Operation High Jump: “The Untold UFO War in Antarctica” and the “Hollow Earth Theory” – ADMIRAL RICHARD E. BYRD - part II

These are must watch Video’s. Amazing story that all research says is 100% true.
All documented in the Government and Public Domain.

In 1946/1947 the US Government launched Operation: High Jump.

It was in the following year after the above lines were supposedly written, that Admiral Richard E. Byrd died at the age of sixty-nine or seventy. The cause of his death is unknown to me at this time. Prior to his death in 1957, I have also read that he participated in a similar expedition to Antarctica, where his team also penetrated deep into the South Polar region.

The previous account concerning Admiral Byrd’s North Pole expedition is not the only information which has been usedto support the Hollow Earth Theory. During this past century, various other polar expenditions have also been launched, the primary goal of which was to reach the true geographical North Pole over land. To understand this, allow me to explain the following. As some of you are aware, there are actually what we might refer to as two North Poles.
First, there is the true geographical North Pole, which is situated at ninety degrees north latitude. This is because, being a sphere, the entire Earth is divided into three hundred and sixty degrees, both for latitude as well as for longitude. Thus, half of the Earth’s sphere would be divided into one hundred and eighty degrees. From the Equator to the geographical North Pole is ninety degrees; and from the Equator to the geographical South Pole is another ninety degrees.

Aside from the true geographical poles, there are also the magnetic North Pole, and the magnetic South Pole, which is where the Earth’s magnetic field is said to be the most intense. According to one science book I referred to, the magnetic North Pole is actually located about one thousand
six hundred and seventy kilometers south of the true geographical North Pole, in the vicinity of the ninety degree longitudinal line near Bathurst Island in northern Canada. In fact, some have suggested that there are actually as many as three magnetic North Poles which more or less ‘float’ around a particular area of the Arctic Circle. In other words, the magnetic poles are not stationary like the geographical poles. In the Southern Hemisphere, the magnetic South Pole is said to be located some two thousand six hundred and seventy kilometers north of the geographical South Pole, along the one hundred and forty degrees longitudinal line, near the coast of Antarctica. I am not sure if the same claims are made regarding the South Pole having as many as three magnetic poles.

According to certain statements supposedly extracted from the journals of some of the other polar explorers, there are similar observations and experiences which Hollow Earth Theory adherents claim have been purposely suppressed and kept from the knowledge of the general public. Just like Admiral Byrd’s description in his purported diary, these experiences are related to unusual natural phenomena which should not be occurring at such a northerly latitude.
Obviously, the further north one travels away from the Equator and the shorter rays of the sun, the colder it becomes. As a result of this, with each passing day, the Arctic Ocean becomes more impassable due to the sub-zero temperatures causing the surface water to freeze into large fields of ice. Because of the unstable nature of these ice fields, one never knows when a particular field might suddenly break up presenting a dangerous situation for thoseexploring these remote regions of the world. Between these natural dangers, the degree of human endurance, the limitation on how much supplies a team can carry with it, etc., polar exploration can indeed be quite a challenge, particularly decades ago when our current technology did not exist.

All of these other difficulties aside, as was stated in Byrd’s purported diary, the most serious challenge comes as one approaches closer and closer to the magnetic North Pole.
Quite simply, due to the strong magnetic field present at these latitudes, one’s instruments begins to fluctuate wildly, until one cannot even rely upon their accuracy in order to determine or maintain his bearings. At this point, other methods of navigation must be used. This magnetic interference and directional confusion has been such, that some polar explorers have become completely disoriented; and instead of veering truly north, they have gone off in some other direction.

According to some of these journals, if we accept them as being authentic, despite these difficulties, some of these arctic explorers were able to continue northward to varying degrees; however, to their great surprise, similar to the Byrd account, they began to encounter things which seemed to defy logic. For example, what had once been an ice-congested and impassable sea, became an easily navigable waterway above the seventy-five or eighty degree latitudinal line. In addition, instead of the sub-zero temperatures continuing todrop, they did the exact opposite to where they actuallybecame balmy. Even more astounding is that they began to experience a warm wind blowing down from the north. Finally, they began to notice fresh bits of twigs and leaves in the water, large flocks of birds and migrations of butterflies where there should have been no such thing, and other odd phenomena which seemed to indicate that they were travelling southward and not northward.

One clear example of a purported penetration into the Inner Earth which was not planned, is found in a biographical book written by Willis George Emerson entitled ‘The Smokey God’.
In this book, Emerson relates the tale of a father and son Norwegian fishing team whose small vessel is driven by a fierce oceanic storm until they find themselves sailing over the lip of the northern polar opening; what scientists refer to as the Polar Basin. The son, Olaf Jansen, claimed that this occurred in April of 1829. For the next two years, Olaf Jansen claimed that he and his father lived with the kind, courteous inhabitants of the Inner Earth, who measured some twelve feet in height. After this time, Jansen claimed that they exited the Inner Earth via the South Pole opening. The book derives its name from the fact that Olaf described the mini-sun as being smokey in appearance.

In accordance with the story of Norwegian Olaf Jansen, the adherents of the Hollow Earth Theory agree that an entrance to the Inner Earth exists at the South Pole as well. Similar to the Byrd account which describes the inhabitants of the Inner Earth speaking English with a Germanic accent, some New Agers claim that these underworlders are actually the descendants of the Nazis, who with their technology, escaped to the Inner Earth via the South Pole following their defeat at the close of World War II. It is said that part of this technology included the first prototype flying disks, and that current UFO sightings are modern versions of the same which follow flight corridors across South America leading from the South Pole. It is because of tales like these that some people are convinced that there is a greater reason for the presence of foreign governments on Antarctica than what has actually been stated publicly.

To add credence to these thoughts, Hollow Earth theorists point to a few disturbing facts. For example, when British camera crews for the BBC arranged for a visit to Antarctica, they were confronted with several unanticipated problems.
While their original itinerary, which was planned well in advance, included a direct flight from South Africa to Antarctica, which would have included an overflight of the so-called ‘Area Of Inaccessibility’, their plans were somehow bungled; and they were forced to travel first to South America. Upon arriving there, they discovered that the only commercial flight available to the subcontinent was operated by an American company, which ferried some twenty to thirty people at a time to the American base of McMurdo Station. These flights were only available during the summer months. Not only that, but when they finally did arrive at their destination, the Britons were treated with a degree of hostility by the Americans.

Another point worthy of note, is that it was discovered that due to the lack of any satellites flying over Antarctica, all weather reports originated on the ground from McMurdo Station itself. Hollow Earth theorists conclude that this is  a direct step taken by the Americans to prevent the release of any satellite images of the South Pole which might show the polar opening. Another recent development which has also been viewed as a part of the overall conspiracy to hide the truth from the world, is that in recent years, an agreement was signed by various nations which would prohibit oil and mineral exploration on Antarctica for the next fifty years.
The last piece of purported evidence used by Hollow Earth theorists, is the claim that the ‘Ozone Hole’ over Antarctica is directly above the so-called South Polar opening. As you will see shortly, this may have deeper implications, that what at first may be apparent to the untrained individual.

Hollow Earth theorists point to other unusual signs as well in order to prove that something strange exists at both the extremes of Planet Earth. One of these signs is that of mammoth tusks which have been continually found on some of the islands situated within the Arctic Circle north of Russia. If this story is true, what is odd about this is the fact that it is claimed that for at least the past several hundred years, traders have gathered and sold these tusks; yet more continue to accumulate there. These mammoth tusks are directly related to another strange phenomenon; and that is that for a number of years now, the carcases of wooly mammoths have been found frozen in ice in Siberia and other regions of the Arctic Circle. I remember reading years ago that some of these even had fresh grass in their mouths.
While I believe that these well-preserved carcases are the result of a sudden worldwide catastrophe of thousands of years ago referred to as Noah’s Flood, which quickly froze many species of animals which existed at the time, Hollow Earth theorists claim that these carcases point to the fact that wooly mammoths still thrive within the Inner Earth.

It has been a long-held belief within certain Asian cultures and now within New Age thought as well, that rather than being comprised of a solid area of dense bedrock known as the mantle, the interior of the Earth is more akin to Swiss Cheese, in that it is permeated with a vast interconnecting system of underground caves and subterranean tunnels. In certain places, this global system is said to lead down to the Inner Earth. From the research I did, these sites are quite often said to be situated in or near deep mining operations and volcanic peaks located in various countries throughout the world, as well as in the Himalayan mountain range and the Gobi Desert. Fourteen thousand foot Mount Shasta, an extinct volcano located in northern California, U.S.A., is also claimed to be one such site. The true believers are convinced that this snow-capped mountain is actually the home of a large multi-tiered subterranean city known as Telos. There are often groups of New Age shamans and their followers camping out on the slopes of this mountain, hoping that they will be ‘blessed’ either with a unique spiritual encounter, or with a UFO sighting, or perhaps even with locating one of these fabled entrances to the famed five-level subterranean city.

Another story related to this concerns the San Andreas Fault located in the state of California, U.S.A. While geologists point to the Tectonic Plate Theory and claim that this fault line is a result of the Pacific plate pushing against the continental plate, some Hollow Earth theorists interpret the matter quite differently. According to them, and I musta admit that I have heard this same thing for the past several decades, since the 1950’s, the American Government has sent nuclear-powered submarines to explore the underwater topography of the western coast of the United States of America. It is claimed that while mapping this area, they were surprised to discover that the continental shelf is pocketed with many huge caverns and passageways; some of which are large enough to easily allow a submarine to navigate through them.

The horror came when after years of carefully andmeticulously mapping this submarine world, they realized that some of these caverns and tunnels extended as far back as the states of Utah and Nevada! In fact, one story claims that a certain American submarine, which was supposedly lost at open sea, was actually lost while exploring one of these hidden caverns. However, the most shocking thing they are said to have discovered, is the fact that the state of California is basically hanging over the ocean; that is, it is for the most part floating on top of the ocean, being supported by a series of submarine limestone pillars. While most people believe that the many earthquakes which have been experienced in California are due to shifts in these various tectonic plates, some Hollow Earth theorists propose that they are actually caused by the collapse of some of these larger submarine caverns. In fact, they suggest that this is the real nature of the San Andreas Fault; that is, it is either a submarine tunnel, or a series of large caverns, which have simply collapsed, creating the depression which is seen above ground.

If the above is indeed true, then the end result is quite obvious; even to one who doesn’t have a degree in geology.
If and when enough of those caverns and pillars collapse, most of California will break off and simply fall into the ocean. As tragic and as widespread as the loss of life would be, if this were to truly happen, I would personally view it as a severe judgment of the Lord due to the great degree of evil and deception which originates in, and which is also propagated from that state. Everyone knows that California is the haven for New Age thought, pay-per-minute psychics, homosexual and lesbian rights groups, and a plethora of other negative influences which have plagued America for literally decades, such as the violent and antichrist television and film industry. Not only that, but it is the center for the very technology which may someday soon be used to enslave mankind; that is, the computer industry.
While we computer-literate Christians view our machines as a blessing and a valuable tool for spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ, we are also fully aware that there is a dark side to this age of electronic wonders as well. May I suggest that you read my article ‘Mondex And The Mark Of The Beast’.

This is not the only information which is used to support the Hollow Earth Theory. One piece of evidence to which the believers point as proof of the existence of a Hollow Earth, has absolutely nothing to do with the Earth itself. This concerns certain photographs which have been taken of some of the other bodies in our planetary system. Due in part to certain deep craters and dark spots found at the polar regions and other surface areas of some of these celestial bodies, the proponents of the Hollow Earth Theory have come to the conclusion that they must also be hollow spheres, and that these craters or dark spots are likewise openings to these inner worlds. Furthermore, it has been suggested that some of these spheres might possibly be artificial in nature. At this point, the tales take some very unusual turns in the direction of soon-coming hostile alien invasions of the Earth and other such stories.

However on the serious side, if the information is to be believed, the planet Mars may offer some convincing evidence of the Hollow Earth Theory due some strange occurences which are said to have been observed at its poles. Due to various factors, such as its distance from the Sun, the Martian year is almost twice as long as an Earth year, being six hundred and eighty-seven days. During half of this period, one Martian ice cap will expand in size while the other will do the exact opposite. This expansion can be anywhere from ten to twenty times its smallest size, which has been estimated at around four hundred miles in diameter. It is also noteworthy that the Martian polar ice caps always maintain a definite circular shape. At any rate, during the final half of the year, the expanded ice cap will rapidly shrink, while the opposite one will grow in size. Where the excitement comes for Hollow Earth theorists is in the fact that on some occasions, the ice caps have shrunk to slightly less than their normal minimum diameter. It is claimed that it is at these times that astronomers have observed a black area, or perimeter, surrounding the ice caps. While astronomers have tried to dismiss this fact, some Hollow Earth theorists are convinced that this is nothing less that the outer edge of the polar opening leading into the inner world of Mars.

According to one theorist, the temperature and climate inside other hollow planets such as Mars may be very similar to that found inside the Hollow Earth; in other words, it is quite tropical in nature. If this is true, then it would result in the natural formation of a huge cloud mass at the polar entrances where the warm moist air from the interior of the planet rises to collide with the cold polar air on the outside of the planet. This temperature variation would be even greater during the Martian winter season, and thus would readily explain the sudden expansion and reduction of the cloud masses during each half of the Martian year. What has also elated Hollow Earth theorists, and added more weight to their theory, was the announcement that ‘ice,cliffs’ composed of actual water, and not of carbon dioxide, have been discovered at the Martian polar regions.

But this is not the only mystery which has been revealed on the planet Mars. In their on-going attempt to reinforce their argument with even more scientific validity, it has been pointed out by some of the more serious-minded Hollow Earth theorists, that on certain occasions, scientists and
astronomers have detected odd brilliant flashes of light originating at the poles of some of these celestial orbs, such as on the Moon and Mars. What do these sporadic flashes have to do with the Hollow Earth Theory? This brings us back down to Earth, and to a natural phenomenon known in the Northern Hemisphere as the Aurora Borealis, and in the Southern Hemisphere as the Aurora Australis; that is, the Northern and the Southern Lights. Scientists claim that these spectacular nocturnal light shows are the result of electrically charged particles from the sun striking the magnetic field which surrounds the Earth. The Lights are said to be most prominent during periods of high solar activity, that is, when sunspots are at their peak.

However, Hollow Earth theorists propose a completely different explanation for these awe-inspiring nocturnal light shows. They claim that every so often, the mini-sun within the core of the Earth will be perfectly aligned with one of the polar openings. These openings are said to be
some one thousand and four hundred miles in diameter. When these alignments occur, some of the light from the mini-sun flashes outward into the atmosphere, thus creating the beautiful Northern and Southern Lights. As proof of this,they point to the flashes of light observed by astronomers on the Moon, Mars, and possibly elsewhere.

As you can see, I have gone to great lengths to give you a basic idea of what the Hollow Earth Theory is all about. Of course, this article does not by any means include every single aspect of the theory, as there are simply too many ramifications which have been made from this central theme.
While I have expressed doubt in the theory, I have also tried to be fair by presenting as much evidence as I can to explain why some people are convinced that the Hollow Earth is not fiction, but actual fact. So exactly what is my personal opinion regarding this unusual theory? 

{ https://truedemocracyparty.net/ }

27-01-2020 om 22:46 geschreven door peter  

Two space vehicles have been discovered in Antarctica. The first object is an ancient triangle UFO that has been crashed a long time ago. The second unknown object looks like a shuttle-like spacecraft.

The shuttle-like spacecraft in particular is interesting.
Where did it come from?
Is it extraterrestrial or is it a craft that belongs to the secret space fleet?
And what could be reason that it crashed or landed in Antarctica?

1. Triangle UFO - Size: 42 x 42 meters                                                   Coordinates: 74°18'52.37"S 9°27'18.32"W
2. Spacecraft: - Size: 45 meters.                                                          Coordinates: 74°47'54.86"S 110°33'38.27"W

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

27-01-2020 om 21:10 geschreven door peter  

27-01-2020 om 16:24 geschreven door peter  

UFO Stories Are Becoming More Mainstream

After the Pentagon admitted UFOs are real, Hollywood is making a flurry of films and television shows on how we should look at them.

Talking about UFOs is no longer weird, with former Blink-182 singer getting the American military to admit that it has UFO sighting videos.

Movies such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Arrival, and even Avengers are depicting UFOs with aliens who have come to Earth, which have had viewers from different parts of the world discussing more on the existence of extraterrestrials. However, today, there’s an increased focus on UFO researchers in Hollywood.

According to media critic and author Robbie Graham, the resurgence in popularity in aliens and UFOs is a direct result of the Pentagon revelations in 2017, which captured the attention of the press like there’s no UFO story in decades. Graham explained that the Pentagon UFO revelations helped legitimize UFOs as a topic of mainstream debate and opened up fresh political and scientific lines of inquiry for TV producers who are always searching for new approaches to this increasingly popular subject.

Irish actor Aiden Gillen, best known as Littlefinger in HBO’s Game of Thrones, said that people are more open to considering UFO sightings as a real event as opposed to just psychology. Gillen, who currently plays Dr. J. Allen Hynek in History Channel’s Project Blue Book, said that humans are naturally curious about UFOs and what’s up there. He added that talking about UFOs is no longer taboo and UFO topics are selling like never before as they are hot property on TV and everybody wants to stake a claim.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

27-01-2020 om 16:18 geschreven door peter  

Could salt-loving microbes explain Mars’ methane?

Ancient lake sediments in Gale Crater on Mars. The Curiosity rover has detected methane in this region, and this is the kind of environment where methanogenic archaea-type microorganisms might still survive today, with soils containing salts and clays.

Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech.

Since it was first detected earlier in this century, methane in Mars’ thin air has been one of the most intriguing mysteries of the red planet. Record high levels of methane – reported in Mars’ atmosphere last June – was one of 2019’s biggest science stories. Is Mars’ methane created by geological processes? Or could it be a sign of life? That debate has raged more intensely in the past few years. Now a new study by researchers at Technical University Berlin (TU Berlin) outlines a possible mechanism where microbial life could indeed explain the findings.

The research was discussed in an article by Dirk Schulze-Makuch in Air & Space on January 9, 2020, and the peer-reviewed paper was published on January 8 in Scientific Reports. The findings were also presented on September 4, 2019, at the 19th EANA Astrobiology Conference in Orleans, France.

The study, led by Debbie Maus from TU Berlin, focused on how microbes can survive on water obtained only through deliquescence, where salts absorb tiny amounts of water directly from the air and then dissolve in the absorbed moisture. This would be essential on Mars, where there is no liquid water known on the dry, cold surface. Extremophile microorganisms on Earth can survive this way, however, making use of whatever tiny amounts of moisture are present. Could the same be true for Mars?

Some earthly microbes that employ deliquescence also release methane. And it’s known that Martian soil contains salts. So could deliquescence on Mars explain the methane in the air? While the current study doesn’t prove it does, the study does suggest that this explanation is plausible.

• The 2020 lunar calendars are nearly sold out! Order yours before they’re gone. Makes a great gift!

A cluster of halobacteria, a type of archaea microorganism on Earth. Similar microbes may possibly explain the presence of methane on Mars.

Image via Wikipedia.

This Dec. 2, 2016 image taken by NASA's Curiosity rover shows rocky ground on the lower flank of Mount Sharp, a mountain on Mars. Curiosity landed on the red planet in 2012 and uncovered geologic evidence of an ancient environment.

How did Maus and her team reach these conclusions?

They used three different versions of simulated Martian soil, including the salts. These were contained in a special chamber that recreated conditions on the Martian surface. The researchers wanted to see if certain types of microbes would use the salts to obtain moisture through deliquescence in these simulated hostile conditions with very thin atmosphere, bitter cold and no liquid water.

The researchers tested three types of methanogenic archaea (methanogens), single-celled microorganisms similar to bacteria that, on Earth, live in environments with very low oxygen levels, much like Mars. All three types produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism.

Two out of the three types of microbes did produce methane in the simulated Martian conditions. Noteworthy is that this was particularly true when the tests used salts and soils similar to those found in ancient lakebeds on Mars, which have high clay content. This is just the kind of terrain that the Curiosity rover is in right now in Gale Crater – which used to be a lake or series of lakes a few billion years ago – and Curiosity has confirmed methane on more than one occasion now. Curiosity is currently examining clay-rich soil on the lower slopes of Mount Sharp in the middle of the crater.

The new study provides a plausible mechanism for the release of methane into the Martian atmosphere, although it still isn’t known for sure whether the methane is the result of biology or geology. On Earth, the vast majority of methane is produced by organisms, and the same could be true for Mars as well, but that is by no means certain at this point.

Illustration depicting what processes could create and destroy methane on Mars. The methane may originate from below the surface and be released into the atmosphere through subsurface cracks.

Image via ESA.

The researchers found that even if the microbes were desiccated – dried out – and dormant, they could be revived by deliquescence and release methane. From the paper:

Our results show, for the first time, that rehydration of MRAs [Martian regolith analogs] through deliquescence can reactivate the metabolism of desiccated methanogenic archaea. The design of the CDS provided deliquescence-driven water transport into the incubation chamber, but only when a hygroscopic salt was present. Our data also showed that methane production depends greatly on the methanogenic species, the incubation temperature, and the type of MRA and salt used in the experiments.

With the custom-designed Closed Deliquescence System (CDS), we have simulated the in vitro process of deliquescence and demonstrated that Methanosarcina soligelidi and Methanosarcina barkeri can survive desiccation in the presence of 30 wt% sodium chloride in a phyllosilicate-containing Martian Regolith Analog, and furthermore become metabolically active after water is provided by deliquescence.

Thus, we conclude that methanogenic archaea can live in environments with transient water availability and cope with varying salt concentrations. Consequently, salt-rich near subsurface environments on Mars subject to periodic wetting, such as proposed for RSLs [recurring slope lineae], can be considered potential habitats for certain halotolerant methanogenic archaea and could potentially be a biological source of methane in the Martian atmosphere.

The RSLs or recurring slope lineae are another feature on Mars that contain hydrated salts. These dark streaks on steep slopes may be the result of brief flows of briny water, but there is still much debate as to their actual cause. If there is moisture involved, they may be ideal locations for such salt-loving microbes to exist. There are even some RSLs on Mount Sharp in the middle of Gale Crater. The Curiosity rover could drive closer, but its controllers at NASA decided against it; there was a risk of contamination by the rover, which could still have some stray earthly microbes of its own on board.

A history of key methane measurements on Mars from 1999 to 2018.

Image via ESA.

Curiosity found evidence that the methane, at least near its location, is seasonal in its variation. That could be the result perhaps of clathrate ices or soils periodically releasing some trapped methane during warmer periods, other geological processes, or even a function of biology.

In a previous study, scientists found that the methane detected by Curiosity exhibits daily variations as well as seasonal ones. As John Moores at York University in Canada explained:

This most recent work suggests that the methane concentration changes over the course of each day. We were able – for the first time – to calculate a single number for the rate of seepage of methane at Gale Crater on Mars that is equivalent to an average of 2.8 kg [.7 gallons] per Martian day.

Another previous study also showed that wind erosion of rocks was unlikely to account for the variations in methane seen by Curiosity.

Methane was first found in the Martian atmosphere in 1999 by ground-based telescopes. The origin, however, is still a mystery despite the gas also being detected many times since then with various orbiters and the Curiosity rover. Curiosity also recently detected unusual seasonal variations in the amount of oxygen in Gale Crater, but further testing is needed to determine if there is any connection to the methane variations.

An example of Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) on the walls of Newton Crater, as seen by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on May 30, 2011. They contain salts and possibly water.

Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ University of Arizona.

So far, the search for life on Mars – past or present – has focused on the follow the water scenario.

But if this new research is any indication, and as noted at the EANA Astrobiology Conference, maybe it’s time to modify that approach:

While our results emphasize the importance of the substrate, archaeal species, salt, and temperature used, we show – more importantly – for the first time that water provided through deliquescence alone is sufficient to rehydrate methanogenic archaea and to reactivate their metabolism under conditions roughly analogous to the near-subsurface Martian environment.

Thus, we suggest that a more important mantra for the search of life on Mars is ‘follow the salt’ rather than ‘follow the water.’ Future space missions, including life detection missions, should explore salt-rich regions on Mars as prime targets for astrobiology.

Mars Rover

• Bottom line: New laboratory studies from researchers at Technical University Berlin suggest that microbes similar to methanogenic archaea on Earth could be producing Mars’ mysterious methane.
• Source: Methanogenic Archaea Can Produce Methane in Deliquescence-Driven Mars Analog Environments
• Source: The Process of Deliquescence Might Allow Methanogenic Archaea to Metabolize on Mars

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

27-01-2020 om 01:20 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.sciencenews.org/ }

26-01-2020 om 23:50 geschreven door peter  

Alien Sex won’t be like you suppose’: Evolutionary biologist explains how extraterrestrials might reproduce

No-one knows, because people haven’t yet caught beings from outer space within the act of physical affection.

However now a top evolutionary biologist has decided to shed some light on how aliens may make love.

Dr. Sarah Otto, director of the biodiversity analysis centre at the University of British Columbia’s Zoology division, told Mirror On-line that people would have to ditch their earthbound preconceptions if they wish to understand what sex may look like on one other planet.

If aliens exist, would they have sex?

“I have never thought about aliens before,” she mentioned.

“However it’s an interesting thought experiment.

“What do we know about 4 billion years of evolution on Earth and what would we predict if it occurred all over again on another planet?”

Males are from Mars…

Earlier this month, an American lady referred to as Niara Terela Isley claimed reptilian aliens regularly raped her at their base on the dark side of the moon.

However aliens would in all probability find it very difficult to get jiggy with people, as a result of our bits and bobs are likely to be completely different shapes.

In addition to this, it is unclear whether or not the familiar gender binary of female and male would be replicated in an alien species.

Alien eroticism would probably be completely different, having developed alongside its own evolutionary lines.

Dr Otto mentioned the 2 gender approach was unlikely to be discovered on one other planet, because it does not always exist on Earth.

“The separate female and male sexes is not even universal rule on this earth, let alone others,” she continued.

Sexed up: All slugs are hermaphrodites, which means they’re able to breed quickly 

(Photo: Wyevale Garden Centres/Rain Communications)

Aliens could be hermaphrodites, Dr Otto advised, which means they can basically have sex with themselves, however this would rely upon what kind of beastie ET turned out to be.

This could be useful, as a result of it means ET would not have to find a partner and then speak them into bed.

“Organisms that can move and find different mates usually tend to have separate genders,” she mentioned.

“Those that are stationery tend to have female and male organs on the same individual.”

Intruigingly, Dr Otto advised being that can’t move would not essentially be any less clever than one that can run about, raising the prospect that alien lifeforms could look more like trees than people.

Just watch out for these wandering branches.

In Star Wars, the well-known Storm Troopers were mentioned to be exact copies – or clones – of the bounty hunter Jango Fett.

However in a real galaxy far, far away, aliens are unlikely to clone themselves, as a result of reproducing your exact genetic make up could leave a species at risk of being wiped out by one single disease.

If a creature cloned itself, the species wouldn’t be able to benefit from the combinations and mutations which occur when women and men merge their genetic code throughout reproduction.

“Clonal species do not tend to do well in the long run,” Dr Otto added.

Not every species on our own planet relies on sex which takes place exclusively between 2 genders.

“Rather than female and male, some species have categories like A, B, C, D and E,” Dr Otto added.

“But regardless of truth they may have a number of mating varieties, it is solely two that are likely to take part in mating.”

This means aliens would unlikely to get involved in orgies, as a result of when it comes to producing the subsequent generation, more than two parents is certainly a crowd.

Pleasure seekers

It’s usually stated that people are unique because we enjoy having sex.

Of course, each species is hardwired to reproduce – otherwise they would not last very long.

“It isn’t shock that evolution has linked sex to pleasure centres of our brain,” Dr Otto mentioned.

This would mean aliens would probably feel a an urge to get down and dirty, whether they loved it or not.

Sound familiar?

Brave New World

In his famous novel, Aldous Huxley imagined a future the place intercourse was purely for enjoyable and infants have been produced in factories.

We asked Otto if this was unlikely to be the best way aliens produced their offspring.

“I sure hope not,” she replied.

“In factories and manufacturing industries, you are attempting to do things the same way again and again.

“Evolution does not work that way.”

Just like earthly creatures, aliens are likely to have benefited from the flukes caused by combining their genes over the courses of many tens of millions of generations.

“Evolution stops if replication is done perfectly,” Dr Otto concluded.

{ https://wholesecrets.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 23:26 geschreven door peter  

“Up, left, down, forward… any way it wanted to go, at any speed it wanted to go. Which was hard for your brain to kinda wrap around at first.”

This was how Gary Voorhis, former Petty Officer 3rd Class Fire Controlman aboard the USS Princeton, described the behavior of an unidentified flying object that was tracked and observed across multiple systems during a 2004 Naval incident off the coast of California. The events described here, commonly known today as the USS Nimitz UFO incident, have become one of the most widely-discussed instances involving unexplained aerial phenomena of the modern era.

A number of key factors have contributed to the attention this incident has gained, which include the involvement of multiple witnesses, and more fundamentally, that it had been a military encounter with obvious national defense implications. Also contributing to the interest it has received had been footage obtained with the help of the Raytheon ATFLIR targeting pod systems employed by the Navy, as well as observations by radar operators and other technicians in the Navy’s Strike Carrier Group-11. All of these sources provided information about the operational capabilities of the craft, which has since been popularly likened to a bus-sized, flying “tic-tac”.

Gary Voorhis and Ryan Weigelt, both of whom served with the Carrier Group-11 at the time of the incident, related a number of unique details to me during a recent interview I conducted with them about the incident. Voorhis, as described earlier, had been a Petty Officer 3rd Class Fire Controlman aboard the USS Princeton, and was one of the system technicians for the Cooperative Engagement Capability and AEGIS Combat systems, which included the AN/SPY-1 Bravo radar. Weigelt, a former Leading Petty Officer, had been the power plant specialist of the SH-60B Seahawk helicopter at the same time.

One of the key elements that both men shared with me in our interview had been their recollection of seeing the now-famous intercept attempt led by Commander David Fravor, a former commanding officer of Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (and, notably, the officer to first compare the object or aircraft’s shape to a “tic-tac”). Fravor was accompanied at the time of the intercept by his weapon systems officer and two other pilots.

“When I started watching this film to begin with,” Voorhis recalled, “they had already started the intercept. The object was moving around, and it was moving in conjunction with the pilot. It would move out of the frame, but then the pilot would adjust, and it would come back into the frame.

“And then it would move sharp to the right, sharp to the left, up, down, any particular direction it wanted to go. It had no rudders, no props, no jet plume. You couldn’t tell which side was the front and which side was the back, except that you’d just assume that which way is going forward is front. But you can’t even assume that, because it would just move sideways.

“You’re waiting for it to move,” Voorhis said. “Then it just moves.”

Voorhis also said that the objects were tracked more than once on radar over the course of several weeks and that, on a few occasions when such radar detections occurred, he attempted to observe the objects with binoculars from the top deck of the U.S.S. Princeton. Voorhis described seeing what appeared to be movement of phosphorescent, albeit ambiguous objects along the horizon in the direction indicated by radar.

And yet, perhaps the Nimitz object’s otherworldly maneuverability isn’t the only impressive thing about its capabilities. Shortly after the initial phase of the intercept, Fravor and the others were alerted via radio that the object reappeared, this time at a designated “cap point”, as indicated in interviews about the incident.

Video footage obtained by pilot Chad Underwood shortly after the initial intercept during the 2004 incident.

“We were at least 40 miles away, and in less than a minute this thing was already at our cap point,” Fravor told the New York Times in 2017. Although the unidentified object at no time displayed any offensive capabilities or other indications of hostile intent, the fact that it (or rather, its operators) had obvious knowledge of the Combat Air Patrol coordinates seems to indicate one of two possibilities:

1. 1) That in addition to highly advanced maneuverability, the “tic-tac” also had the ability to decode the highly encrypted communications systems employed by the Strike Group at that time, or
2. 2) The operators of the UAP technology may have somehow had foreknowledge or other means of access to this information.

The implications of either scenario are significant, and may even be fundamental to understanding the nature of the technology in question.

The various accounts of this object and its capabilities, observed at close-range by Fravor and his company during the intercept, as well as on radar by Voorhis, Day, and others, indicates something that is well beyond the capabilities of any known technologies possessed today by the United States; the same can be said of any other world superpower. This should not necessarily be alarming, as there was no indication of overt offensive capabilities displayed by the object. However, any object or aircraft with such highly advanced performance should not be ruled out as a concern.

It could be decades (at least) before any further information is released that will give the public a clear idea as to what the 2004 Nimitz incident really entailed. That, however, relies heavily on whether the U.S. government–or that of any nation–actually possesses any significant further information in the first place.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

26-01-2020 om 22:37 geschreven door peter  

You’ve got to love mushrooms. They’re good to eat (well, most of them), they have psychedelic and healing powers, they come in a wide array of beautiful shapes and colors, they play a part in many folklore tales … we could go on and on about ‘shrooms. And now, there’s another great reason to love them – a new study finds that mushrooms are 300 million years older than first thought, dating back 810 million years to a time when they joined the first plants as the only living things on the dry surface of Earth. Yes, this is indeed a “This changes everything!” moment, brought to you by your favorite fungi – mushrooms.

“This is a major discovery, and one that prompts us to reconsider our timeline of the evolution of organisms on Earth.”

Where is everybody?

In a study led by Steeve Bonneville, professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles (a French-speaking private research university in Brussels, Belgium), researchers found fossilized remains of mycelium – microscopic strands of fungi — in ancient rocks from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These 715 and 810 million-year-old rocks were at the Africa Museum in Tervuren, Belgium and had been determined to have been from a lagoon or coastal lake. The age and location makes these fungi-filled rocks historically special to Bonneville.

“The presence of fungi in this transitional area between water and land leads us to believe that these microscopic mushrooms were important partners of the first plants that colonized the Earth’s surface around 500 million years ago.”

Using non-destructive microscopic molecular analysis techniques such as synchrotron radiation spectroscopy, μ-Raman confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy, Bonneville and his colleagues were able to study the organic remains in the rocks without damaging them. This allowed them to find traces of chitin, a very tough compound found in the cell walls of fungi, and determine that the cells had a nucleus, making them eukaryotic organisms … and the world’s oldest mushrooms.

We know what you’re thinking … are these the first magic mushrooms? Did the researchers eat them and experience 800-million-year-old visions? There’s nothing in the press release or the study, published in Science Advances, that would suggest they tried this, let alone even considered it. For that, you’ll have to visit the Democratic Republic of the Congo and find your own 800 million-year-old fungi-filled rocks to lick.

Now THAT would change everything.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

26-01-2020 om 22:07 geschreven door peter  

The outskirts of Socorro, New Mexico blend right into desert badlands that stretch off into the horizon, a seemingly unforgiving, hostile place of parched earth and spiny plants. On April 24, 1964, at about 5:50 p.m., a plume of dust kicked up over this moonscape, originating from the patrol car of police officer Lonnie Zamora. He had been in a high speed chase moments before, when a strange roaring sound had filled his ears and he had witnessed a bluish, orange flame soaring through the sky some distance away. It was all odd enough that he had broken off from the chase and was now barreling down a rural road towards where he estimated the flame had originated from to investigate. At this point he was not thinking of UFOs or the world of the weird. His best guess was that a car had overturned or a dynamite shack in the vicinity had blown up, but as he navigated the winding, rough and remote road he saw something sitting out in that desert that he at first assumed to be a white car overturned on the road with what looked like two people standing nearby. At this point he thought that his instincts were correct, and that there had been an accident, but as he rushed forward to offer assistance he would soon realize that this was no car. And thus would begin one of the most well-documented and discussed UFO encounters there is.

As Zamora approached, he could see that rather than an overturned vehicle, the object seemed to be a whitish, “O” or egg shaped vehicle with no discernible windows or doors and a shiny sheen like aluminum, as well as what looked like a set of four thin legs underneath it propping it up, and the figures standing nearby were about the size of small adults, with somewhat large heads and wearing what looked like coveralls and possibly some sort of headgear. Even at this point he wasn’t struck by anything particularly outlandish, although it was starting to give him the odd feeling that something was “off.” The object had some sort of red insignia on it, although he could not tell what exactly it depicted or what it meant, and he says that one of the figures seemed to jump in surprise when it realized he was approaching, after which both of them seemed to disappear within the object. In the meantime Zamora had radioed in the incident and it was then that he would be truly shocked when the object in question began to lift up straight into the air. He explains of what happened next:

Hardly turned around from car, when heard roar (was not exactly a blast), very loud roar — at that close was real loud. Not like a jet — know what jets sound like. Started low frequency quickly, then roar rose in frequency (higher tone) and in loudness — from loud to very loud. At same time as roar saw flame. Flame was under the object. Object was starting to go straight up — slowly up. Object slowly rose straight up. Flame was light blue and at bottom was sort of orange color. From this angle, saw the side of object (not end, as first noted). Difficult to describe flame. Thought, from roar, it might blow up. Flame might have come from underside of object, at middle, possibly a four feet area — very rough guess. Cannot describe flame further except blue and orange. No smoke, except dust in immediate area.

After fell by car and glasses fell off, kept running to north, with car between me and object. Glanced back couple of times. Noted object to rise to about level of car, about 20 to 25 feet guess — took I guess about six seconds when object started to rise and I glanced back. I ran I guess about halfway to where I ducked down — about fifty feet from the car is where I ducked down, just over edge of hill. I guess I had run about 25 feet when I glanced back and saw the object level with the car and it appeared about directly over the place where it rose from.

I was still running and I jumped just over the hill — I stopped because I did not hear the roar. I was scared of the roar, and I had planned to continue running down the hill. I turned around toward the object and at same time put my head toward ground, covering my face with my arms. Being that there was no roar, I looked up, and I saw the object going away from me. It did not come any closer to me. It appeared to go in straight line and at same height — possibly 10 to 15 feet from ground, and it cleared the dynamite shack by about three feet. Shack about eight feet high. Object was travelling very fast. It seemed to rise up, and take off immediately across country.

He would claim that after this spectacular takeoff the craft ceased to make any noise or flame, and proceeded to silently shoot off into the distance over a mountain. As he stood there in shock and we at what he had just witnessed backup arrived, in the form of a Sergeant Chavez. Zamora excitedly told Chavez about what had happened, and the two searched the area to allegedly find strange indentations and scorch marks upon the earth. Other officers who would arrive claimed that some of the vegetation and the ground were still hot to the touch, with some of it even described as still smoldering, as if just hit by a massive heat. Not long after this, word got out about this outlandish incident and reporters were coming in droves, with headlines splashed all over the news talking of aliens and UFOs in the desert.

This quickly got the attention of the government, including the FBI and the U.S. Air Force, in particular the study it had initiated into UFO sightings, called Project Blue Book. Investigators would intensively question Zamora about the incident and deem him to be a reliable witness, a respected police officer who seemed to be telling the truth and had no reason to lie. The FBI would say Zamora was “well regarded as a sober, industrious, and conscientious officer and not given to fantasy.” When Zamora then brought them out to the alleged landing sight, they found wrecked, charred brush and the indentations he spoke of, as well as what looked like some sort of metal scrapings on a rock, and it was all rather baffling indeed.

Investigators were also able to track down other people who had possibly witnessed the same exact event. It turned out that several independent witnesses had also reported seeing an egg-shaped unidentified object trailing a blueish flame at approximately the same time as Zamora’s encounter. One witness in particular gave a dramatic report of some sort of silvery craft emerging from a bank of black smoke, of which he said, “a round, saucer or egg-shaped object ascended vertically from the black smoke… After climbing vertically out of the smoke, the object leveled off and moved in a southwest direction.” There were other witnesses as well, including those who had seen the object visually and those who had heard a strange roar echo out across the desolate landscape, as ell as those who had seen merely a bright flash from the region, but it is all intriguing as many of these reports came in before Zamora’s tale even hit the news. In the end, the case had experts and investigators stumped, and Major Hector Quintanilla, the Air Force Chief of Project Blue Book at the time, would call it a genuinely puzzling case, and he would write in his report on the matter:

There is no doubt that Lonnie Zamora saw an object which left quite an impression on him. There is also no question about Zamora’s reliability. He is a serious police officer, a pillar of his church, and a man well versed in recognizing airborne vehicles in his area. He is puzzled by what he saw, and frankly, so are we. This is the best-documented case on record, and still we have been unable, in spite of thorough investigation, to find the vehicle or other stimulus that scared Zamora to the point of panic.

This is particularly odd, as it was in an era in which Project Blue Book was on a crusade to debunk sightings as much as possible, the days of weather balloons, misidentified aircraft, and of course Venus, and rarely admitted to or covered up those that were genuinely unexplained. Adding to the weirdness of it all was a discovery allegedly made in 1968, when a a University of New Mexico doctoral student in radiation biology by the name of Mary G. Mayes claimed to have gone out to the site of the landing to do a study on the “plant material” of the area, and had found that not only were the plants around the site unusually dried out, but that there seemed to be an area of fused sand in the middle of all of this, which looked as if “a hot jet had hit it.” She would claim that after these discoveries the Air Force had moved in to acquire all of her research, data, and samples and that was the last she heard of it.

In later years, the Zamora incident would gain a lot of traction in the UFO community, as it was extremely well-documented and considered a truly unclassifiable event made by a reliable witness, and Zamora would continue to stand by his story. Of course, the main problem is that there is only one person who ever saw the landed craft and around which all of this revolves, and that is Zamora himself. As such, there has been much debate as to how much any of it holds up, and so there have been a lot of theories proposed on what might have gone on out there along that remote road. It has often been suggested that this was all a hoax, not necessarily implemented by Zamora, but perhaps a prank played on him by some enterprising individuals, but if that is the case then they did a good job of fooling everyone involved, including the FBI and Air Force. There is also of course the notion that Zamora set this all himself, as part of a scheme in order to raise tourism to the area.

Other ideas have really run the range, including ball lightning, dust devils, mirages, and top secret military aircraft, even an experimental lunar surveyor being tested out of the nearby White Sands Missile Range. Then of course there is the idea that this was an actual encounter with otherworldly forces, and that this was a genuine alien encounter. It is hard to say, as Zamora is no longer with us, having taken what he saw to the grave with him, and the case has mostly been dropped officially, merely an unexplained little hiccup listed simply as “unknown” and not worthy of follow-up. Whatever it is Zamora encountered out there, it has remained one of the most well-documented and oft discussed UFO encounters out there, and without any definitive answers we will probaby never know exactly what transpired.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

26-01-2020 om 21:17 geschreven door peter  

Alien Craft Recorded By Pilot Over Utah, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Sept 2019

Location of sighting: Utah, USA

Source: MUFON #105762

A professional pilot recorded this at 40,000 feet. This is just absolutly amazing. This is great raw footage of an actual UFO. Most UFOs appear white and orb shaped...but this disk is unique. This is an important video because not only does it tell us the size, shape and color of the object, but it tells us how smoothly and easily this craft moves through the sky. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 { https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 20:03 geschreven door peter  

UFO Armada Over Ocean Seen From Space Station, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Jan 26, 2020

Location of sighting: Earths orbit a ISS

Source: ISS live NASA cam

 

This is some cool footage of three UFOs rising up out of the ocean. Each UFO is about 1.5 km long...and one of them is still half under water. UFOs have been reported by pilots that size, so its not unusual at all. The UFO on the far left is the the leader of the fleet. You can see the UFO on the far left is about 75% out of the water, the center UFO is 45% and the UFO on the far right is only about 20% out of the water. Once the UFOs have left the water, they must wait in position for a few minutes until most water has fallen off the ship, because the water can cause hull damage when heating up fast and freezing fast exiting our atmosphere...but when they go light speed...a little water can really send them off track by a long ways. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

2018

2017

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 19:51 geschreven door peter  

Shannon was walking with her son to school when she saw a huge metallic disc with portholes in the sky over Tulsa, Oklahoma on January 20, 2020. The sun was reflecting off of it and although it scared her what she saw, she took a photo of the UFO with her phone.

Shannon states: I can tell you, first of all there was a humming noise that I heard that was not heard by anyone else all the night before.

It was huge, I'd say, maybe 3 football fields wide. It was surrounded by clouds that we're all different colors. It was very low and the top part of it was completely enveloped.

After I dropped my son off at school I came back out and stood amazed, I couldn't believe no one else reported it.

Remarkable; a similar UFO with portholes has been photographed by Daniela in Germany. (See image above).

In the following video Mrmbb333 talks about these two UFOs.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 19:19 geschreven door peter  

Time-Traveling Humans From the Future Might Be Piloting UFOs

Over the decades, many people have fascinated with unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and aliens. However, visiting extraterrestrials may be products of time rather than the universe.

UFO pilots could be our future progeny that have understood well the landscape of time and space. Montana Tech University professor Michael Masters recently claimed that the ET spacecraft or commonly called as UFOs that people previously observed, could have contained humans from the future rather than aliens.  

Dr. Masters said that humans would utilize contraptions to travel back in time for them to understand their evolutionary past. 

He is focusing on human evolution study and says his theory is consistent with reams of UFO sightings. He believes that time travelers from the future are anthropologists much like himself with so many claims of alien abductions and medical examinations.

Those who claimed to have been abducted described humanoid aliens with incredible technology. Scientists experimented with the arrow of time reversal for a split second to simulate the possibility of time travel using quantum particles named qubits. If this experiment gives even a slight chance, it will support the theory of Dr. Masters.

The professor believes that UFOs are time machines from the future.

He described the extra-tempestrial as being bi-lateral symmetry, having five fingers on each foot and hand, upright-walking, bipedal, having two eyes, a mouth, a nose and having the ability to communicate with us in our languages.

The proof that led the professor to this bizarre theory is when most people who reported close encounters with aliens always seem to describe them in the same way. He stated that he took a multidisciplinary approach to understand the oddities of this phenomenon. However, he remains vigilant in his skepticism and does not have a staunch unwavering devotion to this notion. He believes that going back in time to study ancient humans would be the holy grail of paleontology.

Anthropologists do not discount the possibility that humans of the future will crack the secrets of time travel, considering the fast pace of scientific and technological advancement over the past century

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

26-01-2020 om 18:50 geschreven door peter  

Rippling ice and storms at Mars’ north pole

{ http://www.esa.int/ }

26-01-2020 om 01:47 geschreven door peter  

The problems with modern physics

By Paul Sutter

Physicists have certainly achieved a lot, but many mysteries about the universe remain.

The galaxy cluster Abell 1689 is famous for the way it bends light in a phenomenon called gravitational lensing. Study of the cluster has revealed secrets about how dark energy shapes the universe.

(Image: © NASA, ESA, E. Jullo (JPL/LAM), P. Natarajan (Yale) and J-P. Kneib (LAM))

• Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at Stony Brook University and the Flatiron Institute, host of Ask a Spaceman and Space Radio, and author of "Your Place in the Universe." Sutter contributed this article to Space.com's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights. 

Modern physics has many achievements to be proud of. A quantum understanding of three of the forces of nature. A beautiful, elegant description of gravity though the bending of space-time. An understanding of the history of our universe stretching back billions of years. 

Physicists should rightly pat themselves on the back for such a bang-up job. This is isn't easy stuff.

And yet, mysteries abound, and sometimes we feel more in the dark than we did 100 years ago. Let's explore some of the major issues that modern physics is still trying to understand.

• Related: The History & Structure of the Universe (Infographic)

Bring everyone together

The early 1900s was such a simple time. We had our theory of electromagnetism, which elegantly and simply unified our understanding of electricity, magnetism and radiation. It was awesome. And we also had Newton's laws, which provided a solid framework for understanding motion. These two pillars propped up our physical world. It was great.

Then folks like Albert Einstein had to come and smash it all. With special relativity, we had to completely rewrite our notions of time, space, distance and speed. And with quantum mechanics, we had to sit down and have a serious rethink about … well, basically all of fundamental reality.

And so physicists undertook a massive program of unification, trying to put all physics laws under a single roof. And they were largely successful: special relativity married to gravity gave us general relativity. Special relativity combined with quantum mechanics led to the quantum field theories, which went on to enhance our understanding of the electromagnetic force, and once they were discovered, the strong and weak nuclear forces.

We didn't stop the train there. Experiments and theory in the 1950s revealed that the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces were actually two sides of the same "electroweak" coin — these forces merged into one entity at high energies. Not to be outdone, so-called Grand Unified Theories put forward attempts to fold in the strong nuclear force as well.

The last force standing independently is gravity. And still today, decades later, we have no quantum description of gravity. And we've worked really hard on the problem, but every time we try to apply quantum techniques to Einstein's force, the math goes haywire and we can't make predictions.

Why? Who knows.

What can we do to fix it? Who knows.

• Related: 8 Baffling Astronomy Mysteries

But why this universe?

Certain physics constants rule our everyday experience. The speed of light. The charge on the electron. The strength of the weak nuclear force. All in all, about 18 individual numbers need to be plugged into the Standard Model — our quantum framework for three of the four forces of nature and all the particles that make up the building blocks of our world — to make it work.

The Standard Model simply can't explain why we have the forces of nature that we do, why we have the families of particles that we do, why those forces and particles act the way they do and basically any other question that starts with the word "why."

In fact, the way the creaky mathematical machinery behind the Standard Model works, those constants must be measured experimentally and plugged into a few key places in the equations; otherwise all the calculations blow up. It's a slightly uncomfortable sensation to know that our math wouldn't be able to make predictions without these constants plugged in.

The strengths of the forces are particularly troublesome, especially gravity. Gravity is so embarrassingly weak: it's billions upon billions of times weaker than the weak nuclear force. Let that sink in: gravity is even weaker than the force with "weak" literally in its name.

Why? This is called the hierarchy problem. We don't have a solution, just a name for the problem.

Seeing in the dark

Our troubles aren't limited to theoretical pursuits to unify the forces, questionable mathematics and puzzling particle collider results. Starting a few decades, astronomers decided that we didn't have enough problems and tossed in a brand-new ingredient to the universe: dark matter. 

We know that dark matter exists: we see evidence for it everywhere from the motion of stars inside galaxies to the background light left over from the earliest days of the universe. And while we understand a lot about what dark matter must act like, we haven't nailed down the culprit. We can only detect it through its gravitational effects, and astronomers suspect that it's a new kind of particle, hitherto unknown to the Standard Model, that floods the universe but does not interact through the electromagnetic force, making it completely invisible. 

And then there's dark energy.

In the late 1990s, astronomers discovered — and we've backed this up since then with a host of independent observations — that the expansion of our universe is accelerating.

We have absolutely no idea what's causing this.

Our best guess is that it has something to do with the energy locked in the vacuum of space-time itself, but our simplest, most naïve calculations estimate a strength of dark energy that's about 10,120 orders of magnitude too high.

Whoops.

So that's a big mystery. As far as we can tell, we're not misunderstanding something about the way gravity works at the largest scales, so whatever is causing dark energy must be a new ingredient character operating in the cosmos.

As to more details in the pursuit of pinning down this strange acceleration, we're at a loss.

But at least we have some job security.

• The Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 Easy Steps
• Gallery: Dark Matter Throughout the Universe
• The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature

Learn more by listening to the episode "Is String Theory Worth It? (Part 1: Unify This!)" on the Ask A Spaceman podcast, available on iTunes and on the Web at http://www.askaspaceman.com. Thanks to John C., Zachary H., @edit_room, Matthew Y., Christopher L., Krizna W., Sayan P., Neha S., Zachary H., Joyce S., Mauricio M., @shrenicshah, Panos T., Dhruv R., Maria A., Ter B., oiSnowy, Evan T., Dan M., Jon T., @twblanchard, Aurie, Christopher M., @unplugged_wire, Giacomo S., Gully F. for the questions that led to this piece! Ask your own question on Twitter using #AskASpaceman or by following Paul @PaulMattSutter and facebook.com/PaulMattSutter.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook. 

{ https://www.space.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 01:33 geschreven door peter  

A new NASA video combines visible, infrared and X-ray views of the famous Crab Nebula, a star that exploded into view in our sky 1,000 years ago.

NASA released the video above on January 5, 2020, saying it was created by astronomers and visualization specialists from its Universe of Learning program. These experts combined visible, infrared and X-ray vision of the famous Crab Nebula, the remains of a star that exploded into view in Earth’s sky in the year 1054. The video shows images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes. It shows the pulsar at the heart of the Crab Nebula – the rapidly spinning, super-dense crushed core of the exploded star – which sends high-energy jets in either direction into the nebula, and which serve as what NASA calls the powerhouse “engine” of the entire system.

In a statement, NASA said:

The tiny dynamo [the pulsar] is blasting out blistering pulses of radiation 30 times a second with unbelievable clockwork precision.

The visualization was produced by a team at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland; the Caltech/IPAC in Pasadena, California; and the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It debuted earlier this month at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii.

• EarthSky 2020 lunar calendars are available! Only a few left. Order now!

X-ray view of the Crab Nebula from Chandra X-Ray Observatory.

Image via NASA/ CfA/ J. DePasquale.

STScI’s visualization scientist Frank Summers led the team that developed the video. He said:

Seeing two-dimensional images of an object, especially of a complex structure like the Crab Nebula, doesn’t give you a good idea of its three-dimensional nature. With this scientific interpretation, we want to help people understand the Crab Nebula’s nested and interconnected geometry. The interplay of the multiwavelength observations illuminate all of these structures. Without combining X-ray, infrared, and visible light, you don’t get the full picture.

NASA described the video this way:

The movie begins by showing the Crab Nebula in context, pinpointing its location in the constellation Taurus. This view zooms in to present the Hubble, Spitzer, and Chandra images of the Crab Nebula, each highlighting one of the nested structures in the system. The video then begins a slow buildup of the three-dimensional X-ray structure, showing the pulsar and a ringed disk of energized material, and adding jets of particles firing off from opposite sides of the energetic dynamo.

Appearing next is a rotating infrared view of a cloud enveloping the pulsar system, and glowing from synchrotron radiation. This distinctive form of radiation occurs when streams of charged particles spiral around magnetic field lines. There is also infrared emission from dust and gas.

The visible-light outer shell of the Crab Nebula appears next. Looking like a cage around the entire system, this shell of glowing gas consists of tentacle-shaped filaments of ionized oxygen (oxygen missing one or more electrons). The tsunami of particles unleashed by the pulsar is pushing on this expanding debris cloud like an animal rattling its cage.

The X-ray, infrared, and visible-light models are combined at the end of the movie to reveal both a rotating three-dimensional multiwavelength view and the corresponding two-dimensional multiwavelength image of the Crab Nebula.

Summers commented:

The three-dimensional views of each nested structure give you an idea of its true dimensions. To enable viewers to develop a complete mental model, we wanted to show each structure separately, from the ringed disk and jets in stark relief, to the synchrotron radiation as a cloud around that, and then the visible light as a cage structure surrounding the entire system.

These nested structures are peculiar to the Crab Nebula. They reveal that the nebula is not a classic supernova remnant as once commonly thought. Instead, the system is better classified as a pulsar wind nebula. NASA explained:

A traditional supernova remnant consists of a blast wave and debris from the supernova that has been heated to millions of degrees. In a pulsar wind nebula, the system’s inner region consists of lower-temperature gas that is heated up to thousands of degrees by the high-energy synchrotron radiation.

Read about how this video was made

Isn’t this a cool image? It’s the famous Crab Nebula – the remnant of a star that exploded 1,000 years ago – as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. Superimposed on the visible light image from Hubble is an X-ray image from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory (in lavender), revealing the nebula’s high-energy heart.

Image via NASA/ ESA/ J. DePasquale (STScI)/ R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC).

• Bottom line: A new NASA video combines visible, infrared and X-ray views of the famous Crab Nebula, a star that exploded into view in our sky 1,000 years ago.
• Via HubbleSite

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

26-01-2020 om 01:02 geschreven door peter  

Ex Navy boss stumped by UFOs

Three sets of gun-camera videos – one taken from an F-18 assigned to the USS Nimitz operating off southern California in November 2004, and two more from Super Hornets attached to the USS Roosevelt during maneuvers off Jacksonville in January 2015 – were authenticated as official government footage by the Defense Department last year.

{ http://devoid.blogs.heraldtribune.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 00:41 geschreven door peter  

Jupiter may not have caused our solar system's 'Great Divide' after all

By Mike Wall 

Pressure peaks in the protoplanetary disk may be responsible.

An ALMA image of the young star HL Tau and the disk of gas and dust surrounding it. Rings in such protoplanetary disks indicate regions of pressure maxima, which could establish boundaries that help shape the developing planetary system

(Image: © ALMA (NRAO/ESO/NAOJ); C. Brogan, B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF))

One of our solar system's fundamental boundaries may have existed since the very beginning, a new study reports.

That demarcation, which lies just beyond Jupiter's orbit, is a dramatic one. The planets, asteroids and other objects sunward from the invisible line are lacking in carbon-containing organic compounds, whereas the stuff farther out is rich in organics.

Jupiter's hefty gravitational presence has been widely invoked to explain this "Great Divide." But computer simulations indicate that the gas giant was never big enough early in its history to keep the carbon-rich rocks and pebbles from spiraling into the inner solar system with the observed effectiveness, the new study found.

• Related: How Did the Solar System Form?

"We banged our head against the wall," lead author Ramon Brasser, a researcher at the Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, said in a statement. "If Jupiter wasn't the agent responsible for creating and maintaining that compositional dichotomy, what else could be?"

Brasser and co-author Stephen Mojzsis, a professor of geological sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder, found inspiration, and a possible solution, in newly forming exoplanetary systems. 

Images captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile have revealed intricate ring structures in the disks of dust and gas that surround newborn stars. The material in these disks is what planets are made of — and those rings serve as a sort of blueprint for the future planetary system, Brasser and Mojzsis determined.

A ring indicates that there is a band of maximum pressure in the protoplanetary disk, according to the two researchers. And such pressure peaks could explain our solar system's Great Divide.

"One or multiple such — potentially mobile — long-lived pressure maxima almost completely prevented pebbles from the Jovian region [from] reaching the terrestrial zone, maintaining a compositional partition between the two regions," the researchers wrote in the new study, which was published online today (Jan. 13) in the journal Nature Astronomy.

"We thus suggest that our young solar system's protoplanetary disk developed at least one and probably multiple rings, which potentially triggered the formation of the giant planets," they added.

The "almost" in the above statement is an important qualifier, however. Dribs and drabs of material from the outer system did sneak through the pressure net long ago, and some of it rained down on the young Earth, luckily for us.

“Those materials that might go to the Earth would be those volatile, carbon-rich materials," Mojzsis said in the same statement. “And that gives you water. It gives you organics."

• Solar System Facts: A Guide to Things Orbiting Our Sun
• Meet ALMA: Amazing Photos from Giant Radio Telescope
• Bam! Cannon Experiment Shows How Asteroids Delivered Water to Earth

Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), is out now.

Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook. 

{ https://www.space.com/ }

26-01-2020 om 00:27 geschreven door peter  

Scientists Say We Travel To Parallel Universes When We Dream

Every night, humans have an average of 6-10 dreams. A few minutes after being awoken, these dreams are usually forgotten. However, what if there's actual meaning to dreams that would make them more lucrative to remember?

Modern science, as well as Native American tribes and Mexican nations, believe that we, or at least our brains visit a "parallel universe" when we dream. This would explain why humans can dream in color, and can senses with all five feelings what's happening within the dream. If you've ever dreamed of eating your grandmother's signature apple pie per se, have you ever realized that it feels like you can taste and smell the delicious pie in front of you? Or maybe you've dreamed of riding a roller coaster and felt the thrill of riding it as it climbs up the steep hills and rushes down the ramps.

The True Science Of Parallel Universes

Mystics also believe that there are places where dreaming takes place, but have related it to supernatural beings such as ghosts and spirits. However, since 1920 scientists have been trying to avoid such questionable beings, and in their quest to find the ideal place of nuclear particles to host dreams, they realized that such a formation would be impossible on Earth. Thus they shifted the argument away from the supernatural, and into an arguably more confusing field of physics.

An example of the scientist's theory of parallel universes would be to think of two worlds: one in which you are born, and one in which you aren't. Logically, you can never be in such a "dual" state within one dimension, and thus the need for multiple parallel dimensions arises. Think about it: in another world, there could be a copy of yourself who does things slightly differently, and as a result may have a better life than you. In another world, there could be a person like you who didn't forget his lines at the corporate meeting. In another world, there could be another version of you who understands what is going on with our dreams--and maybe by then, we'll know if the scientists or the mystics win out on this debate.

{ https://www.disclose.tv/ }

25-01-2020 om 23:50 geschreven door peter