UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES

Zukowski believes the aliens have a predilection for places with a proximity to underground water and a high level of hydrogen, which they use for energy.

He became fascinated with ETs as a kid, but began to get serious about his “research” in the late 1980s.

On weekends, he’d pile his three kids and his wife, Tammy, 56, into a beat-up RV to go UFO hunting. Like the “Ghostbusters,” Zukowski is always fully strapped for action.

Modal Trigger

In 1995, Zukowski took this photo of a streak in the sky over Area 51 in Nevada, which he claims is probably a UFO.

“I never go anywhere without a tactical vest, a gun, a full-spectrum camera, a handheld metal detector, binoculars, a range finder and glass tubes for samples,” boasted Zukowski, who also works as a microchip designer.

When he moved his family out to Colorado Springs in 1998, he latched onto the phenomenon of mutilated animals.

“They all look as if someone has cut them up with a surgical knife,” he said.

‘Over the course of my research, I’ve determined it’s incredibly likely that we have been visited by aliens at least once.’
- Ben Mezrich

Zukowski sharpened his investigative skills while working for the El Paso County, Colo., Sheriff’s Department, earning him the nickname “Mulder of El Paso,” after the “X-Files” character Fox Mulder.

But eight years later, he was booted from the squad for his paranormal leanings.

“They thought it hurt the integrity of the department and were embarrassed,” he said.

Not so for writer Ben Mezrich, whose book “The Accidental Billionaires” was adapted into the movie “The Social Network.”

When Mezrich caught wind of Zukowski’s quest “to find the truth,” he flew to Colorado to meet the subject of his forthcoming book “The 37th Parallel: The Secret Truth Behind America’s UFO Highway” (Atria Books), out Friday. The movie rights have been snapped up by New Line Cinema.

“He swept me up from the airport, gave me a bulletproof vest and a gun and said, ‘Let’s go investigate UFOs!’ ” Mezrich said of his first encounter with Zukowski. “I was blown away by his obsession.”

Lots of people ridicule UFO researchers, but Mezrich was infatuated with Zukowski’s commitment to finding aliens.

For the following six months, Mezrich dove head-first into Zukowski’s theory.

“Over the course of my research, I’ve determined it’s incredibly likely that we have been visited by aliens at least once,” he said.

‘The 37th Parallel’

America’s UFO highway

1. Area 51 — Lincoln County, Nev. (37.6150857, -115.8593802)

This US Air Force facility about 90 miles north of Las Vegas has been shrouded in mystery since the late 1940s. UFO investigators believe alien remains and spacecraft are kept at Area 51 — including a wrecked spacecraft and alien remains supposedly found in 1947 in Roswell, NM. Chuck Zukowski got his first look at Area 51 in 1995, when he hired a guide to take him to Tikaboo Peak. From there, he could view Area 51 from 20 miles away. During his visit, he snapped a photo of what he believes was a flying saucer. “I was ecstatic,” he said.

2. Dulce underground base — Dulce, NM (36.939465, -107.000368)

Many believe an underground military and alien base exists under the small New Mexican town. Since 1979, a number of people have come forward claiming to have worked at the facility. One released a bundle of documents — known as “The Dulce Papers” — purporting to contain details about the base. Numerous area residents have reported seeing alien spacecraft. Zukowski has visited Dulce several times over the last decade, and has spoken with members of the Jicarilla Apache Nation about their experiences with aliens. “It doesn’t matter who you speak with — everyone agrees there is an underground base nearby,” Zukowski said.

3. Taos hum — Taos, NM (36.414099, -105.572145)

A mysterious humming noise is said to have plagued the town of Taos since the early 1990s. Zukowski is among those who believe the hum comes from construction of an underground human and alien base. Residents find the noise annoying. Some claim it causes dizziness, insomnia, sleep disturbance and headaches. Researchers determined that about 2 percent of the population in Taos were “hearers.” However, there has been no evidence to prove that the humming really exists. Zukowski visited the town in 1996, but he and his family were unable to hear the hum. “Even though we didn’t hear it, I was able to speak with a few residents who did,” he said.

4. Miller mutilation — Trinidad, Colo. (37.16940, -104.2110)

On Aug. 8, 2011, Zukowski was called to the Miller ranch to investigate the grisly mutilation of a 5-year-old cow. The cow was missing its udder and teats, tongue and left ear and had oval-shaped holes between its forelegs and rear. The dirt surrounding the animal seemed undisturbed and there were no footprints to be found, according to Zukowski. “What was particularly odd about this one was when I came back a few weeks later, I noticed the bottom ribs were cracked. The only explanation is that it was dropped on the ground from a high distance,” he said. The Las Animas County sheriff investigated the death, but was unable to determine a cause.

5. Sanchez mutilation — San Luis, Colo. (37.07373, -105.27406)

Zukowski investigated a spine-tingling mutilation on Manuel Sanchez’s ranch on Nov. 17, 2009. A 5-month-old calf had its guts completely hollowed out, its legs broken and bent backwards, and its body twisted like a corkscrew. It was the fourth calf on Sanchez’s ranch viciously mutilated over the previous three weeks. “The rancher was so distraught, that he took the rest of his calves to auction,” Zukowski said. He figured selling them was better than losing more to mutilation.

Photo: Chuck Zukowski

6. Garren mutilation — Walsenburg, Colo. (37.6242, -104.7803)
On March 22, 2009, rancher Jim Garren found his 2-year-old chocolate brown cow with its udder sliced off. Garren immediately called Zukowski to investigate the disturbing incident; he found no blood in the area and the ground untouched. “I don’t see how any human could have possibly done this,” Garren told Zukowski. “It looks to like she just laid down and died.”

7. UFO sighting — Wichita, Kan. (37.6872, -97.3301)

An anonymous Wichita resident claimed to see a UFO “radiating its own light” on May, 29, 2011. “I saw a light in the sky. The only way I can describe it is the light was different from a star,” the man told the National UFO Reporting Center. He spotted the peculiar light around 2 a.m. while he was outside smoking a cigarette a few miles from McConnell Air Force Base. “I studied it for about 10 minutes and noticed it was oscillating slightly and making very small, rapid movements,” he continued.

8. Piedmont UFO phenomenon — Piedmont, Mo. (37.1558012, -90.6957447)

Since February 1973, hundreds of Piedmont residents have reported seeing flying objects and mysterious lights in the sky. A local high school basketball team supposedly witnessed a bright shaft of light beaming down from the atmosphere and noticed an object hovering in the distance. As the sightings continued, residents started to gather at a nearby landfill to watch the lights together, according to Zukowski. Zukowski has visited the area numerous times and has talked to locals about what they saw. “The most recent time I was there, I talked to two women who actually saw the craft,” he said.

9. UFO crash and retrieval — Cape Girardeau, Mo. (37.3152755, -89.5164931)

A Baptist minister was called to an apparent plane crash in 1941 to perform last rites for the deceased. But at the crash scene, the minister supposedly didn’t see humans at all. Instead, he saw a disc-shaped object surrounded by tiny gray people. After the minister prayed for them, he was escorted away by the FBI. Zukowski believes he has discovered the crash site, which is now a gravel pit. “The gravel pit had destroyed any topography evidence of a crash,” he said.

10. Mantell UFO incident — Owensboro, Ky. (37.7737, -87.111626)

Capt. Thomas F. MantellPhoto: AP

Capt. Thomas Mantell was pilot for the Kentucky National Guard in 1948 when he received orders to fly after an unusual aerial object. The 25-year-old pilot took off after the craft in a P-51 Mustang fighter plane. Supposedly he crashed and died as he pursued the UFO. Believers say Mantell reported by radio that he could see tiny creatures in the mysterious aircraft. The Air Force announced that his death was a result of oxygen deprivation and that he was chasing after the planet Venus. Zukowski believes the announcement was a government attempt to “keep real information from the public.”

11. UFO sighting — Roanoke, Va. (37.247656, -80.002376)

On Dec. 10, 2010, a Roanoke resident reported seeing a disc-shaped orb zipping through the clouds. The witness was seeking a shortcut down a country road that turned out to be a dead end. As the car retraced the route, its passenger saw the mysterious aircraft “moving westward at a very fast pace.” The object also gave off a “light blue aura and moved up and down without sound,” the report to the National UFO Reporting Center reads.

Modal Trigger

What you need to track down ET

Chuck Zukowski put together his UFO investigator vest in 2014. Among his standard equipment:

Law enforcement tactical vest that weighs about 25 pounds with all of Zukowski’s gear
Three-inch steel pocket knife
Leatherman multi-purpose knife
Primos Bloodhunter flashlight that can illuminate blood on the ground
Walkie-talkie, for when he travels in a team. It has a 20-mile range
.40-caliber Glock pistol
Garmin GPS, for when he’s traveling on foot
Law enforcement-grade handheld metal detector
Trifield EMF meter, used to detect electromagnetic fields in the immediate area
A full-spectrum digital camera modified by Cleveland Paranormal Supply to work in all modes of light
Glass vials, to store samples
Geiger counter
Binoculars

Has Planet Earth Entered New 'Anthropocene' Epoch? — **This photo of the mushroom cloud over Nagasaki was taken by Charles Levy from one of the B-29 Superfortresses used in the attack.**
**Credit: U.S. National Archives**

This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Live Science's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

It's literally epoch-defining news. A group of experts tasked with considering the question of whether we have officially entered the Anthropocene – the geological age characterised by humans' influence on the planet – has delivered its answer: yes.

The British-led Working Group on the Anthropocene (WGA) told a geology conference in Cape Town that, in its considered opinion, the Anthropocene epoch began in 1950 – the start of the era of nuclear bomb tests, disposable plastics and the human population boom.

The Anthropocene has fast become an academic buzzword and has achieved a degree of public visibility in recent years. But the more the term is used, the more confusion reigns, at least for those not versed in the niceties of the underpinning science.

Roughly translated, the Anthropocene means the "age of humans." Geologists examine layers of rock called "strata," which tell a story of changes to the functioning of Earth's surface and near-surface processes, be these oceanic, biological, terrestrial, riverine, atmospheric, tectonic or chemical.

When geologists identify boundaries between layers that appear to be global, those boundaries become candidates for formal recognition by theInternational Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). The commission produces the International Chronostratigraphic Chart, which delimits verified changes during the planet's 4.5 billion-year evolution.

**Earth's history, spiralling towards the present.**
**Credit: USGS/Wikimedia Commons**

The chart features a hierarchy of terms like "system" and "stage;" generally, the suffix "cene" refers to a geologically brief stretch of time and sits at the bottom of the hierarchy. We have spent the past 11,500 years or so living in the so-called Holocene epoch, the interglacial period during which Homo sapiens has flourished.

If the Holocene has now truly given way to the Anthropocene, it's because a single species — us — has significantly altered the character of the entire hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.

The end of an era?

Making this call is not straightforward, because the Anthropocene proposition is being investigated in different areas of science, using different methods and criteria for assessing the evidence. Despite its geological ring, the term Anthropocene was coined not by a geologist, but by the Nobel Prize-winning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000.

He and his colleagues in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programhave amassed considerable evidence about changes to everything from nutrient cycles to ocean acidity to levels of biodiversity across the planet.

Comparing these changes to those occurring during the Holocene, they concluded that we humans have made an indelible mark on our one and only home. We have altered the Earth system qualitatively, in ways that call into question our very survival over the coming few centuries.

Crutzen's group talks of the post-1950 period as the "Great Acceleration," when a range of factors — from human population numbers, to disposable plastics, to nitrogen fertiliser — began to increase exponentially. But their benchmark for identifying this as a significant change has nothing to do with geological stratigraphy. Instead, they ask whether the present period is qualitatively different to the situation during the Holocene.

Rocking out

Meanwhile, a small group of geologists has been investigating the stratigraphic evidence for the Anthropocene. A few years ago a subcommission of the ICS set up the Anthropocene working group, which has now suggested that human activity has left an indelible mark on the stratigraphic record.

The major problem with this approach is that any signal is not yet captured in rock. Humans have not been around long enough for any planet-wide impacts to be evident in Earth’s geology itself. This means that any evidence for a Holocene-Anthropocene boundary would necessarily be found in less permanent media like ice sheets, soil layers or ocean sediments.

The ICS has always considered evidence for boundaries that pertain to the past, usually the deep past. The WGA is thus working against convention by looking for present-day stratigraphic markers that might demonstrate humans’ planetary impact. Only in thousands of years' time might future geologists (if there are any) confirm that these markers are geologically significant.

In the meantime, the group must be content to identify specific calendar years when significant human impacts have been evident. For example, one is 1945, when the Trinity atomic device was detonated in New Mexico. This and subsequent bomb tests have left global markers of radioactivity that ought still to be evident in 10,000 years.

Alternatively, geographers Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin have suggestedthat 1610 might be a better candidate for a crucial human-induced step change. That was the year when atmospheric carbon dioxide dipped markedly, suggesting a human fingerprint linked to the New World colonists' impact on indigenous American agriculture, although this idea iscontested.

Decision time

The fact that the WGA has picked a more recent date, 1950, suggests that it agrees with the idea of defining the Great Acceleration of the latter half of the 20th century as the moment we stepped into the Anthropocene.

It's not a decision that is taken lightly. The ICS is extremely scrupulous about amending the International Chronostratigraphic Chart. The WGA's suggestion will face a rigorous evaluation before it can be scientifically accepted by the commission. It may be many years before it is formally ratified.

Elsewhere, the term is fast becoming a widely used description of how people now relate to our planet, rather like the Iron Age or the Renaissance. These words describe real changes in history and enjoy widespread use in academia and beyond, without the need for rigorously defined "boundary markers" to delimit them from prior periods.

Does any of this really matter? Should we care that the jury is still out in geology, while other scientists feel confident that humans are altering the entire Earth system?

Writing on The Conversation, geologist James Scourse suggests not. He feels that the geological debate is "manufactured" and that humans' impact on Earth is sufficiently well recognised that we have no need of a new term to describe it.

Clearly, many scientists beg to differ. A key reason, arguably, is the failure of virtually every society on the planet to acknowledge the sheer magnitude of the human impact on Earth. Only last year did we finally negotiate a truly global treaty to confront climate change.

In this light, the Anthropocene allows scientists to assemble a set of large-scale human impacts under one graphic conceptual banner. Its scientific status therefore matters a great deal if people worldwide are at long last to wake up to the environmental effects of their collective actions.

Gaining traction

But the scientific credibility of the Anthropocene proposition is likely to be called into question the more that scientists use the term informally or otherwise. Here the recent history of climate science in the public domain is instructive.

Even more than the concept of global warming, the Anthropocene is provocative because it implies that our current way of life, especially in wealthy parts of the world, is utterly unsustainable. Large companies who make profits from environmental despoliation — oil multinationals, chemical companies, car makers and countless others – have much to lose if the concept becomes linked with political agendas devoted to things like degrowth and decarbonisation. When one considers the organised attacks on climate science in the United States and elsewhere, it seems likely that Anthropocene science will be challenged on ostensibly scientific grounds by non-scientists who dislike its implications.

Sadly, such attacks are likely to succeed. In geology, the WGA's unconventional proclamation potentially leaves any ICS definition open to challenge. If accepted, it also means that all indicators of the Holocene would now have to be referred to as things of the past, despite evidence that the transition to a human-shaped world is not quite complete in some places.

Some climate contrarians still refuse to accept that researchers can truly distinguish a human signature in the climate. Similarly, scientists who address themselves to the Anthropocene will doubtless face questions about how much these changes to the planet are really beyond the range of natural variability.

If "Anthropocene sceptics" gain the same momentum as climate deniers have enjoyed, they will sow seeds of confusion into what ought to be a mature public debate about how humans can transform their relationship with the Earth. But we can resist this confusion by recognising that we don't need the ICS's imprimatur to appreciate that we are indeed waving goodbye to Earth as we have known it throughout human civilisation.

We can also recognise that Earth system science is not as precise as nuclear physics or geometry. This lack of precision does not mean that the Anthropocene is pure scientific speculation. It means that science knows enough to sound the alarm, without knowing all the details about the unfolding emergency.

The Anthropocene deserves to become part of our lexicon — a way we understand who we are, what we're doing and what our responsibilities are as a species — so long as we remember that not all humans are equal contributors to our planetary maladies, with many being victims.

Noel Castree, Professor of Geography, University of Wollongong

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read theoriginal article. Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google +. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Live Science.

{ http://www.livescience.com/ }

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