Archaeologists Have Dates Wrong for North American Indigenous History

Columbus famously reached the Americas in 1492. Other Europeans had made the journey before, but the century from then until 1609 marks the creation of the modern globalized world.

This period brought extraordinary riches to Europe , and genocide and disease to indigenous peoples across the Americas.

Table: The Conversation.

Source: Sturt Manning

The European settlement dates and personalities are known from  texts and sometimes  illustrations, to use the failed colony on what was then Virginia’s Roanoke Island as an example.

But one thing is missing. What about indigenous history throughout this traumatic era? Until now, the standard timeline has derived, inevitably, from the European conquerors, even when scholars try to present an indigenous perspective.

This all happened just 400 to 500 years ago – how wrong could the conventional chronology for indigenous settlements be? Quite wrong, it turns out,  based on radiocarbon dating  my collaborators and I have carried out at a number of Iroquoian sites in Ontario and New York state. We’re challenging existing – and rather colonialist – assumptions and mapping out the correct time frames for when indigenous people were active in these places.

Dating Iroquoia project member Samantha Sanft excavating at White Springs, New York. 

(Samantha Sanft and Kurt Jordan,  CC BY-ND / Author provided)

Refining dates based on European goods

Archaeologists estimate when a given indigenous settlement was active based on the absence or presence of certain types of European trade goods, such as metal and glass beads . It was always approximate, but became the conventional history.

Since the first known  commercial fur trading missions were in the 1580s , archaeologists date initial regular appearances of scattered European goods to 1580-1600. They call these two decades Glass Bead Period 1. We know some trade occurred before that, though, since indigenous people Cartier met in the 1530s  had previously encountered Europeans, and were ready to trade  with him.

16th-century European copper alloy beads from two sites in the Mohawk Valley. 

(Image: New York State Museum,  CC BY-ND / Author provided)

Archaeologists set Glass Bead Period 2 from 1600-1630. During this time, new types of glass beads and finished metal goods were introduced, and trade was more frequent.

The logic of dating based on the absence or presence of these goods would make sense if all communities had equal access to, and desire to have, such items. But these key assumptions have not been proven.

That’s why the  Dating Iroquoia Project  exists. Made up of researchers at Cornell University, the University of Georgia and the New York State Museum, we’ve used radiocarbon dating and statistical modeling to date organic materials directly associated with Iroquoian sites in  New York’s Mohawk Valley  and Ontario in Canada .

First we looked at two sites in Ontario: Warminster and Ball. Both are long argued to have had direct connections with Europeans. For instance, Samuel de Champlain likely stayed at the Warminster site in 1615-1616. Archaeologists have found large numbers of trade goods at both sites.

Centuries-old maize sample, ready to be radiocarbon dated. 

(Image: Eva Wild / CC BY-ND )

When my colleagues and I examined and radiocarbon dated plant remains ( maize, bean, plum) and a wooden post, the calendar ages we came up with are entirely consistent with historical estimates and the glass bead chronology. The three dating methods agreed, placing Ball circa 1565-1590 and Warminster circa 1590-1620.

However, the picture was quite different at several other major Iroquois sites that lack such close European connections. Our radiocarbon tests came up with substantially different date ranges compared with previous estimates that were based on the presence or absence of various European goods.

For example, the Jean-Baptiste Lainé, or  Mantle, site  northeast of Toronto is currently the largest and most complex Iroquoian village excavated in Ontario. Excavated between 2003–2005, archaeologists dated the site to 1500–1530 because it lacks most trade goods and had just three European-source metal objects. But our radiocarbon dating now places it  between about 1586 and 1623, most likely 1599-1614 . That means previous dates were off the mark by as much as 50 to 100 years.

Other sites belonging to this same ancestral Wendat community are also more recent than previously assumed. For example, a site called Draper was conventionally dated to the second half of the 1400s, but radiocarbon dating places it at least 50 years later, between 1521 and 1557. Several other Ontario Iroquoian sites lacking large trade good assemblages vary by several decades to around 50 years or so from conventional dates based on our work.

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Sturt Manning examining a sample in the Cornell Tree Ring Laboratory. 

(Image: Chris Kitchen/Cornell University/ CC BY-ND )

My colleagues and I have also investigated a number of sites in the Mohawk Valley, in New York state. During the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers formed a key transport route from the Atlantic coast inland for Europeans and their trade goods. Again, we found that radiocarbon dating  casts doubt on the conventional time frame  attributed to a number of sites in the area.

Biases that led to misguided timelines

Why was some of the previous chronology wrong?

The answer seems to be that scholars viewed the topic through a pervasive colonial lens. Researchers mistakenly assumed that trade goods were equally available, and desired, all over the region, and considered all indigenous groups as the same.

To the contrary, it was Wendat custom, for example, that the lineage whose members first discovered a trade route claimed rights to it. Such “ownership” could be a source of power and status. Thus it would make sense to see uneven distributions of certain trade goods, as mediated by the controlling groups. Some people were “in,” with access, and others may have been “out.”

Ethnohistoric records indicate cases of indigenous groups rejecting contact with Europeans and their goods. For example, Jesuit missionaries described an  entire village no longer using French kettles  because the foreigners and their goods were blamed for disease.

Dating Iroquoia Project member Megan Conger excavating at White Springs, New York. Some locations have been under-explored, so far, by archaeologists.

(Image: Megan Conger, Kurt Jordan/ CC BY-ND )

There are other reasons European goods do or do not show up in the archaeological record. How near or far a place was from transport routes, and local politics, both within and between groups, could play a role. Whether Europeans made direct contact, or there were only indirect links, could affect availability. Objects used and kept in settlements could also vary from those intentionally buried in cemeteries.

Above all, the majority of sites are only partly investigated at best, some are as yet unknown. And sadly the archaeological record is affected by the looting and destruction of sites.

Only a direct dating approach removes the Eurocentric and historical lens, allowing an independent time frame for sites and past narratives.

Effects of re-dating indigenous history

Apart from changing the dates for textbooks and museum displays, the re-dating of a number of Iroquoian sites raises major questions about the social, political and economic history of indigenous communities.

For example, conventionally, researchers place the start of a shift to larger and fortified communities, and evidence of increased conflict, in the mid-15th century.

However, our radiocarbon dates find that some of the key sites are from a century later, dating from the mid-16th to start of the 17th centuries. The timing raises questions of whether and how early contacts with Europeans did or did not play a role. This period was also  during the peak of what’s called the Little Ice Age , perhaps indicating the changes in indigenous settlements have some association with climate challenge.

Our new radiocarbon dates indicate the correct time frame; they pose, but do not answer, many other remaining questions.

• Top image: For centuries, indigenous history has been largely told through a European lens.        
• Source: John White, circa 1585-1593, © The Trustees of the British Museum , CC BY-NC-SA
• This article was originally published under the title ‘ Archaeologists have a lot of dates wrong for North American indigenous history – but we’re using new techniques to get it right’ by Sturt Manning on The Conversation , and has been republished under a Creative Commons License

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18-05-2020 om 01:13 geschreven door peter  

17-05-2020 om 23:58 geschreven door peter  

Video – What If an Advanced Civilization of Humans Existed Thousands of Years Ago?

How do we even know that we’re the first advanced civilization to call the planet Earth home?

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SOURCE: GAF – YOUTUBE

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15-05-2020 om 23:31 geschreven door peter  

 60 Mysterious peculiar cubes with sacred numerical inscriptions found in Coventry river

Amagnet fisherman out with his two young sons at a river in Coventry reeled in almost 60 mysterious cubes thought to show a sacred numerical inscription.

He posted images of the cubes on Facebook and content sharing website Reddit to try and find out more about his unusual catch. 

Based on the responses, he believes the objects are connected to a Hindu prayer ritual. “What I learned is that they are Indian in origin and they show incantations for prayers which take effect when they are thrown in running water.”

According to the coventrytelegraph, other than a different face on one side, all of the cubes are identical, possibly because they contain a numerical formula to summon the protection of Rahu, described by the Shrivinayaka Astrology website as a planet with God-like powers.

Rahu’s sphere of control includes thieves, magicians, snakes, poison, jails and isolated places, according to the resource.  

Responses to the pictures on social media suggest the characters are in Sanskrit, the liturgical language of Hinduism, and show ‘yantra’ – mystical diagrams that are used for worship.

One of most likely explanations comes from a beach combing website, where one contributor describes similar finds of “numerical planetary yantras made of solid lead.”

However, the puzzle is from complete, as no one has been able to put a date on the objects or to explain why so many would end up being thrown into a quiet river in Coventry.

More detailed images of the mysterious cubes at coventrytelegraph.net

A close-up of the cubes

(Image: Will Read)

Dozens of lead cubes have been pulled from a river in Coventry

(Image: Will Read)

A haul of mysterious cubes has been found by a magnet fisherman

A grid system is thought to contain a sacred inscription

Some of the cubes found in a Coventry river

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14-05-2020 om 23:07 geschreven door peter  

13-05-2020 om 22:39 geschreven door peter  

While working in a Bulgarian cave called Bacho Kiro, archaeologists made a huge discovery when they unearthed the earliest evidence of modern humans living in Europe.

Two research teams unearthed bones and teeth inside of the cave. When they analyzed the remains, they found that some of the bones were from animals such as deer and bison, but some also belonged to ancient Homo sapiens. In fact, they found that the remains belonged to seven humans and they were even able to extract DNA from six of them. Tools that were created from animals bones were also found at the cave site. Pictures can be seen here.

Bacho Kiro cave

Additionally, they found that the ancient humans hunted deer and bison and they used the animals’ teeth (especially those from cave bears) to make jewelry as well as ornaments – a craft known to have been practiced by Neanderthals. “There are some similarities in manufacturing techniques used by Homo sapiens at Bacho Kiro and Neanderthals elsewhere, which makes clear there was cultural transmission going on between the two groups,” stated Professor Shara Bailey who is an anthropologist at New York University as well as a co-author of the study which can be read in full here. Another study was published and can be read here.

Another author of the study, Professor Jean-Jacques Hublin, who is from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, weighed in by stating, “Several of the artifacts have red staining that is consistent with the use of ochre,” adding, “We identified 1 perforated ivory bead and 12 perforated or grooved pendants, 11 of which were made from cave bear teeth and 1 from an ungulate tooth.”

What’s even more incredible is that this discovery proves that modern humans arrived in Europe approximately 45,000 years ago, meaning that they co-existed with Neanderthals for several thousands of years.

Entrance to the Bacho Kiro cave.

In an interview with The Times, Hublin stated, “Now we see there is a period of about 8,000 years between the first modern humans putting their feet in eastern Europe and the extinction of the last Neanderthal in the far west of the continent,” adding, “Eight thousand years is a long time. Long enough for a lot of interactions between these populations in terms of biology, but also in terms of cultural diffusion from one group to another.”

Whether the arrival of modern humans directly caused the extinction of Neanderthals remains highly debatable. Dr. William Banks, who is from the University of Bordeaux but was not involved in the study, has his own opinion, “The results summarized and discussed are important because we as archaeologists ultimately wish to understand the population and cultural dynamics implicated in the observed disappearance of Neanderthal populations in Europe around 40,000 – 39,000 years ago.” He went on to state, “These new results from Bacho Kiro provide us with an important piece of the puzzle, but many still remain to be put in place.”

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

13-05-2020 om 22:20 geschreven door peter  

Enormous Submerged Pyramids and Sphinx Discovered... What Happened Next Was Very Shocking!

Same with the Egyptians in Australia! The government even tried to destroy the very wall with the Egyptian writing on it! Just who is controlling our real history? Bulgarian pyramids off limits to the public! Why is the CIA involved with this ancient pyramid? The chinese government hides their history and pyramids! What are people in power afraid of? Real history has been hidden from the ordinary people for hundreds of years! ME

What did the T-Shaped pillar of Gobekli-Tepe represent and why did the Sumerian culture reference them? What were the small bags that the Sumerian Gods were seen to be holding and why should they be seen throughout other ancient civilizations? These are just a few of the things covered by researcher and author Graham Hancock

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

13-05-2020 om 18:46 geschreven door peter  

Over 10,000 Extremely Rare Relics Unearthed From Ming Battlefield

Chinese archaeologists have made a historic discovery. Along with thousands of other artifacts, they have unearthed a very rare gold imperial seal that was possibly used by the heir apparent of an emperor of China. The seal was found with a treasure trove of objects in what is believed to be a Ming battlefield. This precious artifact comes from a turbulent period in the history of China, which saw the fall of the Ming and the rise of Qing Dynasty .

The remarkable item was uncovered during the latest archaeological mission at the Jiangkou Chenyin historic site, which is in Sichuan, in the southwest of the vast nation. It was acclaimed as one of “China's top 10 archaeological discoveries in 2017,” according to Xinhua.net. It was unearthed at a site of a dried riverbed that measures 53,820 square feet (5,000 meters) in area. 

10,000 Artifacts Unearthed From Ancient Ming Battlefield

The excavation site, known as Jiangkou Chenyin, is on the “Jiangkou stretch of the Minjiang River in Meishan City,” reports Xinhua.net. This area came to the attention of the authorities after historical artifacts were washed up on the shore.  It was widely suspected that this section of the river was the scene of a battle during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The local authorities organized a massive engineering project to drain a section of the river, so that it could be investigated by archaeologists.

The riverbed/Ming battlefield excavation site where the 10,000 relics were found.

( Xinhua / Liu Kun)

CGTN reports that “during the first two rounds at the Ming battlefield site in 2017 and 2018, archaeologists unearthed more than 42,000 relics.” Some 10,000 more artifacts were uncovered during the latest round of excavations, including gold and silver coins during the most recent work.

The imperial seal is regarded as the most significant find. Liu Zhiyan, the lead archaeologist, called the symbol of royal power “the only one of its kind in the world,” reports The Daily Mail .  The seal measures 3 inches by one inch (10 x 3 cm) and has a knob shaped into a tortoise. It is made of 95% pure gold.

The golden seal pictured showing the tortoise shaped knob, which was found at what is believed to be a Ming battlefield site.

( Xinhua / Liu Kun)

Fall of a Dynasty

The Daily Mail reports that the item is carved with the characters “Shi Shu Zi Bao’ meaning treasure of the Shu Prince.” This is proof that it belonged to the imperial house and was possibly the personal property of the heir apparent to the Chinese throne.

The unidentified prince was a member of the Ming Dynasty, who ruled between 1368 and 1644. This dynasty had expelled the Mongols, and it made China very prosperous and powerful before it began to decline at the start of the 17 ^th century, because of famines and a war with the Manchus.

It is believed that the imperial seal was lost during a massive peasant rebellion during the fall of the Ming Empire. It is believed to have come into the possession of Zhang Xianzhong, often known as the ‘Yellow Tiger’, the leader of a peasant army that conquered southwest China as the Ming state disintegrated.

Pictured is a gold coin unearthed from the Ming battlefield excavation site.

( Xinhua / Liu Kun)

The gold seal was found shattered in four pieces in the riverbed. The Daily Mail quotes Mr. Zhiyan as saying that “the most plausible theory is that he had the seal split into four to symbolize the end of the Ming Dynasty.” Xianzhong proclaimed himself emperor, but he was not to enjoy his power for long as he was forced by the invading Manchus to flee from the city of Chengdu in 1646.

Rise of the Qing Dynasty

Historical records show that as he was fleeing the Manchus, he was ambushed on the River Minjiang by general Yang Zhan, who was still loyal to the old dynasty. During this battle, the peasant warlord lost an armada of ships and his entire treasure. It appears that the seal along with the other artifacts went down with the ships destroyed during the battle. Xianzhong escaped but he was hunted down and killed by the Manchus the following year, after he was betrayed by an associate.

The Manchus were originally from modern Manchuria and were not Han Chinese . They established a new dynasty known as the Qing, and they ruled China until 1912. For many years China prospered under their rule, but they were never accepted by most of their subjects who viewed them as foreign invaders.

A Golden ornament excavated from the Ming battlefield site on Jiangkou stretch of the Minjiang River. 

(Xinhua / Liu Kun)

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Battlefield Site Established

The discovery of the priceless seal is of great historical significance. The experts were able to confirm that the items had been deep in the clay for a long time. The Daily Mail quotes Mr. Zhiyan as stating that it is likely that “this section of the river is where likely Zhang Xianzhong and Yang Zhan crossed swords.”

While the mystery of the location of the battle has been resolved, the original owner of the seal is not yet known. The Daily Mail quotes Mr. Zhiyan as saying that “further historical research is needed to determine precisely which Shu prince the seal belonged to.”

The Chinese authorities are investing 500 yuan ($60 million) in the Jiangkou Chenyin site. This will include the construction of a museum. It is believed that many of the treasures found from the battle on the river will be put on display at the new institution.

Top image: Golden seal excavated from the Ming battlefield site on the Jiangkou stretch of the Minjiang River in Meishan City, southwest China.  Source: Xinhua / Liu Kun

By Ed Whelan

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06-05-2020 om 01:32 geschreven door peter  

Scientists have discovered the oldest ever fossil of a mammal in the Southern Hemisphere and it’s quite odd to say the least. In fact, the mammal has been nicknamed “crazy beast” which is translated from its actual name of Adalatherium hui.

The researchers actually found the skeleton by accident in 1999 as they were in the northwestern part of Madagascar digging up the remains of a crocodile when they noticed the possum-size mammal fossil beside it. It is believed that the mammal was buried alive by a mudflow.

The skeleton belonged to a group of extinct mammals called Gondwanatherians that once lived with the dinosaurs on the super-continent Gondwana. The mammal fossil was from 66 million years ago during the end of the Cretaceous Period. Since Madagascar had separated from Africa around 88 million years ago, it was already an island when this mammal lived there.

Many unusual animals lived on Madagascar during that time period, including an herbivorous crocodile with a short snout and bumpy teeth; a buck-toothed dinosaur (Masiakasaurus knopfleri), and a “devil frog” (Beelzebufo ampinga) that possibly ate baby dinosaurs.

While the Adalatherium hui may have looked a little bit like a badger, it was nowhere near anything we see on Earth today. The Adalatherium hui weighed approximately 6.8 pounds (3.1 kilograms) which makes it the third-largest mammal that’s ever been discovered from the Southern Hemisphere Mesozoic Era that lasted from around 250 million to 65 million years ago.

Its front legs were aligned perfectly under its body (similar to a dog or cat) but its back legs were sprawled out like a crocodile’s. In fact, its legs were so unusual that researchers are baffled as to how it got around. (Pictures can be seen here.) “It probably means it walked really differently from anything that lived in the past or that is living today,” said Simone Hoffmann who is an anatomist at the New York Institute of Technology as well as the co-researcher of the study(which can be read here).

Reconstructed skeleton of Adalatherium hui (‘crazy beast’) showing the many vertebrae of the species.

(Scott Hartman / Nature)

The Adalatherium hui looked a bit like a badger.

Its teeth are so unusual that they look as though they came “from outer space”. The ridges and bumps on its teeth are unlike anything they’ve seen before. Additionally, its incisors were similar to a rodent’s but the teeth only had enamel on the cheek side. Based on its teeth, it is believed that the mammal was an herbivore.

As for its skull, it contained several strange holes – not including the openings where the blood vessels and nerves would have passed through to its highly sensitive snout. The additional holes suggest that the mammal had quite a few whiskers that could have potentially helped it while digging in burrows with its strong claws. There was, however, a big hole on the top of its snout which researchers can’t explain as it’s never been found before on any type of mammal skull.

There are no living descendants of any of Madagascar’s Cretaceous Period mammals including the Adalatherium hui which indicates that all of the mammals from that time period died as a result of the end-Cretaceous asteroid that hit.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

03-05-2020 om 01:09 geschreven door peter  

20 Mystery Facts about the Gobekli Tepe

The Gobekli Tepe is assumed to be a construction that ages more than 12000 years and it was raised by a group of organized hunters in the pre-historic time. This edifice signifies that there was the existence of some cultured and sophisticated civilization, even 10000 years back. Here are some interesting facts about the monument.

Interesting facts about the Gobkeli Tepe

(1) It is assumed that the construction was completed 12000 years back.

(2) The Gobekli Tepe was constructed 6500 years ahead of the Stonehenge

(3) This mysterious construction is 7000 years older than the first Pyramid built in Egypt

(4) It is assumed to be the first temple, ever constructed under the Sun.

(5) In the opinion of a few experts, the site houses 20 or more temples, dedicated to different Gods, observed the community that constructed the temple.

(6) The major part of this site is till unexplored, lying buried under the ground.

(7) It is still unknown that who patronaged the construction of this site.

(8) In the opinion of a few experts, this is actually a burial site and not a temple. Though it is alternatively believed to be a burial site, till date, no graves have been explored on the site.

(9) Sometimes, the Gobekli Tepe is referred as the Desert Stonehenge.

(10) It comes as a wonder to modern mankind as how such gigantic construction was made in the pre-historic age. It seems impossible that people have fabricated the structure elsewhere and carried to the top of the hill.

(11) The construction style mainly deals with a series of oval and circular structures.

(12) If it is to be believed that the construction dates back to 10000 BC, it is a mystery about the existence of such advanced and progressive civilization, when life is assumed to be based on hunting and dealing it with a day-to-day orientation.

(13) All the pillars on this site resemble a T-shape and the height ranges between 3 and 6 meters.

(14) Tentatively, each of these pillar weight around 60 tons.

(15) Archaeologists are yet to give any hint about the construction technique that was probably used to raise this construction.

(16) The gigantic construction established the fact that there was the involvement of organized workforce. However, consider the hostile lifestyle assumed for that period, it is hard to impossible to believe that someone took the leadership to organize such massive workforce.

(17) Archaeologists have no clue as how the flock managed to transport the parts of the construction to such height and amalgamate the pieces there.

(18) There is no evidence about how much time it took for the completion of the entire site. It is assumed that it took at least a few hundred years to complete the entire construction work.

(19) Snakes, Foxes, Cranes, and Wild boars are some of the animals, explored to be depicted on the walls of the construction.

(20) The carvings also includes human figures as well as depiction of abstract ideas.

{ http://www.science-rumors.com/mysterious-places/ }

02-05-2020 om 23:54 geschreven door peter  

Israeli Archaeologists Find Hidden Pattern at ‘World’s Oldest Temple’ Göbekli Tepe

Neolithic hunter-gatherers who erected massive monoliths in central Turkey 11,500 years ago had command of geometry and a much more complex society than previously thought, archaeologists say

Ariel David

02-05-2020 om 21:46 geschreven door peter  

EXPLORERS IN ANTARCTICA FIND THE FOSSILS OF A "TOTALLY UNEXPECTED" ANIMAL

The Earth's South Pole, known for being a land of penguins, is covered in ice. But it wasn't always this way: Tens of millions of years ago, Antarctica was lush and green — and full of very different creatures.

Recently, while exploring the frigid region for ancient fossils, researchers found the shockingly out-of-place remains of a helmeted frog. It's the oldest-ever discovery of an amphibian and demonstrates that 40 million years ago Antarctica was more similar to present-day South America.

Paleontologist Thomas Mörs and his team were on a mission to find fossils of mammals who inhabited Antarctica before the big freeze. They collected and sifted through samples of sediment from Seymour Island, a process that revealed the teeth and bones of a variety of mammals — including tiny marsupials.

While sorting through their findings, Mörs found something shocking: an ilium — a large hip bone — and an ornamented skull. Both are telltale signs of a HELMETED FROG.

"I first found the hip bone, and I directly realized that I found an Antarctic frog, the first!" Mörs tells Inverse. "It was a totally unexpected discovery under the microscope."

This finding was published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports.

This discovery also indicates that Antarctica might have actually played a large role in the evolution of vertebrates, including amphibians, before the mass extinction event that happened at the end of the Eocene.

ANTARCTICA, KEY TO ANCIENT FROG HISTORY — The frozen continent at the Earth's South Pole may have been where some animals originated or dispersed, Mörs says, tens of millions of years ago.

The two fossilized frog bones are around 40 million years old. That helps pin down what the environment was like in Antarctica during that time — six million years before Antarctica froze over permanently.

But the ice was already coming: The researchers found evidence that some glaciers were already present during the days of the helmeted frogs. This suggests that the cold-blooded amphibians, and other vertebrates on the land, were able to survive even as the area became increasingly icy.

Mörs says the research helps to connect some dots about helmeted frogs, too.

Today, helmeted frogs live Australia, New Guinea, and South America, where they are sometimes called Southern Frogs. These are places with climates that are probably similar to what Antarctica once looked like.

This discovery is a sign that helmeted frogs likely formed a single population across Pangea, before the supercontinent split.

"We have now a fossil frog from Antarctica that links the living frogs of the other two continents," Mörs says.

Antarctica, then, may have been an important link — not only between the continents but also between various groups of ancient helmeted frogs.

Abstract: 

Cenozoic ectothermic continental tetrapods (amphibians and reptiles) have not been documented previously from Antarctica, in contrast to all other continents. Here we report a fossil ilium and an ornamented skull bone that can be attributed to the Recent, South American, anuran family Calyptocephalellidae or helmeted frogs, representing the first modern amphibian found in Antarctica. The two bone fragments were recovered in Eocene, approximately 40 million years old, sediments on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The record of hyperossifed calyptocephalellid frogs outside South America supports Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of the anuran clade Australobatrachia. Our results demonstrate that Eocene freshwater ecosystems in Antarctica provided habitats favourable for ectothermic vertebrates (with mean annual precipitation ≥900mm, coldest month mean temperature ≥3.75°C, and warmest month mean temperature ≥13.79°C), at a time when there were at least ephemeral ice sheets existing on the highlands within the interior of the continent.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ )

26-04-2020 om 21:50 geschreven door peter  

China hasn’t been getting much good press lately due to the coronavirus pandemic and is probably hoping for some good news, even if it’s from 3500 years ago. Unfortunately, this isn’t it. Archeologists digging in a major site dating back to the Shang Dynasty found an unusual ‘oracle’ bone in a very creepy tomb. It’s unusual because oracle bones – used by religious diviners to ask questions of the deities – are normally made from ox bones or turtle shells, while this one is a human bone. It’s creepy because this oracle bone was found in a grave where the skeletal remains indicated that the body was a human — a human sacrificed by beheading. Sorry, China … this is not your year.

“This well-preserved human bone is shaped like the oracle bone inscription of the character ‘Kan.'”

Proving that the Chinese media will cover bad news, China Daily interviewed Liang Fawei, head of the Chaizhuang site excavation project, about the recent find. Oracle bones were the key ingredient in the practice of pyromancy, where a diviner or oracle would etch a question on a large bone, then heat it with a hot metal rod until the bone cracked. The diviner would then interpret the cracks, determine the deity’s answer to the question and often scratch that onto the bone. This practice began in the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046 BCE) and continued into the Zhou Dynasty. Fawei notes that the question in this case was the primitive Chinese character ‘Kan’ from the ancient language Jiaguwen – one of the many hieroglyphics used to describe animal and human sacrifices.

“The bone remains found at the site suggest that the human sacrifice was beheaded, facing north and kneeling in the pit with his hands crossed in front of him.”

The Chaizhuang site covers 300,000 square meters and contains houses, wells, ash pits, roads, pottery, stones, bones, jade artifacts. other relics – and plenty of evidence of human sacrifices. Shang kings were often buried with hundreds of humans and evidence shows other sacrifices by this agrarian and warring culture were made to Di (the High God), the sun and mountains and various ancestors. While the ‘Kan’ message had been found on other oracle bones, this was the first discovered with the bones clearly indicating the human was beheading in a kneeling position rather than lying down. (Photos of the grave and oracle bone here.) The Google translation is a little confusing in that it seems to say both that the oracle bone was a human bone and that the character was on a human bone that matched those found on oracle bones.

A piece of oracle bone discovered at the Chaizhuang site in Jiyuan, Central China's Henan province.

[Photo/Xinhua]

Bone remains suggest ancient human sacrifice at the Chaizhuang site in Jiyuan, Central China's Henan province.

[Photo/Xinhua]

Whatever the case, the clear indication of a kneeling decapitation in a culture known for its human sacrifices means this story is well-deserving of headlines indicating that it was found in a “creepy tomb” or a “terrible tomb.” It’s both.

Sorry, China.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

25-04-2020 om 23:54 geschreven door peter  

America Before: The Key to Earth’s Lost Civilisation

• This article was published in New Dawn 175 (Jul-Aug 2019)

Humans were in America long before we’ve been told, and the Australian Aborigines have a genetic connection to the Amazon which once had great cities. FRANK JOSEPH looks at the fresh discoveries in Graham Hancock’s latest book.

As the former editor-in-chief (1993 to 2007) and ongoing writer for Ancient American – a US magazine examining Old World impact on the New World before 1492 – recently released materials regarding pre-Columbian possibilities often come my way. I was surprised, however, to find that Graham Hancock’s latest tome, America Before, compares remarkably with Before Atlantis (2013), my own book, published six years earlier, in more than title. 

Both works go into the Bering land-bridge Theory, megalithic alignments with the Cygnus constellation, Easter Island’s moai, Gobekli Tepe, the discoveries of Albert Goodyear, Brazil’s Stonehenge, the Meadowcroft Rock shelter, Neanderthals, the Clovis First Controversy, Pedra Furada, etc., etc. Other topics tackled in America Before – Ohio’s Great Serpent Mound, North American earthworks, the Piasu Bird, Cahokia, et al. – were likewise described at length in my earlier releases: Discovering the Mysteries of Ancient America (2006), Atlantis and Other Lost Worlds (2008), Unearthing Ancient America (2009), Advanced Civilizations of Prehistoric America (2010), Lost Worlds of Ancient America (2012), Lost Colonies of Ancient America (2014), and Lost History of Ancient America (2016). 

Independent research that arrives at common conclusions tends to validate disparate investigators at work in the same field. Of them all, Graham Hancock is certainly the best known, thanks to his early association with such prestigious periodicals as The Times, The Independent, The Economist, and The Guardian, which granted him access to major book publishers with international distribution, such as St. Martin’s Press, publisher of his latest work. His Fingerprints of the Gods was a worldwide bestseller. At the time of its release in 1995, critics – even those sympathetic to the author’s belief in ancient catastrophism – faulted him for merely reworking long-known if not well-publicised information. But they were forced to admit that Hancock acquainted millions of readers with otherwise neglected information about the deep past. 

America Before is not unlike Fingerprints of the Gods in that it introduces an international audience to a version of antiquity not otherwise available in schools or mainstream publications. America Before also joins Before Atlantis in highlighting “a global cataclysm that occurred near the end of the Ice Age around twelve thousand eight hundred years ago. A disintegrating comet crossed the orbit of the Earth and bombarded our planet with a ‘swarm’ of fragments.” Familiar language to readers already familiar with The Destruction of Atlantis (2002) and its sequel. Survivors of Atlantis (2004) similarly tells how an abundance of physical proof for worldwide destruction left by comets during the Bronze Age was offered by scientists meeting at Fitzwilliam College in Cambridge, England. 

In 1997 they presented undeniable evidence in the form of annual growth rings at Irish bogs and oak forests, ash-fall deposits from Greenland ice-cores, impact lines made by colossal waves along the shores of Morocco, abrupt lake level changes from Western Europe to South America, and small, glassy spherules that result specifically from cometary collisions subjecting rock to intense heat. Earth’s periodic brushes with celestial upheaval belong to a pattern of astronomical interface with our planet that abruptly terminated the Ice Age, as described in America Before and earlier in Before Atlantis.

Buried in the floor of Lake Cuitzeo was a thin, dark layer containing unequivocal evidence for a large, cosmic body that struck central Mexico just when the Younger Dryas period opened with such violence. Virtually identical sediment strata dated to the same period have been previously located at numerous locations throughout North America, Greenland, and Western Europe. According to Science Daily, “The data suggest that a comet or asteroid – likely a large, previously fragmented body, greater than several hundred meters in diameter – entered the atmosphere at a relatively shallow angle. The heat at impact burned biomass, melted surface rocks, and caused major environmental disruption.” The resulting crater became Lake Cuitzeo, measuring twelve and one-half miles across, with an average depth of ninety feet. 

Dr James Kennett, professor of earth science at the University of California (Santa Barbara), told the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: “These results are consistent with earlier reported discoveries throughout North America of abrupt ecosystem change, megafaunal extinction, and human cultural change and population reduction. These changes were large, abrupt and unprecedented, and had been recorded and identified by earlier investigators at a ‘time of crisis’. The timing of the impact coincided with the most extraordinary biotic and environmental changes over Mexico and Central America during the last approximately twenty thousand years, as recorded by others in several regional lake deposits.” 

The floor of Lake Cuitzeo is rich in spherules formed when they collided with each other at high velocities during the whirling chaos of an extraterrestrial impact. They are joined by numerous specimens of lonsdaleite – an identifiable configuration nanodiamonds assume when they are pressured by large meteorite collisions – and aciniform soot, the acne-like appearance of dust residue resulting from the same cause. “These materials form only through cosmic impact,” Kennett explained, not through volcanic or other natural terrestrial processes. In the entire geologic record, the only other known continental layer with abundant peaks in lonsdaleite, impact spherules and aciniform soot is in the sixty-five-million-year-old Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer that coincided with the extinction of the dinosaurs. 

Evidence for Early Human Settlement

“Recent discoveries show that North America was first peopled at least one hundred thirty thousand years ago,” according to Hancock, “many tens of thousands of years before human settlements were established in Europe and Asia.” Homo sapiens-sapiens? Yes, but the European continent was actually settled one hundred seventy thousand years earlier by Neanderthals. In fact, the oldest evidence for proto-humans in Europe goes back 1.3 million years. “At least” is a bit of an understatement for human settlement in the New World, because Before Atlantis describes how prehistorian Juan Armena Camacho discovered lithic implements at Hueyatlaco, seventy miles south-east of Mexico City. According to US geologist Dr Virginia Steen-McIntyre, “radiometric dates using methods identical to those used in Africa to date the early sites there place Hueyatlaco’s stone tools to slightly over a quarter of a million years ago.” 

Some thirty years prior to Camacho’s find, a still older site came to light one mile north from the Oklahoma town of Frederick, at a ten-mile-long, half-mile-wide ridge. Ten to twenty-five feet beneath the surface of this gravel deposit occur dozens of well-crafted stone implements cemented in place in common strata with the bones of extinct animals firmly dated to seven hundred fifty thousand years ago. C.N. Gould, Director of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, reported: “There can be no doubt that the artifacts occur in the pit near the basal portion, on the same level as the fossil remains. An examination of the undisturbed face of the pit, immediately above the position of the finds, showed unbroken, nearly horizontal strata above it. As the case stands, it looks very much as though the artifacts are of the same antiquity as the fossil animals. At the same time, it would be well to reserve final judgment until we are certain that the artifacts are not secondary inclusions.” 

Since Gould released his report in 1929, subsequent investigations of the Holoman Pit, as it is locally known, repeatedly confirmed that the stone tools are not later inclusions but were indeed laid down at the same time the animal bones were stratified, three quarters of a million years ago. As recently as 2005, archaeologist Silvia Gonzalez of Liverpool’s John Moore’s University in England discovered a line of human footprints dating back forty thousand years ago near Puebla, in Mexico. Conventional scholars, convinced no human set foot in Middle America before twelve thousand years ago, sought to debunk the heretical period she assigned the evidence by dispatching a team of leading geologists led by Paul R. Renne, director of California’s Berkeley Geochronology Center, to the site. 

Once there, they took repeated argon testing to investigate the magnetic imprint of the foot-printed, magmatic rock, together with other state-of-the-art procedures. Renne announced their results in the scientific journal Nature, stating that the rock featuring the footprints was not forty thousand years old after all. It was, instead, 1.3 million years old. 

During the early 20^th century, archaeologist Carlos Ameghino (1865 to 1936) led teams of excavators along the Argentine coast south of Buenos Aires after detecting clues to an early habitation site at Miramar. By 1914, he discovered numerous stone tools cemented within Pliocene Era strata. As Silvia Gomez experienced in the following century, Ameghino’s critics commissioned a group of professional geologists to debunk his assertion. Instead, they verified it, stating that the artefacts had been laid down between two million and three million years ago. Although their analysis was released by the prestigious Anales del Museo de Historica Natural de Buenos Aires, it has since been ignored by archaeologists in the outside world. 

Australia-Amazon: An Unexpected Discovery

“Certain tribes of the Amazon jungle,” states America Before’s back cover blurb, “are closely related to Australian Aborigines. How did this extraordinary, unexpected, and extremely ancient DNA signal get to the Amazon?” This question elevates Hancock’s new book with fresh discoveries that threaten to shake the scientific establishment to its core by opening an entirely new and revolutionary archaeological theatre of operations. 

The vast Amazon region has long been dismissed by mainstream scholars as anciently under-populated and barren of all but the most backward, native cultures, hermetically sealed off by nature from the outside world. Hancock writes, “in September 2015, Pontus Skoglund, his senior colleague Professor David Reich of the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, and other leading experts in the field, announced in the pages of Nature that they had found new evidence in South America, and specifically in the Amazon rainforest, that called for a rethink.” 

Researchers mapped similarities in genes, mutations and random pieces of DNA of Central and South American tribes with groups in other parts of the world including Australia. Warmer colours indicate the strongest affinities. Researcher Skoglund said “a statistically clear signal linking Native Americans in the Amazonian region of Brazil to present-day Australo-Melanesians and Andaman Islanders” was confirmed.

(Graphic credit: Pontus Skoglund, Harvard Medical School)

He quotes Skoglund’s “genome-wide data to show that some Amazonian Native Americans descend partly from a Native American founding population that carried ancestry more closely related to indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andaman Islanders than to present-day Eurasians or Native Americans,” and are, in Hancock’s words, “more closely related to Melanesian Papuans and Australian Aborigines than to any other Native American population.” “We spent a really long time trying to make this result go away,” Skoglund explained, “but it just got stronger.” In the end, “a statistically clear signal linking Native Americans in the Amazonian region of Brazil to present-day Australo-Melanesians and Andaman Islanders” was confirmed. 

“We also know it has to be pre-Columbian,” added Professor Eske Willerslev of Denmark’s Center for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen. Further studies by Willerslev and his colleagues “found Australian DNA already present in skeletal remains from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, dated to 10,400 years ago, and confirmed the suspicion of the researchers that the anomalous genetic signal must have reached South America in the Late Pleistocene – that is, near the end of the last Ice Age, [when] a group of people carrying Australo-Melanesian genes settled in what is now the Amazon jungle.” 

This is undoubtedly one of the most striking revelations ever made in the entire history of archaeology, as inexplicable as it is astounding. It does not mean that a few Australoid castaways accidentally washed ashore on Peruvian shores, then somehow traversed the formidable Andes Mountains and descended into Brazil’s totally different, but no less forbidding jungle, where they cohabited with a few, indigenous individuals.

Rather, DNA evidence signifies a mass-migration of Australo-Melanesians to Amazonia, where they interbred with native peoples on such a broad scale some ten and a half centuries ago, the genetic imprint is still discernible. Their epic, 12,940–kilometre, trans-Pacific voyage to coastal Peru and subsequent 1,890–kilometre trek to Brazilian rain forest were successfully achieved at a time when Western European Man was struggling to survive the challenging Upper Paleolithic, or Late Stone Age. Australia’s contemporaneous material culture was itself far too underdeveloped for undertaking anything even approaching an oceanic crossing of such magnitude, not only in terms of the extreme distances concerned, but especially regarding the large number of persons participating in the expedition, or expeditions. 

The maritime technological requirements necessary for conducting an operation of transpacific scope alone rule out all possibilities for Australoid responsibility. Moreover, what conceivable motivation could have possessed them to attempt such a huge enterprise? Hancock wonders if a third party was involved – a different, unrelated, unknown, though far higher culture that, for reasons even more obscure, transported Australo-Melanesians to Amazonia. 

Speculation like this begins to conjure ‘legendary’ Lemuria, the pre-Polynesian civilisation that rose to ancient heights of technological greatness and imperialist domination of the Pacific realm, before succumbing to a natural catastrophe sufficiently powerful enough to shake the very foundations of the Earth itself. Hancock, however, shies away from any Lemurian connotations. 

Ancient Amazonia Rises Out of the Cleared Forests

Even so, America Before’s most valuable and original contribution to our deepening grasp of antiquity is its investigation of Amazonia, an area of the world hitherto neglected by conventional and alternative researchers alike. They traditionally laboured under the assumption that Brazil’s rain forest was always far too environmentally hostile for civilisation to have taken root there. Hancock cites the academic view “that the Amazon could only have been inhabited for about 1,000 years, and then only by very small groups of hunter-gatherers, since the jungle was ‘resource poor’.” 

Among the very few archaeologists who personally challenged this dominant paradigm was Percy Harrison Fawcett. His disappearance in search of the lost city of Z during 1925 seemed to confirm consensus opinion that no such place could possibly exist in the Brazilian jungle, and America Before is remiss in failing to properly credit or even mention in passing the British Colonel, whose self-sacrificial, if percipient effort foreshadowed the very discoveries Hancock describes in Chapters 11 through 17. 

Together with the two previous chapters detailing Amazonia’s genetic connection with Ice Age Australia, they combine to represent the book’s highest worth. Nowhere else may readers learn more about the Amazon Basin’s otherwise unknown archaeological wealth. 

He tells how the first modern Europeans travelling the Amazon River from Ecuador to its estuary on the Atlantic coast of Brazil saw “great cities” that “glistened in white” (suggesting limestone construction, like that favoured by Maya construction engineers) during their 7,000-kilometre, seventeen-month journey. Some of these urban centres were “more than twenty kilometres from end to end, roughly the length of Manhattan… enormous expanses were given over to productive agriculture, and there were signs everywhere of large and well-organised political and economic systems linked to centralised states that were capable of fielding disciplined armies thousands strong.” 

Hancock quotes the mid-16^th century expedition’s Spanish chronicler, Dominican friar Gaspar de Carvajal, concerning an abandoned, native “villa, in which were a great deal of porcelain ware of various makes, both jars and pitchers, very large, with a capacity of more than twenty-five arrobas [one hundred gallons] and other small pieces such as plates and bowls and candelabra of this porcelain of the best that has ever been seen in the world, for that of Malaga [Spain’s centre for pottery production] is not its equal, because this porcelain which we found is all glazed and embellished with all colours, and so bright, that these colours astonish, and, more than this, the drawings and paintings which they make on them are so accurately worked out that one wonders how with only natural skill they manufacture and decorate all these things making them look just like Roman articles.” Native porcelain of such high quality does not appear in Brazilian archaeology. 

The largest native city Carvajal and his companions saw was greater than twenty kilometres in extent, with a population of twenty thousand or more residents. Their chieftain, Machiparo, also ruled over “many settlements and very large ones, which together contribute for fighting purposes fifty thousand men…” 

Two, subsequent expeditions, twenty years later and 1637-38, respectively, supported Carvajal’s report. Hancock quotes UCLA Professor David Wilkinson, “an authority on long-term and large-scale phenomena in world politics [who] has made a special study of the level of civilisation in the Amazon prior to European contact.” Based on a late 17^th-century report that one of Brazil’s native cities could field 60,000 warriors, Wilkinson found “comparative-civilisational standards have implied an urban population of 300,000 to 360,000.” 

He goes on to describe “more than 30 epidemics – smallpox, measles, and other outbreaks – some on a massive scale – in 16th-18^th century South America.” With fatal consequences in the upper ninety percentile, the Amazonian metropolitan areas literally died out though depopulation. “Once left deserted,” Hancock explains, “the great cities and monuments and other public works of any hypothetical Amazonian civilisation would quickly have been encroached upon and soon completely hidden by the jungle…” They only began re-emerging in 1977, “when giant, geometrical earthworks were discovered in the Rio Branco area of the Brazilian state of Acre, in the southwestern Amazon.”

It was the first of many related sites that have since come to light, including a pair of perfect squares – 200 metres and 100 metres wide – connected by a 20-metre-wide, 100-metre-long causeway. Archaeologists estimate “that as many as 1,500 geoglyphs might ultimately be found.” Severino Calazans, the largest Amazonian structure of its kind so far surveyed, “defined by an enclosure ditch twelve metres wide, measures 920 metres.” This particular location and other, outsized designs “have since been revealed by mass clearing of the forest for the cattle industry, thus becoming visible, especially from the sky, over the past 30 years. Indeed, the enormous size of the geoglyphs makes it easier to distinguish their shape and configuration from an aerial perspective, than at ground level…” 

Groups are composed chiefly of circles, ellipses and rectangles, suggesting possible celestial orientations. Hancock writes that “because they offer an unobstructed view of the horizon, such locations are also very often what ancient astronomers looked for when they set out monuments on the ground – aligned, say, to the June solstice sunset or to the March equinox sunrise. Without a full-scale archaeo-astronomical survey of the Amazonian geoglyphs,” however, their suspected celestial significance remains unproven. 

Their resemblance to Old World Stone Age sites nevertheless inspires provocative comparisons. Hancock tells how “the square enclosure ditch at Severino Calazans shares the ground plan, base diameter and cardinality [orientation to the Four Cardinal Directions] of the Great Pyramid of Egypt. That epoch, moreover, around 2500 BC, coincides and overlaps with the megalithic epoch in Europe, so another curiosity is the way that the circular geoglyphs of Amazonia resemble henges – the circular embankments with deep, internal ditches that surround the great, stone circles of the British Isles. The scale is very similar and the resemblance is so obvious that even the most sober archaeologists, usually wary of cross-cultural comparisons, are willing to remark upon it.” 

Whatever critics may make of America Before, they cannot deny that its unique discussion of the lost civilisation of the Amazon, plus revelations concerning the mind-boggling heritage of its present-day descendants from 9^th millennium BCE Australia, opens new vistas of antiquity, as trailblazing, as they are intriguing. 

America Before is available from all good bookstores.

© New Dawn Magazine and the respective author.
For our reproduction notice, click here.

The post America Before: The Key to Earth’s Lost Civilisation appeared first on New Dawn: The World’s Most Unusual Magazine.

Source: 

• https://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/america-before-the-key-to-earths-lost-civilisation

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

25-04-2020 om 22:49 geschreven door peter  

Ancient 20km Pyramid Leaving 650km Trail On Ocean Floor Near Japan, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: April 24, 2020
Location of discovery: Ocean near Japan
Source: Google Map

I was looking over Google map and found the four sided pyramid that is about 20km across and it has traveled across the ocean floor leaving a 18-20km wide trail behind it for over 650km. This pyramid is a UFO that had landed thousands of years ago under the ocean. During that time it moved across the ocean floor until it rested 650km from its starting point. Can you imagine the alien technology that rests inside this ancient pyramid? Its hard to say if its abandoned or still occupied. Only one way to find out and thats to go down there and explore it. The only person with the ocean submarines and money to do that would probably be UK billionaire Richard Branson who is loves deep sea diving and research. Perhaps he will explore this alien realm. 
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

 

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

25-04-2020 om 21:06 geschreven door peter  

The Mysterious Aboriginal Rock Art of the Wandjinas

One of the most intriguing and perplexing legends of the Australian Aboriginal people is that of the Wandjinas, the supreme spirit beings and creators of the land and people.  The land of the Wandjina is a vast area of about 200,000 square kilometres of lands, waters, sea and islands in the Kimberley region of north-western Australia with continuous culture dating back at least 60,000 years but probably much older. Here, traditional Aboriginal law and culture are still active and alive.

The Worora, Ngarinyin and Wunumbul people are the three Wandjina tribes – these tribal groups are the custodians of the oldest known figurative art which is scattered throughout the Kimberley.

Perhaps what is most interesting about their figurative art painted on rocks and in caves is the way in which they have represented the Wandjinas - white faces, devoid of a mouth, large black eyes, and a head surrounded by a halo or some type of helmet.

The ancient paintings have received all manner of interpretations from stylized representations of people or even owls, to ancient astronaut theories which suggest that extraterrestrial beings visited Earth tens of thousands of years ago and had direct contact with the inhabitants. Some believe that the extraterrestrials even played a direct role in creation, which is reflected not only in the Dreamtime stories of the Aboriginals but also the myths and legends of many ancient civilizations around the world. 

One could be forgiven for thinking that there is indeed a remarkable similarity between the Wandjinas and the stereotypical image of an extraterrestrial which we see time and again in art, movies and witness accounts. And many raise logical questions such as, why were the Wandjinas painted with white skin if it was representing another Aboriginal, all of whom had black skin? Why were the eyes always painted so disproportionate to the face and nose? And why were they all painted without a mouth?

But what is even more surprising is the oral account of the Wandjinas which has been passed from generation to generation as all of the Aboriginal Dreamtime stories have.

The story goes like this – the Wandjina were “sky-beings” or “spirits from the clouds” who came down from the Milky Way during Dreamtime and created the Earth and all its inhabitants. Then Wandjina looked upon the inhabitants and realised the enormity of the task and returned home to bring more Wandjinas. With the aid of the Dreamtime snake, the Wandjina descended and spent their Dreamtime creating, teaching and being Gods to the Aboriginals whom they created.  After some time, the Wandjinas disappeared. They descended into the earth and since then, have lived at the bottom of the water source associated with each of the paintings. There, they continually produce new ‘child-seeds’, which are regarded as the source of all human life.  Some Wandjina also returned to the sky, and can now be seen at night as lights moving high above the earth.

Aboriginal people, in the Kimberley also believe that even after they disappeared, the Wandjina continued to control everything that happened on the land and in the sky and sea.

Aboriginal Dreamtime stories, rock art and cave paintings have often been considered more myth then reality, like the stories we find in the teachings of modern day religions. However, recent archaeological discoveries have confirmed the reality of at least some of the Dreamtime stories. For example, those that spoke of huge mammals walking the Earth were once considered fantasy. But discoveries of animal fossils belonging to ‘mega fauna’ including giant mammals confirmed that these stories were accounts of real life events, passed down by generations over tens of thousands of years.

Interestingly and of course controversially, objects have been found on geographical sites which suggest the area had been inhabited as long ago as 174,000 B.C.  This contradicts the theory that Aboriginals had their routes in Africa and that inhabitants travelled from Africa to Australia about 60,000 years ago. Other researchers have suggested that Homo sapiens actually originated in Australia .

Today, the Aboriginal tribes of the Worora, Ngarinyin and Wunumbul still revere the Wandjina and only certain individuals are given permission to paint them. It is said that the Wandjina could punish those who broke the law with floods, lightening and cyclones and the paintings of the Wandjina are believed to possess these powers, therefore according to the Aboriginals they are always to be approached and treated respectfully.

Why would ancient Aboriginal people create so-called myths or fanciful stories if it meant so much to them and remains so important to their culture to this day?  So many myths and legends of the past have already been proven true by archaeological findings, such as the legend of the city of Troy , the labyrinth of the Minotaur, Norse legends of navigational crystals and many more.  Could it not be that the Aboriginal people of the time were simply telling of events as they saw them and how they understood them at the time? Perhaps one day we will uncover the answers to these intriguing questions.

By April Holloway

Related Links

http://poleshift.ning.com/profiles/blogs/wandjina-rock-art-kimberley-au

http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/arts/what-are-wandjinas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBUd_WIjN9g

Related Books

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

19-04-2020 om 21:17 geschreven door peter  

A fresco from Visoki Dečani which confused the scientists around the world

The foothill of a high mountain massive Prokletije, has been keeping safe the Serbian sanctity whose existence is connected to the inexplicable miracle, and whose walls own the frescoes of a priceless value. The beauty and uniqueness of fresco art in Visoki Dečani have made people talk about Serbia as a country which keeps strong evidences about the existence of aliens, and made this monastery the world known place.

Southwestern from Peć, in Kosovo and Metohija, in the long gone 1327, a construction of the endowment of the King Stefan Dečanski and Dušan the Mighty had begun. Frescoes from the monastery which is among the five Serbian monuments on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List, have always represented the masterfully works, and today, the best kept icons in Serbia. Still, one of them has singled out and became a subject of numerous science researches and discussions.

The most famous domestic and foreign media has dedicated their articles to the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Enormous interest and curiosity have woken up the second when the unusual objects were spotted on it. A large number of scientists around the world have attributed the extramundane features to the a bit unusual look of these objects, claiming that they represent an indisputable proof of the once aliens’ visit to the Earth.

Visoki Dečani Monastery is famous for the bones which are kept inside it. Here is the rot-proof body of Stefan Dečanski, a rot-proof hand of St. Nikita Gotski from the 4th century, as well as the jaw which belonged to the St. Gregory Niski.

While some scientists compare the strange objects left and right from Jesus’s head with the spaceships in which aliens used to travel, a majority of domestic experts agree that it is about the heavenly bodies.

Serbian historians explain the art as a wish of a former artists to show the Sun and the Moon suffer because of the crucifixion of Jesus, in an unusual way, indeed.

Exactly that extraordinary way of presenting the heavenly bodies has spawned numerous conspiracy theories which have brought the Serbian monastery into connection with the creatures from outer space.

From the one that Visoki Dečani are known as a place where proofs of aliens’ existence were found, to the spaceships drawn on the frescoes, and lastly, putting it into the wonders of the world.

Still, there is no solid evidence to the claims of Serbian and global experts. The only one who had ever known the truth is the unknown author who had completed the Crucifixion of Jesus in bygone 1350, leaving the mystery on the walls of Visoki Dečani.

What do you think is on the Crucifixion of Jesus? Heavenly bodies or aliens?

{ https://www.serbia.com/ }

18-04-2020 om 17:45 geschreven door peter  

Video – Who Lived on Earth 100,000 Years Ago?

Who Lived on Earth 100,000 Years Ago?

{ https://gaf.news/ }

17-04-2020 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

There are a number of artefacts, found at varying parts of the world, which, fly in the face of current paradigms, in regards to the chronology of man.

Iron pots, zinc vases, even imprints of ancient chariot wheels, are but a few artefacts, which have in the past, been found in numerous coal seams – and found by people in positions of responsibility, whom often testify not only in regards to their legitimacy, but are often accompanied by the lump of coal in which they were found - still possessing the intriguing imprint upon their surface, undeniably supporting the testimonies of these individuals, all but proving authenticity beyond doubt.

Like that of the iron pot, and its accompanying coal block which was its tomb, carbon dating has indicated that the pot is an astonishing 300 million years old.

However, as time goes on, and coal mining, along with many other mining activities becomes more rapid and advanced in nature, it is simply a matter of time before even more mysterious and unexplainable artefacts are also found.

Unfortunately, due to the controversial nature of these artefacts, it is very likely that a number of them have either been shrugged off, or actively destroyed before ever achieving wide spread acclaim.

However, fortunately, the next artefact of interest, just like that of the many others we have previously covered, can not only be seen as yet another smoking gun, indicating that there has been a number of advanced phases within human civilisation, but yet again, this timeline could in all possibility, date back an astonishing 300 million years.

Although modern society has been taught that we are at the height of human accomplishments, many of the techniques we currently claim as our own accomplishments, could have been achieved an unimaginably long time ago, far back within earth’s history.

Dated to the same age as that of a number of other artefacts, which we have covered in the past, a group of brass doorknobs were once abandoned, eventually finding their way into a coal seam, which has been dated as 300 million year old geology. Found still encased within this ancient strata, these astonishing artefacts are undeniably of an incredible age.

Unfortunately, and rather predictably, not much has been done in regard to mainstream investigation into said artifacts, and their current location, if indeed still in existence is unclear, yet fortunately, before their disappearance, photographic evidence was taken. Subsequently allowing us to add it to the volume of research and artefacts which not only support our posit of lost civilisation, but place human activities an impressive 300 million years back into earth’s history.

Who made these brass doorknobs?

Could we really be a civilisation hundreds of millions of years old?

We find the evidence to suggest such, highly compelling.

Videos, peter2011

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15-04-2020 om 21:06 geschreven door peter  

Muldashev: four civilizations on Earth before man

Written by Gianni Rizzo

A well-known Russian expert, Ernst Rifgatovich Muldashev, an ophthalmic surgeon by profession and researcher by passion, has long been looking for traces of ancient civilizations disappeared before the rise of mankind on Earth.

Muldshev, who in 2002 published three volumes of “In Search of Cities of the Gods”, followed by numerous other volumes (among which “Where do we come from” e “Between the arms of Dracula”), believes that the existence of more ancient civilizations of man is confirmed by archaeological finds, rock carvings, references to airplanes and Ufos in stories and legends. According to the expert, the civilizations that inhabited the planet would have been four.

ASURAS, THE NATIVES

The Asuras, or the natives, according to Muldashev were the first race that appeared on Earth 10 million years ago. They were incredibly tall beings, up to 50 meters, they had an etheric body, they lived for up to ten thousand years and used telepathy to communicate with each other. In reality, they were not natives of the Earth: they moved there after the death of the Phaethon planet.

ATLANTEANS, THOSE BORN AFTER

As the millennia passed, the Asuras changed, their bodies became denser. Thus a new race would develop, the Atlanteans, i.e. “those born after”. They were slightly smaller than the Asuras, they still did not have bones, but they had a third eye, located between the eyebrows.

LEMURIANS, THE BUILDERS OF THE SPHINX

After the Atlanteans, appeared on Earth the Lemurians. Much more similar to modern humans, they possessed a bone skeleton and were differentiated according to sex. The third eye was still present, but not as well developed as the Atlanteans.

Lemurians were about 7-8 meters tall and lived about a thousand years. According to Muldashev, they were the ones who built the Sphinx, Stonehenge and many other wonderful monuments of antiquity.

BOREI, THE MOST SIMILAR TO MAN

Lastly the Borei would have appeared: this race was formed long after the other, its members were much lower, did not exceed 3-4 meters in height, their third eye was more hidden while the other organs were very similar to those of man. What happened to all these beings?

According to Muldashev, about 25-30 thousand years ago on our planet occurred a nuclear catastrophe following a conflict between Lemurians and Borei. Some of the Lemurians took refuge in the caves, where they fell into a hibernating state, the other side flew away on space ships.

ARYANS, AFTER THE FALL OF ATLANTIS

After the Lemurians left the scene, the Boers and the Atlanteans reached unprecedented development peaks, but they could not avoid the disappearance of their civilizations that would have happened about 12 thousand years ago.

According to Muldashev a fifth race would have developed just before the disappearance of Atlantis, whose myth survived so far: the "aryan" race. The ancestors of modern man did not have a third eye and that's why our society would be developing more slowly.

Will it be true, or as official science says it's just about fantastic theories without any concrete proof? The experts have spoken, but this does not interest the readers of Muldashev.

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15-04-2020 om 01:47 geschreven door peter