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  • Moment BBC science editor is left in tears during emotional reaction to NASA's Artemis II lift-off: 'That is spectacular!'
  • Chilling two final words of Challenger pilot before disaster killed all astronauts on board
  • High nickel concentrations in Martian bedrock point to potential biosignatures
  • Artemis II launches Nasa astronauts to the moon for first time in 53 years
  • Scientists Investigating Whether Object NASA Is Approaching Is Core of Destroyed Planet
  • The 1975 Lumberton UFO Wave: Police Across North Carolina Report a Silent V-Shaped Craft
  • Jesus's final journey through Jerusalem before the crucifixion revealed
  • Mystery of 'second Sphinx' deepens as new footage reveals shafts that could lead to hidden structure
  • The shocking things 10 days in space does to the human body: As NASA's Artemis II astronauts prepare to blast off to the moon, experts reveal how they'll be ravaged by the void
  • Tracking the footsteps of West Africa's prehistoric metalworkers
  • UAP Plasma Entities Evidence the Military Won't Release
  • Avi Loeb reacts to JD Vance’s belief aliens are ‘demons’
  • Safety concerns regarding the heat shield complicate the situation surrounding NASA’s Artemis-2 mission to the Moon
  • We Could Be Hit By Five Building-sized Asteroids By The End Of The Century - So What Are We Going To Do About It? By Andy Tomaswick - March 30, 2026 11:56 AM UTC | Planetary Science Image of an asteroid traveling through the solar system. Credit - NASA /
  • NASA Narrows Artemis Landing Sites to 9 Key Regions
  • Secret treaties:
  • UFO shoots out of sky, Nashville, Tennessee, USA March 30, 2026 UAP Paranormal Alien breaking news.
  • Shroud of Turin mystery deepens: Scientists discover DNA from 'multiple people' on the material said to be wrapped around Jesus' body
  • Is NASA's Artemis II mission safe? Scientists raise concerns about the Orion capsule's heat shield – and warn 'there's no chance of escape' for the astronauts if anything goes wrong
  • NASA's Artemis II gets the green light for April 1: Step–by–step graphic reveals exactly what will happen as four astronauts venture to the moon for the first time in over 50 YEARS
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    The purpose of  this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and  free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category.
    Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
     

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    Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.

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    In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.

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    Een interessant adres?
    UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
    UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld
    Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie! Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek! België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch. Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen! Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie. Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen. Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek! Blijf Op De Hoogte! Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren! Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
    02-04-2026
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Moment BBC science editor is left in tears during emotional reaction to NASA's Artemis II lift-off: 'That is spectacular!'

    This is the moment the BBC's science editor was left in tears during NASA's Artemis II lift-off. 

    The spacecraft, which will take four astronauts to the moon for the first time in over 50 years, took off from the Kennedy Space Centre yesterday evening

    Its mammoth 285,000-mile (1.1 million km) round trip will transport crew to the dark side of the moon before slingshotting back to Earth.

    The BBC's Science Editor, Rebecca Morelle joined hundreds of other spectators in Florida to witness the historic launch. 

    As Artemis II's booster ignitions activated, sending large plumes of smoke billowing across the launch pad, the excitable reporter can be heard saying 'oh my goodness' and repeatedly clapping.

    The rocket then blasts off into the sky to thunderous cheers from crowds gathered at the Kennedy Space Centre.

    'Oh my goodness that is spectacular,' a visibly emotional Ms Morelle said. 

    'It's not just want you see and you hear as the rocket lifts off. You can feel the force of it through your body. This is the most powerful rocket that NASA has ever built.' 

    The BBC's Science Editor, Rebecca Morelle (pictured) joined hundreds of other spectators in Florida to witness the historic launch

    The BBC's Science Editor, Rebecca Morelle (pictured) joined hundreds of other spectators in Florida to witness the historic launch

    Artemis II officially launched yesterday evening on its mammoth round trip to the dark side of the moon before returning to Earth

    Artemis II officially launched yesterday evening on its mammoth round trip to the dark side of the moon before returning to Earth 

    The roaring engines of the massive spacecraft then interrupt Ms Morelle as it commences its journey towards the stars.

    She struggles to be heard over the thunderous noise as she looks over her shoulder at the rocket in wonder. 

    Artemis II will take American astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover and Christina Koch, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen farther into space than any human has ever gone before.

    They will break the previous record set by Apollo 13 in 1970. 

    Four minutes into the historic journey, Artemis II crossed the boundary into space with no issues and a clear view of their target destination. 

    Mr Wiseman, the mission commander, said: 'We have a beautiful moonrise. We're headed right at it!'

    NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman reported that Artemis II suffered a temporary communications problem after launch and was dealing with a 'controller issue' with the toilet on board the Orion capsule. 

    However, these have now been fixed and the space agency has declared the spacecraft ready for its trip to the moon. 

    From left to right: Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, NASA astronauts Victor Glover, Reid Wiseman and Christina Koch

    From left to right: Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen, NASA astronauts Victor Glover, Reid Wiseman and Christina Koch

    Just after 6pm in the US, Mr Wiseman declared 'Full send,' as he and his crewmates sat atop NASA’s towering rocket, confirming they were ready for launch.

    Orion crew capsule: Key specs

    • Unlike the Space Shuttle or ISS, Orion is designed to go far beyond Earth's orbit
    • It can support four astronauts for up to 21 days
    • It has a built¿in escape rocket that can pull the crew away from danger during launch
    • It has the largest heat shield ever built for a human spacecraft
    • The astronauts will live in about 330 cubic feet of space ¿ roughly the size of two minivans
    • To get some shut¿eye, crew members will strap sleeping bags to the wall
    • It has a mini gym onboard, equipped with a compact flywheel exercise device
    • It will take astronauts father from Earth than any humans have travelled since the Apollo missions

    From mission control, launch director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson delivered an emotional message to the crew, telling them they carried 'the heart of this Artemis team, the daring spirit of the American people and our partners across the globe, and the hopes and dreams of this generation.'

    'Good luck. Godspeed, Artemis II. Let’s go,' she said, following the final launch checks. 

    The crew will spend the first one to two days conducting extensive systems checks.

    These include testing Orion's life-support, propulsion, navigation and communications systems to ensure the spacecraft is ​ready to head into deep space.

    Once checkouts are complete, Orion’s propulsion system will perform ​a critical engine burn known as translunar injection, sending the spacecraft out of Earth orbit and onto a trajectory ‌toward ⁠the moon.

    It will take three to four days for the Artemis II crew to reach the moon, with the Orion spacecraft projected to enter what NASA calls the moon’s sphere of influence on day five.

    This is the point at which lunar gravity overtakes Earth’s pull and begins guiding the spacecraft toward its destination.

    Day six is likely to be historic for NASA and the rest of humanity, as Artemis II conducts its lunar flyby and travels to the dark side of the moon.

    The spacecraft will not only reach a point farther from Earth than any previous crewed mission, but NASA confirmed that the astronauts will be able to see a lunar eclipse - when the moon blocks out the sun. 

    After looping around the moon, the Orion craft will begin its return journey, leaving the moon’s gravitational influence and heading back toward Earth.

    It will take another four days to return, which the astronauts will fill by conducting key safety demonstrations, including testing procedures designed to shield the crew from dangerous solar radiation from solar flares. The crew will also practice manually steering the spacecraft.

    article image

    As Orion approaches Earth, it will separate key components before plunging into the ⁠atmosphere ​at speeds of about 25,000 miles per hour (40,233 kph). Testing ​the capsule’s heat shield during high-energy re-entry is one of the mission’s primary objectives.

    The spacecraft is expected to splash down ​in the Pacific Ocean, where recovery teams will retrieve the crew.

    Parachutes will deploy to slow the spacecraft before it splashes down, bringing the landmark mission to an end. 

    Artemis III, NASA's next space mission, is set to launch in 2027 and will see two astronauts land on the surface of the moon and stay there for about a week.  This will be the first time man has set foot on the moon since Apollo 17 in December 1972. 

    Artemis II: Key facts 

    Launch date: NASA initially identified three possible launch windows for Artemis II: From February 6 to February 11, from March 6 to March 11, and from April 1 to April 6. The space agency is now targeting the April window. 

    Mission objective: To complete a lunar flyby, passing the 'dark side' of the moon and test systems for a future lunar landing.

    Total distance to travel: 685,000 miles (1.1 million km)

    Mission duration: 10 days 

    Estimated total cost: $44billion (£32.5billion)

    • NASA Space Launch System rocket: $23.8billion (£17.6billion)
    • Orion deep¿space spacecraft: $20.4billion (£15billion)

    Crew

    • Commander Reid Wiseman
    • Pilot Victor Glover
    • Mission Specialist Christina Koch
    • Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen

    Mission Stages:

    1. Launch from Kennedy Space Centre Launch Pad 39B
    2. Manoeuvre in orbit to raise the perigee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage
    3. Burn to raise apogee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage
    4. Detach from Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and perform translunar injection
    5. Fly to the moon over four days
    6. Complete lunar flyby at a maximum altitude of 5,523 miles (8,889 km) above the moon's surface
    7. Return to Earth over four days
    8. Separate the crew module from the European Service Module and the crew module adapter

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    02-04-2026 om 21:27 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Chilling two final words of Challenger pilot before disaster killed all astronauts on board

    Chilling two final words of Challenger pilot before disaster killed all astronauts on board

    When the pilot confirmed his insturction to mission control with the words, “go throttle up”. It sounded like another routine mission was unfolding -until it didn't.

    BY Edward Easton

    An image capturing the moment of a rocket launch, showcasing billowing clouds of smoke and intense flames emanating from the base of the spacecraft. The dark night sky provides a stark contrast to the bright and dynamic plume of exhaust gases.

    The failed launch was one of the biggest disasters of its kind in history

     (Image: The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images)

    On the morning of January 28, 1986, millions of people across the globe sat glued to their TVs, excited to watch the Space Shuttle Challenger prepared for lift-off.

    At first, everything went according to plan. Challenger shot into the sky, with Commander Francis Scobee calmly confirming his instructions from mission control with the words, “go throttle up”. It sounded like another routine mission was unfolding. Until it didn't. Just three seconds later, came the final transmission from inside the cockpit.

    Pilot Michael Smith uttered only two words, but they showed him to be a man who realised something was very, very wrong. - “uh oh”. Moments later, the shuttle was engulfed in fire and tore apart in the sky just 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board.

    Challenger launch

    The launch looked pretty ordinary at first, but things quickly turned south.

    (Image: MPI/Getty Images)

    From the ground, it looked like an enormous explosion, a violent fireball that appeared to instantly destroy the spacecraft. For decades, that was the version many people believed: that the crew were killed immediately.

    But years later, deeply unsettling details emerged that painted a far more disturbing picture.

    Challenger did not explode in the traditional sense. A failure in a booster designed to seal fuel leaks caused scorching gases to escape, weakening the external fuel tank. As the shuttle climbed, the structure failed, triggering a massive fireball that ripped the vehicle apart.

    Crucially, the crew compartment did not disintegrate straight away.

    A group of astronauts in blue flight suits and helmets are posing for a photograph, with an American flag in the background.

    None of the craft's crew survived

    (Image: AFP)

    Instead, it is believed to have broken free pretty much intact, continuing to rise for around 25 seconds before beginning its long fall into the Atlantic Ocean.

    Investigators later revealed that several of the astronauts’ personal air packs had been switched on, a process that could only be done manually.

    That discovery raised the horrifying possibility that at least some of the crew were alive and conscious after the initial breakup, fully aware that they were falling helplessly back to Earth.

    NASA maintained that a sudden loss of cabin pressure may have caused the astronauts to lose consciousness quickly. But experts noted that the physical evidence inside the crew module did not fully support that explanation, leaving the exact final moments unclear.

    What is certain is that the impact with the ocean was unsurvivable.

    The crew compartment slammed into the sea at immense speed, bringing the nightmare to a brutal end.

    The remains of the astronauts were later recovered from the ocean floor, though details of their final moments were never publicly disclosed.

    RELATED

    NASA Tried to HIDE What Happened to the Challenger Crew — The Truth Is DISTURBING

    NASA Insider Just Revealed What Happened To Bodies Of the Challenger Disaster Crew…
    What Happened To The Bodies Of The Challenger Crew?

    https://www.mirror.co.uk/  }

    02-04-2026 om 20:50 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.High nickel concentrations in Martian bedrock point to potential biosignatures

    High nickel concentrations in Martian bedrock point to potential biosignatures

    High nickel concentrations in Martian bedrock point to potential biosignatures

    In Beaver Falls, Ni was detected in both the primary mudstone and within cross-cutting Ca-sulfate veins.
    Credit: Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-70081-3

    In 2024, NASA's Perseverance rover found surprising levels of Nickel in the Martian bedrock of an ancient river channel, called Neretva Vallis, which flowed into the Jezero crater. A new study, published in Nature Communications, has taken a closer look at the data collected from the region and researchers are seeing what could be remnants of ancient Martian life.

    Nickel as a biosignature

    Although nickel is not typically thought of as a major component of human life, it is important in many microbial metabolism functions. For example, nickel is a requirement for the Wood-Ljungdahl (W-L) pathway—an ancient, energy-efficient anaerobic process utilized by bacteria and archaea to fix carbon dioxide. The reverse of this process also requires nickel and has been observed in some species of sulfate-reducing bacteria, for the decomposition of organic matter.

    "In particular, Ni is an essential component of enzymes used by methanogenic archaea and many bacterial species. Ni is vital to the metabolism of methanogenic organisms, such that a decrease in the Ni content of Earth's oceans in the Archean is hypothesized to have caused a collapse in atmospheric methane preceding the Great Oxidation Event," explain the study authors.

    Furthermore, most of a planet's nickel is expected to be in its core. So, higher concentrations on or near the surface are typically unexpected, unless deposited there through other means. Researchers can use information from surrounding rocks to determine more about the origin, such as whether the nickel likely came from volcanic, meteoritic, or other sources.

    High nickel concentrations in Martian bedrock point to potential biosignatures

    Magnitude and distribution of Ni discovered by SuperCam in Jezero Crater, Mars.
    Credit: Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-70081-3

    Unexpected nickel concentrations in Neretva Vallis

    Samples picked up by Perseverance showed nickel concentrations of up to 1.1 wt.% in Neretva Vallis, representing the highest-ever nickel concentrations detected in Martian bedrock. Nickel was detected at 0.12 wt.% or higher in 32 out of the 126 distinct rock targets analyzed by Perseverance's remote Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. The team notes that many of these samples were near iron-rich rocks, which they say indicates the presence of nickel in an iron-bearing phase. Scans also identified nickel rich regions in veins of magnesium sulfate.

    "There are few processes capable of enriching Ni to the extreme levels seen in Neretva Vallis and any such explanation must also be consistent with the bulk geochemistry and geologic context of Neretva Vallis sedimentary rocks. In particular, the observation that Ni is found concentrated in dispersed Fe-sulfides and diagenetic sulfates within Mg poor mudstones must be considered," the study authors write.

    Although the team is still uncertain of the exact origins of these nickel-rich regions, they say that the geochemistry and textures resemble ancient Earth rocks where life first emerged. They say that sedimentary Fe-sulfides on Earth, similar to those found in certain regions of Neretva Vallis, are believed to form by microbial sulfate reduction in the presence of Fe-bearing minerals.

    The researchers say that the thermochemical reduction of sulfate at high temperatures is another possible explanation, but there is no evidence for the metamorphism or burial to the depths required for thermochemical sulfate reduction, and that the hydrated sulfate minerals and clays there indicate low-temperature processes. The authors note that previous findings of organic matter and iron-sulfides spurred the designation of a "potential biosignature" for the same reason.

    They explain, "The results of our investigation of sedimentary rocks derived from Noachian (~4.1-3.7 Gya) materials in the Jezero watershed invite comparisons with an early Earth environment and a terrestrial biosphere that developed around the same time as these rocks. While the observations presented in this work do not necessarily imply that the distribution of Ni is related to a biological process, the presence of strong enrichments suggests it was bioavailable.

    "As an element essential to the earliest known forms of life on Earth, and a particularly scarce trace metal, the elevated concentrations of Ni in the Beaver Falls workspace—co-located with organic matter—offers an intriguing hint of past organic driven redox processes on Mars."

    Non-biological possibilities

    The instruments available on Perseverance cannot perform the detailed isotopic or trace metal analyses needed to confirm origins or biological links, so the origins of nickel in Neretva Vallis remain uncertain. However, the study authors do present some non-biological possibilities as well.

    The team says that the nickel may have been delivered by a meteorite, then dissolved and redistributed by water flowing through the region at the time. They say another possibility is that nickel accumulated from intense chemical weathering of an ultramafic protolith—a type of igneous or sedimentary rock, primarily composed of iron and magnesium-rich minerals, but also nickel.

    The researchers plan on further analysis when the collected rock samples are brought back to Earth. They say this could clarify the source and significance of nickel enrichment, potentially revealing more about Mars' history and its potential for ancient life.

    • Written for you by our author Krystal Kasal, edited by Gaby Clark, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive. If this reporting matters to you, please consider a donation (especially monthly). You'll get an ad-free account as a thank-you.
    Publication details
    • H. T. Manelski et al, Strong nickel enrichment co-located with redox-organic interactions in Neretva Vallis, Mars, Nature Communications (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-70081-3

    NASA Mars rover finds new clues pointing to past life on Mars

    https://phys.org/space-news/ }

    02-04-2026 om 20:14 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Artemis II launches Nasa astronauts to the moon for first time in 53 years

    Artemis II launches Nasa astronauts to the moon for first time in 53 years

    02-04-2026 om 19:42 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    01-04-2026
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Scientists Investigating Whether Object NASA Is Approaching Is Core of Destroyed Planet

    Scientists Investigating Whether Object NASA Is Approaching Is Core of Destroyed Planet

    It may be the fragment of an ancient world.

    Researchers tried to figure out whether asteroid 16 Psyche, which NASA is visiting in 2029, is the remnant of a planet's core.

    NASA / Futurism

    Scientists have long been intrigued by an enormous potato-shaped asteroid, dubbed 16 Psyche, that they suspect to be teeming with metal — and therefore potentially worth a ludicrous amount of money to future asteroid mining operations.

    The 173-mile object, which orbits the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, features two enormous crater-like depressions, which researchers say could be closely related to its still largely unknown origin story.

    In a new paper published in the journal JGR Planets, an international team of researchers tried to get to the bottom of one of the key questions regarding 16 Psyche that remains unanswered. Is it a core of a planetesimal, a billions-of-years-old building block of a planet, in which case it would have a “large metallic core buried under rocks,” or is it a “homogeneous mixture of iron and rock?”

    Put differently, could 16 Psyche be the ancient exposed remains of a planetary core whose crust and mantle were blown off, or is it a separate primordial lump of far less dense and potentially riddled-with-holes rock that either started out metal-rich or became blended with metal after colliding with other asteroids?

    While the latest paper doesn’t necessarily exclude any of these possibilities — its simulations support both hypotheses — the goal was to know what to look out for once NASA’s mission to the space rock, which launched in October 2023, arrives roughly three and a half years from now.

    Once there, the spacecraft could finally allow us to solve the mystery surrounding 16 Psyche’s history once and for all. As Universe Today points out, 16 Psyche’s size makes it far more approachable than the thousands of miles we’d have to drill into the Earth. (So far, we’ve only made it around 0.2 percent of the way to our own planet’s center.)

    For their paper, the researchers took into consideration 16 Psyche’s unusual dented shape, previous findings that concluded it may be teeming with metal material, and its porosity.

    “Large impact basins or craters excavate deep into the asteroid, which gives clues about what its interior is made of,” said first author and University of Arizona doctoral candidate Namya Baijal in a statement. “By simulating the formation of one of its largest craters, we were able to make testable predictions for Psyche’s overall composition when the spacecraft arrives.”

    “One of our main findings was that the porosity — the amount of empty space inside the asteroid — plays a significant role in how these craters form,” she added. “Porosity is often ignored because it’s difficult to include in models, but our simulations show it can strongly affect the impact process and shape of craters left behind.”

    A more porous asteroid would theoretically feature deeper and steeper-sided craters on its surface. The researchers are hoping that close-up observations by NASA’s Psyche mission could allow them to determine its porosity and therefore infer if its interior is metal clad in rock, or a more homogenous mix of both.

    To explain their line of thinking, the researchers used the unusual metaphor of an abandoned pizza parlor.

    “The cooks have long left, but you can look at what’s left behind — the ovens, scraps of dough, the toppings — and make inferences about how the pizzas were made,” said coauthor and University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory professor Erik Asphaug in a statement. “We can’t get to the cores of Earth or Mars or Venus, but maybe we can get to the core of an early asteroid.”

    The team came up with two possible interior structures.

    “One is a layered structure with a metallic core and a thin, rocky mantle, which likely formed if a violent collision stripped away the outer layers,” Baijal explained. “The other is a uniform mixture of metal and silicate, created by a more catastrophic impact that mixed everything together, like some metal-rich meteorites found on Earth.”

    By simulating a series of asteroid belt collisions with objects of varying sizes, they tried to reproduce the known dimensions of 16 Psyche’s craters.

    “We found that an impactor about three miles across would create a crater of the right dimensions,” Baijal said. “The crater’s formation is consistent with both scenarios of Psyche’s makeup.”

    In short, while we’re only inching closer to answering the question of whether 16 Psyche is the ancient remains of a planetary core, we’ll be ready when NASA’s mission gets there.

    “When the spacecraft arrives at Psyche in a few years, the geochemists, geologists and modelers on the team will all be looking at the same object and trying to interpret what we see,” said Asphaug.

    “This work gives us a head start,” he added.

    More on Psyche: 

    RELATED VIDEOS

    Is This Metal Asteroid Really the Exposed Core of a Failed Planet? (Human-Made Video)

    NASA Psyche Mission Explained | Journey to a Metal Asteroid & Planetary Core

    A massive crater on this metal asteroid could be exposing the heart of a destroyed planet

    https://futurism.com/category/space }

    01-04-2026 om 23:30 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The 1975 Lumberton UFO Wave: Police Across North Carolina Report a Silent V-Shaped Craft

    The 1975 Lumberton UFO Wave: Police Across North Carolina Report a Silent V-Shaped Craft

    More than 30 law enforcement officers reported a silent, V-shaped craft during a multi-day wave of sightings across southeastern North Carolina.

    In the early morning hours of April 3, 1975, shortly after a violent thunderstorm swept through southeastern North Carolina, police officers in the town of Lumberton began reporting something unusual in the sky.

    At first, it appeared to be a strange light near a local water tower. But within minutes, multiple officers on patrol began describing the same object—seen from different locations across the town.

    What followed over the next several days would become one of the most unusual law-enforcement UFO cases in the region. According to reports later compiled by investigators with the Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS), more than thirty law enforcement officers across a seven-county area reported observing a large, silent craft between April 3 and April 9, 1975.

    Despite being miles apart, witnesses consistently described the same object: a V-shaped craft lined with red and red-green lights, sometimes accompanied by bright white spotlights, maneuvering silently across the night sky.

    The First Police Sightings

    The first reports came shortly after 1:45 a.m. on April 3, when three Lumberton patrolmen—Phil Stanton, P.H. Atkinson, and Neil McCormick—noticed a strange light near a water tower behind Lumberton High School while patrolling near Highways 211 and 101.

    Officer Atkinson initially assumed the object might be a helicopter. But as the officers watched, the light moved across the sky in a wide arc. When they drove toward Fayetteville Road to get a closer look, the object abruptly vanished from view.

    Atkinson later described the light moving across the sky before suddenly disappearing. As he recalled in later interviews, “It just went out.”

    Within minutes, other officers began calling in similar sightings from different parts of the area.

    As reports began pouring into the Robeson County Sheriff’s Department, dispatchers noticed something striking: witnesses who were miles apart described the same configuration of lights and the same unusual flight behavior.

    The object was typically described as V-shaped or triangular, with rows of colored lights along its edges and one or more bright white beams that resembled spotlights.

    Even more puzzling to observers was what they did not hear.

    Despite appearing to fly at relatively low altitude and, in some cases, directly overhead, the craft was consistently described as completely silent. One officer reportedly remarked that the object passed overhead “without a sound.”

    A Multi-County Wave

    Over the next several nights, reports spread beyond Lumberton itself.

    Officers and residents across seven counties in southeastern North Carolina reported seeing the same unusual craft moving across the region. In many cases, officers who responded to civilian reports observed the object themselves.

    Investigators later noted that witnesses consistently described similar characteristics, including a large V-shaped craft, rows of red and red-green lights, bright white spotlights directed toward the ground, sudden turns and hovering movements, and the absence of any audible engine or rotor noise.

    These similarities appeared in reports from witnesses who often had no contact with each other at the time of observation.

    Key Events During the Sightings Wave

    • April 3, ~1:45 a.m. – Three Lumberton police officers observe a strange light moving near a water tower behind Lumberton High School.
    • Soon after, additional officers across the area began reporting a similarly described object moving through the sky.
    • Following nights (April 3–9) – Sightings are reported across multiple counties in southeastern North Carolina. Officers sometimes respond to civilian calls and then observe the object themselves.
    • Early April – A United Press International (UPI) story about the sightings circulates nationally, drawing attention from journalists and UFO investigators.
    • Shortly afterward, reporter and investigator Lee Speigel travels to the region to interview witnesses and examine the case firsthand.

    Speigel’s Investigation — and His Own Sighting

    When journalist and UFO investigator Lee Speigel first learned of the Lumberton sightings through a UPI news release, he initially assumed the case might have a conventional explanation.

    Accompanied by a reporter from the National Star, Speigel traveled to North Carolina to investigate the reports personally. Flying into Fayetteville, about forty miles north of Lumberton, he looked down at the landscape where the sightings had been occurring.

    Artist rendering of Lee’s encounter.

    From the air, he could see miles of swamps, rivers, farmland, and forests stretching toward the Atlantic coast—a remote, sparsely populated region.

    He approached the case with the expectation that a logical explanation would likely emerge once he spoke with witnesses and examined the circumstances. But during his visit, Speigel himself reported witnessing the object.

    While observing the sky with local officers during the investigation, he saw what appeared to be the same unusual craft reported throughout the region. The object moved silently across the sky, displaying multiple lights and a shape that appeared structured rather than star-like.

    According to his account, the craft maneuvered in ways that seemed inconsistent with ordinary aircraft. Watching the object move through the sky, Spiegel later wrote, made it far more difficult to dismiss the officers’ reports as simple misidentifications.

    What had begun as a journalistic investigation had unexpectedly placed him among the witnesses.

    Watch Speigel discuss his encounter at this link.

    An Unresolved Case

    The sightings eventually drew the attention of Dr. J. Allen Hynek, the astronomer who had served as scientific consultant to the U.S. Air Force’s Project Blue Book and who later founded the Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS).

    Researchers working with CUFOS, including investigator Jennie Zeidman, compiled witness interviews, timelines, maps, and news coverage into what became known as The Lumberton Report.

    Despite the large number of witnesses and the consistency of their descriptions, no definitive explanation was identified.

    Possible explanations, including helicopters, aircraft, or astronomical objects, were considered, but none appeared to fully account for the reported characteristics, particularly the silent operation and abrupt maneuverability described by observers.

    Nearly fifty years later, the Lumberton sightings remain a relatively little-known but notable case in UFO research—one involving dozens of trained law enforcement witnesses reporting the same unusual craft across multiple counties over several nights.

    As with many UFO cases from the era before widespread video recording and satellite tracking, the evidence ultimately rests on eyewitness testimony. Yet the consistency of those accounts and the involvement of so many police officers continue to make the 1975 Lumberton UFO wave one of the more intriguing law-enforcement UFO cases in the historical record.


    The Summer of UFOs: Canada’s 1975 Wave (with Chris Rutkowski)

    https://openminds.tv/category/articles/ufo-sighting-reports/ }

    01-04-2026 om 22:31 geschreven door peter  

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    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Jesus's final journey through Jerusalem before the crucifixion revealed

    Jesus's final journey through Jerusalem before the crucifixion revealed

    The final journey Jesus took to the cross remains one of the most studied and sacred paths in history.

    Now, a researcher has reconstructed what he believes were Christ's last movements through Jerusalem in the days leading up to his crucifixion.

    The map, based on Bible scripture and archaeological evidence, traces key locations tied to the final week of Jesus' life, now known as Holy Week.

    The journey begins at the Temple Mount, where Jesus is said to have taught daily and, according to the Book of Matthew 21:12–17, 'cleansed the temple' of merchants and money changers seven days before his death.

    According to the Bible, this happened when Jesus entered Jerusalem for the last time before his crucifixion, signifying a symbolic cleansing of the 'house of God' right before his own sacrifice.

    Jesus then partakes in the Last Supper in the Upper Room, located in the southern part of the Old City of Jerusalem on Mount Zion, followed by his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane and a trial appearance in front of the ancient Roman government north of Bethlehem.

    His passage through Jerusalem ends with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, claimed to be the site of Jesus' crucifixion, and the Garden Tomb where his body was said to have been placed.

    Scholars have proposed that the journey began late Thursday evening and finished with Jesus' death on Friday.

    Jesus' journey begins at the the Temple Mount located in the Old City of Jerusalem. The Bible says he was there a week before his death

    Jesus' journey begins at the the Temple Mount located in the Old City of Jerusalem. The Bible says he was there a week before his death

    The map was created by theologian and author John Walsh, who highlighted the first spot as the Temple Mount located in the Old City of Jerusalem.

    This site is considered one of the holiest sites in Judaism and Islam, and is central to the Christian Gospels.

    It currently features a 35-acre platform built by King Herod, who was the Roman-appointed king of Judaea and ruled from 37 to 4BC.

    The Temple Mount is now a walled compound with the Dome of the Rock to the north and the Al-Aqsa Mosque to the south.

    The Dome of the Rock is believed to be the location where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Ismail.

    And for Muslims, the Prophet Muhammad was transported from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to Al-Aqsa during the Night Journey, and then on to heaven.

    The map, however, places a temple there that Jesus taught at every day.

    The Bible says Jesus entered the structure, seeing people betting, making loans and selling goods. He then flipped tables and drove them out of the temple.

    The Last Supper - Jesus' final meal with his apostles before being crucified - is believed to have taken one to three days before the crucifixion

    The Last Supper - Jesus' final meal with his apostles before being crucified - is believed to have taken one to three days before the crucifixion

    The Cenacle stands in the Old City of Jerusalem on Mount Zion, which is located above the southern gate

    The Cenacle stands in the Old City of Jerusalem on Mount Zion, which is located above the southern gate 

    Within that same week, it was believed the Last Supper was held in the Upper Room in the southern part of the Old City of Jerusalem on Mount Zion.

    Jesus and his disciples traveled about one mile from the temple to the Upper Room, which would have taken between 20 and 30 minutes.

    The Last Supper - Jesus' final meal with his apostles before being crucified - is believed to have taken place one to three days before the crucifixion.

    The Upper Room, also known as the Cenacle, was originally a prayer room that could house more than 120 people.

    The room is briefly described in the Book of Luke 22:11-13 when Jesus requested a large, furnished upper room where he and his disciples could eat their Passover meal.

    The Cenacle stands in the Old City of Jerusalem on Mount Zion, which is located above the southern gate and was constructed with large, branching columns that supported a vaulted ceiling and a sloping red roof that is still there today.

    The next stop was likely the Garden of Gethsemane, which researchers estimate is roughly half a mile from the location of the Upper Room.

    Archaeologists uncovered the remains of a ritual bath , dating back to the time of Jesus, at Gethsemane in 2020. The garden is said to have been where Jesus was arrest before being sentenced to death

    Archaeologists uncovered the remains of a ritual bath , dating back to the time of Jesus, at Gethsemane in 2020. The garden is said to have been where Jesus was arrest before being sentenced to death 

    The Garden of Gethsemane sits outside the city walls. Luke 22:39 states that Jesus and his disciples walked the path following the Last Supper.

    Experts speculated that if the group was looking to avoid guards in the city, 'they would have skirted the southern wall which overlooks the valley of Hinnom, the garbage dump of the city where the fires were constantly burning the refuse from the populace of the urban area.'

    Archaeologists uncovered the remains of a ritual bath, dating back to the time of Jesus, at Gethsemane in 2020.

    They suggested the bath may have been used to cleanse workers before they operated an oil press in the garden, and by those climbing the hill to pray.

    The Bible states that it was in the garden where Jesus was betrayed by Judas and arrested.

    According to the map, Roman soldiers took Jesus to the House of Caiaphas, which experts have estimated would have been a 40-minute walk from the garden.

    There is a debate within Christianity as to where Jesus was buried. Some believe it was the Garden Tomb, while others suggest it was the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (pictured)

    There is a debate within Christianity as to where Jesus was buried. Some believe it was the Garden Tomb, while others suggest it was the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (pictured)

    Depending on the exact route and pace, the path would have involved ascending from the Kidron Valley up to Mount Zion.

    The House of Caiaphas is a biblical site in Jerusalem that is believed to be the location where Jesus was accused of blasphemy against God.

    From there, Jesus was brought to Herod's Palace, which once stood against the western city wall.

    The journey would likely take about a 30-minute walk due to the hilly terrain of Jerusalem.

    Herod's Palace was also the site of the praetorium, where Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, sentenced Jesus to death.

    According to the Bible, Jesus was forced to carry a massive, wooden cross through the city to Golgotha, or Calvary, about 2,650 feet away.

    Scholars have proposed that the journey began late Thursday evening and finished with Jesus' death on Friday

    Scholars have proposed that the journey began late Thursday evening and finished with Jesus' death on Friday

    The Bible does not specify how long Jesus carried the cross, but theologians have estimated it took him at least three hours to make the journey.

    According to the Bible, Jesus was crucified at a location called Golgotha, or Calvary.

    The site is now known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which Christians believe stands on the site of Jesus' crucifixion. The church was built in 326AD.

    Following the crucifixion, Jesus is said to have been laid to rest in a rock tomb about 300 feet away from Calvary.

    While many believe the Church of the Holy Sepulchre sits upon his grave, others suggest he was laid to rest inside the Garden Tomb, which is outside the Old City walls, near the Damascus Gate.

    Christian tradition says Jesus' body was laid on a slab cut from a limestone cave after his crucifixion by the Romans more than two thousand years ago.

    The burial slab was enclosed in a structure known as the Edicule – a word derived from the Latin term aedicule, meaning 'little house.'


    Jerusalem: The Final Journey of Jesus at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

    This Is Where Jesus Was Crucified and Buried | Full Church of the Holy Sepulchre Tour

    01-04-2026 om 21:57 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:MYSTERIES ( Fr, Nl, E)
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Mystery of 'second Sphinx' deepens as new footage reveals shafts that could lead to hidden structure

    The possibility of a second sphinx in Egypt has sparked renewed debate after new footage revealed dozens of deep shafts surrounding a mysterious mound at Giza.

    The video documented more than 100 shafts clustered around the site in the northwest corner of the plateau, near the western cemetery of Giza, a region historically filled with burial shafts and ancient tomb complexes.

    The renewed interest follows claims by researcher Filippo Biondi last week that scans detected a large anomaly deep beneath the mound, which he believes may be a long-lost sphinx.

    The footage, released by independent researcher Trevor Grassi of the Archaeological Rescue Foundation, captured dozens of square shafts carved into bedrock, many reportedly extending deep underground but filled primarily with sand.

    Grassi, who has spent nearly two decades researching Giza, said the video shows him physically walking along the perimeter of the mound, passing shaft after shaft cut directly into the limestone, some only about three feet across, while others measure roughly eight feet wide.

    He said the unusually dense concentration of shafts surrounding the mound raises new questions about what may lie beneath the surface.

    The footage is among the first to document the full perimeter of the site, offering what supporters of a second sphinx described as critical context for the ongoing debate.

    While no definitive proof of a second sphinx has been discovered, researchers say the location warrants further investigation, given the number of openings and the underground anomaly previously detected at the site.

    The video documented more than 100 shafts clustered around the site, which supporters believe could conceal underground structures

    The video documented more than 100 shafts clustered around the site, which supporters believe could conceal underground structures

    The video documented more than 100 shafts clustered around the site, which supporters believe could conceal underground structures

    The video documented more than 100 shafts clustered around the site, which supporters believe could conceal underground structures


    In the video, the camera follows a walking path along the northern edge of the mound, revealing what Grassi described as 'endless shafts all over the place going straight down, all blocked with sand.'

    Grassi emphasized that many of the shafts seen in the footage appear to extend more than 100 feet underground, noting that he had personally lowered equipment into several openings to measure their depth.

    Biondi took the world by storm last week during his appearance on the Matt Beall Limitless podcast, where he claimed to have scanned a mound of solidified sand on the surface, which he believes sits above the proposed second sphinx.

    Using satellite radar technology capable of detecting subtle ground vibrations, Biondi said the data points to a massive structure concealed beneath a 180-foot-high mound of hardened sand, which he described as composed of solidified sand rather than natural bedrock.

    Preliminary scans show vertical shafts and passageways strikingly similar to those already found beneath the original Sphinx, with dense vertical lines believed to represent the solid walls of underground shafts rather than empty voids.

    'We are very confident to announce this… we have a confidence of about 80 percent,' said Biondi.

    However, Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s former minister of antiquities, has dismissed similar claims in the past, saying the areas around the pyramids and the Sphinx have been extensively studied and excavated over decades without uncovering evidence of a second monument. 

    Grassi spent 12 years studying under independent researcher John Anthony West, who helped popularize the controversial theory that erosion patterns on the Great Sphinx were caused by ancient rainfall, suggesting the monument could be thousands of years older than traditionally believed.

    Biondi took the world by storm last week during his appearance on the Matt Beall Limitless podcast, where he claimed to have scanned a mound of solidified sand on the surface, which he believes is above the second sphinx

    Biondi took the world by storm last week during his appearance on the Matt Beall Limitless podcast, where he claimed to have scanned a mound of solidified sand on the surface, which he believes is above the second sphinx

    Grassi emphasized that many of the shafts (bottom right) seen in the footage appear to extend more than 100 feet underground, noting that he had personally lowered equipment into several openings to measure their depth

    Grassi emphasized that many of the shafts (bottom right) seen in the footage appear to extend more than 100 feet underground, noting that he had personally lowered equipment into several openings to measure their depth

    Grassi was able to look past the gated opens in some of the shafts

    Grassi was able to look past the gated opens in some of the shafts

    He first traveled to Egypt in 2018, joining geologist Robert Schoch, who worked alongside West on the erosion theory, and he is now investigating Biondi's claims.

    'You've got a hundred of them within 100 meters [328 feet] right there,' Grassi said in the footage, arguing that such a concentration makes it unlikely they are isolated burial chambers. 

    Zahi Hawass, Egypt's former minister of antiquities, has dismissed similar claims, saying the areas around the pyramids and the Sphinx have been extensively studied for decades without revealing evidence of a second monument. 

    The theory of a second Sphinx at Giza is not new, as Egyptologist Bassam El Shammaa first proposed the idea in 2007, based on ancient pyramid texts, including the Dream Stele that Biondi also used to state his case.

    The Dream Stele, positioned between the paws of the Great Sphinx, appears to depict two sphinx figures.

    'If you look at all the temples, if you look at all the architecture and the way that everything in Egypt is set up, there are always two obelisks,' said Grassi in a YouTube video.

    'There are always two statues. There are always two sphinxes. There's always a perfect balance. 

    Biondi claimed that the red line labeled 'A' leads to a possible second sphinx

    Biondi claimed that the red line labeled 'A' leads to a possible second sphinx

    Archival photographs from the 1900s appeared to show the area without the sand pile, indicating that it may have formed as a spoil heap, sand removed from nearby excavations and deposited in a central location

    Archival photographs from the 1900s appeared to show the area without the sand pile, indicating that it may have formed as a spoil heap, sand removed from nearby excavations and deposited in a central location

    'There are always the two brain hemispheres, the two rising sun and setting sun. Everything is balanced in Egypt, and this is central as a tenet of the Egyptian religion.' 

    The mound itself is positioned along what researchers describe as a mirrored alignment across the plateau, extending from the known Sphinx through a central axis between the two largest pyramids. 

    The footage focuses heavily on the large number of shafts surrounding the mound. 

    Many of the openings appear only a few feet across, while others are significantly wider and cut deep into the limestone bedrock. 

    According to Grassi, many of the shafts are currently filled with sand deposited during earlier excavations. 

    He argued that the sheer number of shafts packed tightly together suggests they may function as ventilation or access points for a larger underground network rather than isolated tombs.

    Biondi is part of the team that claimed to have uncovered enormous shafts below the Great Sphinx

    Biondi is part of the team that claimed to have uncovered enormous shafts below the Great Sphinx 

    'When you have this many shafts concentrated like this, it's really got to be light and ventilation shafts for a massive tunnel system,' he said.

    Historical images referenced in the footage suggested the mound itself may not have existed before the early 20th century. 

    Archival photographs from the 1900s appeared to show the area without the sand pile, indicating that it may have formed as a spoil heap, sand removed from nearby excavations and deposited in a central location.

    Grassi argued that this detail strengthens the possibility that buried features could exist beneath the mound, since spoil piles sometimes accumulate above previously excavated areas. 

    'All we have to do is pull some sand out of there, and we'll know if they connect straight into this,' he said, adding that clearing sand from existing shafts would be non-invasive and would not require drilling into the site. 

    Filippo Biondi | BREAKING NEWS: Second SPHINX found under Giza Plateau

    Breaking News: Second Sphinx Discovered

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    01-04-2026 om 21:20 geschreven door peter  

    0 1 2 3 4 5 - Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen)
    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.The shocking things 10 days in space does to the human body: As NASA's Artemis II astronauts prepare to blast off to the moon, experts reveal how they'll be ravaged by the void

    The shocking things 10 days in space does to the human body: As NASA's Artemis II astronauts prepare to blast off to the moon, experts reveal how they'll be ravaged by the void

    Four astronauts are about to embark on a 10–day voyage to the moon and back – but what will spending 240 hours in space do to their bodies?

    An expert has revealed the shocking health hazards they will face on their 685,000–mile (1.1 million km) journey, from motion sickness to 'chicken legs'.

    While Artemis II is considered a short–term mission, astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Jeremy Hansen and Christina Koch can still expect to contend with a series of issues.

    Dr Irene Di Giulio, from the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences at King's College London, said the duration of the mission means the long–term health risks are 'significantly reduced' compared to those who spend months on the International Space Station (ISS).

    However, these astronauts will still be exposed to high levels of radiation that can trigger nausea.

    'Space motion sickness could also be experienced as the body needs a few days to adapt. Meanwhile acute fluid shift from the lower part of the body to the head may cause discomfort and swelling,' she said. 

    'Sleep disturbances due to a sudden change in the light–darkness cycle and the use of artificial lighting may be experienced.

    'And mental stress and isolation, especially given the mission demands and living in an enclosed environment, may affect performance.'

    Astronauts who spend significant amounts of time in space can expect to experience a raft of health issues

    Astronauts who spend significant amounts of time in space can expect to experience a raft of health issues

    Last year, shocking before–and–after images showed the damage that nine gruelling months in space had on astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams.

    Both experienced weight loss and muscle atrophy and appeared significantly older when they finally returned to Earth.

    However, it's unlikely the Artemis II astronauts will experience such a major decline in their muscle and bone health.

    'The impact on muscles and bones seen in longer missions may be less apparent, because they typically require a longer exposure to altered gravity,' Dr Di Giulio explained.

    'However, bone loss and muscle deconditioning can begin within just a few days, as demonstrated during NASA Space Shuttle missions, which were often seven to 14 days in duration.

    'These effects therefore remain relevant for Artemis II and highlight the importance of performing in–flight exercise to counter the loss in bone and muscle.'

    She said activities the astronauts perform before, during and after the mission can help mitigate the effects.

    While space motion sickness can be reduced through training and the use of medication, muscle deconditioning can be counteracted with on–board exercise and sleep disturbances can be reduced by maintaining a structured schedule and controlled lighting.

    BEFORE: Suni Williams left Earth on a trip that was supposed to last eight daysAFTER: After her extended stay in space, health experts warn that Suni Williams may have serious health complications

    After nine gruelling months in space, Suni Williams (pictured) and Butch Wilmore finally returned to Earth. But shocking before–and–after images show the damage that their unintended stay in space has caused 

    BEFORE: Butch Wilmore talks with his family after completing launch preparationsAFTER: Wilmore gives a press conference from the ISS in March, nine months after launch

    Although low–gravity, stress and lack of sleep lead to cognitive decline while astronauts are in space, research has shown that these symptoms abate back on Earth 

    What 10 days in space could do to the human body

    Radiation: Could cause nausea and sickness.

    Microgravity: May trigger motion sickness for the first few days, as well as muscle deterioration.

    Fluid shifts: Could cause 'chicken legs' and 'baby feet' as fluid moves upwards to the head. This can also lead to swelling and headaches.

    Sleep disturbances: Bright lights could mean sleep quality declines, leading to slower cognitive processing.

    Mental stress: Triggered by isolation and the nature of the mission.

    During the mission, the crew will test every system on the Orion spacecraft and collect biological data to understand the health effects of deep–space travel on the body.

    This will help inform future missions, including long–distance travel to Mars.

    'The Artemis II mission is the first step towards moon landing and then establishing a long–term presence on the moon,' Dr Di Giulio said.

    'There are a number of challenges that need to be addressed to minimise and mitigate the effect of the space environment on the human body.

    'While Artemis II is short, it provides critical data that feeds directly into planning for longer–duration cis–lunar missions and sustained lunar presence.'

    NASA has previously identified five main hazards for human spaceflight – space radiation, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, gravity and closed or hostile environments.

    In addition, the Apollo missions highlighted additional issues on the moon – dust and locomotion stability.

    If humans are ever successful in setting up a base on the lunar surface, inhabitants would face levels of radiation exposure that would increase the risk of cancer, organ damage and nervous system impairment.

    NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman (left), Victor Glover (second left), Christina Koch (second right) and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen (right)

    NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman (left), Victor Glover (second left), Christina Koch (second right) and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen (right)

    Gravity on the moon is just one–sixth of that on Earth, which could trigger extensive muscle deconditioning, bone loss and changes in cardiovascular function that affects the brain and the eye.

    article image

    Meanwhile lunar dust is sharp, fine and abrasive, which could potentially cause breathing difficulties as well as skin and eye irritation.

    'To establish a long–term presence on the moon, medical autonomy will be crucial,' Dr Di Giulio said.

    'Habitats must include diagnostic tools, medical supplies and crew training to treat injuries or illnesses independently.'

    As part of their training for the Artemis II mission, the astronauts will have prepared for medical emergencies in space and learned first aid, CPR, wound care and how to use medical kits.

    They will have trained to perform these procedures in simulated microgravity environments, such as underwater.

    Artemis II: Key facts 

    Launch dateNASA initially identified three possible launch windows for Artemis II: From February 6 to February 11, from March 6 to March 11, and from April 1 to April 6. The space agency is now targeting the April window. 

    Mission objective: To complete a lunar flyby, passing the 'dark side' of the moon and test systems for a future lunar landing.

    Total distance to travel: 685,000 miles (1.1 million km)

    Mission duration: 10 days 

    Estimated total cost: $44billion (£32.5billion)

    NASA Space Launch System rocket: $23.8billion (£17.6billion)

    Orion deep–space spacecraft: $20.4billion (£15billion)

    Crew: 

    * Commander Reid Wiseman

    * Pilot Victor Glover

    * Mission Specialist Christina Koch

    * Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen

    Mission Stages:

    1. Launch from Kennedy Space Centre Launch Pad 39B

     . Manoeuvre in orbit to raise the perigee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage

    3. Burn to raise apogee using the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage

    4. Detach from Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and perform translunar injection

    5. Fly to the moon over four days

    6. Complete lunar flyby at a maximum altitude of 5,523 miles (8,889 km) above the moon's surface

    7. Return to Earth over four days

    8. Separate the crew module from the European Service Module and the crew module adapter

    9. Splashdown in the Pacific Ocean  

    https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

    01-04-2026 om 20:46 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ASTRONOMIE / RUIMTEVAART
    Klik hier om een link te hebben waarmee u dit artikel later terug kunt lezen.Tracking the footsteps of West Africa's prehistoric metalworkers

    Tracking the footsteps of West Africa's prehistoric metalworkers

    Aerial view of the Didé Ouest 1 iron reduction site following the 2018 excavation, showing an unusual deposit of used tuyères arranged in two semicircles.
    Credit: Camille Ollier

    The discovery of a 2,400-year-old metalworking workshop in Senegal provides new insights into the history of iron production in Africa. Despite decades of archaeological research, the origins of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa remain largely unclear. Yet this technological revolution—crucial for producing efficient agricultural tools—emerged there at least 3,000 years ago.

    While investigating an archaeological site in eastern Senegal, an international team led by the University of Geneva (UNIGE) uncovered exceptionally well-preserved remains of an ironworking workshop dating back to the 4th century BCE and used for nearly eight centuries. The discovery, published in African Archaeological Review, provides new insights into late prehistoric metallurgical practices in Africa.

    In Europe, the Iron Age is generally dated from around 800 BCE to the end of the 1st century CE. However, these chronological frameworks vary widely across different regions of the world. The earliest evidence for iron production is thought to date to the 2nd millennium BCE in Anatolia—modern-day Turkey—and the Caucasus. This technique spread from there to Europe, but did it develop independently in Africa? The question remains open.

    Excavations carried out by a team coordinated by UNIGE, in partnership with the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN) in Dakar, shed new light on the emergence of iron metallurgy in West Africa. At the site of Didé West 1 (DDW1), near the Falémé River valley in eastern Senegal, archaeologists uncovered an exceptionally well-preserved iron-smelting workshop in 2018 that was in use from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Its longevity is particularly striking, as such sites are typically used for only a few generations.

    Well-preserved 'tuyères' and bloomery furnaces

    The workshop consists of a large heap containing around a hundred tons of slag, a semicircular arrangement of about thirty used "tuyères"—clay pipes that channel air into the furnace—and 35 circular furnace bases, each approximately 30 cm deep. This iron and steel production was likely carried out on a small scale to meet local needs, particularly for the manufacture of agricultural tools.

    "Thanks to its exceptional state of preservation, its age, the length of time it remained in use, and its distinctive technical features, this site is truly unique. It offers a rare opportunity to study the continuity and adaptation of an iron smelting technique over the long term," says Mélissa Morel, postdoctoral researcher at the Laboratory of Archaeology of Africa & Anthropology (ARCAN) within the Biology Section of the Faculty of Science at UNIGE, and lead author of the article.

    Documenting practices

    Since 2012, the team has been studying both past and present techniques used by potters and blacksmiths in the Falémé Valley. The work of its members has identified several distinct ancient traditions of iron‑ore smelting. At DDW1, the spatial organization, furnace morphology and associated waste products point to the tradition known as FAL02. It is characterized by small circular furnaces topped with a removable chimney, as well as large clay "tuyères."

    A key feature is that these "tuyères" do not have a single air outlet but multiple small openings connected to the main channel by perpendicular side ducts. This design allows air to be distributed to the bottom of the furnace. Another distinctive characteristic is the use of palm nut seeds as packing material at the base of the furnace—a practice not previously documented.

    "Despite the very long period during which this workshop operated, this tradition remained remarkably stable, undergoing only minor technical adjustments. This continuity contrasts with other African metallurgical contexts and highlights the importance of understanding the technical and cultural choices made by early metallurgists in iron production," explains Anne Mayor, director of the ARCAN laboratory in the Biology Section of the Faculty of Science at UNIGE and senior lecturer and researcher at the Global Studies Institute, who led the project.

    The team's research is continuing at other sites in Senegal to compare smelting practices and gain a better understanding of how ironworking techniques developed and spread. To date, only around a dozen sites dating to the first millennium BCE have been well documented and reliably dated across West Africa.


    Ancient African Ironworking The Birthplace of Metallurgy

    The Untold History of Ancient African Metallurgy

    01-04-2026 om 20:11 geschreven door peter  

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    Categorie:ARCHEOLOGIE ( E, Nl, Fr )


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