a space conflict – or it could be an indication that China is concerned about space junk like dead or malfunctioning satellites and is trying to get a jump on the geostationary satellite servicing marketplace which a number of public companies, including Space Logistics owned by Northrop Grumman, are developing spacecraft for. It all adds up to a need for the buzzword of the moment … transparency. We should have learned from previous wars and science fiction that cooperation works better than conflict.
Several UFO "Orbs" Filmed Flying In The Sky Over Illinois & Could This Be The Roar Of The Bigfoot?
First clip: This was sighted over Mokena and the bordering town of Tinley Park Illinois on October 20, 2021 and the witness stated the following: " My name is Jon Valente. I saw them on two different nights and the dates of the sightings are on the title of my videos. I saw both sightings in Mokena Illinois on 10/20/21 and on 11/4/21. The objects appeared to be over Mokena and the bordering town of Tinley Park Illinois. On both occasions the objects were well below cloud level. I would estimate between 1,000 to 2,500 feet above the ground."
Thanks to Jon Valente for allowing me the use of this footage and to view the original videos.....
Second clip: This was captured at Five Forks State Park in Virginia on October 10, 2021 and the witness stated the following: "My horse is very desensitized to loud sounds so he never bolts. You can shoot a gun off his back and he just stands there. I’m not sure what this was." Others after viewing the footage claimed that this is the roar of the "Hide & Seek" champion, Bigfoot but the woods are a very strange place with many peculiarities.
Many thanks to Wendigo_enthusiast for allowing me the use of her footage and to view the original:
Mysterious shards of glass strewn across Chile's Atacama Desert were likely created by an ancient exploding comet, a study has claimed.
The pieces of dark green or black glass, which came to scientists' attention a decade ago, are clustered in a vast corridor that stretches almost 50 miles (75km) across.
Some are up to 20 inches (50cm big) and look as if they've been folded and twisted into their current forms.
It had been thought they could have been created by volcanic activity or ancient grass fires — because the region wasn't always a desert — but new research led by Brown University has come to a different conclusion.
The study discovered that the glass contained tiny fragments with minerals often found in rocks of extraterrestrial origin.
Discovery: Mysterious shards of dark green or black glass strewn across Chile's Atacama Desert (pictured) were likely created by an ancient exploding comet, a new study has claimed
The pieces of dark green or black glass, which came to scientists' attention a decade ago, are clustered in a vast corridor that stretches almost 50 miles (75km) across
Out of this world: The fragments of glass contain exotic minerals such as cubanite and troilite (pictured) only found in meteorites and other extraterrestrial rocks, the researchers said
WHAT WERE THE EXTRATERRESTRIAL MINERALS FOUND IN THE DESERT GLASS?
Researchers led by Brown University collected more than 300 samples of the glass found in Chile's Atacama Desert before examining them under an electron microscope.
They then analysed the objects' chemical composition through spectroscopy.
Minerals in the glass called zircons decomposed to form baddeleyite, the study found, which would have required extremely hot temperatures of above 3,038°F (1,670°C).
The fragments also contained exotic minerals such as cubanite and troilite only found in meteorites and other extraterrestrial rocks.
They closely match the composition of material returned to Earth by NASA's Stardust mission, which sampled the particles from a comet called Wild 2, the authors said.
Those minerals closely match the composition of material returned to Earth by NASA's Stardust mission, which sampled the particles from a comet called Wild 2, the authors said.
They concluded that the minerals are likely the remains of an extraterrestrial object — most likely a comet — streamed down after an explosion that melted the sandy surface below.
'This is the first time we have clear evidence of glasses on Earth that were created by the thermal radiation and winds from a fireball exploding just above the surface,' said the study's lead author Pete Schultz, of Brown University.
'To have such a dramatic effect on such a large area, this was a truly massive explosion.
'Lots of us have seen bolide fireballs streaking across the sky, but those are tiny blips compared to this.'
Researchers collected more than 300 samples of the desert glass before examining them under an electron microscope and analysing their chemical composition through spectroscopy.
The samples showed evidence of having been twisted, folded, rolled and even thrown while still in molten form.
According to the researchers, that is consistent with a large incoming meteor and airburst explosion, which would have been accompanied by tornado-force winds.
They added that the glass fragments 'indicate nearly simultaneous (seconds to minutes) intense airbursts close to Earth's surface near the end of the Pleistocene' 12,000 years ago.
The glass is in patches across the Atacama Desert east of Pampa del Tamarugal, a plateau in northern Chile nestled between the Andes to the east and Chilean Coastal Range to the west
The minerals closely match the composition of material returned to Earth by NASA's Stardust mission, which sampled the particles from a comet called Wild 2, the authors said
Researchers collected more than 300 samples of the glass before examining them under an electron microscope and analysing their chemical composition through spectroscopy
Minerals in the glass called zircons thermally decomposed to form baddeleyite, the authors said, which would have required extremely hot temperatures of above 3,038°F (1,670°C)
WHAT WAS NASA's STARDUST MISSION?
The Stardust probe was launched back in 1999 with the primary goal of visiting the comet Wild 2.
It completed this mission in 2004, capturing dust particles from around the comet nucleus that it later returned to Earth in a capsule for study.
In 2009, this analysis revealed that a fundamental building block of life had been found in a comet for the first time, bolstering the theory that the raw ingredients of life arrived on Earth from outer space.
Traces of the amino acid glycine were found, having been captured 242million miles from Earth by the Stardust spacecraft.
However, with sufficient fuel supplies still in its tanks, NASA then decided to send the probe to the comet Tempel 1, which it swept past in 2011.
During the Pleistocene epoch, there were fertile patches in the desert with trees and grassy wetlands created by rivers extending from mountains to the east.
It had been suggested that widespread fires may have burned hot enough to melt the sandy soil into large glassy slabs.
But the amount of glass present, along with several key physical characteristics, make this theory extremely unlikely, the new research found.
Minerals in the glass called zircons thermally decomposed to form baddeleyite, the authors said, which would have required extremely hot temperatures of above 3,038°F (1,670°C), which is far hotter than a wildfire.
The glass is concentrated in patches across the Atacama Desert east of Pampa del Tamarugal, a plateau in northern Chile nestled between the Andes mountains to the east and the Chilean Coastal Range to the west.
It contains exotic minerals such as cubanite and troilite only found in meteorites and other extraterrestrial rocks, the researchers said.
'Those minerals are what tell us that this object has all the markings of a comet,' said co-author Scott Harris, a planetary geologist at the Fernbank Science Center.
'To have the same mineralogy we saw in the Stardust samples entrained in these glasses is really powerful evidence that what we're seeing is the result of a cometary airburst.'
The pieces of dark green or black glass are clustered in a vast corridor that stretches almost 50 miles (75km) across Chile's Atacama Desert
(stock image)
Researchers said more work is needed to establish the exact age of the glass, which would then help determine when the ancient comet exploded in the Atacama Desert (pictured)
Pictured is an artist's impression of the Stardust spacecraft approaching comet Wild 2 in 2004
More work needs to be done to establish the exact age of the glass, which would determine exactly when the event took place, Schultz said.
But experts believe the impact happened around the time large mammals disappeared from the region.
'It's too soon to say if there was a causal connection or not, but what we can say is that this event did happen around the same time as when we think the megafauna disappeared, which is intriguing,' Schultz said.
'There's also a chance that this was actually witnessed by early inhabitants, who had just arrived in the region. It would have been quite a show.'
The research has been published in the journal Geology.
Explained: The difference between an asteroid, meteorite and other space rocks
An asteroid is a large chunk of rock left over from collisions or the early solar system. Most are located between Mars and Jupiter in the Main Belt.
A comet is a rock covered in ice, methane and other compounds. Their orbits take them much further out of the solar system.
A meteor is what astronomers call a flash of light in the atmosphere when debris burns up.
This debris itself is known as a meteoroid. Most are so small they are vapourised in the atmosphere.
If any of this meteoroid makes it to Earth, it is called a meteorite.
Meteors, meteoroids and meteorites normally originate from asteroids and comets.
For example, if Earth passes through the tail of a comet, much of the debris burns up in the atmosphere, forming a meteor shower.
The mystery of the massive amounts of shards of glass spread across Chile’s Atacama Desert has finally been solved and it involves an exploding comet from thousands of years ago.
In a new study that was led by researchers from Brown University, they claimed that the extensive heat from a comet exploding above the ground fused the sandy soil in the desert into countless patches of dark green or black silicate glass. These shards of glass stretched across an area of about 75 kilometers (46.6 miles). This event occurred approximately 12,000 years ago. Interestingly, it was believed to have happened around the same time that large mammals disappeared from the area, although more studies need to be conducted in order to know for sure.
During their research, they studied glass samples from the desert and they found that they contained small portions of minerals that came from space. The minerals included troilite, cubanite, and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions that were very similar to those found in samples that were collected from a comet named Wild 2 and were brought back to Earth by NASA’s Stardust mission. They were able to confidently say that the minerals found in the shards of glass in the Atacama Desert came from a space object that was probably a comet similar to Wild 2.
Scott Harris, who is a planetary geologist at the Fernbank Science Center, stated, “Those minerals are what tell us that this object has all the markings of a comet,” adding, “To have the same mineralogy we saw in the Stardust samples entrained in these glasses is really powerful evidence that what we’re seeing is the result of a cometary airburst.”
This is very significant news as it remained a mystery for such a long time, especially since experts couldn’t find any proof that they were caused by volcanic activity. Another theory was that they were caused by ancient grass fires that melted the sandy soil into glass; however, since there is so much glass as well as its space minerals, a fire seemed very unlikely. Additionally, since the glass was folded, twisted, thrown, and rolled, evidence points to an exploding comet that would have caused winds as strong as a tornado.
Furthermore, chemical analysis on the glass revealed that they contained zircon minerals that were thermally decomposed in order to create baddeleyite. This means that the temperature would have been as hot as 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,649 degrees Celsius) in order to form them – much hotter than a grass fire.
Pete Schultz, who is a professor emeritus in Brown University’s Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, weighed in by noting, “This is the first time we have clear evidence of glasses on Earth that were created by the thermal radiation and winds from a fireball exploding just above the surface.” “To have such a dramatic effect on such a large area, this was a truly massive explosion.” (Pictures of the shards of glass stretched across the Atacama Desert can be seen here.)
This Team Of Scientists Were Exploring This Ancient Jungle When They Made An Unexpected Discovery via Unexplained Mysteries
This Team Of Scientists Were Exploring This Ancient Jungle When They Made An Unexpected Discovery via Unexplained Mysteries
This team of scientists were exploring this ancient jungle when they made an unexpected discovery. Today, we take a look at what this team of scientists discovered inside this jungle.
The densely growing vines and choking trees that make up the jungles of the equator are likely one of the least-understood regions of the earth, second only to the ocean. Although the uncertainty of the contents of the jungle leads some to believe that it conceals ominous and otherworldly secrets, most of the mysteries within are simply fantastical occurrences that have yet to be discovered.
Today, we take a look at this compilation of incredible jungle discoveries. Thank you for watching! Thank you to CO.AG for the background music!
Someone Just Discovered A Massive Underground Tunnel In Mexico But Didn't Expect To Find This Inside via Unexplained Mysteries
Someone Just Discovered A Massive Underground Tunnel In Mexico But Didn't Expect To Find This Inside via Unexplained Mysteries
Someone Just Discovered A Massive Underground Tunnel In Mexico But Didn’t Expect To Find This Inside via Unexplained Mysteries
Someone just discovered a massive underground tunnel in Mexico but didn’t expect to find this inside. Today, we take a look at this massive underground tunnel that was just found in Mexico. Mexico is a country that has a rich history. Every year archaeologists working here discover incredible artifacts, helping to give us a glimpse into what life would have been like here thousands of years ago.
Each year researchers discover underground chambers and caves, sometimes these are emptied, but some of these are filled with artifacts and treasures. One example of this is archaeologists recently uncovered a secret ‘passage to the underworld’ at Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan. Thank you for watching!
A solar-powered spacecraft, with three special passengers onboard, is currently spinning toward Jupiter for the closest encounter with the biggest planet in our solar system.
Nasa's Juno spacecraft is set to fire its main rocket engine early tomorrow morning to slow itself down from a speed of 165,000 mph (265,000 kph) and slip into orbit around Jupiter.
Hitching a ride are three 1.5-inch Lego figures depicting the 17th century Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, the Roman god Jupiter, and the deity's wife Juno - all made from aluminium to withstand the Jupiter's harsh environment.
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Unusually for a robotic space mission, Juno is carrying passengers - three Lego figures depicting the 17th century Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (left), the Roman god Jupiter (right), and the deity's wife Juno (centre). Lego made the figures out of aluminium rather than the usual plastic so they could withstand the extreme conditions of space fligh
In Greek and Roman mythology, Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. From Mount Olympus, Juno was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature.
Juno holds a magnifying glass to signify her search for the truth, while her husband holds a lightning bolt.
The third Lego crew member is Galileo Galilei, who made several important discoveries about Jupiter. He used a telescope to confirm the phases of Venus and discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter - named the Galilean moons in his honour.
'Of course, the minifigure Galileo has his telescope with him on the journey,' Lego said in a statement.
By drawing attention to these Lego characters, Nasa aims to inspire the next generation of spacecraft engineers by encouraging children to explore subjects such as science and technology.
But they are on a suicide mission. Juno, along with its three passengers, meets its demise in 2018 when it deliberately dives into Jupiter's atmosphere and disintegrates — a necessary sacrifice to prevent any chance of accidentally crashing into the planet's potentially habitable moons.
NASA'S JUNO MISSION
The Juno probe is due to reach the gas giant on at 3.18am GMT Tuesday morning after a five-year, 1.8 billion-mile journey from Earth.
It will enter a long polar orbit flying to within 3,100 miles (5,000 km) of the planet's swirling cloud tops. Once in orbit around Jupiter, Juno will skim to within just 4,200 km of the planet's clouds once a fortnight - too close to provide global coverage in a single image.
The Earth-based observations supplement the suite of advanced instrumentation on the Juno spacecraft, filling in the gaps in Juno's spectral coverage and providing the wider global and temporal context to Juno's close-in observations.
No previous spacecraft has orbited so close to Jupiter, although two others have been sent plunging to their destruction through its atmosphere.
To complete its risky mission Juno will have to survive a circuit-frying radiation storm generated by Jupiter's powerful magnetic field. The maelstrom of high energy particles travelling at nearly the speed of light is the harshest radiation environment in the Solar System.
To cope with the conditions, the spacecraft is protected with special radiation-hardened wiring and sensor shielding.
Its all-important 'brain' - the spacecraft's flight computer - is housed in an armoured vault made of titanium and weighing almost 400 pounds (172kg).
Juno was launched on 5 August, 2011. During more than 30 orbital flybys of the Jovian world, it will probe beneath the obscuring ammonia and hydrogen sulfide cloud cover and study the auroras to learn more about the planet's origins, structure, atmosphere and magnetosphere.
Juno's name comes from Greek and Roman mythology. Jupiter, the father of the Roman gods, drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. But his wife - the goddess Juno - was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature.
During its mission of exploration, Juno will circle the Jovian world 37 times, soaring low over the planet's cloud tops.
With Juno on autopilot, the delicately choreographed move comes without any help from ground controllers.
If successful, scientists will for the first time be able to see what lies beneath Jupiter's atmosphere, and help unlock secrets about how the solar system formed.
Juno is travelling through a hostile radiation environment, 'but it should be able to withstand it,' said Kenny Starnes, programme manager for Lockheed Martin, which built the spacecraft.
Juno's camera and other instruments were switched off for the arrival so there won't be any pictures at the moment the spacecraft reaches its destination. Scientists have promised close-up views of Jupiter when Juno skims the cloud tops during the 20-month, $1.1 billion (£828m) mission.
The fifth planet from the sun and the heftiest in the solar system, Jupiter is known as a gas giant — a ball of mainly hydrogen and helium — unlike rocky Earth and Mars.
With its billowy clouds and colourful stripes, Jupiter is an extreme world that likely formed first, shortly after the sun. Unlocking its history may hold clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the solar system developed.
Named after the Roman god Jupiter's cloud-piercing wife, Juno is only the second mission designed to spend time at Jupiter.
Scientists are using the Hubble Space Telescope to watch Jupiter's aurora (pictured) for more than a month in the hope of trying to unravel what causes these enormous light shows. The ultraviolet and X-ray aurora on Jupiter occur continuously on the giant planet and are the size of the entire planet Earth
Juno is in a harsh radiation environment, so its delicate electronics are housed in a special titanium vault. Eventually, Juno will succumb to the intense radiation and will be commanded to plunge into Jupiter's atmosphere to avoid any collision with the planet's moons. Pictured is a 1/5 scale model size of the solar-powered Juno spacecraft
Galileo, which launched in 1989, circled Jupiter for 14 years, beaming back splendid views of the planet and its numerous moons. It uncovered signs of an ocean beneath the icy surface of Europa, considered a top target in the search for life outside Earth.
Juno's mission: To peer through Jupiter's cloud-socked atmosphere and map the interior from a unique vantage point above the poles.
Among the lingering questions: How much water exists? Is there a solid core? Why are Jupiter's southern and northern lights the brightest in the solar system?
There's also the mystery of its Great Red Spot. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the centuries-old monster storm in Jupiter's atmosphere is shrinking.
The trek to Jupiter, spanning nearly five years and 1.8 billion miles (2.8 bn kilometres), took Juno on a tour of the inner solar system followed by a swing past Earth that catapulted it beyond the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Along the way, Juno became the first spacecraft to cruise this far out powered by the sun, beating Europe's comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. A trio of massive solar wings sticks out from Juno like blades from a windmill, generating 500 watts of power to run its nine instruments.
Plans called for Juno to swoop within 3,100 miles (5,000 kilometres) of Jupiter's clouds — closer than previous missions — to map the planet's gravity and magnetic fields.
Juno launched in 2011. This image shows an Atlas V rocket carrying the Juno spacecraft lifts off from Space Launch Complex-41 in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It was the first step in Juno's 1.8 billion-mile voyage to the gas giant planet, Jupiter
JUNO'S MISSION IN NUMBERS
—1.8 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometres)
That's the total distance travelled from launch to arrival. Juno's journey wasn't a straight shot. Because the rocket that carried Juno wasn't powerful enough to boost it directly to Jupiter, it took a longer route. It looped around the inner solar system and then swung by Earth, using our planet as a gravity slingshot to hurtle toward the outer solar system.
— 3,100 miles (5,000 kilometres)
That's how close Juno will fly to Jupiter's cloud tops. It will pass over the poles a total of 37 times during the mission on a path that avoids the most intense radiation, before it plunges into the planet's atmosphere.
— 48 minutes, 19 seconds
That's the time it takes for radio signals from Jupiter to reach Earth. During the encounter, Juno will fire its main engine for about a half hour to slow down. By the time ground controllers receive word that it started, the engine burn would have been completed, and if all goes as planned, Juno would be in orbit.
— 20 months
That's how long the mission will last. Because Juno is in a harsh radiation environment, its delicate electronics are housed in a special titanium vault. Eventually, Juno will succumb to the intense radiation and will be commanded to plunge into Jupiter's atmosphere to avoid any collision with the planet's moons.
— Nine
Juno carries a suite of nine instruments to explore Jupiter from its interior to its atmosphere. It will map Jupiter's gravity and magnetic fields and track how much water is in the atmosphere. Its colour camera dubbed JunoCam will snap close-ups of Jupiter's swirling clouds, polar regions and shimmering southern and northern lights.
— Three
Three massive solar wings extend from Juno, making it the most distant solar-powered spacecraft. The panels can generate 500 watts of electricity, enough to power the instruments
Juno is an armoured spacecraft — its computer and electronics are locked in a titanium vault to shield them from harmful radiation. Even so, Juno is expected to get blasted with radiation equal to more than 100 million dental X-rays during the mission.
Last week, stunning new images and the highest-resolution maps of Jupiter at thermal infrared wavelengths showed a glowing view of Juno's target, a week ahead of the Nasa mission's arrival at the giant planet.
The maps reveal the present-day temperatures, composition and cloud coverage within Jupiter's dynamic atmosphere, and show how giant storms, vortices and wave patterns shape the appearance of the giant planet.
The high-resolution maps and images were created from observations with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, using a newly-upgraded thermal imager called VISIR.
This left composite image of photographs made by Cassini on December 29, 2000 shows the Jupiter. The Great Red Spot, a fierce storm larger than Earth, can be seen. In recent years, it has been mysteriously shrinking. The right image shows a close up view of the region
Jupiter on fire! In preparation for the imminent arrival of the Juno spacecraft, astronomers used ESO's Very Large Telescope to obtain spectacular new infrared images of Jupiter using the VISIR instrument. This false-colour image was created by selecting and combining the best images obtained from many short VISIR exposures at a wavelength of 5 micrometers
The observations were taken between February and June 2016 to characterise Jupiter's atmosphere ahead of Juno's arrival.
'We used a technique called 'lucky imaging', whereby individual sharp frames are extracted from short movies of Jupiter to 'freeze' the turbulent motions of our own atmosphere, to create a stunning new image of Jupiter's cloud layers,' said Dr Leigh Fletcher of the University of Leicester.
'At this wavelength, Jupiter's clouds appear in silhouette against the deep internal glows of the planet.
WHAT ARE JUPITER'S GREAT UNKNOWNS?
Water
Like the sun, Jupiter is a ball of mostly hydrogen and helium. It was probably the first planet to form. Jupiter is 11 times wider than Earth and with 300 times the mass. Juno will hunt for water in Jupiter's atmosphere, which may help explain how Earth got its water. Previous spacecraft found only a trace amount in Jupiter's atmosphere, but scientists think they didn't look deep enough. Juno carries an instrument that can pierce through thick clouds to measure the water content.
Great red spot
A world of swirling clouds and colourful stripes, Jupiter's most prominent feature is the Great Red Spot, a fierce storm in the atmosphere larger than Earth that has lasted for centuries. In recent years, the spot has been mysteriously shrinking. Once an oval about 25,500 miles wide (41,036 kilometres) in the late 1880s, the spot shrank to its smallest observed size in 2014 — the shape of a circle about 10,250 miles across (16,495 kilometres). Juno will study how deep into the atmosphere the Great Red Spot extends in an effort to understand what may happen next to Jupiter's trademark.
Auroras
Earth's dazzling southern and northern lights are dim compared to Jupiter's auroras, the brightest in the solar system. Earth's polar lights are triggered by solar storms, which occur when a cloud of gas from the sun slams into the planet's magnetic field. Jupiter's powerful auroras are sparked by the planet's own rotation. Jupiter is the fastest-spinning planet in the solar system, taking just 10 hours to complete a rotation. As Jupiter spins, it drags its magnetic field around with it. Juno will observe the light show and learn about the driving forces behind it.
Polar regions
The first peek of Jupiter's poles came in 1974 when Pioneer 11 flew by en route to Saturn. Juno will get a more detailed look by passing over Jupiter's polar regions. During the next year, the spacecraft will circle Jupiter 37 times from pole to pole — a path that will cover the whole planet. At its closest approach, Juno will skim within 3,100 miles (5,000 kilometres) of Jupiter's cloud tops.
'Images of this quality will provide the global context for Juno's close-up views of the planet at the same wavelength.'
Dr Fletcher and his team have also used the TEXES spectrograph on NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) in Hawaii regularly to map Jupiter's changing appearance.
The team made observations at many different wavelengths, optimised for different features and cloud layers in Jupiter's atmosphere, to create the first global spectral maps of Jupiter taken from Earth.
'These maps will help set the scene for what Juno will witness in the coming months.
'We have seen new weather phenomena that have been active on Jupiter throughout 2016.
Juno carries a suite of nine instruments to explore Jupiter from its interior to its atmosphere. It will map Jupiter's gravity and magnetic fields and track how much water is in the atmosphere
This view compares a lucky imaging view of Jupiter from VISIR (left) at infrared wavelengths with a very sharp amateur image in visible light from about the same time (right)
These include a widening of one of the brown belts just north of the equator, which has spawned wave patterns throughout the northern hemisphere, both in the cloud layers and high above in the planet's stratosphere,' said Dr Fletcher from the University of Leicester's Department of Physics and Astronomy.
'Observations at different wavelengths across the infrared spectrum allow us to piece together a three dimensional picture of how energy and material are transported upwards through the atmosphere.'
Both sets of observations were made as part of a campaign using several telescopes in Hawaii and Chile, as well as contributions from amateur astronomers around the world, to understand Jupiter's climate ahead of Juno's arrival.
Jupiter's powerful magnetosphere extends up to two million miles into the space around the planet (illustrated) and is thought to be responsible for sending charged particles in the space around it hurtling at high speeds towards the poles
The huge aurora on Jupiter (pictured) are thought to be caused by solar particles and volcanic debris in the space around the giant planet being accelerated towards the poles by its powerful magnetic field
The ground-based campaign in support of Juno is led by Dr Glenn Orton of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Once in orbit around Jupiter, Juno will skim to within just 3,100 miles (5,000 km) above Jupiter's clouds once a fortnight - too close to provide global coverage in a single image.
The Earth-based observations supplement the suite of advanced instrumentation on the Juno spacecraft, filling in the gaps in Juno's spectral coverage and providing the wider global and temporal context to Juno's close-in observations.
'The combined efforts of an international team of amateur and professional astronomers have provided us with an incredibly rich dataset over the past eight months,' said Dr Orton.
'Together with the new results from Juno, this dataset will allow researchers to characterise Jupiter's global thermal structure, cloud cover and distribution of gaseous species.
False color images generated from VLT observations in February and March 2016, showing two different faces of Jupiter. The bluer areas are cold and cloud-free, the orange areas are warm and cloudy, more colorless bright regions are warm and cloud-free, and dark regions are cold and cloudy (such as the Great Red Spot and the prominent ovals). The wave pattern over the North Equatorial Band shows up in orange.
We can then hope to answer questions like what drives Jupiter's atmospheric changes, and how the weather we see is connected to processes hidden deep within the planet.'
No previous spacecraft has orbited so close to Jupiter, although two others have been sent plunging to their destruction through its atmosphere. To complete its risky mission Juno will have to survive a circuit-frying radiation storm generated by Jupiter's powerful magnetic field.
The maelstrom of high energy particles travelling at nearly the speed of light is one of the harshest radiation environments in the Solar System.
To cope with the conditions, Juno is protected with special radiation-hardened wiring and sensor shielding and its all-important 'brain' - the spacecraft's flight computer - is housed in an armoured vault made of titanium and weighing almost 400 pounds (172kg).
Dr Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, US, said: 'We are not looking for trouble, we are looking for data.
'Problem is, at Jupiter, looking for the kind of data Juno is looking for, you have to go in the kind of neighbourhoods where you could find trouble pretty quick.'
Juno will study Jupiter's composition, gravitational and magnetic field, and search for clues about the planet's formation and the source of its raging winds, which can reach speeds of 384 mph (618 kph).
It will also deliver stunning colour photos via its JunoCam camera, which has a wide field of view geared for panoramic images.
To provide electrical power, the spacecraft carries three huge solar panels, each 29ft long and almost 9ft wide.
The previous record for a close approach to Jupiter was set by the American space agency Nasa's Pioneer 11 spacecraft which passed by the planet at a distance of 27,000 miles (43,000 km) in 1974.
Only one previous spacecraft, Galileo, which visited Jupiter and its moons from 1995 to 2003, has orbited the planet.
Galileo made wide orbits at distances of hundreds of thousands of kilometres that kept it out of serious danger from the radiation, although it suffered a number of technical 'anomalies'.
JUPITER'S GIANT AURORA
Jupiter's auroras were first discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979.
A thin ring of light on Jupiter's nightside looked like a stretched-out version of our own auroras on Earth.
But later, astronomers discovered the auroras were best visible in the ultraviolet. Scientists also discovered the planet has X-ray aurora too.
Jupiter's aurora are larger than our entire planet and unlike those on Earth, occur almost continuously.
This suggests that the mechanism causing this light show is different from that on Earth.
While Earth's Northern and Southern lights are triggered by energetic particles from the sun slamming into gas atoms high in the atmosphere, Jupiter appears to have another source.
Scientists believe its powerful magnetic field accellerates charged particles from the space around it towards its poles, to cause similar interactions.
The volcanic moon Io spews oxygen and sulfur ions into Jupiter's spinning magnetic field, which sends them hurtling towards the planet below.
Upon entering the atmosphere, their electrons are first stripped away by molecules they run into, but as they slow down they start grabbing electrons back. The 'charge exchange reaction' produces intense X-ray auroras.
Yet scientists have been baffled as to how Jupiter's magnetic field accelerates these particles.
The spacecraft sent a small probe on a one-way trip through the clouds of Jupiter, and was eventually itself crashed onto the planet at the end of its mission.
As a further safeguard, Juno is programmed to follow a long orbital path that avoids Jupiter's radiation belts as much as possible.
Despite these measures, the probe is not expected to last much longer than its planned lifespan of 20 months. At the end of he mission, Nasa plans to send the probe headlong into the Jovian atmosphere to collect as much data as possible.
Chief radiation monitoring investigator Heidi Becker, from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said: 'Over the course of the mission, the highest energy electrons will penetrate the vault, creating a spray of secondary photons and particles.
'The constant bombardment will break the atomic bonds in Juno's electronics.'
Juno was launched into space by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on August 5, 2011. The mission is part of Nasa's New Frontiers programme of robotic space missions which last year saw the New Horizons probe obtain close up views of dwarf planet Pluto
A plaque dedicated to Galileo and provided by the Italian Space Agency is also on board.
Measuring 2.8 ins (7.1 cm) across, it shows a portrait of Galileo and a text penned by the astronomer in January 1610 while observing Jupiter's four largest moons - later to be known as the Galilean moons.
Juno was launched into space by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on August 5, 2011.
The mission is part of Nasa's New Frontiers programme of robotic space missions which last year saw the New Horizons spacecraft obtain close up views of dwarf planet Pluto.
Juno Peers Beneath Jupiter’s Clouds to Reveal its Complex Atmosphere
Juno Peers Beneath Jupiter’s Clouds to Reveal its Complex Atmosphere
Many papers are usually released at once for big space exploration missions. Usually, that happens when an entire batch of data has been analyzed. The most recent set of papers is from Juno’s explorations of Jupiter’s atmosphere. With this data dump, scientists now have the first 3D map of the atmosphere of the solar system’s largest planet.
Four main discoveries were highlighted as part of NASA’s press release of the set of papers. The first is that there are systems in Jupiter’s atmosphere similar to “Farrell cells,” which we covered in a previous UT article. Another has to do with one of the most famous of Jupiter’s features: the Great Red Spot.
This image shows the overall size of the Great Red Spot in comparison to Earth.Credit – JunoCam Image data: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS; JunoCam Image processing by Kevin M. Gill (CC BY); Earth Image: NASA
Discovered over 200 years ago, the Great Red Spot is one of the most fascinating parts of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Larger the Earth’s diameter, up until now, there had been no indication of how deep this enormous “anticyclone” protruded down into the atmosphere. Juno shed some light on the situation, but only as it flashed past at 209,000 kph.
Luckily it got to do so twice, and during those flybys, the probe turned its microwave radiometer (MWR) towards the towering atmospheric structure. Designed to look beneath Jupiter’s clouds, MWR was able to tell that the Great Red Spot extended between approximately 300-500 kilometers down into the gas giant’s atmosphere. More minor storms only reach about 60 km into the clouds, making the mother of all anticyclones even more gigantic than initially thought.
The outer atmosphere shrouds the inner core of Jupiter, but what is it actually made up of?
That giant atmospheric feature is only one of Jupiter’s well-known patterns in its atmosphere, though. Another – its distinct “belts” of certain colored clouds – are formed by powerful winds blowing in opposite directions for each belt. In addition to creating the Ferrel cells mentioned above, the belts are hiding another secret below the clouds – they have transition segments very similar to a phenomenon known as thermoclines here on Earth.
Thermoclines occur where dramatic temperature changes occur in bodies of water, usually Earth’s ocean. They are visually noticeable from their distinct optical properties, where the two temperatures of water appear very visually distinct from one another. Jupiter’s analog, named a Jovicline by its discoverers, is similar in its changing optical properties. The belt is exceptionally bright in MWR’s data at shallow depths into the atmosphere compared to surrounding systems. However, at deeper levels, the surrounding systems show up as brighter rather than the belt itself. Thermoclines have similar properties, with warmer water and colder water reflecting different wavelengths of light differently.
Want an interesting thought experiment? How about whether we could colonize Jupiter?
MWR wasn’t the only instrument trained on Jupiter during Juno’s 37 flybys so far. The Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) was also collecting data, and in particular, spent time looking at cyclones located near the planet’s poles. Eight distinct storms form an octagon near the north pole, while five distinct storms form a pentagon in the south. Typical atmospheric modeling would have one of the cyclones pulled poleward. However, there are cyclones at the center of each pole that negate that pull, leaving each storm stuck in the same pattern for years at a time.
Juno will have plenty more years to assess those storms and other features of Jupiter and some of its surrounding moons as it continues its second extended mission well into 2025. With luck, the spacecraft can go for a third extended mission more than 16 years after it initially launched.
Composite image of Jupiter in infrared and visible light. Credit – International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/NASA/ESA, M.H. Wong and I. de Pater (UC Berkeley) et al.
RELATED VIDEOS AND PHOTOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Jupiter’s banded appearance is created by the cloud-forming weather layer. This composite image shows views of Jupiter in infrared and visible light taken by the Gemini North telescope and NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
Missing 411: This Navajo Park Ranger Reveals The Truth About What's Happening To People Inside These Parks
Missing 411: This Navajo Park Ranger Reveals The Truth About What's Happening To People Inside These Parks
This Navajo park ranger reveals the truth about what's happening to people inside these parks. Today, we take a look at what this Navajo park ranger said about working inside this park.
The police do incredible work, and they are usually the first ones on the scene when something goes wrong. Every so often though they will encounter something that even they can't explain.
One of the places where officers are seeing strange things is that of the Navajo Reservation of the American southwest. This location is known for mysterious and legendary stories and the police here have encountered some strange things.
One of the issues though is when police report these types of encounters, they can be mocked and locked down on. The police at Navajo Reservation however have a different view on things. They take these sightings and encounters seriously and will try to look into and understand each report.
Today, we take a look at this compilation of interesting discoveries and announcements.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
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