Kan een afbeelding zijn van hond

Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.

This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.

Carl Sagan Space GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

X Files Ufo GIF by SeeRoswell.com

1990: Petit-Rechain, Belgium triangle UFO photograph - Think AboutIts

Ufo Pentagon GIF

ufo abduction GIF by Ski Mask The Slump God

Flying Sci-Fi GIF by Feliks Tomasz Konczakowski

Season 3 Ufo GIF by Paramount+

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Goodbye
PETER2011

De bronafbeelding bekijken

De bronafbeelding bekijken

Beste bezoeker, bedankt voor uw bezoek.

Dear visitor, thank you for your visit.

Cher visiteur, je vous remercie de votre visite.

Liebe Besucher, vielen Dank für Ihren Besuch.

Estimado visitante, gracias por su visita.

Gentile visitatore, grazie per la vostra visita.

Inhoud blog
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    The purpose of  this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and  free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category.
    Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
     

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    Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.

    In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!

    In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.

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    Een interessant adres?
    UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
    UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
    In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog. Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch... Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels. MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen. MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity... Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com. Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal. Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP. ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
    01-10-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Undeniable proof that intelligent aliens once existed on Mars. Photos, UFO Sighting News.

    Undeniable proof that intelligent aliens once existed on Mars. Photos, UFO Sighting News.

    Date of discovery: Oct 1, 2020
    Location of discovery: Mars, Sol 710
    Source photo:
    I found a huge doorway into a hillside on Mars in SOL 710. The doorway is thiner on the top and wider on the bottom. Its perfectly balanced and is clearly a door to an alien structure. The doorway is unique and unlike a typical rectangle door or curved cave entrance, this one is more advanced. I believe it to be a ancient tomb. The doorway is similar to that of ancient tombs here on earth. Undeniable proof that intelligent aliens once existed on Mars. 
    Scott C. Waring 


    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    {  https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    01-10-2020 om 15:58 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Glowing Disk Caught During Sunset Over Mountain In Spain, May 5, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

    Glowing Disk Caught During Sunset Over Mountain In Spain, May 5, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

    Date of sighting: May 5, 2020 but Reported today. 
    Location of sighting: Zumarraga, Spain
    Source: MUFON #111613
    UFOs often move too fast for the human eye to detect. Aliens rely on that technologic skill to avoid detection. However cell phones and cameras are getting more advanced and have a more perfect eye than our own. They capture every detail. So thats is our advantage. We too have tech skills to fall on. This is a perfect disk and caught in two different positions. Absolutely breathtaking. I have often said, if you want to see a UFO, watch a dozen sunsets. You will see at least one. 
    Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
    Eyewitness states: 
    I was just trying to take a beautiful picture of the sunset. I felt something diferent that day in the sky but I couldn’t see clearly the object with my eyes. It was the picture with the phone which took perfectly the object.





    https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

    01-10-2020 om 15:18 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Recent DNA Results of the Elongated Skulls of Paracas Peru indicate they were not Homo Sapiens

    Recent DNA Results of the Elongated Skulls of Paracas Peru indicate they were not Homo Sapiens

    The puzzle of why diverse ancient people, even on remote Pacific Islands, would use head-binding to create elongated heads is mystifying, this cultural practice may be traced back to mysterious ancestors with very complex genetics origins. 
    Image credit: Marcia K Moorf. 
    On the coast of Peru a mysterious people appeared about 3000 years ago and disappeared 1000 years later. Today we know of them as the Paracas, an Inca term to describe the area some 1500 years after the Paracas were no longer present. 
    Cranial deformation of human skulls was a phenomenon that existed on all inhabited continents, and especially the case about 2000 years ago among the elite of societies. 
    In general these were the elites of a society and cranial deformation was performed on new borns in order to make them look distinct from the general population. In Peru and Bolivia there were many societies with elongated heads, including the royal Inca family. 
    Were they some sort of elite race that roamed the entire planet? Why do anthropologists rarely talk about cranial deformation and know so little about it? 
    But now recent DNA testing of the early Paracas indicate that they did not originate in Peru and that they were in fact not Homo sapiens. 
    Check also out Brien Foerster pertinent books Here.
      
    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

    01-10-2020 om 15:06 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:MYSTERIES ( Fr, Nl, E)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Possible UFO video of a flying saucer over Brookings, South Dakota

    Possible UFO video of a flying saucer over Brookings, South Dakota

    flying-saucer

    This UFO video of a disc-shaped object was filmed back in September 2018 but it was just submitted today to MUFON’s website.

    Witness report: 

    I observed an object floating in the sky for over an hour. I had my phone on me to take video. I saw this object in September of 2018 when I filmed it hovering in the sky for over an hour. Almost exactly a year later I saw the same object in the sky again in September of 2019.

    https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

    01-10-2020 om 14:36 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:LATEST ( UFO ) VIDEO NEWS ( ENG)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Did a migrating Jupiter turn Venus into hell?

    Did a migrating Jupiter turn Venus into hell?

    01-10-2020 om 01:40 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.A ‘lake’ on Mars may be surrounded by more pools of water

    A ‘lake’ on Mars may be surrounded by more pools of water

    New radar data add to evidence of water under Mars’ south pole, but it’s not “a slam dunk yet”

    Mars south pole

    New radar data from the Mars Express orbiter suggests that a possible lake 1.5 kilometers under the ice at Mars’ south pole (shown) is surrounded by pools of liquid water.

    J. COWART/FU BERLIN/DLR/ESA (CC BY-SA 3.0)

    Fresh intel from Mars is sure to stir debate about whether liquid water lurks beneath the planet’s polar ice.

    New data from a probe orbiting Mars appear to bolster a claim from 2018 that a lake sits roughly 1.5 kilometers beneath ice near the south pole (SN: 8/18/18). An analysis of the additional data, by some of the same researchers who reported the lake’s discovery, also hint at several more pools encircling the main reservoir, a study released online September 28 in Nature Astronomy claims.

    If it exists, the central lake spans roughly 600 square kilometers. To keep from freezing, the water would have to be extremely salty, possibly making it similar to subglacial lakes in Antarctica. “This area is the closest thing to ‘habitable’ on Mars that has been found so far,” says Roberto Orosei, a planetary scientist at the National Institute for Astrophysics in Bologna, Italy, who also led the 2018 report.

    Ali Bramson, a planetary scientist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., agrees “something funky is going on at this location.” But, she says, “there are some limitations to the instrument and the data…. I don’t know if it’s totally a slam dunk yet.”

    Orosei and colleagues probed the ice using radar on board the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter. Short bursts of radio waves reflect off the ice, but some penetrate deeper and bounce off the bottom of the ice, sending back a second echo. The brightness and sharpness of that second reflection can reveal details about the underlying terrain.

    The possible lake was originally found using radar data collected from May 2012 to December 2015. Now, in data collected from 2010 to 2019, the team once again found regions beneath the ice that are highly reflective and very flat. They say their findings not only confirm earlier hints of a large buried lake but also unearth a handful of smaller ponds encircling the main body of water and separated by strips of dry land.

    “On Earth, there would be no debate” that a bright, flat radar reflection would be liquid water, Orosei says. These same analysis techniques have been used closer to home to map subglacial lakes in Antarctica and Greenland.

    While much about these putative ponds remains unknown, one thing is certain: This new report is bound to spark controversy. “The community is very polarized,” says Isaac Smith, a planetary scientist with the Planetary Science Institute who is based in Ontario, Canada. “I’m in the camp that leans towards believing it,” he adds. “They’ve done their homework.”

    One question centers on how water could stay liquid. “There’s no way to get liquid water warm enough even with throwing in a bunch of salts,” says planetary scientist Michael Sori, also at Purdue.

    In 2019, he and Bramson calculated that the ice temperature — about –70° Celsius — is too cold even for salts to melt. They argue some local source of geothermal heat is needed, such as a magma chamber beneath the surface, to maintain a lake. That in turn has led to other questions about whether contemporary Mars could supply the necessary heat.

    Smith — as well as the paper’s authors — thinks this isn’t a problem. As recently as 50,000 years ago, Smith says, the Martian south pole was warmer because the planet’s tilt (and hence its seasons) is constantly changing. Warmer temperatures could have propagated through the ice to create pockets of salty liquid. Alternatively, the ponds may have been there before the ice cap formed. Either way, at very high salt concentrations, once water has melted, it’s hard to get it to freeze again. “The melting temperature is different than the freezing temperature,” he says.

    Even so, such liquid may be unlike any that most earthlings are familiar with. “Some supercooled brines at these cold temperatures are still considered liquid but turn into some weird glass,” Bramson says.

    Resolving these questions will probably require more than radar. Multiple factors, such as the composition and physical properties of the ice, can alter the fate of the second echo from the bottom of the ice, says Bramson. Seismology, gravity and topography data could go a long way to revealing what lurks beneath the ice.

    Whether anything could survive in such water is an open question. “We don’t know exactly what is in this water,” Orosei says.  “We don’t know the concentration of salts, which could be deadly to life.” But if life did evolve on Mars, he speculates, “these lakes could have been providing a Noah’s Ark that could have allowed life to survive even in in present conditions.“

    https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

    01-10-2020 om 01:05 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Nog meer meertjes ontdekt onder zuidpool Mars

    Nog meer meertjes ontdekt onder zuidpool Mars

    Onder de zuidpool van Mars zit niet alleen een groot ondergronds zoutmeer verborgen, maar ook een aantal zoute vijvers.

    Foto: Hubble-opname van Mars.

    © NASA/JPL-Caltech

    Tot die conclusie komt een team van Italiaanse wetenschappers op basis van radargegevens van de Europese ruimtesonde Mars Express in Nature Astronomy.

    De ontdekking van het meer werd twee jaar geleden al bekendgemaakt. Sindsdien hebben de wetenschappers hun zoekgebied met een paar honderd kilometer uitgebreid. Dat heeft onder meer bewijs opgeleverd dat het ondergrondse zoutmeer dertig kilometer groot is en anderhalve kilometer onder de ijskorst ligt. 

    Daarnaast zijn nu drie kleinere watermassa’s rond het meer ontdekt. Deze intrigrerende ‘vijvers’ hebben afmetingen van een paar kilometer en staan los van het zoutmeer. 

    Radiogolven

    Bij het onderzoek gebruikte het team onder leiding van Sebastian Emanuel Lauro van de Roma Tre-universiteit een radarmethode die vergelijkbaar is met hoe op aarde ondergrondse meren in het Antarctische en Canadese Noordpoolgebied worden opgespoord. Daarbij wordt gekeken hoe radiogolven weerkaatsen aan ondergrondse lagen van verschillende materialen. 

    Bij elke ontdekking van water op Mars wordt er al snel over gespeculeerd dat er wellicht nog levende organismen op de planeet te vinden zijn. Maar dit zoutmeer en de omringende ‘vijvers’ zijn daar waarschijnlijk niet geschikt voor. Als ze echt uit vloeibaar water bestaan, moet dat water vanwege de ijzige omstandigheden ter plaatse heel zout zijn – te zout voor levende micro-organismen. 

    Sommige planeetwetenschappers twijfelen er zelfs aan of er überhaupt water onder de ijskap van Mars zit. Het zou er zelfs te koud zijn voor een pekelmeer. Het heldere gebied dat op de radarbeelden te zijn is, zou eventueel wel op het bestaan van een ondergrondse slijklaag kunnen wijzen.

    https://www.eoswetenschap.eu/ }

    01-10-2020 om 00:49 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.X-ray data reveal 1st-ever planet orbiting stars in another galaxy

    X-ray data reveal 1st-ever planet orbiting stars in another galaxy

    While extragalactic “rogue” planets – not orbiting any star – have been reported before, the new exoplanet is the first to be detected orbiting stars in another galaxy. And not just any galaxy … but M51, the beautiful Whirlpool, 23 million light-years away.

    Galaxy with spiral arms full of stars and pink blotches, and smaller golden galaxy beside it.

    The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), where the candidate exoplanet M51-ULS-1b was detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We see this galaxy face-on.

    Image via NASA/ ESA/ S. Beckwith (STScI)/ the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).

    In recent decades, astronomers have found over 4,000 exoplanets, or worlds orbiting other stars. They range from small, rocky planets to huge gas giants, but they all have one thing in common. Every exoplanet found orbiting a star has so far resided in our own Milky Way galaxy. That makes sense, since the Milky Way’s own stars are the stars closest to us, cosmically-speaking. But now scientists at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics – led by Rosanne Di Stefano – have used X-ray data to take the giant step across extragalactic space, to find the first evidence for a planet orbiting stars in another galaxy.

    The planet, still a candidate at this point, appears to orbit a binary star system – two stars in a mutual orbit – in the glorious Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), a galaxy we see face-on, at a staggering 23 million light-years from Earth.

    The extragalactic news was reported in The Physics arXiv Blog by Astronomy.com on September 24, 2020.

    A new peer-reviewed paper detailing the discovery was submitted to arXiv on September 18, 2020.

    Spiral orange glowing gas, dust and bright stars, with white dashed square and text annotations.

    Image of the Whirlpool Galaxy from Chandra. The M51-ULS-1 star system, seen in bright X-rays, is the orange dot in the center of the square.

    Image via R. Di Stefano et al./ MNRAS.

    The planet has been labeled M51-ULS-1b, and is estimated to be slightly smaller than Saturn. It orbits its stars about 10 times the distance from Earth to the sun. It was first detected on September 20, 2012, by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, but went unnoticed in the datasets at the time. It was only later found by Di Stefano and other colleagues.

    It’s an exciting finding, but how did astronomers do it, especially when it can be difficult enough just to find planets in our own galaxy?

    The answer is that this binary star system is rather unique. One of the two stars in the binary is simply a massive star. But the other one is thought to be a stellar remnant, either a neutron star or a black hole. The massive star is gradually being consumed by the neutron star or black hole companion, either of which would have extreme gravitational pull. The resulting dust releases huge amounts of energy in the form of X-rays, the same electromagnetic radiation used to take images of the inside of a human body or other objects. The amount of X-rays being released is so massive that this binary system is one of the brightest sources of X-rays in the entire Whirlpool Galaxy.

    Also, whether the object emitting the X-rays is a neutron star or black hole, it is very small, smaller than a lot of planets. The team calculated that if a Saturn-sized planet orbited it, and transited in front of it from our vantage point – the way many exoplanets are discovered – it would entirely eclipse the object. As seen by Chandra, the transit lasted about three hours.

    Spacecraft with nearby Earth and stars in background.

    The extragalactic planet was first detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2012, but not noticed until much later (artist’s illustration).

    Image via NASA/ Chandra X-ray Observatory.

    Couldn’t the possible planet actually be another star? The researchers say no, since the binary system is too young for other white dwarfs or other stars to have evolved there. What about natural variations in brightness of the neutron star or black hole? Again, the team says this is unlikely, because the different light frequencies in the spectrum all dimmed and then brightened again at the same time, exactly what would be expected of an eclipse by a larger body passing in front:

    It is approximately symmetric, and has a shape typical of transits in which the source and transiting object have comparable size.

    The researchers now expect that additional planetary candidates will be found soon:

    The archives contain enough data to conduct surveys comparable to ours more than ten times over. We therefore anticipate the discovery of more than a dozen additional extragalactic candidate planets in wide orbits.

    Since our own galaxy alone is now estimated to contain billions of planets, maybe even more planets than stars, it is reasonable to conclude that other galaxies do as well.

    This discovery is tantalizing, but it is not actually the first possible detection of a planet in another galaxy. As reported in EarthSky in February 2018, astronomers at the University of Oklahoma (UO) announced evidence for multiple planets in a galaxy 3.8 billion light-years away, which contains the quasar RX J1131-1231. The main difference with these is that they are free-floating “rogue” planets not orbiting any stars, and the evidence for them is less direct, using a quasar microlensing technique where the gravity from the quasar acts as a natural magnifying glass. The quasar magnifies the light coming from its galaxy, making it easier to detect distant features.

    Smiling woman headshot on white background.

    Rosanne Di Stefano at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, who led the discovery team.

    Image via Harvard University.

    That discovery was also made using Chandra. Using microlensing models at OU’s supercomputing center, the researchers calculated there could be as many as 2,000 rogue exoplanets in that galaxy, ranging from the mass of the moon to the mass of Jupiter.

    Millions or more rogue planets like these are also now thought to exist in our own galaxy, but whether they were ejected from their original planetary systems or just formed where they are isn’t known yet.

    M51-ULS-1b, however, would be the first “regular” planet discovered in a nearby galaxy, one that orbits a star. That bodes well for the prospect of many more being found in the years ahead. If our galaxy, the Whirlpool Galaxy and others are filled with planets, then how many worlds might there be in the universe? It’s a mind-bending thought, especially when it was first believed there were about 200 billion galaxies in the observable universe, but more recent studies say there are at least 10 times that many, or 2 trillion galaxies. Wow.

    https://earthsky.org/ }

    01-10-2020 om 00:42 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WARNS OF “ZOMBIE STORMS”

    NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WARNS OF “ZOMBIE STORMS”

    NOAA/PIXABAY/VICTOR TANGERMANN

    Spooky Storm

    Just in time for Halloween season, the year 2020 has one more trick up its sleeve: “zombie storms.”

    As their eerie name suggests, according to the National Weather Service, the rare weather phenomenon occurs when strong tropical climates cause storms to come back from the dead.

    Dead Rising

    That’s essentially what happened to Hurricane Paulette. The storm landed in Bermuda weeks ago as a Category 1 storm, intensified to a Category 2, and then lost speed.

    Then last week, Paulette joined the living dead by strengthening into a tropical storm once more, according to the National Hurricane Center. She made yet another reappearance about 300 miles off the Azores islands.

    Hostile Conditions

    Meteorologist Brandon Miller told CNN that “conditions can become hostile for a tropical storm to maintain its intensity, but if it doesn’t dissipate completely, it can revive days later when conditions become more favorable.”

    He added that “2020 is a good candidate to experience a zombie storm because water temperatures are above average over a bulk of the Atlantic Ocean, and obviously we are seeing a record number of storms — which ups the chances one could regenerate.”

    In other words, rather than dying out as they usually do when they hit land or cooler waters, storms are regaining energy from much warmer waters in the Caribbean.

    Intensifying conditions caused by climate change might be making such freak occurrences more frequent, especially considering an “extreme amount of heating of the Gulf (of Mexico),” as Donald Wuebbles, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Illinois, told Live Science.

    Related Videos, selected and posted by peter2011

    { https://futurism.com/the-byte }

    01-10-2020 om 00:26 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:Diversen (Eng, NL en Fr)
    30-09-2020
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.How much matter is there in the universe? Now we (kind of) know

    How much matter is there in the universe? Now we (kind of) know

    How do you measure... everyhing?

    Dark energy is, for the lack of a better term, not matter. As far as we can tell, the universe is not only expanding, but it’s expanding at an accelerated rate. This dark energy is what seems to be driving this accelerated expansion — we don’t know what it is, we just know that it’s expanding the universe. It’s weird but you’ll have to live with that explanation because, well, we don’t have a better one yet.

    Understanding the magnitude of dark energy is actually crucial to our understanding of the Universe. Even if we don’t know exactly what it is, knowing how it affects the universe expansion is essential. So how do you measure something when you’re not even sure what it is?

    Turns out, galaxy clusters are a good tool for that. Galaxy cluster (neighborhoods of galaxies). Galaxy clusters are made of matter that has come together under the pull of gravity, and the number of clusters we can observe in a volume of space is dependent on the amount of matter. So if by counting and measuring galaxy clusters we can get a decent idea about the matter in the universe, and everything else is dark energy.

    Simulations of galaxy cluster formations with different amounts of matter. By checking which version most closely matches real observations, astronomers can figure out the most likely amount of matter in the universe.
    Image credits: UCR/Mohamed Abdullah

    Of course, this is more easily said than done.

    The ‘Goldilocks’ challenge for our team was to measure the number of clusters and then determine which answer was ‘just right’. But it is difficult to measure the mass of any galaxy cluster accurately because most of the matter is dark so we can’t see it with telescopes,” said astronomer Mohamed Abdullah of the University of California, Riverside and the National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics in Egypt.

    Still, after a close analysis and a comparison with computer simulation, Abdullah and colleagues managed to create what they believe to be the most accurate measurement of matter in the universe. Spoiler alert: it’s… not that much.

    To put that amount of matter in context, if all the matter in the Universe were spread out evenly across space, it would correspond to an average mass density equal to only about six hydrogen atoms per cubic meter,”

    However, since we know 80 percent of matter is actually dark matter, in reality, most of this matter consists not of hydrogen atoms but rather of a type of matter which cosmologists don’t yet understand.

    So in reality, you’d get about one atom of matter per cubic meter — almost nothing. But this is the universe as we know it. The planets and the stars, you and me, we’re just one atom per cubic meter to the universe. As for the rest, we’re just now starting to understand what it is.

    https://www.zmescience.com/ }

    30-09-2020 om 23:23 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.This could be the first extragalactic planet we’ve ever found

    This could be the first extragalactic planet we’ve ever found

    Status report: astronomers may have found a planet outside our galaxy, something that has never been done before.

    30-09-2020 om 23:10 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.A better way to search for traces of life on Mars — and beyond! (op-ed)

    A better way to search for traces of life on Mars — and beyond! (op-ed)

    30-09-2020 om 22:59 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Watch Firefly Aerospace test-fire its Alpha rocket in this stunning drone video

    Watch Firefly Aerospace test-fire its Alpha rocket in this stunning drone video

    An epic set of new videos shows the fiery power of Firefly Aerospace's forthcoming Alpha rocket.

    The company showed off first-stage testing, which will certify Alpha for a test flight this fall, in new YouTube videos which include drone footagefixed ground footage and a mix of cameras that also show off the engines swiveling to test maneuvers during flight.

    "Today we performed a test of the Alpha flight first stage," the startup company said on Twitter Sept. 20. "The four Reaver engines performed 35 seconds of thrust vector control maneuvers, challenging the flame deflectors to constrain all that Reaver power. Today's test was a major step in Firefly's march to first flight."


    Firefly Aerospace's Alpha rocket struts its stuff in videos of new testing.  
    (Image credit: Firefly Aerospace)

    The two-stage Alpha rocket was supposed to make its debut earlier in 2020, but physical distancing and shipping delays related to the novel coronavirus pandemic delayed that timeline, company representatives told Space.com in August.

    "Over the last few months, there have been even more challenges than we usually have in this industry," Robb Kulin, Firefly's chief operating officer, said at the time. Despite these obstacles, the company passed several key milestones to compete in the fast-growing small rocket industry, including shipping the Firefly mobile launch stand from Texas to its destination at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

    Firefly Aerospace arose after a predecessor entity, Firefly Space Systems, entered bankruptcy protection in 2016 due to a major investor pulling out due to Brexit. The company has been expanding rapidly, including a $52 million investment in 2019 that included starting a second launch site at Cape Canaveral, Fla. Other ongoing projects include developing a larger rocket called Beta and a robotic moon lander that will support NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program.

    The 1.1-ton Alpha rocket is expected to launch missions for roughly $15 million apiece, compared to the larger SpaceX Falcon 9 booster that generally launches for $62 million. Alpha's first mission will carry satellites as part of Firefly's Dedicated Research and Education Accelerator Mission, which aims to bring payloads to space for no cost to the participants.

    Customers for the second and third flights have yet to be announced, but Firefly has said it expects to run those missions in 2021.

    Follow Elizabeth Howell on Twitter @howellspace.

    Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. 

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://www.space.com/ }

    30-09-2020 om 22:45 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Scientists Have Created a ‘Super Enzyme’ That Breaks Down Plastic Six Times Faster
    Scientists Have Created a ‘Super Enzyme’ That Breaks Down Plastic Six Times Faster
    The reengineered ‘super enzyme’ can gobble up plastic bottles and break them down into their building blocks in just a few days.
    PHOTO COURTESY OF TOM FISK / PEXELS

    In a breakthrough that could mean wonders for plastic recycling and disposal, scientists have created a new combination of enzymes to break down plastic faster. This “super enzyme” as they call it, not only breaks down plastic six times faster than current methods, but is also more affordable and can work on a larger scale.

    This is done by a team of researchers who re-engineered a plastic-eating enzyme in 2018. They have now combined it with a second enzyme to make it have major implications for the recycling of bottles, clothing, and all other commonly found waste.
    In a study published in scientific journal PNAS on September 28, the researchers revealed that the “super-enzyme” was made by combining two separate enzymes—a plastic-eating enzyme named PETase and the new enzyme called MHETase. Using a technique that is commonly used in the biofuels industry, researchers effectively stitched the two enzymes’ DNA together to create one long chain which formed this new blend of enzymes. The two enzymes were derived from a bacterium discovered in Japan in 2016, which scientists found could break down polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
    While this was the first time they combined two enzymes to break plastic, researchers believe that there is still a huge potential to tweak and make the enzymes work faster. “When we linked the enzymes, rather unexpectedly, we got a dramatic increase in activity,” said John McGeehan, a professor of structural biology at the University of Portsmouth, UK to The Guardian. “This is a trajectory towards trying to make faster enzymes that are more industrially relevant. But it’s also one of those stories about learning from nature, and then bringing it into the lab.”
    Plastic pollution has always been one of the most pressing environmental issues, as their disposal has rapidly overwhelmed the world’s ability to deal with them. They take about 500 years to degrade in the ocean—if they do at all—and even then, much of it breaks down into microplastics that have been found in marine life, ocean water, and even in the guts of humans.
    The super enzyme could have major benefits for recycling PET, which is the most common thermoplastic used in single-use drinks bottles and clothing. PET takes hundreds of years to degrade in the environment. With this, it can break down in a couple of days. Combining the plastic-eating enzymes with existing ones that break down natural fibres could allow mixed materials to be fully recycled, added McGeehan.

    ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    30-09-2020 om 22:21 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Has the mystery of 'Britain's Roswell' finally been solved? Rendlesham Forest UFO 'landing' was a prank SAS tricksters played on US Airmen, insiders claim

    Has the mystery of 'Britain's Roswell' finally been solved? Rendlesham Forest UFO 'landing' was a prank SAS tricksters played on US Airmen, insiders claim

    • Rendlesham Forest incident in Suffolk, has intrigued UFO enthusiasts since 1980 
    • Military personnel said they saw lights flying in the woods in December that year
    • The group was largely convinced they had witnessed an alien spacecraft
    • Yet it has now been claimed that the extraterrestrial sighting was a hoax

    Dubbed ‘Britain’s Roswell’, the Rendlesham Forest incident in Suffolk, has intrigued UFO enthusiasts since taking place in December 1980.

    On three separate nights just before the New Year, military personnel said they saw lights flying in the sky and descending into the woodland - the group was convinced they had seen an alien spacecraft. 

    Yet it has now been claimed that the extraterrestrial sighting was a hoax, played on the US air force by the SAS in revenge for capturing a squad and subjecting them to a brutal interrogation.

    Since the incident in 1980, Rendlesham Forest has become a site of endless speculation for UFO chasers 

    Since the incident in 1980, Rendlesham Forest has become a site of endless speculation for UFO chasers 

    The SAS were said to have regularly tested US security by probing the perimeters of RAF Woodbridge in the English county, which allegedly stored Nuclear warheads and was believed to be a key target for Soviet agents.

    But when an SAS troop parachuted into the complex one night in August 1980 they were unaware the guards had upgraded their radar system.

    Their black parachutes were immediately detected and the British were hauled off for questioning.

    They claimed they were beaten up by their captors who refused to believe who they were and repeatedly referred to as ‘unidentified aliens’, before being released 18 hours later after the British authorities intervened.

    On three separate nights just before the New Year, military personnel said they saw lights flying in the sky and descending into the woodland (pictured)

    On three separate nights just before the New Year, military personnel said they saw lights flying in the sky and descending into the woodland (pictured)

    Staff Sergeant Jim Penniston sketched the craft he says he saw at the time of the incident

    Staff Sergeant Jim Penniston sketched the craft he says he saw at the time of the incident

    Seething from the interrogation, SAS soldiers were keen to take revenge.

    British X-Files expert Dr David Clarke, who has been researching the story for three years, revealed: ‘After their release, the troopers made no complaint at their rough treatment but were determined to get their own back on the USAF for the beating that they had received.

    ‘In particular, their repeated characterisation as “aliens” sowed the seeds of a plan. They said: “They called us aliens. Right, we'll show them what aliens really look like.”’

    As December approached, lights and coloured flares were rigged in Rendlesham Forest. Black helium balloons were also coupled to remote-controlled kites to carry suspended materials into the sky, activated by radio-controls.

    Taking place over three nights between 26 and 28 December in 1980, military personnel from nearby RAF Bentwaters and RAF Woodbridge witnessed strange lights in the woods and hovering above the airbases which were on high alert as the Cold War was at its peak. 

    Pictured is the east gate at RAF Woodbridge, near where the incident is alleged to have occurred

    ‘A great deal of nocturnal Christmas fun was had at the expense of the USAF - and the matter should have ended there,’ according to a letter written to Dr Clarke by an alleged SAS source.

    ‘Unfortunately, a senior US officer (Lt Col Halt) led the US contingent out into the forest on the second night and took along his tape recorder.

    ‘The hovering and whizzing lights were sufficiently impressive for him to send a report to the MoD.

    ‘Someone in London recalled the events of the previous August and questions were asked. A few red faces - but also some satisfaction and amusement - followed.

    Military personnel from nearby RAF Bentwaters (pictured) and RAF Woodbridge witnessed strange lights in the woods and hovering above the airbases

    Military personnel from nearby RAF Bentwaters (pictured) and RAF Woodbridge witnessed strange lights in the woods and hovering above the airbases

    ‘The USAF was 'reassured' at a very senior level and no UK investigation was undertaken - for obvious reasons.’

    Dr Clarke said he was first contacted three years ago by ‘Frank’ who claimed to be a SAS insider.

    He had seen Dr Clarke talking about Rendlesham on a TV documentary and felt ‘it was about time that the truth was revealed about the incident’.

    Dr Clarke, of the Centre for Contemporary Legend at Sheffield Hallam University, said: ‘I investigated his incredible story by talking to trusted and open sources in the British military, including some high profile former SAS troopers.

    ‘What happened in the forest, according to Frank, would be bread and butter for special operation soldiers trained to deceive and misinform whilst remaining invisible.’

    RENDLESHAM FOREST INCIDENT

    In December 1980, strange lights were reported by servicemen in Rendlesham Forest near RAF Bentwaters and RAF Woodbridge, in Suffolk.

    The incident came to be known as 'Britain's Roswell'; named after the supposed UFO sightings in New Mexico.

    Soldiers investigated what the lights were, including Staff Sgt Jim Burroughs, Airman First Class Edward Cabansag and Airman First Class Larry Warren.

    The disputed sightings, over three nights between December 26-28, occurred when Britain and the West were on high alert during the Cold War.

    Retired US Air Force officer Steve Longero broke a 36 year silence in December 2016, to reveal he also saw something in the night sky.

    Mr Longero said the UFOs looked like red and green fluorescent lights hovering over treetops.

    He also dismissed one theory that the lights had been caused by a lighthouse.

    The incident became a topic of fascination in the UK after a group of servicemen went into Rendlesham Forest to investigate the mysterious lights and came out convinced they had seen seen an alien spacecraft.

    The Suffolk sightings resurfaced claims from those living in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947, when an unexpected crash was alleged to have been the remains of a spacecraft and alien bodies.

    But this was rejected by the U.S. military following a close investigation into the wreckage.

    The British Ministry of Defence has also dismissed the claims regarding Rendlesham.

    It said there was no threat to national security and the UFOs were likely to be caused by a series of nocturnal lights. 

    30-09-2020 om 18:43 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Another Reason to Conclude the Rendlesham Forest “UFO” Incident was Really a Secret Experiment

    Another Reason to Conclude the Rendlesham Forest “UFO” Incident was Really a Secret Experiment

    In May of this year I had a new book published by Lisa Hagan Books. Its title: The Rendlesham Forest UFO Conspiracy. Here’s the publicity information for the book: “In the final days of December 1980, strange encounters and bizarre incidents occurred in the heart of Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England. Based upon their personal encounters, many of the military personnel who were present at the time believed that something extraterrestrial came down in those dark woods. What if, however, there was another explanation for what happened four decades ago? What if that explanation, if revealed, proved to be even more controversial than the theory that aliens arrived from a faraway world? The ramifications for the field of Ufology would be immense. In his new, sensational book, Nick Redfern reveals that one of the most famous UFO cases of all time was really a series of top secret experiments using holograms, mind-control programs, deception, disinformation, conspiracies and cover-ups. The shocking truth of a forty-year-old mystery is now revealed.”

    There’s a good reason why, today, I’m mentioning the book again. There is some fascinating information that I wasn’t aware of, but which certainly now adds to the “secret experiment” angle of the Rendlesham affair. In my book, I pointed out that the events in the forest occurred over the Christmas period – something that would have ensured most people would not have been out and about at that time. They would be celebrating at home. And that also included significant numbers of military personnel who – on leave for the holidays – worked at the two nearby military bases: Royal Air Force Bentwaters and Royal Air Force Woodbridge. In other words, by running the clandestine program over the Christmas nights, few people would know what happened. One of the other issues I address in my book is the matter of how, in the latter part of 1964, U.K. military personnel were dosed with LSD in a couple of English woods – and without their knowledge of what was going down. It was an experiment coordinated by staff from Porton Down, Wiltshire – a facility that has a long, secret and controversial history of researching the effects of hallucinogens on people. That brings us to the latest bit of the story.

    I should stress that it isn’t exactly a new revelation. In fact, it was noted back in the 1960s; however, as a result of what I learned while doing the research for my book, it now places this particular piece of information in a new, eye-opening light. The story can be found in the pages of Arthur Shuttlewood’s 1967 book, The Warminster Mystery: Astounding UFO Sightings. On the book’s jacket, we’re told: “Two years ago the small Wiltshire town of Warminster was suddenly gripped by a series of Flying Saucer sightings, which have persisted right up to the present day. No town in England, or for that matter in the world, has registered so many authentic reports of UFOs.” The publisher continues: “The Warminster Mystery is a dramatic unfolding of these sightings, with eye-witness accounts of strange ‘things’ seen by day and night; of bewildering mushrooms of smoke, crescents of fire, weird, disturbing sounds, and even accounts of conversations with those from Outer Space.”

    Now, to the crux of it all. Stationed at a military facility called Knook Camp at Heytesbury (which is only four miles from the town of Warminster) was the 1st Welch Regiment. On Christmas Day, that same regiment found themselves in a very strange situation. As Arthur Shuttlewood wrote: “Over thirty soldiers awoke to a thunderous crescendo at the camp early on Christmas Day, 1964 [when it was still dark, in other words]. A sergeant told me ‘it was as if a huge chimney stack from the main block was ripped from the rooftop, then scattered in solid chunks of masonry across the whole camp area.'” Shuttlewood added: “The guard was alerted, standing by for action, but none developed. Surprised, the soldiers were unable to explain the blasting sounds, beyond asserting that they were decidedly not caused by conventional type aircraft. This aerial thunderclap was the forerunner of an astonishing series of incidents like that which occurred on Christmas Day, 1964.”

    So, on Christmas Day, in both 1964 and 1980 – and when most Brits would have been at home celebrating Christmas – military personnel in the U.K. were exposed to strange and unexplained phenomena that was perceived as being UFO-based in nature. And, the LSD experiments run by Porton Down’s scientists took place in the final days of 1964. Not only that: Porton Down is located only twenty-four miles from Warminster. And, as my book on Rendlesham demonstrates, there was a Porton Down presence in Rendlesham Forest the night before the incidents began. There are, without doubt, significant parallels and threads to be unraveled here. For me, this is all beyond coincidence. We’re seeing two different experiments – one in the 1960s and the other in December 1980 – but with identical goals: to fabricate UFO events (both on just about the quietest day of the year in the U.K.) and to see how military personnel responded to amazing and bizarre phenomena (Many thanks to Ray Cox for bring this development to my attention).

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    30-09-2020 om 18:18 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The Mystery of the Baghdad Batteries

    De bronafbeelding bekijken

    The Mystery of the Baghdad Batteries

    In 1936, workers at archaeological excavations of monuments belonging to the Parthian civilization (248-226 BC) in the village of Khujut Rabu, near Baghdad, Iraq, stumbled across something unusual down in the ground. They found an ancient, weathered terracotta pot or jar, about 6 inches high, which contained a cylinder made of a rolled copper sheet, within which sat a rod of iron, and the whole of it was topped with plugs or stoppers of bitumen. The innards of the jar had been corroded with perhaps some sort of acidic juice or vinegar, and the whole of it was very odd and out of place amongst the other artifacts of the era that were being dug up. Others were found, twelve in all, and no one could figure out what the anomalous objects were supposed to be or what they were used for. At the time, the strange jars and the inexplicable contents were put on display in the National Museum of Iraq and sort of forgotten about. Little did anyone know that these unassuming little pots would turn out to be a persistent historical mystery.

    It would not be until 1938 that anyone would take a really good look at the artifacts, when German archaeologist Wilhelm König was at the museum and saw one sitting there amongst other objects from the site, including some other similar jars. The curious objects drew his attention and he had them studied, deducing that they were from the 3rd century BC and were a form of crude galvanic cells, or basically electric batteries. He deduced that the iron and the copper were mounted in such a way as to insulate them with the bitumen, or asphalt, after which an electrolyte such as vinegar or some other acidic substance had been poured in to produce a voltage difference generated by the metals. He speculated would have been used for electroplating layers of precious metals such as gold onto objects.

    Whatever the “batteries” were for, if that is what they were this would all be very interesting indeed, because it would usurp the generally held view that the battery was invented in 1800 by the Count Alassandro Volta, whose name is indeed where we get the word “volt.” If these were indeed batteries, then it would mean that human beings had created this technology thousands of years earlier than previously thought. König would go on to write a paper on this hypothesis in 1940, after which World War II came and the “Baghdad Battery” was forgotten once more. After the war, a Willard F. M. Gray, of the General Electric High Voltage Laboratory in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, did his own experiment with the battery and found that it could produce up to two volts of electricity, or about a fortieth of the power of a triple-A battery and other experiments produced similar results, further strengthening König’s case. In 1980, German scientist Egyptologist Arne Eggebrecht found that the voltage could be increased if several of the batteries were linked together, and demonstrated that the devices could produce enough electricity to gold plate a small statue when a gold cyanide solution was used. In more modern times, in 2005 the Discovery Channel TV show Mythbusters it was shown that ten replicas of the Baghdad Battery linked together could produce five volts of power. The problem with the experiments linking the jars together is that there is no evidence that the original jars ever had any sort of wires or electrical connections for links between them.

    Although the idea that the Baghdad Batteries were some sort of batteries was and still is widely accepted by many, it is unknown for what purpose such a device would have been used, as there are no artifacts from the time of anything that would have required such a power source, and while many experiments work on the assumption that the power was used for electroplating, there is no evidence of gold plated items produced in such a way from the era these batteries supposedly belong to. Besides electroplating, it has been speculated that the devices were used for electrotherapy of some kind, for some theatrical or ritual purpose, or even that these were merely vessels for holding papyrus scrolls. Other more fringe ideas are that these were from aliens, or that they were made to power some as yet unknown and mysterious ancient technological device. No one really knows, and sadly we probably never will, as the original batteries vanished during the 2003 Iraq invasion, when the National Museum was looted and thousands of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed.

    We are left to wonder what these strange objects were. Who made them and for what purpose? Why have there been no others found? Were they used for powering something, medicinal purposes, or were they simply some bored person’s little science project? Among the many instances of ancient technology that have been found over the years, the Baghdad Batteries have gone on to be continually discussed and talked about, as well as unsolved.

    RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    30-09-2020 om 18:05 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Three Salty Lakes Discovered On Mars

    mars

    recurring slope lineae

    Three Salty Lakes Discovered On Mars

    Based on new research, scientists have discovered three salty lakes below Mars’ south pole and there could be several others.

    Back in 2018, scientists found evidence of a subsurface lake located about a mile underneath the ice at the south pole. In order to study that lake, experts analyzed data gathered from the MARSIS radar sounder instrument that’s located on the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft. The equipment scanned an area 155 miles by 185 miles at the location where the subsurface lake is situated.

    The radar data provided more proof of the lake and revealed that it measures approximately 12 miles by 18 miles although they’re still uncertain as to how deep it is. And that’s not all; they found three additional lakes about 6 miles by 6 miles in size. These three lakes are separated from the larger main lake by strips of dry rocks.

    According to the scientists, these lakes are extremely salty which is the reason why they’re still in liquid form and not frozen by the cold temperatures from the glaciers. This liquid water isn’t believed to be from melting glaciers as it was previously suggested that geothermal activity may have caused subsurface lakes. However, in order to form numerous underground lakes, it would have required much larger geothermal activity which “I don’t think it is physically possible, given what we know,” said Elena Pettinelli who is a geophysicist at Roma Tre University in Rome and a co-author of the study.

    This leads researchers to believe that a bigger body of water was present on the surface of the planet millions or billions of years ago. Pettinelli went on to say, “This is a complex system of water, not just a single pond,” adding, “It suggests that the conditions that created these lakes might have been more spread across the region, that there might be other systems like this around.”

    If the lakes “are remnants of water that was once on the surface, it certainly may have been a good habitat to harbor life, extinct or living,” she explained. But in order to know for sure, scientists would need to drill approximately 0.9 miles into the ice, which as of right now, they don’t have the equipment on Mars to conduct such an experiment. Hopefully in the near future we’ll be able to find out exactly what lurks beneath the ice and in the salty lakes of the Red Planet.

    Garni crater on Mars
    Dark narrow streaks called recurring slope lineae emanating out of the walls of Garni crater on Mars. The dark streaks here are up to few hundred meters in length. They are hypothesized to be formed by flow of briny liquid water on Mars. The image is produced by draping an orthorectified (RED) image (ESP_031059_1685) on a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the same site produced by High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (University of Arizona). Vertical exaggeration is 1.5.
    Credits: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

    Their study was published in the journal Nature Astronomy and can be read in full here.

    https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

    30-09-2020 om 17:51 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Straling op maan blijkt 200 keer hoger dan op aarde: “Ruimtebasis zou beter onder grond worden gebouwd” - HLN.be

    Straling op maan blijkt 200 keer hoger dan op aarde: “Ruimtebasis zou beter onder grond worden gebouwd” - HLN.be

     NASA
     Wetenschappers zijn er voor het eerst in geslaagd om de straling op onze maan te meten en die blijkt maar liefst 200 keer hoger te zijn dan op Aarde. Dat kan consequenties hebben voor de permanente maanbasis die onder meer de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA er wil bouwen. Die zou er wel eens helemaal anders kunnen gaan uitzien dan gedacht.

    Artemis heet het programma waarmee de NASA tegen 2024 opnieuw astronauten op de maan wil laten landen en de weg wil banen voor een permanente basis tegen de jaren 2030. Maar het moet nog enkele hordes nemen eer het zo ver is.

    Maanlander

    Een van die hordes heeft te maken met de kosmische straling waaraan de astronauten op de maan blootgesteld zullen worden. Dat staat te lezen in een nieuwe studie die vrijdag gepubliceerd werd in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift ScienceAdvances.


    In die studie wordt verslag uitgebracht van een van de bevindingen van de onbemande Chinese maanlander Chang’e 4, die begin vorig jaar de achterkant van de maan bereikte. De lander slaagde er onder meer in om voor de allereerste keer de straling op de maan in kaart te brengen. De dagelijkse dosis die astronauten te verduren zouden krijgen, blijkt maar liefst 200 keer hoger te zijn dan op de Aarde en drie keer hoger dan wat ze in het internationaal ruimtestation (ISS) ervaren.

    Langdurige blootstelling aan een grote dosis kosmische straling – bijvoorbeeld als de astronauten een jaar of twee op de maan zouden kamperen voor onderzoek – kan echter een schadelijk effect hebben op de gezondheid. “Je kan er acute klachten van krijgen, maar ook cataract, kanker en aandoeningen die ons centrale zenuwstelsel of onze organen doen aftakelen”, staat er te lezen.

    76 centimeter diep

    Wie een maanbasis wil bouwen, houdt daar dan ook best rekening mee volgens de experts achter de studie. Zo zou een nederzetting op het maanoppervlak een minder goed idee zijn. Het zou beter zijn om de basis ónder de grond te maken. Een diepte van 76 centimeter is ideaal, aldus Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber, een van de auteurs van het onderzoek in een persbericht.

    Voor de volledigheid: de astronauten van de Apollo-missies in de jaren 60 en 70 hadden ook instrumenten bij zich die de straling moesten meten. Maar die konden alleen tonen hoeveel straling de astronauten op hun vollédige reis te verduren hadden gekregen, niet alleen op de maan.

    Op de Aarde hebben we overigens weinig last van straling door de dikke atmosfeer en het magnetisch veld van onze planeet.

    https://www.hln.be/ }

    30-09-2020 om 17:19 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:HLN.be - Het Laatste Nieuws ( NL)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Ondergrondse meren ontdekt op Mars - HLN.be

    Ondergrondse meren ontdekt op Mars - HLN.be

    Bron: Belga

    Een foto van Mars die genomen werd door de Hubble-telescoop.

     AP 
    Een foto van Mars die genomen werd door de Hubble-telescoop.
     Onder het oppervlak van de planeet Mars zijn drie grote zoutwatermeren ontdekt. Het water is waarschijnlijk heel zout, want het is vloeibaar bij extreme kou. De ontdekking staat in het prestigieuze wetenschapsblad ‘Nature’.

    De meren bevinden zich onder de zuidpool van Mars. Ze zijn ontdekt met de satelliet Mars Express van de Europese ruimtevaartorganisatie ESA. Die sonde ontdekte in 2018 ook al een ondergronds meer op Mars, op een diepte van 1,5 kilometer. De grootste plas heeft een omvang van 20 bij 30 kilometer. Er liggen een paar kleinere meren omheen.

    Mars had vele miljoenen jaren geleden waarschijnlijk stromend water op het oppervlak, maar dat is verdwenen. Ondergronds bevindt zich nog wel water. Dat is mogelijk miljarden jaren oud. De meren zijn moeilijk te bereiken, maar zijn wetenschappelijk interessant omdat er leven zou kunnen voorkomen.

    Op de aarde zijn vergelijkbare meren. Op vier kilometer onder de Zuidpool bevindt zich bijvoorbeeld het Vostok-meer. Dat is 250 bij 50 kilometer groot en ruim 400 meter diep.

    https://www.hln.be/ }

    30-09-2020 om 17:01 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:HLN.be - Het Laatste Nieuws ( NL)


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